| 1456 |
János Hunyadi (Rom. Iancu de Hunedoara), governor of Transylvania and regent of Hungary, stops Turkish expansion at Belgrade |
|
| 1459 |
Ottoman conquest of Serbia |
|
| 1461 |
Ottoman capture of the Byzantine empire of Trebizond (Trabzon) |
|
| 1463 |
Ottoman conquest of Bosnia |
|
| 1466 |
Ottoman conquest of Hercegovina |
|
| 1476 |
Ottoman conquest of Wallachia |
|
| 1497 |
Consolidation of Ottoman control over Moldavia |
|
| 1458–90 |
King Matthias I Corvinus (Hung. Mátyás Corvinus. Rom. Matei Corvin), son of János Hunyadi (Rom. Iancu de Hunedoara) reconstructs the Hungarian kingdom and introduces Renaissance culture |
|
| 1521 |
Ottoman conquest of Belgrade |
|
| 1526 |
Battle of Mohács: Süleyman I the Magnificent defeats the Hungarian army |
|
| 1541 |
Ottoman occupation of Buda; division of Hungary into three parts: Ottoman, Transylvanian, Habsburg (in the west), an arrangement which lasts until the late 17th century |
|
| 1541 |
Transylvania becomes a semi-autonomous principality under Ottoman control |
|
| 1613–29 |
Transylvania’s ‘golden age’ under Prince Gábor Bethlen |
|
| 1657–1705 |
Leopold I, King of Hungary and Habsburg Emperor, introduces absolutism in Hungary |
|
| 1686 |
Liberation of Buda and retreat of the Turks |
|
| 1699 |
Peace treaty marks the end of 158 years of Ottoman occupation in Hungary |
|
| 1703–11 |
Anti-Habsburg wars under Prince Ferenc (Francis) Rákoczi I |
|
| 1740–90 |
Reforms under the enlightened Habsburg rulers Maria Theresa and Joseph II |
|
| 1774 |
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca between Russia and Turkey establishes Russia’s right to intervene on behalf of Christians in the Romanian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia |
|
| 1783 |
Crimea incorporated into Russia |
|
| 1789–1814 |
The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars |
|
| 14 August 1804 |
Proclamation of Austrian Empire |
|
| 1815 |
Serbian anti-Ottoman revolts |
|
| 5 November 1817 |
Turkey grants Serbia partial autonomy |
|
| March 1821 |
Revolt in Moldavia and Wallachia. Rebels appeal to Russia for support against the Ottoman Porte |
|
| 22 April 1821 |
Greeks massacre Turks in the Peloponnese; Ottoman repression |
|
| 1821–30 |
Greek War of Independence |
|
| 15 July 1822 |
The Ottomans invade Greece |
|
| 24 April 1824 |
Lord Byron dies at Missolonghi while supporting the Greek cause |
|
| 27 October 1826 |
The Ackerman Convention: Russia gains Serbia and the Romanian (Danubian) Principalities |
|
| 6 July 1827 |
Treaty of London: Britain, Russia and France recognize Greek autonomy |
|
| 1828–9 |
Russo-Turkish War |
|
| 3 February 1830 |
London Conference: Greek independence guaranteed by Great Powers |
|
| October 1833 |
Russia, Austria and Prussia agree to maintain the integrity of the Ottoman Empire |
|
| 1840 |
The Hungarian Diet legislates on the substitution of Hungarian for Latin as official language |
|
| 1849 |
Convention of Balta Liman provides for joint Russo-Turkish supervision of the Romanian (Danubian) Principalities after the failed Revolutions 0f 1848 |
|
| 1853 |
Russia occupies the Romanian Principalities claiming protectorate of Christians in the Ottoman Empire |
|
| 1854 |
Britain and France declare war on Russia in support of Turkey; outbreak of the Crimean War |
|
| 1856 |
Congress of Paris: Black Sea declared neutral; the integrity of the Ottoman Empire guaranteed |
|
| 1867 |
the Ausgleich (Austro-Hungarian Compromise): Dual Monarchy created |
|
| 1878 |
Treaty of San Stefano: creation of Bulgaria; Romanian independence from Turkey |
|
| June–July 1878 |
Congress and treaty of Berlin: the Great Powers formally recognize the independence of the de facto sovereign principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro |
|
| 1878 |
Austria occupies Ottoman-controlled Bosnia-Hercegovina |
|
| 1886 |
Bulgaria recognized as an autonomous united principality |
|
| 1908 |
Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Hercegovina (accepted by Russia in 1909) |
|
| 10 August 1913 |
Treaty of Bucharest signed by Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, Montenegro and Greece; Bulgaria loses most of Macedonia to Greece and Serbia, and southern Dobrudja to Romania. |