Index
(person names and place names in Chinese are provided; organizational names in hanyu pinyin and Chinese are provided)
610 Office
4
Afghanistan 阿富汗
24
akhoond (ahong 阿訇)
22, 25
Aksu 阿克苏
217, 220
All Range Church
(
see All Scope Church
)
All Scope Church (Quanfanwei jiaohui 全范围教会)
61–62
Altay 阿尔泰
217, 220
Alxa League 阿拉善盟
93, 96
American Fujian Taoist United Association (Meiguo Fujian daojiao lianhehui 美国福建道教联合会)
137
American Taoist United Association (Meiguo daojiao lianhehui 美国道教联合会)
138
Amitabha Buddha 阿弥陀佛
15–16
Analects (Lunyu 论语)
45
ancestor worship
47–48, 50–51, 53, 54, 88, 169–170
Anhui
18, 28, 29, 47, 55, 64, 66, 112, 121, 122, 128–132
Ankang 安康
199, 202
Anqing 安庆
129, 132
Anshan 鞍山
99, 101
Anshun 安顺
185, 187
aobao 敖包
96–97
Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva 观世音菩萨
15, 127
Azerbaijan 阿塞拜疆
24
Baicheng 白城
104, 106
Baidu Map 百度地图
6
Bailianjiao 白莲教
52
Bailin Temple 柏林寺
87
Baise 百色
166, 168
Baishan 白山
104, 106
Baiyin 白银
204, 206
Baiyun Temple 白云观
33, 79
Banan 巴南
174, 177
Bangladesh 孟加拉
24, 173
Bao’an zu 保安族
20, 203
Baodi 宝坻
79, 82
Baoding 保定
83, 86, 87
Baoji 宝鸡
199, 200, 202
Baoshan 宝山
112, 116, 189, 192
Baotou 包头
93, 96
baptism (xili 洗礼)
19, 30, 41
Bayan Nur 巴彦努尔
93, 96
Bayingolin 巴音郭楞
217, 220
Bazhong 巴中
180, 182
Beibei 北碚
174, 177
Beichen 北辰
79, 80, 82
Beihai 北海
166, 168
Beijing 北京
6, 12, 14, 15, 20, 22, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 46, 55, 56, 57, 69, 73–79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 114, 163
Beijing Olympics
78
Beijing Shouwang Church 北京守望教会
12, 55–56, 78–79
Bengbu 蚌埠
129, 130, 132
Benxi 本溪
99, 101
Bhutan 不丹
15, 173
Bible
4, 17, 29, 30–31, 42, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 121, 145, 200
Bijie 毕节
185, 187
Binhai 滨海
79, 80, 81, 82
Binzhou 滨州
143, 145
Bishan 璧山
174, 177
bishop 主教
40–41, 43, 56–57, 78, 84, 86, 87, 103, 114, 115, 119, 196
Bishops Conference of the Catholic Church in China (zhongguo tianzhujiao zhujiaotuan 中国天主教主教团)
39
black market
2, 5, 11–12, 56, 60–69
Bo Sea 渤海
99, 142
Bodhidharma (Putidamo 菩提达摩)
16
Bodhisattva (pusa 菩萨)
15, 19, 57, 131
Bon 苯教
15, 194–196
Bonan (Bao’an zu 保安族)
20, 203
Born Again Movement
(
see All Scope Church
)
Bortala 博尔塔拉
216, 219
Bouyei (Buyi zu 布依族)
185
Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901)
84
Boyang County 波阳县
142
Bozhou 亳州
128, 129, 132
Buddhism 佛教
1, 13, 14–20, 48, 66, 68, 76, 83, 86, 87, 90, 94, 97, 103, 126, 127, 128, 131, 136, 139, 141, 168, 175, 179, 183, 192, 194, 196, 207, 208, 218
Buddhist Academy of China (Zhongguo foxueyuan 中国佛学院)
76
Buddhist Association of Canada
90
Buddhist Association of China (Zhongguo Fojiao xiehui 中国佛教协会)
15, 77
Buddhist Association of the Republic of China (Zhonghua Fojiao hui 中華佛教會)
14
Buluotuo religion 布洛陀教
169
Bureau of Tourism
12
Burhan Shehidi 包尔汉·沙希迪
20
C. K. Yang
(
see Yang, C. K.
)
Cangnan county 苍南县
3, 127
Cangzhou 沧州
83, 86
Catholicism (Tianzhu jiao 天主教)
1, 12, 13, 27, 39–43, 76, 86, 72, 94, 190, 192, 196, 218
Celestial Master 天师
35
Chamdo 昌都
194, 196
Chamsham Temple 湛山精舍
90
Chan Buddhism (禅宗)
16
Changbai Church 长白教会
105
Changchun 长春
101, 104, 106
Changde 常德
157, 160
Changji 昌吉
217, 220
Changning 长宁
112, 116
Changping 昌平
74, 75, 77
Changsha 长沙
157, 160
Changshou 长寿
174, 177
Changzhi 长治
88, 90, 92
Changzhou 常州
117, 120
Chao, Andrew (赵一舟, 1927–2015)
42
Chaoyang 朝阳
74, 77, 19, 102
Chaozhou 潮州
162, 165
Chen Ming 陈明
46
Chengde 承德
83, 86
Chengdu 成都
40, 163, 179, 180, 182
chenghuang 城隍 (city god)
51
Chengkou 城口
174, 177
Chenzhou 郴州
157, 160
Chi You 蚩尤
88
Chiang Kai-shek 蒋介石 (1887–1975)
169–170
Chifeng 赤峰
93, 96
China Catholic Laypeople Patriotic Association (Zhongguo tianzhujiao jiaoyou aiguohui 中国天主教教友爱国会)
39
China Catholic Patriotic Association (Zhongguo tianzhujiao aiguohui 中国天主教爱国会)
39, 56
China Christian Council (Zhongguo jidujiao xiehui 中国基督教协会)
28, 78
China Confucius Foundation (Zhongguo kongzi jijinhui 中国孔子基金会)
45–46
China General Social Survey (CGSS)
6, 19
China Gospel Fellowship (Zhonghua fuyin tuanqi 中华福音团契)
55
China Hui Nationality Culture Garden and the World Muslim City
214
China Islamic Institute (Zhongguo yisilanjiao jingxueyuan 中国伊斯兰教经学院)
21, 22, 76
China-Arab States Expo
214
Chinese Association for Mongol Studies
97
Chinese Association of Confucius the Holy Sage (Zhonghua kongshenghui 中华孔圣会)
46
Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
4, 7
Chinese Communist Youth League (CCYL)
4, 7
Chinese Daoism 中国道教
34
Chinese Daoist Association (Zhongguo daojiao xiehui 中国道教协会)
33, 34, 36
Chinese General Social Survey
26
Chinese Muslim (Zhongguo musilin 中国穆斯林)
21
Chinese Muslim Federation
116
Chinese National Islamic Association (Zhongguo yisilanjiao xiehui 中国伊斯兰教学会)
20, 26
Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS)
6, 19, 32, 39, 43, 48, 53, 58
Ching Hai 青海
65–66
Chizhou 池州
129, 132
Chongming 崇明
112, 116
Chongqing 重庆
147, 173–179, 198
Chongyi Church 崇一堂
128
Chongzuo 崇左
166, 168
Christianity Today
61
Church of the Almighty God (Quannengshen jiaohui 全能神教会)
62
Church of the Protection of the Mother of God in Harbin 哈尔滨圣母帡幪教堂
110
Chuxiong 楚雄
189, 192
City God Temple 城隍庙
113
Cold Water Sect (Lengshuijiao 冷水教)
62–63
communal folk religion
51
communion (shengcan 圣餐)
30
Complete Perfection Daoism
(
see Quanzhen
)
Confucian academy (shuyuan 书院)
45
Confucianism (Ru jiao 儒教)
44–48, 146
Confucius (Kongzi 孔子 551–479 BCE)
44, 207
Confucius Temple in Nanjing (Nanjing fuzimiao 南京夫子庙)
119
Confucius Temple Protection Association of China (Zhongguo kongmiao baohu xiehui 中国孔庙保护协会)
46, 47
Criers
(
see All Scope Church
)
Crying Faction
(
see All Scope Church
)
Cultural Revolution
2, 4, 9, 15, 18, 22, 25, 28, 30, 39, 42, 48, 55, 57, 60, 92, 149, 190, 196, 200, 202, 211
Dadukou 大渡口
174, 177
Dai Kangsheng 戴康生
23
Dai zu 傣族
188
Dalai Lama 达赖喇嘛
15, 183, 194, 207, 208
Dali 大理
22, 189, 192
Dalian 大连
99, 102
Dami Evangelism Association (Dami xuanjiaohui 达米宣教会)
63
Dandong 丹东
99, 102
Danzhou 儋州
170, 172
Daodejing 道德经
38
Daoism 道教
1, 11, 12, 33–39, 48, 76, 79, 94, 113, 141, 144, 154, 158, 170, 190, 202, 218
Daoism in Shanghai 上海道教
34
Daoist Academy of China (Zhongguo daxuejiaoxueyuan 中国道教学院)
76
Daoist Central Association (Daojiao zonghui 道教总会)
33
Daqing 大庆
107, 110
Datong 大同
88, 89, 92
Daur (Dawoer zu 达斡尔族)
106
Daxing 大兴
74, 75, 77
Daxing’anling diqu 大兴安岭地区
107, 108, 110
Dazhou 达州
179, 180, 182
Dazu 大足
175, 178
definition of religion
1
Dehong 德宏
189, 192
denominations
27
developed religion
1
Deyang 德阳
180, 182
Dezhou 德州
143, 145
Dharmarantna 竺法兰
90
Dianjiang 垫江
174, 177
diffused religion
1
Ding Guangxun 丁光训 (K.H. Ting, 1915–2012)
28, 119
Dingxi 定西
203, 206
Diqing 迪庆
189, 192
Disciples Sect (Mentu hui) 门徒会
63–64, 102
Dong zu 侗族
152, 157, 166, 185
Dongcheng 东城
74, 77
Dongguan 东莞
162, 165
Dongguan Mosque 东关清真大寺
211
Dongli 东丽
79, 82
Donglindang 东林党
46
Dongxiang zu 东乡族
20, 203
Dongyang County 东阳县
61
Dongying 东营
143, 145
Double Ninth Festival (chongyang jie 重阳节)
42
Dragon Boat Festival (duanwu jie 端午节)
42
dragon gods (longwang 龙王)
51
Duanying Temple 端应寺
101
Durkheim, Emile
4
Early Rain Blessings Reform Church (Qiuyu zhi fu guizheng jiaohui 秋雨之福归正教会)
55, 56, 184
East China Sea 东海
111, 122
Eastern Lightening (Dongfangshandian 东方闪电)
(
see Church of Almighty God
)
Egypt 埃及
22
Eliade, Mircea
4
Emile Durkheim
(
see Durkheim, Emile
)
Enshi 恩施
153, 156
Established King Sect 被立王教
61, 64, 67
evil cult (xiejiao 邪教)
2, 4, 11, 20, 52, 60, 61, 102, 103
Ezhou 鄂州
153, 156
Fairy Crane Mosque 仙鹤寺
122
Falun Gong 法轮功
12, 64–65
Famen Monastery 法门寺
16
Fan Xueyan 范学淹 (1907–1992)
56
Fan Zhongliang 范忠良 (1918–2014)
115
fandong huidaomen 反动会道门 (reactionary organizations)
60
Fangcheng Fellowship (Fangcheng tuanqi 方城团契)
55, 149
Fangchenggang 防城港
166, 168
fangeming zuzhi 反革命组织 (counterrevolutionary organizations)
60
Fangshan 房山
74, 77
Fayin 法音
15
Fengdu 丰都
174, 177
Fengjie 奉节
174, 177
fengshui 风水
52, 53
Fengtai 丰台
74, 77
Fengxian 奉贤
112, 116
filial piety (xiao 孝)
47
Five Peaks (wuyue 五岳)
38
Five Pillars of Islam
25
Fojiao wenhua 佛教文化
15
folk religion
1, 12, 17, 39, 47, 48–54, 87, 94, 102, 106, 218
Foshan 佛山
162, 165
four sacred Buddhist mountains
18
Foxue yanjiu 佛学研究
15
France 法国
83
Fujian 福建
15, 40, 111, 122, 133–137, 147
Fujian Buddhist Academy (Fujian foxue yuan 福建佛学院)
136
Fujian Theological Seminary (Fujian shenxue yuan 福建神学院)
136
Fuling 涪陵
174, 177
Fuller Theological Seminary
61
fundamentalism
24
Fushun 抚顺
99, 102
Fuxin 阜新
99, 102
Fuyang 阜阳
129, 132
Fuzhou 福州
133, 136, 137, 138, 141
Gaddafi, Muammar
22
Galilee of China (Nanyang)
149
Gannan 甘南
203, 206
Gansu 甘肃
13, 18, 24, 58, 73, 92, 149, 173, 198, 203–207, 211, 212
Ganzhou 赣州
138, 139, 141
Gaode Map
6
Garze 甘孜
180, 182
Gelao zu 仡佬族
185
Gelug 格鲁
15, 194
Germany 德国
207
Ghost Festival
48, 50
Giovanni di Monte Corvino
39
God of Wealth (Caishen 财神)
52, 53–54, 57
Golog 果洛
208, 211
Gong Shengliang 龚胜亮 (龚圣亮)
62
Google Earth
6
Google Maps
6
Grace Hill Church 恩典堂
139
Grand Bao’en Temple 大报恩寺
120
gray market
2, 11
Gu Yuese 顾约瑟
128
Guan Yu 关羽 (?–219)
92
Guang’an 广安
179, 180, 182
Guangdong 广东
62, 111, 112, 147, 161–165, 169
Guangxi 广西
147, 173, 166–169
Guangyuan 广元
180, 182
Guangzhou 广州
55, 161, 162, 165
Guanyin Method (Guanyin famen 观音法门)
65–66
Guigang 贵港
166, 168
Guilin 桂林
166, 168, 169
Guixi 贵溪
33
Guiyang 贵阳
185, 187
Guizhou 贵州
46, 147, 173, 185–188
Guomindang (Kuomintang)
14
Guoqing Temple 国清寺
126
guoxue 国学 (national learning)
44
Guyuan 固原
212, 215
Hadith (shengxun 圣训)
24, 25, 26
Haibei 海北
208, 211
Haidian 海淀
74, 77
Haidong 海东
208, 211
Haikou 海口
170, 172
Hainan 海南
6, 147, 169–172, 208, 211
Haixi 海西
208, 211
Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
21, 25
Hami 哈密
216, 217, 220
Han Choong-ryul 韩忠烈
105
Han Dynasty, Eastern (25 CE–220 CE)
90, 92
Handan 邯郸
83, 86
Hangzhou 杭州
31, 74, 77, 121, 122, 125, 127, 128
Hani zu 哈尼族
188
Hanzhong 汉中
199, 200, 202
Harbin 哈尔滨
106, 107, 110
Hebei 河北
13, 40, 50, 73, 83–88, 98, 111, 147
Hebei (district) 河北（区）
79, 82
Hebi 鹤壁
148, 151
Hechi 河池
166, 168
Hechuan 合川
174, 177
Hedong 河东
79, 80, 82
Hefei 合肥
128, 129, 130, 132
Hegang 鹤岗
107, 110
Heihe 黑河
107, 110
Heilongjiang 黑龙江
1, 13, 55, 73, 98, 103, 107–110
Heizui’er Catholic Church 黑嘴儿耶稣圣心教堂
211
Henan 河南
28, 29, 38, 55, 61, 64, 66, 68, 73, 111, 112, 147–152, 198
Hengshui 衡水
83, 86
Hengyang 衡阳
157, 160
Heping (district) 和平（区）
79, 80, 82
Heping County 和平县
62–63
Hexi 河西
79, 82
Heyuan 河源
162, 165
Heze 菏泽
143, 145
Hezhe zu 赫哲族
106
Hezhou 河州
24, 166, 168
Hinggan League 兴安盟
93, 96
Hohhot 呼和浩特
40, 93, 96
Holistic Church
(
see All Scope Church
)
Holy City of the East 东方圣城
146
Holy Confucian Hall (Kongsheng tang 孔圣堂)
46
Holy See
43, 56, 114
Holy Spirit
29, 42, 62, 63, 66
Hong Kong 香港
67, 88, 125, 127, 161, 163, 207
Hong’en Temple 红恩寺
57
Honghe 红河
189, 192
Hongkou 虹口
112, 116
Hongqiao 红桥
79, 82
Hongyi 弘一 (1880–1942)
83
Hotan 和田
217, 220
house church (jiating jiaohui 家庭教会)
11–12, 54–56, 61, 78, 102, 114, 130, 149, 170, 184, 200, 220
Huai’an 淮安
117, 120
Huaibei 淮北
128, 129, 132
Huaihua 怀化
157, 160
Huainan 淮南
128, 129, 132
Huairou 怀柔
74, 77
Huang Huanting 黄焕听
62
Huanggang 黄冈
153, 156
Huangnan 黄南
208, 211
Huangpu 黄浦
112, 116
Huangshan 黄山
129, 132
Huangshi 黄石
153, 156
Huayan Temple 华严寺
175
Hubei 湖北
66, 111, 147, 152–156, 169, 173, 198
Hui zu 回族20
85, 92, 98, 128, 133, 138, 142, 147, 149, 152, 166, 169, 172, 190, 196, 203, 206, 208, 211, 213, 216, 218, 220
Huizhou 惠州
162, 165
Huludao 葫芦岛
99, 102
Hulunbuir 呼伦贝尔
93, 96
Humanist Buddhism (renjian fojiao 人间佛教)
15, 125
Hunan 湖南
38, 67, 111, 147, 157–161, 169, 173
Hunan Bible College 湖南圣经学院
160
Huo Congguang 霍从光
68
Huzhou 湖州
123, 125
Ikhwani (Yihewani 依赫瓦尼)
23
Ili 伊犁
217, 220
imam (yimamu 伊玛目)
25
immortal 仙
37
India 印度
173, 198
individual folk religion
51, 52
Indonesia 印度尼西亚
24
Inner Mongolia (Neimenggu 内蒙古)
13, 15, 53, 73, 93–97, 98, 149, 198, 212
Inner Mongolia Folklore Society
98
institutional religion
1
Iran 伊朗
24
Iraq 伊拉克
24
Islam
1, 11, 12, 13, 20–27, 76, 79, 86, 105, 108, 115, 121, 128, 136, 168, 179, 187, 189, 200, 205, 207, 211, 213, 216, 218
Islamic Association of China
(
see Chinese National Islamic Association
)
Jade Buddha Temple 玉佛寺
113
Jahriyya (Zhehelinye 哲赫林耶)
24
Japan 日本
15, 46, 158, 207
Jerusalem of China (Wenzhou)
128
Jesus (Yesu 耶稣)
29, 30–31, 42
Jesus Family Sect 耶稣家庭教会
96–97, 145
Jews
151–152, 163
Ji Sanbao 季三宝
63–64
Ji’an 吉安
138, 141
Jiading 嘉定
112, 116
Jiamusi 佳木斯
107, 110
Jiang Duanyi 江端仪 (Sister Kong Duen-yee)
67
Jiang Qing 蒋庆
46, 47, 163
Jiangbei 江北
174, 177
Jiangjin 江津
174, 177
Jiangmen 江门
162, 165
Jiangsu 江苏
66, 111, 112, 116–121, 125, 127
Jiangsu Road Christian Church 江苏路基督教堂
145
Jiangxi 江西
33, 63, 111, 122, 123, 125, 133, 138–142, 147
Jiangxi Buddhist Academy (Jiangxi Foxueyuan 江西佛学院)
141
Jiangxin Temple 江心寺
125
Jiaozuo 焦作
148, 151
jiapu 家谱 (lineage recording book)
50
jiating jiaohui
(
see house church
)
Jiaxing 嘉兴
122, 125, 128
Jiayuguan 嘉峪关
203, 206
Jidu xin jiao 基督新教
(
see Protestantism
)
Jidu zongjiao 基督宗教 (Christian religions)
27
Jidujiao 基督教
(
see Christianity
)
Jieyang 揭阳
162, 165
jikong 祭孔 (worship of Confucius)
44
Jilin 吉林
40, 73, 98, 103–106
Jilin City 吉林市
104, 106
Jin Luxian 金鲁贤 (1916–2013)
115
Jin Tianming 金天明
56
Jinan 济南
40, 142, 143, 145
Jinchang 金昌
203, 206
Jincheng 晋城
88, 92
Jing’an 静安
112, 113, 116
Jingdezhen 景德镇
138, 141
Jinghai 静海
79, 82
Jingmen 荆门
153, 154, 156
Jingzhou 荆州
153, 154, 156
Jinhua 金华
122, 125, 126
Jining 济宁
143, 145
Jinnan 津南
79, 82
Jinshan 金山
112, 116
Jinzhong 晋中
88, 89, 90, 92
Jinzhou 锦州
99, 102
jitian dadian 祭天大典 (heaven worship ceremony)
44
Jiujiang 九江
138, 139, 141
Jiulongpo 九龙坡
174, 177
Jiuquan 酒泉
203, 206
Jixi 鸡西
107, 108, 110
Jizhou 蓟州
79, 82
Journal of China Religion 中国宗教
144
jumu’ah
25
Kagyu 噶举
15, 194
Kaifeng 开封
148, 149, 151
Kaizhou 开州
174, 177
Karamay 克拉玛依
217, 220
karma 業
19, 49
Kashgar 喀什
217, 220
Kasyapamatanga 伽耶摩腾
90
Kazakh (Hasake zu 哈萨克族)
20, 216, 218
Kazakhstan 哈萨克斯坦
24, 198, 216
keju zhidu 科举制度 (traditional examination system)
46
Khufuyya (Hufuye 虎夫耶)
24
Kimon 金门
133
Kirti Monastery 戈尔登寺
183
Kizilsu 克孜勒苏
217, 220
Kongshengtang 孔圣堂
163
Kongzi
(
see Confucius
)
Korean (Chaoxian zu 朝鲜族)
98
Kritigarbha (Dizang 地藏)
131
Kubrawiyya (Kubuerye 库布尔耶)
24
Kunbum Monastery
(
see Ta’er Temple
)
Kunming 昆明
163, 189, 192
Kuomintang
(
see Guomindang
)
Kyrgyz (Ke’erkezi zu 柯尔克孜族)
20, 216
Kyrgyzstan 吉尔吉斯斯坦
198
Labrang Monastery 拉扑楞寺
18, 207
Laibin 来宾
166, 168
Laiwu 莱芜
143, 145
Langfang 廊坊
83, 86, 87
Lanzhou Islamic Institute 兰州伊斯兰教经学院
22
Lanzhou 兰州
5, 58, 203, 206, 207
Laos 老挝
147, 173
Lefebvre, Henri
4
Leshan 乐山
180, 182
Lhasa 拉萨
193, 194, 196
Li Changlin (Lee Jang Rim) 李长林
63
Li Hongzhi 李洪志
64
Li Shutong 李叔同
(
see Hongyi
)
Li Tianan 李天恩 (1928–2016)
149
Li zu 黎族
169
lianghui 两会
28
Liangping 梁平
174, 177
Liangshan 凉山
179, 180, 182
Lianping County 连平县
63
Lianyungang 连云港
116, 117, 120
Liaocheng 聊城
143, 145
Liaoning 辽宁
73, 98–106
Liaoyang 辽阳
99, 103
Liaoyuan 辽源
104, 106
Lijiang 丽江
189, 192
Lin Xiangao 林献羔 (Samuel Lamb, 1924–2013)
55
Lincang 临沧
189, 192
Linfen 临汾
88, 90, 92
Lingling Sect (Lingling jiao 灵灵教)
66
Lingxian zong 灵仙宗
68
Linxia 临夏
24, 203, 205, 206
Linyi 临沂
143, 145
Lishui 丽水
122, 125
Lisu zu 傈僳族
188
Little Red Book (Quotations from Chairman Mao, Mao zhuxi yulu 毛主席语录)
57
Liu Bei 刘备 (161–223)
92
Liu Jiaguo 刘家国
66–67
Liu Zhi 刘智 (1655–1745)
24
Liupanshui 六盘水
185, 187
Liuzhou 柳州
166, 168, 169
Living Stream Ministry
61
Local Church (Difang Jiaohui 地方教会 or zhaohui 召会)
60, 61, 146
Long March
183
Longnan 陇南
203, 206
Longquan si 龙泉寺 (Dragon Spring Temple)
77
Longyan 龙岩
133, 136
Lord God Sect (Zhushen jiao 主神教)
66–67
Los Angeles 洛杉矶
69
Loudi 娄底
157, 160
Lu Shengyan 卢胜彦
68
Lu’an 六安
129, 132
Lüliang 吕梁
88, 90, 92
Luohe 漯河
148, 151
Luoyang 洛阳
148, 149, 151
Luzhou 泸州
180, 182
Ma Daqin 马达钦
114
Ma Wanfu 马万福
24
Ma’anshan 马鞍山
129, 132
Macao 澳门
88, 161, 163
Malaysia 马来西亚
22, 24
Manchu (Man zu 满族)
98, 100, 147, 218
Mao cult (Mao personality cult)
1, 12, 57–59
Mao Zedong 毛泽东 (1893–1976)
57, 159, 160
Maoming 茂名
162, 165
Marco Polo 马可·波路
121
Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin
58
Mass 弥撒
41
Matteo Ricci
(
see Ricci, Matteo
)
Mazu 妈祖 (seafaring goddess)
51, 81, 136
Mecca 麦加
21, 25, 211
Meishan 眉山
180, 182
Meizhou 梅州
162, 165
Mengzi (孟子 372–289 BCE)
44
Menhuan 门宦
23, 24
Mentougou 门头沟
74, 77
Mianyang 绵阳
57, 180, 182
Miao zu (Hmong) 苗族
133, 152, 157, 166, 169, 185, 188
Miaochan xingxue 庙产兴学
4
Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)
78, 79, 92, 154, 169, 190, 207
Minhang (Minxing) 闵行
112, 116
Ministry of Civil Affairs
46
Ministry of Cultural Affairs
46
Ministry of Education
44
Ministry of Public Security (Gong’anbu 公安部)
4, 60
Ministry of State Security (Guo’anbu 国安部)
4
Minnan Buddhist Academy (Minnan Foxueyuan 闽南佛学院)
15, 136
Miyun 密云
74, 77
Mogao Caves 莫高窟
207
Mongol (Menggu zu) 蒙古族
26, 98, 138, 147, 203, 208, 216, 218
Mongolia 蒙古
15, 76, 73, 98, 108, 198
Morality books 善书
17
Morrison, Robert (1782–1834)
27, 31
Mount Emei 峨眉山
18
Mount Heng 恒山
38
Mount Heng 衡山
38
Mount Hua 华山
38
Mount Jiuhua 九华山
18
Mount Lao 崂山
144
Mount Longhu 龙虎山
139
Mount Miaofeng 妙峰山
79
Mount Putuo 普陀山
18
Mount Song 嵩山
38
Mount Tai 泰山
38, 142
Mount Wutai 五台山
18
Mount Zion in Taiwan
67
Mudanjiang 牡丹江
107, 110
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
24
Muhammad 穆罕默德
23
Muyang County 沐阳县
66
Myanmar (Burma) 缅甸
147, 173
Nagqu 那曲
194, 196
Najiaying Mosque 纳家营清真寺
190
Nan’an 南岸
174, 177
Nanchang 南昌
138, 141
Nanchong 南充
180, 182
Nanchuan 南川
174, 177
Nanjing Union Theological Seminary (Jinling xiehe shenxueyuan 金陵协和神学院)
29, 76, 119
Nanjing 南京
116, 117, 120
Nankai 南开
79, 80, 82
Nanking Theological Seminary (Jinling shenxueyuan 金陵神学院)
29, 119
Nanning 南宁
166, 168
Nanping 南平
133, 136
Nanputuo Temple 南普陀寺
15
Nanshan Temple 南山寺
170
Nantional Seminary of the Catholic Church in China (Zhongguo tianzhujiao shenzhe xueyuan 中国天主教神哲学院)
76
Nantong 南通
116, 117, 120
Nanyang 南阳
148, 151
Narrow Gate in the wilderness (Kuangye Zhaimen 旷野窄门)
(
see Disciples Sect
)
National Seminary of the Catholic Church (Zhongguo tianzhujiao shenzhe xueyuan 中国天主教神哲学院)
40
Naxi zu 纳西族
179
Neijiang 内江
179, 180, 182
Nepal 尼泊尔
15, 173, 198
Nestorians
97, 200, 211
New Testament Church (Xinyue jiaohui 新约教会)
67–68
Ngari 阿里
194, 196
Ngawa 阿坝
180, 182
Nigeria 尼日利亚
24
Ningbo 宁波
122, 125, 128
Ningde 宁德
133, 136
Ninghe 宁河
79, 81, 82
Ningxia 宁夏
13, 24, 26, 27, 73, 92, 149, 198, 212–216
Niujie Mosque 牛街礼拜寺
79
Noble Eightfold Path (bazhengdao 八正道)
16
North Korea 朝鲜
73, 98, 105, 111
Nujiang 怒江
189, 192
Nyingchi 林芝
194, 196
Nyingma 宁玛
15, 194
oligopoly theory
2
Opium Wars (1839–1842 and 1856–1860)
27, 144
Ordos 鄂尔多斯
93, 96, 97
Oroqen (Elunchun zu 鄂伦春族)
106
Orthodox Christianity 东正教
1, 108, 218
Orthodox Unity Daoism
(
see Zhengyi
)
Our Lady of the Holy Rosary Church (Xiamen meigui shengmu tang 厦门玫瑰圣母堂)
137
paiwei 牌位
50
Pakistan 巴基斯坦
22, 24, 198
Panchen Lama 班禅喇嘛
15, 194, 207
Panjin 盘锦
99, 102
Panshi Church (Hangzhou) 磐石教会
31
Panzhihua 攀枝花
180, 182
Patriarch Kirill of Mosco
108
Peace Conference of Asia and Pacific Regions
14
Peepal tree (puti shu 菩提树)
18
Peking Christian Tabernacle Church 北京基督徒会堂
55
Pengshui 彭水
174, 177
People’s Liberation Army
57
People’s Political Conference (Quanguo zhengzhi xieshang huiyi 全国政治协商会议)
34
Pew Research Center
31
pigu 辟谷
38
Pingdingshan
148, 151
Pinggu
74, 77
Pingliang 平凉
203, 206
Pingxiang 萍乡
138, 139, 141
political religion
1
Pope Benedict XVI
56, 84, 114
Pope Francis
56
Pope Pius XII
11
Population Census
6
postdenominational
28
Protestantism (Jidu xin jiao 基督新教)
27–33
pseudo religion
1
Pu’er 普洱
189, 192
Pudong 浦东
112, 116
Puhaddin 普哈丁
121
Puji Temple 普济寺
125
Pure Land Buddhism (jingtu zong)
15
Putian 莆田
133, 136
Putuo 普陀
112, 116
Putuo Zongsheng Temple 普陀宗乘寺
87
Puxi 浦西
111
Puyang 濮阳
148, 151
Qadim (Gedimu 格底目)
23, 24
Qadiriyya (Kadilinye 卡迪林耶)
24
qi 氣
38, 64
Qiandongnan 黔东南
185, 187
Qiang zu 羌族
179
Qianjiang 黔江
174, 177
Qiannan 黔南
185, 187
Qianxinan 黔西南
185, 187
Qigong 气功
12, 52, 64–65
Qijiang 綦江
174, 177
Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)
44, 76, 78, 82, 108, 115, 169, 190, 211
Qingdao 青岛
143, 144, 145
Qinghai 青海
13, 15, 24, 173, 199, 207–211, 212
Qingming 清明
47
Qingpu 青浦
112, 113, 116
Qingyang 庆阳
203, 206
Qingyuan 清远
162, 165
Qingzhen Kunning Tongde Female School 清真坤宁同德女学
115
Qinhuangdao 青岛
83, 86
Qinzhou 钦州
166, 168
Qiqihar 齐齐哈尔
107, 108, 110
Qitaihe 七台河
107, 108, 110
Quannengshen jiaohui
(
see Church of Almighty God
)
Quanzhen 全真 (Complete Perfection)
35, 144
Quanzhou 泉州
133, 134, 136
qubba (gongbei 拱北)
24
Qufu 曲阜
47, 146
Qujing 曲靖
189, 192
Qur’an
17, 21, 22, 24–26
Quzhou 衢州
122, 125
Red Guards (hongweibing 红卫兵)
44, 57
red market
2, 11–12, 13–43
religion, definition of
1
Religious Affairs Bureau (RAB)
4
religious market
2
Republican era (1912–1949)
14, 82, 207
Ricci, Matteo (1552–1610) 利玛窦
18, 39, 86
Rizhao 日照
143, 145
Rongchang 荣昌
174, 177
Ru jiao
(
see Confucianism
)
Russia 俄罗斯
24, 73, 83, 98, 110, 198, 216
Russian (Eluosi zu 俄罗斯族)
218
Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas (570–632)
23
sacred place
4, 5, 37
sacred space
4
Sakya 萨迦
15, 194
Salafi-jihadism
218
Salar (Sala zu 撒拉族)
20, 203, 208
samsara (lunhui 轮回)
19
Sanban puren
(
see Three Ranks of Servants
)
sangang wuchang 三纲五常
44
Sanjiang Church 三江教堂
128
Sanmenxia 三门峡
148, 151
Sanming 三明
133, 136
Sanya 三亚
169, 170, 172
Saudi Arabia 沙特阿拉伯
21, 22, 24, 25, 207
Second Vatican Council (1962–1965)
42
sectarian folk religion
51, 52
semi-religion
1
seven sacraments (shengshi 圣事)
41
Shaanxi 陕西
35, 38, 40, 63, 64, 68, 73, 92, 147, 173, 198–203
Shakyamuni (shijiamoni 释迦摩尼)
18
Shaman Museum 萨满文化博物馆
106
Shamanism 萨满教
94, 97, 106
Shandong 山东
69, 73, 111, 142–146, 147
Shangdi 上帝 (God)
29
shangfen 上坟 (gravesite visit)
50
Shanghai 上海
14, 27, 33, 34, 40, 41, 55, 76, 111–116, 122, 128, 163
Shanghai Wanbang Mission Church 上海万邦宣教教会
114
Shangluo 商洛
199, 202
Shangqiu 商丘
148, 151
Shangrao 上饶
138, 139, 141
Shannan 陕南
194, 196
Shantou 汕头
162, 165
Shanwei 汕尾
162, 165
Shanxi 山西
18, 38, 73, 88–93, 147, 198
Shaoguan 韶关
162, 165
Shaolin Temple 少林寺
148
Shaoshan 韶山
159
Shaoxing 绍兴
122, 125
Shaoyang 邵阳
157, 160
Shapingba 沙坪坝
174, 177
sharia
24
She zu 畲族
133, 138
Shen 神
29
Shengling 圣灵
(
see Holy Spirit
)
Shennong 神农
156
Shenyang 沈阳
40, 98, 99, 102
Shenzhen 深圳
161, 162, 163, 165
Sheshan Cathedral 佘山天主堂
41, 114
Sheshan Catholic Seminary 佘山修道院
Shi Enxiang 师恩祥
86
Shi Yongxin 释永信
149
Shi Yu 施余
110
Shi’i 什叶派
23, 218
Shigatse 日喀则
194, 196
Shijiazhuang 石家庄
83, 86
Shijingshan 石景山
74, 77
Shiyan 十堰
153, 154, 156
Shizhu 石柱
174, 177
Shizuishan 石嘴山
212, 215
shortage economy theory
2
Shouters (Huhan pai 呼喊派)
60
Shuangyashan 双鸭山
107, 110
Shunyi 顺义
74, 77
Shuozhou 朔州
88, 92
Shuyuan 书院
(
see Confucian academy
)
Sichuan 四川
15, 18, 57, 61, 173, 179–184, 198
Singapore 新加坡
207
Siping 四平
104, 106
sishu 私塾 (old-style private school)
44
Smith, Jonathan Z.
4
Song Dynasty (960–1279)
149, 151, 169
Songjiang 松江
112, 116
Songyuan 松原
104, 106
Soong Ching-ling 宋庆龄 (1893–1981)
170
Soong Mei-ling 宋美龄 (1897–2003)
170
Soong, Charlie 宋耀如 (1863–1918)
169
Soong, T. V. 宋子文 (1894–1971)
169
South China Church (Huanan jiaohui 华南教会)
62
South China Sea 南海
147, 161
South Korea 韩国
63, 105, 111
Spiritual Food Quarterley 灵食季刊
55
Spring Festival
77
State Administration of Cultural Heritage (Guojia wenwuju 国家文物局)
45
State Administration of Religious Affairs (Guojia zongjiao shiwuju 国家宗教事务局, SARA)
4, 15, 19, 22, 26, 29, 31, 40, 43, 108, 131, 137, 216
Straits Daoist College (Haixia daojiao xueyuan 海峡道教学院)
137
Stump, Roger
4
Sudan 苏丹
24
Sufism
24, 218
Sui Dynasty (581–618)
92
Suihua 绥化
107, 110
Suining 遂宁
179, 180, 182
Suizhou 随州
153, 156
superstition
14
supply and demand
2
Suqian 宿迁
117, 120
Suzhou 宿州
128, 129, 132
Suzhou 苏州
117, 120
Syria 叙利亚
22
Ta’er Temple 塔尔寺
208
Tacheng 塔城
217, 220
Tai’an 泰安
143, 145
Taipingjing 太平经
38
Taiqing Temple 太清宫
33, 144
Taiwan 台湾
14, 50, 61, 65, 67, 68, 69, 88, 120, 125, 127, 133, 136, 147, 179, 207
Taixu 太虚 (1890–1947)
127
Taiyuan 太原
40, 88, 92
Taizhou 台州
117, 120, 122, 125
Tajik (Tajike zu 塔吉克族)
20, 22, 218
talisman
36, 37
Tang Dynasty (618–907)
92, 149, 170, 211
Tang En-Jia 汤恩佳
163
Tangshan 唐山
83, 86, 87
Tashkurgan County 塔什库尔干县
22
Tatar (Tata’er zu 塔塔尔族)
20, 218
temple fair (miaohui 庙会)
49, 51, 79
Thailand 泰国
24, 173
Theravada Buddhism
15
Three Ranks of Servants (Sanban puren 三班仆人)
11, 68
Three-Self Patriotic Movement Committee (Sanzi aiguo yundong weiyuanhui 三自爱国运动委员会)
27, 54, 78
three-self principle (self-ruling, self-supporting, self-propagating)
27
Tian 天 (heaven)
44
Tiananmen Square 天安门广场
57
Tiandijiao 天帝教
52
Tianfeng 天风
96
Tianjin 天津
6, 73, 79–84, 85
Tianjin Massacre 天津教案
83
tianming 天命 (mandate of Heaven)
44
Tianshui 天水
203, 205, 206
Tiantai School 天台宗
126
tianyi 天意 (Heaven’s will)
44
Tianzhujiao 天主教
(
see Catholicism
)
tianzi 天子
44
Tibet
(
see Xizang
)
Tibetan (Zang zu 藏族)
26, 179, 183, 190, 193, 196, 197, 203, 207, 208
Tibetan Buddhism
15, 17, 68, 76, 87, 94, 97, 103, 127, 194, 196, 207, 208, 218
Tieling 铁岭
99, 102
Tomb Sweeping Day
47
Tongchuan 铜川
199, 202
Tonghua 通化
104, 106
Tongliang 铜梁
174, 177
Tongliao 通辽
93, 96
Tongling 铜陵
129, 132
Tongnan 潼南
174, 177
Tongren 铜仁
185, 187
Tongzhanbu
(
see United Front Department
)
Total Scope Church
(
see All Scope Church
)
Trinitarian God
29
triple market theory (red, black, and gray markets)
2, 11
True Buddha Sect (Zhen fo znog 真佛宗)
11, 68–69
True Jesus church 真耶稣教会
66
Tsongkhapa (Zongkaba 宗喀巴, 1357–1419)
208
Tu Weiming 杜维明
163
Tu zu 土族
208
Tuan, Yi-Fu
4
tudi 土地 (earth god)
51
Tujia zu 土家族
133, 152, 157
Turpan 吐鲁番
216, 217, 220
Tweed, Thomas
4
Ulanqab 乌兰察布
93, 96
underground Catholic Bishops Conference
11, 56
underground Catholic churches
56–57
Unification Church (统一教)
11
union worship services (lianhe libai 联合礼拜)
27, 55
United Front Department (Tongzhanbu 统战部)
4, 27
United Kingdom
83
United States
2, 27, 61, 62, 64, 68, 169, 207
Upper Clarity’s Celestial Master Bureau (Shangqing tianshi fu 上清天师府)
33
Urumqi 乌鲁木齐
216, 217, 220
Uthman bin Affan
23
Uyghur (Weiwu’er zu 维吾尔族)
20, 159, 216
Uzbeck (Wuzibieke 乌兹别克)
20, 218
Vatican 梵蒂冈
40, 42, 43, 56, 57, 78, 84, 86, 87
Vietnam 越南
147, 166, 173, 188
Wahhabism (Wahabi zhuyi 瓦哈比主义)
24, 218
Wang Mingdao 王明道 (1900–1991)
55
Wang Yi 王怡
55, 184
Wang Zuoan 王作安
108
Wanzhou 万州
174, 177
Watchman Nee (Ni Tuosheng 倪柁声)
60, 114, 146
Weifang 潍坊
143, 145
Weihai 威海
143, 145
Weinan 渭南
199, 200, 202
Wenshan 文山
189, 192
Wenshuyuan 文殊院
183
Wenzhou 温州
122, 125, 127, 128
West China Union University 华西协合大学
184
White Lotus Sect (Bailian jiao 白莲教)
52
Witness Lee (Li Changshou 李常受, 1905–1997)
60, 61
Word of Life Church
(
see All Scope Church
)
World Buddhist Forum
125
World Christian Database
31
World Council of Churches
28
World Elijah Association (Shijie yiliya fuyin xuanjiaohui 世界以利亚宣教会)
69
World Federation of Confucius’s Descendants (Shijie kongzi houyi lianyi zonghui 世界孔子后翼联谊总会)
47
World Frum of Daodejing
144
Wu Yangming 吴扬明
64, 67
Wu Yaozong 吴耀宗 (1893–1979)
27
Wuhan 武汉
40, 44, 93, 96, 152, 154, 156
Wuhu 芜湖
129, 132
Wulong 武隆
174, 177
Wuming Buddhist Academy 五明佛学院
183
Wuqing 武清
79, 82
Wushan 巫山
174, 177
Wuwei 武威
203, 206
Wuwei Confucius Temple 武威孔庙
207
Wuxi 无锡
117, 120, 174, 177
Wuzhong 吴忠
212, 213, 215
Wuzhou 梧州
166, 168
Xi Jinping 习近平
45, 47, 88, 108, 127, 154
Xi’an 西安
23, 40, 196, 198, 199, 200, 202, 203
Xiamen 厦门
52, 133, 134, 136
Xianfa Temple 显法寺
90
Xiangtan 湘潭
157, 160
Xiangxi 湘西
157, 160
Xiangxiang 湘乡
67
Xiangyang 向阳
153, 154, 156
Xianning 咸宁
153, 154, 156
Xiantiandao 先天道
69
Xianyang 咸阳
199, 200, 202
Xiaogan 孝感
153, 156
Xiaotaoyuan Female Mosque 小桃园女清真寺
115, 116
Xibo zu 锡伯族
106, 218
Xicheng 西城
74, 77
Xidao Tang 西道堂
23
xiejiao
(
see evil cult
)
Xikai Cathedral 西开天主教堂
84
Xilingol League 锡林郭勒盟
93, 96
Xingtai 邢台
42, 83, 86
Xinguan Mosque 新关清真寺
207
Xining 西宁
207, 208, 211
Xinjiang 新疆 (Xinjiang Autonomous Religion)
3, 13, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 149, 159, 173, 198, 216–220
Xinjiang Islamic Institute
22
Xinyang 信阳
148, 151
Xinyu 新余
138, 139, 141
Xinzhou 忻州
88, 92
Xiqing 西青
79, 80, 81, 82
Xishuangbanna 西双版纳
189, 192
Xiushan 秀山
174, 177, 178
Xixia Church 西夏区基督教堂
216
Xizang (Tibet or Xizang Autonomous Religion)
13, 15, 40, 44, 68, 76, 114, 193–197, 198
Xu Shuangfu 徐双富 (1946–2006)
68
Xu Yongze 徐永泽
61
Xuancheng 宣城
129, 132
Xuanzang 玄奘
183
Xuecheng 学诚
15
Xuedou Temple 雪窦寺
125
Xuhui 徐汇
112, 116
Xunzi (荀子 313–235 BCE)
44
Xuzhou 徐州
117, 120, 121
Ya’an 雅安
180, 182
Yan Emperor 炎帝
88, 156
Yan’an 延安
199, 200, 202
Yanbian 延边
104, 106
Yancheng 盐城
117, 120
Yang, C.K. 杨庆堃
1
Yangjiang 阳江
162, 165
Yangming Academy 阳明精舍
46
Yangpu 杨浦
112, 116
Yangquan 阳泉
88, 92
yangsheng 养生
37, 131, 132
Yangzhou 扬州
117, 120
Yanjing Catholic Church 岩井天主教堂
196
Yanqing 延庆
3, 74
Yantai 烟台
142, 143, 145
Yao zu 瑶族
157, 166
Yellow Emperor 黄帝
88
Yellow Sea
73, 99, 142
Yi zu 彝族
166, 179
Yibin 宜宾
180, 182
Yichang 宜昌
153, 156
Yichun 伊春
107, 108, 110
Yichun 宜春
138, 141
Yiguandao 一贯道
52, 69
Yinchuan 银川
212, 213, 214, 215
Yingkou 营口
99, 102
Yingtan 鹰潭
138, 141
Yining 伊宁
216, 217
Yiwu County 义乌县
61, 128, 163
Yiwu Mosque
128
Yiyang 益阳
157, 160
Yongchuan 永川
174, 177
Yonghe Temple 雍和宫
76
Yongzhou 永州
157, 160
Young Men’s Christian Association
27, 114
Young Women’s Christian Association
114
Youyang 酉阳
174, 177
Yuan Dynasty (1260–1368)
39, 78, 82, 92
Yuan Shikai 袁世凯 (1859–1916)
44
Yuan Xiangchen 袁相忱 (Allen Yuan, 1914–2005)
55
Yuandao Academy 原道书院
46
Yubei 渝北
174, 177
Yue Chongdai 岳崇岱 (1888–1958)
33
Yueyang 岳阳
157, 160
Yulanpen Festival (yulanpen jie 盂兰盆节)
49
Yulin 榆林
199, 200, 202
Yulin 玉林
166, 168
Yuncheng 运城
88, 92
Yunfu 云浮
162, 165
Yunnan 云南
15, 21, 22, 55, 68, 169, 173, 188–193
Yunyang 云阳
174, 177
Yushu 玉树
208, 211
Yuxi 玉溪
189, 192
Yuzhong 渝中
174, 177
Zailijiao 在理教 (Way of the abiding principle)
82
Zaozhuang 枣庄
143, 145
Zhang Daoling 张道陵 (34–156)
35
Zhang Guangbi 张光壁 (1889–1947)
69
Zhangjiajie 张家界
157, 160
Zhangjiakou 张家口
83, 86, 87
Zhangye 张掖
203, 206
Zhangzhou 漳州
133, 136
Zhanjiang 湛江
162, 165
Zhaoqing 肇庆
162, 165
Zhaotong 昭通
189, 192
Zhejiang 浙江
3, 12, 18, 28, 29, 55, 61, 74, 77, 112, 121–128, 149
Zhejiang Provincial Christian Council 浙江省基督教协会
128
Zhen fo zong
(
see True Buddha Sect
)
Zhengyi 正一 (Orthodox Unity)
35, 113
Zhengzhou 郑州
147, 148, 151
Zhenjiang 镇江
117, 120
Zhiyi 智顗 (538–598)
126
Zhong County 忠县
174, 177
Zhongguancun 中关村
74, 77
Zhongshan 中山
162, 165
Zhongwei 中卫
212, 215
Zhongyuan Festival (zhongyuan jie 中元节)
49
Zhongyue Temple 中岳庙
148
Zhou Enlai 周恩来 (1893–1976)
34, 57–58
Zhoukou 周口
148, 151
Zhoushan 舟山
122, 125
Zhu De 朱德
34, 58
Zhuang zu 壮族
133, 188
Zhuhai 珠海
161, 162, 165
Zhumadian 驻马店
148, 151
Zhuolu 涿鹿
87
Zhuzhou 株洲
157, 160
Zibo 淄博
143, 145
Zigong 自贡
180, 182
Ziyang 资阳
180, 182
Zo Kun 左坤
67
Zoroastrianism
136
Zunyi 遵义
185, 187