Index
Page references in bold type indicate a more in-depth treatment of the subject.
Abbott, Nabia
192
abǧad letters
119
Abū Bakr (1st caliph, r. 632–634)
8, 67
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Paris)
3, 188n1
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) see AMS dating
accounting, Qurʾānic formulae in
94
acid-base-acid (ABA)/acid-alkali-acid (AAA) pre-treatment
142n7, 164, 164n82
Adler, Jakob Georg Christian
6, 192–193
administrative documents
92
adversaries, amulets against
131, 132
afterlife (dār al-āḫira)
88n5, 95, 95n18
Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR, France)
1, 3n6, 206n55
ʿahd allāh (“the promise/command of God”), in papyrus legal documents
96tab., 98, 99
aḥmadu ilayka llāha allaḏī lā ilāha illā huwa (introductory formula for letters)
42, 71
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (4th caliph, r. 656–661)
4, 190
alif
65
plene v. non-plene
128
position of
129, 209, 215
rightward-leaning ascender
11, 192, 192n25
spelling with or without
56, 58, 59, 64, 127, 188, 208, 209, 210, 211, 215
allaḏī ḫalaqa s-samawāti wa-l-arḍ, in Arabic papyrus letters
59
allaḏī huwa ḫayr, in Arabic papyrus letters
58
allaḏī lā yuḫlifu l-mīʿād, in Arabic papyrus letters
58
allāhu llaḏī lā ilāha illā huwa see Šahāda
allusions, Qurʾānic
43, 44, 102, 106
biblical
75
Almbladh, Karin
69, 71, 71n32
Altıkulaç, Tayyar
4
Amari, Michele
6, 192, 193
Amari project
3, 4
ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ Mosque library (al-Fusṭāṭ)
3
AMS dating (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry)
140
accuracy/precision
141, 141n5, 142, 143–144, 146, 150, 153, 158, 160, 160tab., 166, 176, 178, 179
castor oil contamination
141, 142n7, 143, 164
checklist for scholars
179–183
chronology of Egypt
144–145
contacting AMS Labs
180
Dead Sea Scrolls
140–144, 142n9, 164
Early Islamic manuscripts
145–148
evaluation of test results (checklist)
178–179
interpretation of test results
149, 176–178, 181–182
method/technique
150, 158–161
modeling results
172–173
papyrus v. parchment
161, 163–165
presentation of test results
182–183
sampling/sample measurement
140, 159, 166–172, 176–177, 179, 180, 181, 198–199, 205
pre-treatment of samples
142, 142n7, 143, 145, 159, 161, 164, 179
stages of measurement
159–160, 181
amulet writers see scribes
amulets
112–114
Arabic isolated letters in
119
disposal of
115–117
Ḥadīṯ/Tafsīr manuals used for
130–133
irregularities in text
dialectical influences
123tab., 124
grammatical and other
123tab., 124, 127, 129–130, 129tab.
misheard/misunderstood verses
124, 124tab., 125ill., 126, 128
variant readings of Qurʾānic quotations
123, 123tab., 124, 126, 127, 129
writing mistakes
122, 126–127tab., 127–128
layout variants
118–121, 121ill., 133–134
magical signs, drawings and script
118–119, 133–134, 188
preservation
118
Qurʾān verses/quotations on
122–133
against adversaries
131, 132
on enemies of God
132, 133
on healing
114–115, 120, 122, 130, 131
on Judgment Day
132
on omnipotence of God in
131, 132, 133
on protection
114–115, 122, 130
on redemption
132–133
real amulets v. templates
116
secrecy around
115, 116, 119
wooden tablets as
120
ANR (Agence nationale de la recherche, France)
1, 3n6, 206n55
De l’ antiquité tardive à l’ Islam (DATI project)
3n6
Antiquity, letter-writing culture in
74
APD (Arabic Papyrology Database)
43, 87, 88tab., 94, 112
“Apparatus Criticus” project (Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities)
190–191
Arabia
1–2
Arabic formulae, in papyrus legal documents
97
Arabic language
74, 119
affiliation to Islam
71, 72, 76
dialects
123
Arabic letters
74, 75
Arabic Palaeography (Bernhard Moritz)
6, 9, 10
see also Moritz fragment
Arabic papyri
number of documents
112
published papyri
112
Arabic Papyrology Database (APD)
43, 87, 88tab., 94, 112
Arabic papyrus amulets see amulets
Arabic papyrus letters see letters, Arabic papyrus
Arabic script
119, 215, 217
affiliation to Islam
71, 72
history and formation
2–3, 192–193, 192n23
Arabization
71, 74
Aramaic formulae, in papyrus legal documents
97
archaeological discoveries
1–2
archaeology, radiocarbon dating in
139, 148
archaic spelling
207–210
Arendonk, C. van
11
Artemidorus papyrus
144n16
Atwill, Joseph
143
authentication of legal documents
90tab., 92–93
Āyāt al-ḥifẓ (“Verses of Protection”)
114–115, 122
Āyat al-kursī (“Throne Verse”, Q 2:255), in amulets
122, 131, 133
Āyāt aš-šifā (“Verses of Healing”)
115, 122
Ayyūbid Period (1171–1260), letters from
68
al-Balāḏurī
3
baraka (blessing)
46, 66, 67, 115, 119, 122, 130, 131, 132
Basmala (“in the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful”)
2, 193, 198ill., 199ill.
in Arabic papyrus amulets
119
in Arabic papyrus letters
44–46, 68
in Christian-Arabic letters
72, 74–75
in Judaeo-Arabic letters
45, 69–70
precursors of
74–75
Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities
190–191
Bayesian analysis, in radiocarbon (14C) dating
145, 180, 180n106–107, 182
al-Bayhaqī, Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn
130–131
bayt allāh (House of God)
95, 95n18
Bergmann, Uwe
147
Bergsträßer, Gotthelf
6, 191, 192, 211n59
Berlin manuscripts
Berlin State Library, Codex Philippi 1388
205n49
Berlin State Library, ms.or.fol. 4313
198ill., 201ill., 206
dating of
188, 189, 198, 201ill., 206, 211–212, 213tab., 216tab.
ink analysis
207
origins
214
orthography
207, 211
script style
193, 211
Berlin State Library, ms.or.quart. 528
205n49
Berlin State Library, Sachau 321
205n49
Berlin State Library, We. II 1913
199ill., 204ill., 206
dating of
188, 198, 204ill., 206, 213tab., 216tab.
ink analysis
207, 211
origins
214–215
orthography
207, 209, 211, 214
script style
193
Berlin State Library, We. II 1919
205, 207, 216tab.
Neues Museum, P.Berl.inv. 24017
9, 12, 35–36ill.
Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences (BBAW)
188n1, 190
see also Corpus Coranicum
Betz, Hans-Dieter
113
bi-ahli t-taqwà, in Arabic papyrus letters
59
bi-l-qisṭ, in Arabic papyrus letters
57
bi-smi llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm see Basmala
Bible
as legal source
86
quotations from/allusions to
75, 97
Bibliothèque nationale de France
3n7, 6, 7, 192, 193
Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire, Strasbourg, P.Stras.inv. Ar. 142
9, 12, 28ill.
Biʾr Ḥimā-inscriptions
2
Birmingham University Library, M 1572
190, 216tab.
Blair, Sheila S.
146
blessings (baraka)
46, 66, 67, 115, 119, 122, 130, 131, 132
Bonani, Georges
141, 141n4, 142, 142n7, 143
Braunheim, Steve
143, 143n15
British Library, Or. 2165
3n7, 5, 6, 209
Bronk Ramsey, Christopher
155n56, 160, 176, 178n105
Brussels Coptic Database
74
al-Buḫārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl
105–106
Bulliet, Richard W.
72n36
al-Būnī, Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī
130
business, conducting
95
business letters
43
dating of
42
full Qurʾānic quotations in
61–63ill., 65
Qurʾānic formulae in
Basmala
45–46
Greeting to Muslims
52, 53
Ḥamdala
47–49
Ḥasbala
56
in šāʾa llāh/Istiṯnāʾ
55, 56
lā šarīka lahu
54
Šahāda
49–50
“sufficiency” formula
94
Taṣliya
51
short Qurʾānic quotations in
allaḏī huwa ḫayr
58
fa-llāhu l-mustaʿān
58
fa-tawakkal ʿalà llāh
57
innahu samīʿu d-duʿāʾ in
57
subḥāna llāh
56
Byzantine formulae, in papyrus legal documents
97
12C
149–150, 199
14C see radiocarbon
14C dating see radiocarbon dating
Cairo Geniza
68–69, 117
Cairo Qurʾān (1924)
191, 210, 210ill., 214
orthography
5, 210, 210ill., 214
overview of quotations found in letters
77–84tab.
Caldararo, Niccolo
141
calendar years, calibration of radiocarbon years to
150–155, 176, 200
CALIB (software)
155n56, 178n105
calibration
169tab.
accuracy/precision
155–156, 169–172, 174, 176, 178
calibration curves
142n10, 143n12, 146–147, 152–153, 152ill., 154ill., 155, 156ill., 157ill., 170–172ill., 175ill., 176, 179, 200, 201–204ill.
confidence ranges
155, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 176, 177, 178, 182
offsets in
141, 142, 143, 157–158, 171–172
peculiarities for Early Islamic documents
155–157, 157ill.
radiocarbon years to calendar years
150–155, 176, 200
software/online programs
155n56, 173, 178, 178n105, 179, 182n111, 183
tree-ring measurements
153, 153n51, 159, 160tab., 161, 163, 200n42
Canonical Law
86
carbon, main stable molecular forms used in radiocarbon dating
162tab.
carbon dating see radiocarbon (14C) dating
castor oil contamination
141, 142n7, 164
Cellard, Eléonore
5
Center for Isotope Research (University of Groningen)
189n7
Central Library of Islamic Manuscripts
4
Central Library of Islamic Manuscripts (Cairo)
5
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
188n1
Cherville, Asselin de
213tab.
Chester Beatty Library Dublin, CBL 1431 (Codex of Ibn al-Bawwāb)
5
Chester Beatty Library Dublin, Is. 1615 I, fol. 7r
198ill., 209
Chester Beatty Library Dublin, Is. 1615 II
193n1
Christian formulae, in papyrus legal documents
97
Christian-Arabic letters
70–71, 73, 77
Biblical quotations/allusions
51–52, 71, 75, 76
dating of
71
epistolary traditions
71, 72, 74
identification of
70–71, 75–76
Qurʾānic formulae/short quotations in
44, 45, 54, 56, 71, 72
script
70, 71
Christianity
2, 74
Christie’s (auction house)
145–146, 197
church marriages
106
civil marriages
106–107, 106n38
classification of manuscripts, by script style
7, 192, 193, 194–197ill., 206
Codex Amrensis 1 (Documenta Coranica)
3, 5
Codex Amrensis 2 (Documenta Coranica)
5
Codex Damascensis 1 (Documenta Coranica) see Tübingen University Library Ma VI 165
Codex of Ibn al-Bawwāb (Chester Beatty Library Dublin)
5
“codex of the nurse” (muṣḥaf al-ḥāḍina)
197
Codex Sanaanensis 1 (Documenta Coranica) see Sanaa, House of Manuscripts, DAM 01-27.1
Codex Sanaanensis 2 (Documenta Coranica)
5, 216tab.
codices
late antique codex culture
13
publication of
3–5
coercion (karh)
100
collagen extraction
164
colophon, dating by
5
Commission of Semitic Philology (Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities)
190–191
Common Law
86
conditio jacobaea (“if it is the Lord’s will, we will live”), in Christian letters
54
condolences, short Qurʾānic quotations for
58, 69
consonants
repetition of
128
šadda rule
127
conversion, invitations to
67
Coptic language/script
73, 74, 76
Coptic legal documents
94
divorce documents
106–107, 107tab.
marriage contracts
106–107, 106n37
Coptic letters
205
biblical quotations/allusions in
75
epistolary tradition
71, 74–76
expression of religious affiliation in
76
Qurʾānic formulae in
74, 98
Coranica Project
1, 148, 188n1
media response
148n42, 189–190
objectives
3
radiocarbon dating in
139, 140, 148–149, 172–173, 188, 198, 205
Corpus Coranicum (project, Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities)
5, 188n1, 190–191
Corpus Papyrorum Raineri (CPR), Vienna collection
9, 112, 119n17
Cuneiform inscriptions
100
Cyriacus (King of Nubia, r. 747–768)
59, 66
daily life, role of Qurʾān in matters of
65–66
Damascus
early Qurʾānic manuscripts from
1n2
letters from
46
ad-Dānī, Abū ʿAmr ʿUṯmān ibn Saʿīd b. ʿUmar al-Umawī
209, 210, 214
Danish National Library (Copenhagen)
193
dār al-āḫira (“the afterlife”)
88n5, 95, 95n18
ad-Dārimī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān
130, 131, 132
DATI (De l’ antiquité tardive à l’ Islam) project
3n6
dating of manuscripts
by colophon
5
see also AMS dating; orthography/orthographic analysis; paleographic dating; radiocarbon (14C) dating
David-Weill, Jean
112
Dāwūd, spelling variants
188, 207, 208, 209, 211, 215
Dead Sea Scrolls
origins of
141, 142–143
radiocarbon/AMS dating of
140–144, 142n9, 164
storage conditions and physical treatment
141
Dee, Michael W.
157–158, 163, 171–172
delivery orders
88tab., 92
Della Vida, Levi
113, 121n25
demons, drawings on Arabic papyrus amulets
118–119
Demotic contracts
100
Déroche, François
3, 4, 7, 147–148, 188n1, 190n15, 197
classification of Qurʾānic fragments
7, 192, 193, 206
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
1, 188n1
dialectal influences, in Arabic papyrus amulets
123tab., 124
dialects, Arabic
123
Diem, Werner
11, 51n9, 53, 58, 67, 112
Dietrich, Albert
113, 114
divorce
102
divorced wives
96, 106–107
initiated by wife (ḫulʿ)
106
divorce documents
87
Qurʾānic quotations in
101, 105, 106–107, 107tab., 108ill.
Documenta Coranica (series)
3, 4–5
donation, acts of
88tab.
Qurʾān quotations in
94, 97, 98
Doudna, Gregory
141, 142n8, 143
dowries
100, 101
drawings, on Arabic papyrus amulets
118–119
ḏū, spelling variants
188, 208, 215
Dublin manuscripts
Chester Beatty Library Dublin, CBL 1431 (Codex of Ibn al-Bawwāb)
5
Chester Beatty Library Dublin, Is. 1615 I, fol. 7r
198ill., 209
Chester Beatty Library Dublin, Is. 1615 II
193n1
Duke University, Papyrus No. 274
9
Dutton, Yasin
146–147, 173, 174tab., 193
Early Islamic manuscripts
67
peculiarities of calibration for
155–157, 157ill.
radiocarbon dating of
145–148
Egypt
development of religious identity
74, 76–77
epistolary traditions in
74, 76–77
Islamic conquest
119, 120
letters from
46, 48, 61ill., 62ill.
manuscript discoveries
42
papyrus production
163, 165
radiocarbon concentration in
157–158
radiocarbon dating of objects from Ancient
144–145
Egyptian National Library, Cairo, Ms. Qāf 47
6–7, 9–10, 13, 15–16ill., 211, 213tab.
emancipation, acts of, Qurʾānic citations in
88ill., 97, 98
ETH Zurich
7, 148, 149, 150, 159n64–65, 166, 189n7, 198n38
Europe
parchment production
163
radiocarbon concentration in
158
Exorcist Sūras (al-Muʿawwiḏatān, Q 113–114), in amulets
133
fa-innahu raḥīmun samīʿun qarīb, in Arabic papyrus letters
57
fa-llāhu l-mustaʿān, in Arabic papyrus letters
58
fa-rabbuka ʿazīzun raḥīmun qarībun muǧīb lā ilāha illā huwa, in Arabic papyrus letters
57–58
fa-sayakfiyakahumu llāhu, in amulets
131
fa-tawakkal ʿalà llāh
in Arabic papyrus letters
56–57
in Jewish letters
56
al-Faraǧ baʿd aš-Šidda (at-Tanūḫī)
130, 133
Fātiḥat al-kitāb (“the Opening of the Book”, Q1), in amulets
122, 123, 131, 133
Fāṭimid period
67n19, 93, 105
Fayyūm (Egypt), Arabic papyrus letters from
61ill., 62ill., 64
Fihrist (Ibn an-Nadīm)
3, 192
Frankfurt Institute for Islamic Theology
190
Frantz-Murphy, Gladys
100–101
free will (ṭawʿ)
100
Fuʾād I (King of Egypt, r. 1922–1936)
191
full/longer Qurʾānic quotations
44
in Arabic papyrus amulets
122–130
in Arabic papyrus letters
59, 60–63ill., 64–66, 73
in marriage contracts
101–102, 102–104tab., 105–106, 107
in papyrus legal documents
87, 88, 101–107, 102–104tab., 107tab.
Futūḥ al-buldān (al-Balāḏurī)
3
Ǧaʿfar aṣ-Ṣādiq
123
ǧannāt an-naʿīm, in Arabic papyrus letters
58
ǧannāt (gardens), spelling variants
58, 208, 209, 215
Geniza, Cairo
68–69, 117
Georgian manuscripts
7, 188, 205
Glossarium Coranicum (Coranica project, part II)
1
glottal stop (hamza)
64, 65, 120, 188, 209
Graf von Bothmer, Hans Caspar
197, 197n36
grammar
grammar skills of scribes
65–66, 126–128, 129
grammatical irregularities
123tab., 124, 127, 129–130, 129tab.
Great Mosque (Sanaa)
3, 117
Greek language/script
74, 76
Greek letters
74–76
biblical quotations/allusions in
75
expression of religious affiliation in
75–76
Qurʾānic formulae in
74
Greek magical papyri
112–113
Greeting to Muslims (as-salāmu ʾalaykum wa-raḥmatu ilāhi wa-barākatuhu)
in Arabic papyrus letters
51–53
first part
51–52
in prayer rituals
52
pre-Islamic use
52
second part
52
use in Christianity and Judaism
51–52
Greeting to Non-Muslims (as-salāmu ʿalà man ittabaʿa l-hudà)
in Arabic papyrus letters
53–54
in passports
53, 54
Grohmann, Adolf
6, 9, 10, 51n9, 57, 112, 113, 114, 120, 133n49, 191
Guo, Li
113n4
Ḥadīṯ manuals/literature, used for Arabic papyrus amulets
130–133
Ḥadīṯs
86, 89, 92
disposal of
117
Haeuptner, Eleonore
8
Hajdas, Irka
7, 205n44
Ḥamdala (“praise be to God”)
in Arabic papyrus letters
46–49, 92
in Christian letters
46
in marriage contracts
92
in papyrus legal documents
92
use as or next to signatures
92
verbalized
46–47, 48–49, 71, 72
with/without rabb al-ʿālamīn
47
Ḥamdala-cum-Taṣliya
92
al-ḥamdu li-llāhi rabbi l-ʿālamīn see Ḥamdala
Hamidullah, Muhammad
67
hamza (glottal stop)
64, 65, 120, 188, 209
handwriting see paleography
Hārūn ar-Rašīd (5th ʿAbbāsid caliph, r. 786–809)
51, 72
ḥasb (sufficiency, calculating)
94
see also “sufficiency” formula
Ḥasbala (“God is enough for us and an excellent guardian”)
in Arabic papyrus letters
56
in Judaeo-Arabic letters
70
ḥasbunā llāhu wa-niʿma l-wakīl see Ḥasbala
healing, amulets for
114–115, 120, 122, 130, 131
Hebrew formulae
45, 51, 69, 70, 97
Hebrew script
68, 69, 70, 72, 73
Heidelberg manuscripts
112, 148, 205
Heid.inv.Arab.2
166, 166n97, 167ill., 169tab., 171ill., 171tab., 176, 177tab.
Heid.inv.Arab.9
166, 168ill., 169tab., 171ill., 171tab.
radiocarbon dating of
166–172
Hellenistic formulae, in legal papyrus documents
97
Heraclius (Emperor of the Byzantine Empire, r. 610–641)
67
Ḥiǧāzī fragments/manuscripts
3n7, 10, 173, 194–197ill., 206
dating of
148, 210, 214
ink analysis
207
Ḥiǧāzī script
7, 188, 192, 193, 194–197ill., 214
Ḥiǧāzī (term)
192
Himyarites/Himyarite Kingdom (fl. 110 BCE–520s CE)
2
Ḫirbet al-Mird
9, 64
Hopkins, Simon
123, 127, 128
House of God (bayt allāh)
95, 95n18
house sales
86, 95
houses, in afterlife
95
ḫulʿ (divorce initiated by wife)
106
Ibn ʿAbbās
123, 123tab.
Ibn al-Bawwāb
5
Ibn an-Nadīm
3, 6, 192
Ibn Kannān, Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā
117–118
Ibn Muǧāhid
214
Ibn Naǧāḥ
210, 214
Ibn ʿUmar
123
in šāʾa llāh (“God willing”, Istiṯnāʾ), in Arabic papyrus letters
54–56
ʿinda ʿuqdat niqāḥih (“at the conclusion of his marriage”), in papyrus legal documents
96tab., 99
inheritance, of houses and land
95
inheritance documents
88tab.
ink analysis
207, 211
innā li-llāhi wa-ilayhi rāğiʿūn (“We are from God and to him are we returning”), in Arabic papyrus letters
58
innahu ʿalà kulli šayʾin qadīr, in Arabic papyrus letters
57
innahu l-waliyyu l-ḥamīd, in Arabic papyrus letters
59
innahu samīʿu d-duʿāʾ, in Arabic papyrus letters
57
inšāʾ literature
67–68
inscriptions, pre-Islamic
2, 52, 119, 192n23
IntCal curves
143n12, 147, 152, 152ill., 153n51–52, 154ill., 154n56, 156ill., 157ill., 178, 178n105, 180
IntCal Working Group (IWG)
152n49
introductory formulae in letters
42–43
IRCICA (Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture, Turkey)
4
iṣdāq (“contract about the dower”)
101
Islam, emergence of
190
Islamic Law
86, 97
Rabbinical Law v.
86–87
Islamic-Arabic letters
72, 73, 74, 77
isotopic fractionation
150
Istanbul, manuscript discoveries in
1, 1n2
Istanbul Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts
4
Istiṯnāʾ, in Arabic papyrus letters
54–56
IWG (IntCal Working Group)
152n49
Jeffery, Arthur
8, 123, 191
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Museum, P. Rockefeller inv. Mird A 31 a I
9, 10, 23ill.
Jewish formulae
45, 51, 69, 70, 97
Jewish letters
75, 76
Qurʾānic formulae/short citations in
44, 45, 56
Jocham, Tobias J.
148, 189n7, 190, 198ill., 205n44
John Rylands University Library (Manchester)
9
Jorissen, C.
213tab.
Joseph
95n17
Judaeo-Arabic letters
68–70, 73, 76, 77
dating of
68
epistolary traditions
71, 72, 74
Hebrew script v. Arabic letters
69, 70
Qurʾānic formulae in
51–52, 69–70
Tanakh quotations in
68, 69, 70
tawakkul references in
70
Judaism
2
Jull, A.J. Timothy
141, 142, 142n7, n10, 143
kafā bi-llāhi šahīdan (“God suffices for a witness”)
92
Kairouan, Qurʾān fragments from
197
Karabacek, Josef von
6, 10, 13, 113, 127, 129, 192
karh (coercion)
100
Khedival Library (Cairo)
6, 9
Khorasan
letters from
46, 48, 53
manuscript discoveries
42
King Fahd Glorious Quran Printing Complex (Medina)
210, 214
“King Fuʾād Edition” see Cairo Qurʾān
Kister, Meir J.
9, 10
Kitāb al-Muǧarrabāt (as-Sanūsī)
130
Kitāb an-nikāḥ (Aḥmad aṭ-Ṭahāwī)
105
kitāb (term)
8
knowledge transfer, oral v. written transmission
212
kōl ʾašer-ḥāpēṣ ʿāśāh (“he does whatever he pleases”, Ps. 95.3)
97
Kufic manuscripts/fragments
121ill., 193, 205–206, 210, 211
ink analysis
207
Kufic script styles
7, 121ill., 216
dating of
214
Type B
10, 193, 206, 211
Kuweit LNS 19ab (Codex Amrensis 2)
5
lā šarīka lahu (“He has no associate”)
in Arabic papyrus letters
54
in papyrus legal documents
89–90
in protocols
54
Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics (ETH, Zurich)
7, 148, 149, 150, 159n64–65, 166, 189n7, 198n38
land, inheritance, purchase, lease and sale
86, 95, 100
languages
impact on Qurʾānic vocabulary
1, 97
in Late Antique Arabia
1, 97
Late Antiquity
formulae from
97
letter-writing culture in
74
lease documents
88tab.
lease of land
86, 100
legal documents, papyrus
86–88, 88tab., 108ill.
authentication of
90tab., 92–93
full Qurʾānic quotations in
87, 88, 101–107, 102–104tab., 107tab.
marginal Qurʾānic notes/sentences in
87, 88–95
Qurʾānic formulae in
92, 92n10, 97
scarcity of Qurʾānic quotations in
87, 95, 107
short Qurʾānic phrases in
87, 90tab., 95–101, 96tab.
“sufficiency” formula in
89–92, 93
Leiden manuscripts
dating of
148, 174tab., 205, 206
origins of
214
orthography
214
University Library Leiden, Cod. or. 14.545a/b/c
203ill.
dating of
174tab., 188, 189, 198, 203ill., 206, 211, 213tab., 216tab.
ink analysis
207
orthography
211
script style
211
University Library Leiden, inv. Or. 8264
9, 10–12, 25–26ill., 151ill.
dating of
148, 150, 154, 154ill., 156ill., 173, 174tab., 175ill., 216tab.
University Library Leiden, Or. 12.885
11
University Library Leiden, Or. 6814
205, 207, 216tab.
letter formulary, changes in
71–73
letters
classification of
76
transmitted in literary sources
66–68
letters, Arabic papyrus
42
closing formulae
56
criteria for being Islamic
72
dating of
42, 72
full Qurʾān quotations in
59, 60–63ill., 64–66, 73
introductory formulae
42–43
overview of all Qurʾānic quotations found
77–84tab.
Qurʾānic formulae in
44–56, 73
short Qurʾānic quotations in
56–59
see also business letters; official letters; private letters
letters (characters)
Arabic isolated letters in papyrus amulets
119
numerical value of
119
li-waǧhi llāh (“for the Sake of God”)
96tab., 97–98
in papyrus legal documents
98, 99
Libby, Williard Frank
140, 141, 150n46, 199
literary letters
66–68
long vowel /ā/
188, 192n23, 208, 209, 215
Louvre papyri collection
112
Lundhaug, Hugo
205
magical papyri
115
Arabic
113
disposal of
115–117
Greek
112–113
lack of interest by scholars
113, 116
see also amulets
magical script, in Arabic papyrus amulets
133–134
magical signs/symbols, on Arabic papyrus amulets
118, 133
magical texts
disposal of
115–117
preservation
118
secrecy around
116, 119
storage of
118
see also amulets
magical/magic (term)
114
maġribī style, in Arabic papyrus amulets
120
Maḥmud II (Ottoman Sultan, r. 1808–1839)
4
Mamlūk Period (1250–1517)
101
letters from
68
Manichean letters
75, 76
Manichean scriptures, quotations from/allusions to
75
Manuscripta et Testimonia Coranica (Coranica project, part I)
1, 190–191
manuscripts
discoveries
1, 42
editing and publication of
3–5
see also amulets; legal documents, papyrus; letters, Arabic papyrus; radiocarbon (14C) dating; under individual manuscripts
Marcel, Jean-Joseph
1n1, 213tab.
Margoliouth, David S.
113
markup system for Arabic text
4n8, 14ill., 17–18ill., 21–22ill., 24ill., 27ill., 29–30ill., 33–34ill., 37ill., 38ill.
marriage contracts
88tab.
Coptic
106–107, 106n37
full/long Qurʾānic quotations in
101–102, 102–104tab, 105–106, 107
Ḥamdala in
92
husband’s behavior
101–102
Jewish
100
marital obligations
102–104tab.
marriage to minors
105
“pleasant company and association”
105
short Qurʾānic quotations/phrases in
95, 96tab., 98, 99, 100–101
women’s rights and obligations
102, 105
see also divorce
Marx, Michael
3, 148, 188n1, 190
mašdūda consonants
128
material evidence
dating of
5–7
for early history of Qurʾān
1–3, 9, 13, 190
see also amulets; legal documents, papyrus; letters, Arabic papyrus
Mecca
8, 122, 192
Medina
8, 122, 192
Melkites
71
memorization of Qurʾān
128
Michaélides Collection (P.Michael. inv. 32)
9, 10, 12, 19–20ill.
Michaélides Collection (P.Michael. inv. 190)
9, 12, 31–32ill.
Michaélides, Georges
9
Middle East, radiocarbon concentration in
163
misheard/misunderstood recitations/verses, in Arabic papyrus amulets
122, 124, 124tab., 125ill., 126, 128
monotheism
2, 73
monotheist formulae/statements
in Arabic papyrus letters
44, 73
in papyrus legal documents
89, 93
monotheistic letters
73, 76
Moritz, Bernhard
6, 9, 213tab.
Moritz fragment (Egyptian National Library, Cairo)
9–10, 13, 15–16ill.
Muʿallaqāt
8
Muʿāwiya (1st Umayyad caliph, r. 661–680)
68
al-Muʿawwiḏatān (“the Two Exorcist” Sūras, Q 113–114), in Arabic papyrus amulets
133
Muḥammad (the Prophet)
letters ascribed to
67
in Qurʾānic quotations in legal documents
91
scribes employed by
8
muḥammadun rasūlu llāh (second part Šahāda)
50
mummy tablets
119–120
Munich, Cod. arab. 2569
216tab.
Munich, Cod. arab. 2817
216tab.
al-Muqniʿ fī rasm al-maṣāḥif (ad-Dānī)
209
al-Muqtafī (31st ʿAbbāsid caliph, r. 1136–1160), letters by
68
Mūsà b. Kaʿb (Governor of Egypt, 758–759), letter to Cyriacus
59, 66
Museum of Islamic Art (Doḥa, Qatar)
5
muṣḥaf al-ḥāḍina (“codex of the nurse”)
197
muṣḥaf (codex of the Qurʾān)
8
Muslim-Arabic letters
72, 73, 74, 77
al-Muʿtaṣim (8th ʿAbbāsid caliph, r. 833–842)
68
mutual satisfaction
99
Nabataean inscriptions
2
Nabataean letters/style
192, 215
Nabataean scripture
192n23
Naǧrān (Saudi Arabia)
2, 67
names, religious affiliation and
72n36, 75, 76
Naṣtān (Palestine), letters from
42, 46
National Library of Russia
1n1
National Library of Russia, Marcel 3
211, 213tab.
National Manuscript Center (Tbilisi)
205
Neuwirth, Angelika
3, 188n1
Nöldeke, Theodor
6
non-plene writings, in Arabic papyrus amulets
128
Noja Noseda, Sergio
3–4, 9, 10
“the Nurse’s Qurʾān” (Qayrawān)
5
official letters
43, 92
dating of
42
from Egypt
46, 59
full Qurʾānic quotations in
59, 64, 66
Qurʾānic formulae in
Basmala
46
Greeting to Muslims
52, 53
Greeting to non-Muslims
53–54
Ḥamdala
47, 48
in šāʾa llāh/Istiṯnāʾ
55
Šahāda
50
Taṣliya
51
short Qurʾānic quotations in
allaḏī ḫalaqa s-samawāti wa-l-arḍ
59
bi-ahli t-taqwà
59
fa-rabbuka ʿazīzun raḥīmun “qarībun muǧīb” “lā ilāha illā huwa”
58
ǧannāt an-naʿīm
58
style
66–67
old texts, recycling of
117
omnipotence of God, in amulets
131, 132, 133
“Opening of the Book” (Fātiḥat al-kitāb, Q1), in amulets
122, 123, 131, 133
oral transmission, written v.
212
organic material, dating of
199
orthography
207–210, 208ill., 210ill.
Arabic orthography
188
combination with radiocarbon and paleographic dating
188, 207
Egyptian orthography
191, 210ill.
Ottoman orthography
191
ostraca
74
Ottoman orthography
191
OxCal (software)
155n56, 173, 178n105, 182n111, 183
Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU)
155n56, 159n64, 160, 162n72, 178n105
pagan letters
76
paganism/pagans
2, 74, 76
paleographic dating
7, 42, 146n24, 147, 192, 193, 200
combination with orthography
207, 210–211
combination with radiocarbon dating
141n4, 142n9, 143, 147, 174, 179, 188, 193, 206, 210
paleography, Qurʾānic
7
classification of script styles
7, 192, 193, 194–197ill., 206
Palestine, manuscript discoveries in
42
paper, replacing papyrus
43
Papyri Graecae Magicae (Karl Preisendanz)
112–113
papyrus
production
162, 163, 164, 165
replacement by paper
43
reuse
165
papyrus manuscripts
8–9, 13
number published
112
origins
163
preservation/conservation
42, 69, 118, 164
(radiocarbon) dating
6–7, 139, 142n9–10, 145, 148, 161, 163–165, 205, 206
see also amulets; legal documents, papyrus; letters, Arabic papyrus; radiocarbon 14C dating; under individual manuscripts
parchment
production
162–163, 165, 206
reuse
165
parchment manuscripts
8, 13
origins
163
preservation
163
(radiocarbon) dating
5–6, 7, 139, 140, 142n9, 145–146, 148, 161, 163–165, 205, 206, 213tab.
see also radiocarbon 14C dating; under individual manuscripts
Paret, Rudi
212
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 326a
5
Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France, Arabe 328
192
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 328a
4, 194ill.
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 328a/b
209
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 328e
5, 195ill.
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 330a, fol. 1r
196ill.
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 330g
193
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 331
206, 211, 213tab.
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 334c, fol. 41r
197ill.
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 6087
211
passports, greeting to Non-Muslims in
53, 54
payment orders
92, 93, 94, 100
personal names, religious affiliation and
72n36, 75, 76
Peshitta inscriptions
52
photosynthesis
149, 153, 161
plant-based materials
incorporation of radiocarbon
149–150
radiocarbon dating of
145
plene writings, in Arabic papyrus amulets
128
Plicht, Hans van der
189n7
Polosin, Valery V.
1n1
polytheism
74
polytheistic letters
76
pre-Islamic documents and inscriptions
1, 2, 52, 119, 192n23
Qurʾānic formulae in
45
pre-Islamic formulae
74–75, 97
pre-Islamic letters
formulae in
74–75
religious identity in
74–76
pre-treatment, for radiocarbon/AMS dating
142, 142n7, 143, 145, 159, 161, 164, 179
Preisendanz, Karl
112–113
preservation
of papyrus
42, 69, 118, 164
of parchment
163
Pretzl, Otto
191
private letters
43
dating of
42
full Qurʾān quotations in
59, 60ill., 63ill., 64, 64–65
Qurʾānic formulae in
Basmala
45
Greeting to Muslims
52, 53
Ḥamdala
47–49
Ḥasbala
56
in šāʾa llāh/Istiṯnāʾ
54–55
lā šarīka lahu
54
Šahāda
50, 57–58
Taṣliya
51
short Qurʾānic quotations in
allaḏī huwa ḫayr
58
allaḏī lā yuḫlifu l-mīʿād
58
bi-l-qisṭ
57
fa-innahu raḥīmun samīʿun qarīb
57
fa-llāhu l-mustaʿān
58
fa-rabbuka ʿazīzun raḥīmun qarībun muǧīb lā ilāha illā huwa
58
ǧannāt an-naʿīm
58
innā li-llāhi wa-ilayhi rāǧiʿūn
58
innahu ʿalà kulli šayʾin qadīr
57
innahu l-waliyyu l-ḥamīd
59
innahu samīʿu d-duʿāʾ
57
subḥāna llāh
56
private property
95, 98
professional enchanter (šayḫ)
122
protection
114–115
amulets for
115, 122, 130
protocol sheets (cover sheets of papyrus rolls)
165n90
protocols, lā šarīka lahu in
54
purchase
of houses
95
of land
95
al-Qāʾim (26th ʿAbbāsid caliph, r. 1031–1075)
93
qāla (“he has said”), spelling variants
208, 209–210, 215
qāla taʿālà (“He says may He be elevated”)
44
al-Qalqašandī, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad
67n19
qawl allāh (“the Word of God”)
59
in marriage contracts
101, 105
qirṭās/qarāṭīs (term)
8
Quaternary Isotope Lab (University of Washington)
155n56, 178n105
Queens University (Belfast)
155n56, 178n105
Qumran
141
Qumran Documents see Dead Sea Scrolls
quotations see Qurʾānic quotations
Qurʾān
authenticity of
189
copies of
8–13, 191
disposal of worn-out copies
117
knowledge of
77
role in daily life
65–66
spelling variants of Qurʾān
208
standardization of
9
textual history
1–2, 6, 9, 13, 190, 212, 214
“Qurʾān of Amāǧūr”
5
Qurʾānic formulae
44
in Arabic papyrus letters
45–56, 73
dating of
97
in Jewish and Christian Arabic letters
44, 51–52
in legal papyrus documents
92, 92n10, 97
see also Basmala; Greeting to Muslims; Greeting to Non-Muslims; Ḥamdala; Ḥasbala; Istiṯnāʾ; Šahāda; Taṣliya
Qurʾānic marginal notes, in legal documents
87, 88–95
Qurʾānic quotations
categorization of
43–44, 87
dating of
97
disposal of
117
overview of quotations found in papyrus letters
77–84tab.
see also full/longer Qurʾānic quotations; Qurʾānic formulae; short Qurʾānic quotations
Qurʾānic vocabulary
1, 97
Qurra b. Šarīk (Governor of Egypt, 709–714)
letters of
42, 46, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 78tab., 82tab., 166, 168–169ill.
see also Heidelberg manuscripts
al-Quṣayr
113n4
quwwa (strength)
90, 93
Rabbinical Law, Islamic v.
86–87
radioactive carbon age
200, 216tab.
radiocarbon age
calibration of radiocarbon years to calendar years
150–155, 176, 200
correlation between script style and
214
radiocarbon (14C)
199
half-life of
150, 150n46
incorporation into organisms
149–150
production
149–150
radiocarbon concentration
in Egypt
157–158
in Europe
158
in Middle East
163
radiocarbon (14C) dating
7, 139–140
accuracy/precision
143–144, 173–174, 179
of animals’ remains
161
in archaeology
139, 148
Bayesian analysis/statistics
145, 180, 180n106–107, 182
castor oil contamination
141, 142n7, 164
checklist for scholars
179–183
combination with paleographic dating and orthography
141n4, 142n9, 143, 147, 174, 179, 188, 193, 206, 210
duration of process
181
of Early Islamic textiles
148
history/evolution of
140
method/technique
149–150
of oriental manuscripts
139, 140–149, 193
of papyrus documents
139, 140, 142, 142n9–10, 145, 148, 161, 163–165, 205, 206
of parchment documents
139, 140, 142n9, 145–146, 148, 163–165, 205, 206, 213tab.
of plant-based materials
145
pre-treatment of samples
142, 142n7, 143, 145, 159, 161, 164, 179
radiocarbon years v. calendar years
150–155, 176, 200
stable molecular forms of carbon used in
162tab.
standard deviations
150, 153, 154, 155, 158, 160
see also AMS dating; calibration
Radiocarbon and the Chronologies of Ancient Egypt (dating project)
144–145
ar-raḥmān (“the Merciful”, monotheistic god)
2
Rapoport, Yossef
106, 106n37
raqq see parchment
Rasmussen, Kaare L.
141
receipt orders
88tab., 93, 94, 100
recitations, misheard/misunderstood, in Arabic papyrus amulets
122, 124, 124tab., 125ill., 126, 128
redemption, in amulets
132–133
Reimer, P. & R.
155n56, 178n105
religious identity/affiliation
criteria for identifying
75–76
expression by formulae
69, 72, 73
expression in Greek and Coptic letters
75–76
of scribes
65, 66, 70, 73
representative script, transmitting script v.
133–134
Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA, Turkey)
4
revelation (tanzīl)
95n18
Rezvan, Efim A.
4, 197
rḥmn-n/raḥmān-ān (“the Merciful”, monotheistic god)
2
Richter, Tonio Sebastian
71, 74, 75
Rightly-Guided Caliphs, letters by
67
Roads of Arabia (exhibition)
2
Robin, Christian
3, 188n1
Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem, P.Rockefeller inv. Mird A 31 a I
9, 10, 23ill.
Rodley, G.A.
141, 141n5, 143, 143n12
Roman formulae, in legal papyrus documents
97
Roman Law
86
Rotulus (series of scholarly sales catalogues, C. van Arendonk)
11
Royal Library of Paris
3n7, 6, 7, 192, 193
aṣ-Ṣābiʾ, Abū Isḥāq
68
sacred texts, disposal of
117
Sadan, Joseph
117
šadda-rule (consonants)
127–128
Sadeghi, Behnam
147, 197
Ṣafaitic inscriptions
52
Šahāda (“There is no god but God. Muhammad is the messenger of God.”)
44, 46, 72
in Arabic papyrus letters
50–51, 57–58
first part (allāhu llaḏī lā ilāha illā huwa)
49–50, 71
in papyrus legal documents
89
second part (muḥammadun rasūlu llāh)
50
shortened form
49
St. Petersburg, manuscript discoveries
1
St. Petersburg, E-20
209
St. Petersburg Institute of Oriental Manuscripts
4
St. Petersburg, Marcel 9
5
as-salāmu ʿalà man ittabaʿa l-hudà see Greeting to Non-Muslims
as-salāmu ʿalaykum wa-raḥmatu llāhi wa-barakātuhu see Greeting to Muslims
sale
86
of houses
95
of land
95
sale contracts
88tab., 92, 97, 99
ṣallā llāhu ʿalà muḥammadin wa-sallama see Taṣliya
sampling/sample measurement (AMS dating)
140, 159, 166–172, 176–177, 179, 180, 181, 198–199, 205
pre-treatment of samples
142, 142n7, 143, 145, 159, 161, 164, 179
stages of measurement
159–160, 181
Sanaa, manuscript discoveries
1
Sanaa, House of Manuscripts, DAM 01-25.1 (Codex Sanaanensis 2)
5
Sanaa, House of Manuscripts, DAM 01-27.1 (Codex Sanaanensis 1)
3, 5, 173, 173n101, 206, 206ill., 214, 216tab.
radiocarbon dating of
146, 147, 148
Sanaa, House of Manuscripts, DAM 01-29.1 (Codex Sanaanensis 2)
5, 216tab.
Sanaa, House of Manuscripts, DAM 20-33.1
5, 207
Sanaa Qurʾān manuscripts
3, 197, 212
as-Sanūsī
130
Šarīʿa
86–87, 97
Sasanian formulae, in legal papyrus documents
97
šayʾ, spelling variants
188, 207, 208–209, 210, 210ill., 215
šayḫ (professional enchanter)
122
Schefer, Charles
213tab.
Scherling, Erik von
11
scribes
grammar and writing skills
65–66, 126–128, 129
religious identity/affiliation
65–66, 70, 73
training and way of work
128, 129–130
writing style
67
script, magical
133–134
script styles, classification of
7, 192, 193, 194–197ill., 206
secrecy, around magical texts/amulets
116, 119
“sectarian” works
141
short Qurʾānic quotations/phrases
in Arabic papyrus letters
44, 56–59, 73
dating of
97
in papyrus legal documents
87, 88, 95–101, 96tab.
Sīdī ʿUqba Mosque (Kairouan)
117
signing documents, Qurʾānic quotations/formulae as means of
92, 93
Sijpesteijn, Petra
10
Silvestre de Sacy, Antoine-Isaac
192, 193
as-sirāṭ al-mustaqīm (“the straight path”)
123
slavery
93, 95, 133
South Arabian inscriptions
2
spelling
archaic
207–210
mistakes
11, 122, 126–127tab., 127–128
spelling variants
208–210, 208ill., 210ill.
stable carbon (12C)
149–150, 199
standard deviations, in radiocarbon/AMS dating
150, 153, 154, 155, 158, 160
Stein, Peter
149, 205
Strasbourg papyrus (Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire, Strasbourg, P.Stras.inv. Ar. 142)
9, 12, 28ill.
Stuiver, M.
155n56, 178n105
Stuttgart, Sig.isl. 18
216tab.
sūʾ al-ʿaḏāb, in Arabic papyrus letters
57
Šuʿab al-īmān (al-Bayhaqī)
130
Subḥ al-aʿšà (al-Qalqašandī)
67n19
subḥāna llāh (“Glorified is God”)
in Arabic papyrus letters
56
in Christian letters
56
Süddeutsche Zeitung
86
Südwestfunk (German regional news channel, SWR)
189
“sufficiency” formula
in Arabic papyrus letters
94
in papyrus legal documents
89–92, 93
Sūrat al-Baqara (Q 2:285–286), in amulets
131
Sūrat al-Fātiḥa (Q 1), in amulets
122, 123, 131, 133
Sūrat al-Iḫlāṣ (Sūra of the Redemption, Q 112)
132–133
Sūrat at-Tawba (Q 9:129), in amulets
132
Sūrat Yā Sīn (Q 36), in amulets
132
SWR (Südwestfunk, German regional news channel)
189
Syria
letters from
46
manuscript discoveries
42
Syriac church marriages
106
Syriac manuscripts
205, 206
Syriac script
192n23
tabula ansata (tablet with handles)
119–120
Tafsīr (Aḥmad aṭ-Ṭahāwī)
105
Tafsīr manuals/literature, used for Arabic papyrus amulets
130–133
Tagesschau (German news program, ARD)
189
aṭ-Ṭahāwī, Aḥmad
99, 101, 102tab., 104tab., 105, 106
ṭāʾiʿan ġayra mukrahin (“voluntarily and not against His will”), in papyrus legal documents
96tab., 100
talismanic clothing
115
Tanakh, quotations from/allusions to
68, 69, 69n26, 70, 75
at-Tanūḫī, Abū ʿAlī al-Muḥassin b. Abī l-Qāsim
130, 132, 133
tanzīl (revelation)
95n18
ʿan tarāḍin (“by mutual satisfaction”), in papyrus legal documents
96tab., 99
Ṭarafa
8
Taṣliya (“peace be upon him”)
77
in Arabic papyrus letters
50–51, 72, 73
ṭawʿ (free will)
100
tawakkul references
in Judaeo-Arabic letters
70
in papyrus legal documents
89, 93
tawfīq (success)
90
tawḥīd (statement on oneness)
98
tax administration/receipts
86, 93, 94
ṭayyibatan lahu nafsuhu (“His Soul being satisfied with it”), in papyrus legal documents
96tab., 100–101
textiles, Early Islamic, radiocarbon dating of
148
Thiering, B.E.
143
“Throne Verse” (Āyat al-kursī, Q 2:255), in amulets
122, 131, 133
Thung, Michael
94n14, 112
Tillier, Mathieu
13
at-Tirmiḏī, Abū ʿĪsā Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā
130, 132–133
Topkapī Sarayī Museum (Istanbul)
4
Torah scrolls, disposal of
117
trading
99
transactions, witnessing of
94
transmitting script, representative script v.
133–134
tree-ring measurements
153, 153n51, 159, 160tab., 161, 163, 200n42
Tübingen University Library, Ma VI 165 (Codex Damascensis 1)
4, 5, 199ill., 202ill., 206
dating of
148, 174tab., 188, 189, 198, 200, 202ill., 206, 210–211, 213tab.
ink analysis
207, 211
orthography
207, 208, 209, 211, 214
radiocarbon dating of, variant readings
211
script style
193, 210
Ubayy b. Kaʿb
123
ʿUmar b. al-Ḫaṭṭāb (2nd caliph, r. 634–644)
67
Umayyad dynasty (661–750)
9
Umayyad Mosque (Damascus)
117–118
University of Birmingham, M 1572
190, 216tab.
University of Groningen
189n7
University of Hamburg
13
University of Oslo
205
Uṣūl al-Ḥikma (al-Būnī)
130
Utah, Inv. 342
9
ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAffān (3rd caliph, r. 644–656)
4, 8, 191, 214
ʿUṯmānic Qurʿān, radiocarbon dating of
145–146
Vanthieghem, Naïm
12, 13
variants readings of Qurʾānic citations, in Arabic papyrus amulets
65–66, 123, 123tab., 124, 126, 127, 129, 214
Vienna papyrus collection (Corpus Papyrorum Raineri)
9, 112, 119n17
vocabulary, Qurʾānic
1, 97
vowels
long
127, 188, 192n23, 208, 209, 215
vowel dots
211
vowel signs
192n23, 207
voyages, Qurʾānic quotations for
69
li-waǧhi llāh (“for the Sake of God”), in papyrus legal documents
96tab., 97–98, 99
Wansbrough, John
190
wāw, use of letter
129, 188, 209, 215
Wetzstein, Johann G.
213tab., 215
wiggle matching (technique for testing tree rings)
153n51–52, 163, 163n80
Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von
113
witnessing of transactions
94
wooden sticks (Yemen), dating of
7, 149, 205
wooden tablets
120
Wright, William
6
writing materials
8, 165, 212
writing mistakes, in Arabic papyrus amulets
122, 126–127tab., 127–128
written transmission, oral v.
212
yāʾ, use of letter
65, 120, 188, 192, 209
years BP (before present)
150, 200
Youssef-Grob, Eva Mira
148, 205
Yūsuf ʿAsʾar Yaṯʾar (Ḏū Nuwās, Jewish king, r. 515–525/27 CE)
2
Zaid b. Ṯābit
8
Zarafšān, letters from
46, 48