Symbols and Abbreviations
Symbols Used in the Transcription of Texts
| : |
discourse-level lengthening of a segment |
| [ ] |
speech error |
| { } |
backchannelling |
| ⟦ ⟧ |
a section in the narrator’s speech that is not in Beṭṭa Kurumba |
| | |n |
overlapping segment (used in Chapter 8 only); the subscript is a number used to coindex the overlapping segments in the two speakers’ utterances. |
| .. |
a short pause of 100 to 499 miliseconds (used in Part 1 only) |
| … |
a medium pause of 500 to 999 miliseconds (when used in Part 1), any pause (when used in Part 2) |
| .... |
a long pause of 1000 or more miliseconds (used in Part 1 only) |
Symbols Used to Represent Various Word-Internal Junctures
| - |
affixation |
| = |
cliticisation |
| + |
compounding |
| # |
contraction (of separate words into one word) |
Abbreviations Given in Small Caps
| ABL |
ablative |
| ACC |
accusative |
| ACP |
accompanying event |
| ADJZ |
adjectiviser |
| ADVZ |
adverbialiser |
| C.IMP |
casual imperative |
| CAUS |
causativiser |
| CMP |
completed event |
| COINC |
coinciding event |
| COM |
comitative |
| CONCS |
concessive event |
| COND |
conditional |
| CONN |
connector |
| CONT |
contingent event |
| CRT |
certainty |
| DAT |
dative |
| DES |
desiderative |
| DISTI |
distal indefinite |
| DISTP |
distal plural |
| DISTR |
distributive |
| DISTS |
distal singular |
| DLOC |
distributive locative |
| DS |
dative subject |
| EMPH |
emphatic |
| EQUAT |
equative |
| EXCL |
exclusive |
| EXCLM |
exclamative |
| EXP |
expressive |
| FML |
female |
| GEN |
genitive |
| HAB |
habitual |
| HORT |
hortative |
| IMD |
immediately following event |
| IMP |
imperative |
| INCL |
inclusive |
| INDF |
indefinite |
| INF |
infinitive |
| INTJ |
interjective |
| INTNS |
intensifier |
| LOC |
locative |
| ML |
male |
| MON |
monitory |
| NEG |
negative |
| NMLZ |
nominaliser |
| NPST |
nonpast |
| NPT |
nonpast theme formative |
| OBG |
obligative |
| OBL |
oblique stem increment |
| ONOM |
onomatopoeic word |
| PERM |
permissive |
| PFV |
past perfective |
| PL |
plural |
| POL |
polite |
| PRF |
perfect |
| PROG |
progressive |
| PRXI |
proximate indefinite |
| PRXP |
proximate plural |
| PRXS |
proximate singular |
| PSBL |
possibility |
| PST |
past |
| PT |
past theme formative |
| QUOT |
quotative |
| REFLP |
reflexive plural |
| REFLS |
reflexive singular |
| RELZ |
relativiser |
| RVM |
root valency modifier |
| SG |
singular |
| STAT |
stative |
| TOP |
topic |
| TRNL |
transitional event |
| VOC |
vocative |
Other Abbreviations
| adj |
adjective |
| adv |
adverb |
| anc.name |
name of a clan ancestor |
| bar |
bound adjectival root |
| b.in.law |
brother-in-law |
| bnr |
bound nominal root |
| cl |
clitic |
| cl.land |
clan land |
| cl.name |
clan name |
| cl.cousin |
clan cousin |
| cl.uncle |
clan uncle |
| cr.cousin |
cross cousin |
| cr.uncle |
cross uncle |
| def |
defective |
| e.brother |
elder brother |
| e.sister |
elder sister |
| f.in.law |
father-in-law |
| gr.parent |
grandparent |
| infl |
inflected |
| intr |
intransitive |
| m.in.law |
mother-in-law |
| ml.name |
male name |
| n, N |
noun |
| ns |
nominal suffix |
| num |
numeral |
| pcle |
particle |
| PDr |
Proto-Dravidian |
| phr |
phrase |
| phr.name |
phratry name |
| pl |
plural |
| pl.name |
place name |
| PN |
person-number |
| pp |
postposition |
| pro |
pronoun |
| PSDr |
Proto-South Dravidian |
| quan |
quantifier |
| qwd |
question word |
| sg |
singular |
| s.o |
someone |
| s.t |
something |
| sis.in.law |
sister-in-law |
| str |
structure |
| tr |
transitive |
| v, V |
verb |
| vls |
verbal lexical suffix |
| vs |
verbal suffix |
| X |
any lexical category |
| xs |
suffix used with different lexical categories |
| y.brother |
younger brother |
| y.sister |
younger sister |