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Lloyd Freeburn
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Index

Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

Adamson v New South Wales Rugby League Ltd 92
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) 13
Anti-democratic effects 40
Arbitration agreement 117, 123, 131, 142, 150, 193
Arbitration clauses 136, 143
Arbitration system 42
Australian Olympic Committee 78
Australian Rugby Union (‘ARU’) 80
Authority 25–27, 44–46, 175
Bradley v Jockey Club 73
Buckley v Tutty 91, 107
Canas v ATP Tour 95, 197
CAS’s mandatory jurisdiction 125–136
practice 127–131
rules of 126–127
Swiss Federal Tribunal, approach 131–136
Categorical (not contractual) claim 25–28
Certainty, contractual 64–65
‘Chain’ as multipartite contracts 76–82
Chain of contracts’ theory 70–71, 76, 77, 82, 108
Clarke v Earl of Dunraven 78
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 48, 49n215
Compulsive private power 172
Consent
and arbitration, myth of 120
and de facto power 103, 108
and estoppel 113
forced 105
irrelevance of 103
knowledge of rules and 109
participation as 109
Constitutive rule-making power 31
Contract-based power
contractual power 59–60
members and non-members, regulation of 62–63
paradox of incorporation by reference 60–61
self-enslavement contracts 61–62
Contract-based regulatory authority 46, 51
Contract law 52, 55
‘Contract-like’ relationship 84
Contracts of adhesion 105n461
Contractual characterisation
and de facto power 102
vice of 84–86
Contractual conception 4
Contractual effect 18
Contractual intention 65–68
form of rules, relevance 66–68
implied affirmation 68
Contractual language 66
Contractual liability 110
Contractual nexus 22
Contractual remedy 85
Conventional contract-based conception 19–23
Corruption, sports governing bodies 187–189
Court of Arbitration for Sport (‘CAS’) 1, 4, 12–15, 31, 42, 56, 78, 81, 83, 101, 117–154, 174, 190–192, 194
Crisis of legitimacy 46
De facto jurisdiction 118–154
De facto power 1, 4, 43, 86
assumption of validity 156–169
coincidence of contractual and 104–105
consent and 103–104, 108–117
consent and estoppel 115–117
and contracts 104–108
and contractual characterisation 102
and forced consent 105–108
foundations of 88–102
governmental power and 157–159
implications of 169
and individual equality 159–164
individual liberty 155–169
irrelevance of consent to 103–104
judicial support of 107–108
knowledge, consent and legitimacy veneer 112
participation as agreement 113–114
and role of CAS 191–194
and Rule of Law 164–169
and sports arbitration, consent to 118–119
of sports governing bodies 87–117
sport’s practically and legally effective, pervasive 87–88
Democracy 36n155, 176
in globalised sport 177–180
good governance 184–189
in sports governing bodies 187–189
Democratic accountability 172, 184, 185
Democratic deficit 172
Democratic legitimacy
of arbitration without consent 194–195
of governance regime 172–189
limited benefits of 196–199
public law principles and analogies 174–176
and sports arbitration 189–195
Democratic legitimacy deficit 35–43
in international federations 35–43
recognition of 41–43
Democratic organisational structures 203–205
Democratic regulatory structures, legislative support 180–184
De Smith’s Judicial Review 99
Dicey, Albert Venn 155
Direct contractual relationship 74
Disciplinary powers 34
Dispute settlement 189
Doyle v White City Stadium Ltd 68
Drummoyne District RFC v NSW Rugby Union 115
Duality of factors 112n487
Duval, Antoine 41
Effective dispute settlement regime
consistency, facilitating 140
jurisdictional problems, avoiding 139–140
objective of 138–140
Equipement sportif 210
Erbsen, Allan 148
Estoppel, doctrine of 115–117
European Commission 185n752
Executive committees 41
Express contracts, limited extent 23–25
Federation Internationale de Football Associations (FIFA) 27, 30, 58, 87, 123,
134
Finnigan v New Zealand Rugby Football Union Inc 73
Forced agreement 108
Forced arbitration 211
Forced consent 105–108, 136
and de facto power 106–107
oxymoronic concept of 105
Forsyth, Christopher 99
Foster, Ken 34, 47n209, 99
Freedom of contract 54
Fundamental legitimacy deficit 2
Gardiner, Simon 98
Good governance principle, sport 184–187
Governance regime 45
Grant, Ruth W. 177n717
Gummow, J. 92
Haron bin Mundir v Singapore Amateur Athletic Association 72
Illusory restriction 119
Implied contracts, sport 82–84
Indirect ‘contractual’ devices 69–82
regulatory power incorporation by reference 69–70
Individual equality 4, 159–164
Individual liberty 33, 46, 155–169
interests, individuals 161–164
limits to 160–161
Integrated scheme 78
International Amateur Athletics Federation (‘IAAF’) 87n372
International Convention Against Doping in Sport 200
International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS) 202
International federations 7, 8–9, 25, 26, 60, 130, 137, 149, 151, 179
democratic legitimacy deficit in 35–43
handmaidens of 153–154
International Olympic Committee (‘IOC’) 9–10
undemocratic, unrepresentative, International Olympic Committee 38–41
International federations functions 15–16
International Olympic Committee (‘IOC’) 8–14, 38, 39
International Rugby Board v Troy and ARU 80
International Skating Union (‘ISU’) 95
International Skating Union v Claudia Pechstein 95
International sports governance
international federations functions 15–16
sports governing bodies 16–19
sport’s pyramid(s) 6–15
structure of 6–19
International Treaty 199–200
Investment arbitration 144
Jones v Welsh Rugby Union 72
Judicial identification, of monopoly power 89–96
Judicial review 93
Knowledge of rules 112
Korda v International Tennis Federation 110–111
Labour legislation 198n797
Labour market restraints 91–93
Latham, L. J. 73
Lausanne Declaration on Doping in Sport 11
Lazutina and Danilova v Comite International Olympique (IOC) & Federation Internationale de Ski (FIS) 192
Legal arbitrariness 4, 165–169
Legal fiction 85, 86
Legality 45, 196–215
Legal monopolies 161n660
Legal support 1, 215
Legislation 67
Legitimacy 44–49, 138n582
challenge 171
necessity of 170–171
and representative democracy 172–176 Democratic legitimacy
Lewis, Adam 42, 75n322, 97
Lex sportiva 41, 42
Libero arbitrium 168
Litigation 13, 14
Locke, John 155n641
MacCormick, Neil 45n202
Mance, L. J. 73
Matuzalem v FIFA 96
Meyers v Casey 115
Mill’s harm principle 159n654
Modahl v British Athletics Federation Ltd 72, 111
Monopoly power 28–31, 88
commentator identification of 96–100
judicial identification of 89–96
and judicial review 93
and labour market restraints 91–93
and ‘right to work’ 90–91
of sports governing bodies 88–100
Multipartite contracts 76–82
Nafziger, James A. R. 192
Nagle v Feilden 90, 91, 119, 168
National federations 36
National Governing Bodies (‘NGBs’) 181
National Olympic Committees 38, 39
New South Wales Rugby Union Ltd (NSWRU) 115
New York Convention 13, 124, 206
New Zealand Rugby Union (‘NZRU’) 74
Non-consensual arbitration 119, 137–152
absence of agreement problem 143–145
de novo review, arbitrary power 146–149
effective dispute settlement regime 138–140
functional justifications, selective application 137–138
inequality 149–150
justifications of 137
legitimacy of arbitration 143–145
pro-arbitration policy 151–152
process, fairness of 140–142
rule of sport governing bodies rules 145–151
substantive arbitrariness 150–151
Non-consensual regulatory function 192–193
Non-governmental organisations (‘NGOs’) 8
Non-State actors 44
Not-for-profit associations 8
Ockham’s Razor 102
Olympic Charter 9–11, 24n109, 38, 40
Olympic Games 10
Olympic Movement 9, 10, 38–41
Orthodox conception 20
Participation 57
as consent, agreement 113–114
Partisan approach 3, 137–138
Political legitimacy 173
Political power 37
Power 2, 44–46
Private law obligations 33
Private power 33
Pro-arbitration policy 151
Professional leagues 7n16
Public-private partnership 10
Pyramid structure of sports 6–15
Quasi-legislative rules 54–55
Quid pro quo 145
Raguz v Sullivan 78, 79
Reasoning, ‘result-oriented’ form 85
Reform, impetus for 212–215
conditional governmental support 214–215
Regulatory authority 2
certainty 64–65
certainty and contractual intention 63–68
conduct bringing individuals within 114
contract and contractual premise, formal requirements 51–53
contract-based power 58–63
contractual basis 51–68
contractual intention 65–68
overriding regulatory power, incompatibility 58–63
quasi-legislative rules 54–55
regulatory power and transactions 55–58
of sports governing bodies 83, 84, 86
sports governing bodies’ rules 63–68
Regulatory functions 56
Regulatory power 1, 2, 4, 84
categorical (not contractual) claim 25–28
‘chain’ as indirect relationship 74–76
‘chain’ as multipartite contracts 76–82
chain of contracts’ theory 70–71
consistency imperative, international sport 31–33
contractual characterisation and sports law 33–35
conventional contract-based conception 19–23
express contracts, limited extent 23–25
fundamental aspects of 6–49
incorporation by reference 69–70
legitimacy and justification of 170–195
legitimacy, requirement for 46–49
legitimisation of 43–49
mischaracterisation of cases 71–74
nature of 19–35
power and authority 44–46
sport and monopoly power 28–31
of sports governing bodies 87, 170–195
Relative effect 75n320
Remedial rights 33n144
Representative democracy 37
and legitimacy 172–176
pragmatics of 176–180
Rose v Boxing NSW Inc 79
Rule of Law 164–170
arbitrariness, types of 167–169
principles and governmental power 165–166
and private arbitrary power 166–167
Rule R47, CAS code 126–127
Rule R27, CAS code 126–127
R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club 93
R v Jockey Club 92, 93
Self-enforcement 4
Self-enforcing sanctions 88, 100–101
Self-enslavement contracts 61–62
Singapore Amateur Athletic Association (‘SAAA’) 72
Social reflexivity 36n155
Sport governance, convention contents 200–211
arbitral tribunal 207–208
compulsive scope of rules 208–209
consistency imperative, effect 205–211
non-essential rules 209–211
World Sports Regulatory Authority 201–205
Sport judicial activity 48
Sports arbitration
CAS’s mandatory jurisdiction 125–136
de facto power and consent to 118–119
and democratic legitimacy 189–195
‘myth’ of consent in 120–136
non-consensual arbitration, inadequate justification 137–152
practical considerations supporting 124–125
and sport’s consistency imperative 193–194
in sports governing bodies’ rules 123–124
Sports competition 121
Sports governance, legitimacy deficit 3
Sports governing bodies’ rules
participant knowledge role 109–112
Sports governing bodies (‘SGBs’) 23n107, 46, 56, 213
contractual authority of 50–86
contractual characterisation, problems 50–51
contractual rules/regulations of 16–19
de facto power of 87–117
democracy and corruption in 187–189
good governance and governmental regulation 183–184
implied contracts 82–84
indirect ‘contractual’ devices 69–82
monopoly power of 88–100
regulatory authority, contractual basis of 51–68
regulatory power of 170–195
self-enforcing sanctions 100–101
Sports law 21
contractual characterisation and 33–35
Sports movement 6
Sport’s pyramid(s) 6–15
international federations 8–9
World Anti-Doping Agency 10–12
Stephen v Naylor 114
Swiss Civil Code 11
Swiss Federal Council 9
Swiss Federal Supreme Court 132
Swiss Federal Tribunal (‘SFT’) 14, 121, 150, 154, 192, 197
Taylor, Jonathan 42, 75n322, 97
Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act 181
Third-party international federation 69
UNCITRAL Model Law 124
UNESCO Anti-Doping Convention 12
UNESCO International Convention Against Doping in Sport 11
Union Royale Belge des Societes de Football Association v Jean-Marc Bosman 92
United States Olympic Committee (‘USOC’) 181, 182n737, 182n739
Valid contract 107
Voluntary associations, individual liberty 4
Wade, William 99
World Anti-Doping Agency (‘WADA’) 10–12, 70, 128–130, 132–135
World Anti-Doping Code (‘WADC’) 10–12, 35
World Rugby 8n21
World Sports Regulatory Authority 201–205
democratic organisational structures 203–205
regulation of sport 202–203
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