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Index

Abraham. Isaac, binding of by Abraham
Kierkegaard on 88, 89
Lazarus on 136n58
Abravanel, Judah 154
abstraction 68, 72, 97, 348
Aḥad Ha-Am on 283
Berdyczewski on 370, 371
Cohen on 170n10, 175–176n19, 179, 205, 231n99, 247n117
Hegel on 32, 40
Hess on 121
Marx and Marxism on 38, 40
acquisition 248
Marx and Marxism on 37, 38–39
aggadah 336, 348. Glossary
Aḥad Ha-Am 15–16, 265–311, 268n6, 274–275n20, 279n31, 280n34, 281n34, 286nn43–44, 296n60, 308n83, 314, 318, 319, 326, 327, 328, 329, 332, 345, 350, 357, 358, 372, 380, 384, 386. assimilation; culture; Diaspora; divine revelation; education; God; halakha; identity; Israel, spiritual center; Jewish culture; Jewish ethics; Jewish identity; Jewish nationalism; Judaism, problem of Judaism; Moses; national feeling; religion; will, will to survive
and Aleksandrow 318, 319, 323, 325
and Antokolsky 273n17
atheistic worldview 277, 296
and Baeck 265n1
and Berdyczewski 361n77, 365–366, 367–369, 369nn92–93, 370–372, 374–375, 379, 380, 384–385
choosing a pen name 270, 270n11
and Cohen 265–266, 310
and Comte 266
conversion to Ḥibbat Zion 269
disciples of 265n1, 313
and Dubnow 350–354, 351n65, 357
and Frankel (Zechariah) 266, 278
and Graetz 266, 278
and Herzl 270, 272, 275, 295–296, 332
and Hess 284
and Hurwitz 387–388
influence of in Israel 359
and Krochmal 287, 310
and Lazarus 266
and Lilienblum 270, 272, 275
and Maimonides 268, 297–298, 305, 309
and Moses 295–302, 305
and Nietzsche 363–364, 363n79
and Nordau 270, 295–296
and Pines 314
and Pinsker 269
as a positivist 351, 362
Jewish nationalism based on teachings of 265–311
as a prophet 296, 296n59
and Reines 345, 349
and Smolenskin 269
and Spencer 266, 267
and Spinoza 295
writings of 266, 267n2, 269, 271, 272, 273nn16,18, 274n19, 275n21, 276, 277n26, 278nn27–29, 280, 280n33, 280nn33,35,36, 283n38, 284n39, 285nn41–42, 287n46, 290nn47–48, 295, 303–304n72, 305, 306, 309–310, 312, 313n1, 360, 363n79, 386
Berdyczewski on At the Crossroads 369–370, 369–370nn92–93
as editor of Ha-Shiloaḥ (magazine) 295, 361, 365, 378–379
public resistance to writings of 275n22, 314, 316
young Zionist writers’ reactions to 359–362
and Zhitlovsky 415–416
AJS. see Association of Jewish Studies
Akedah (Abraham’s binding of Isaac). see Isaac, binding of by Abraham
Aleichem, Shalom 407
Aleksandrow, Samuel 314, 318–329, 320n10, 321n11, 322nn15–16
and Aḥad Ha-Am 318, 319, 323, 325
and Dubnow 355
and Kant 321n12
and Kook 314, 318, 320n7, 322n16
Kook proposing synthesis of Reines and Aleksandrow 350
and Krochmal 318, 320, 321, 323, 326
and Maharal of Prague 318
and Marxism 319, 323–324, 325
and Reines 314, 345
Kook proposing synthesis of Reines and Aleksandrow 350
and Schelling 318, 320, 321, 326–327
and Solovyov 318
writings of 319, 320nn7,8,10, 322nn13–16, 323n18, 324n20, 326n23, 332n16
alienation 8, 9–10, 19, 36, 105, 342, 378, 392
Aḥad Ha-Am on 271, 280, 282
Aleksandrow on 327–328
double alienation of “deracinated” Jews 280
Kierkegaard on 73
Marx and Marxism on 29, 38, 68, 69, 194, 391
theory of alienation 52–53, 70
wanting abolishment of alienation 39–40
Nietzsche on 57
phenomenon of 36, 37, 38
aliyah 18, 386. Glossary
First Aliyah 438
Second Aliyah 272, 365, 385, 386
Third Aliyah 385
Alkaly, Judah 332
Al Parashat Derakhim [At the Crossroads] (Aḥad Ha-Am) 266–267, 271, 313n1
Altneuland (Herzl) 435, 439
“Altruismus” 179n24
America. see United States
anthropology 238, 339
empirical scientific anthropology 174
anthropomorphism 263n131
Comte on 96–97
not regarding God as a person 138
antihumanism 54–55
anti-idealististic philosophy
Marx as an anti-idealist 453
Nietzsche’s anti-idealistic philosophy 62–65
anti-Semitism 12–13, 333, 334
anti-Jewish bias of philosophical schools of the Enlightenment 28
anti-Jewish pogroms 16, 448–449, 456
Borochov on 454, 454n106
Dubnow on 356
in eastern Europe 315, 394, 395
Hess on 112, 112n10, 125
Marx justifying 454
Nietzsche on 56
persecution by Nazi and Communist regimes 412
in Russia 14, 15, 392, 394, 395, 411
Syrkin on 432, 433, 434, 436–437
Zhitlovsky on 411, 412–413
anti-Zionist 317
Orthodox anti-Zionism 332
religious anti-Zionist universalism 265
ultra-Orthodox anti-Zionism 350
Antokolsky, Mark 273n17, 280n32
Aramaic language 358, 359n75, 397
archeology 296, 296n60
Aristotle and Aristotelian philosophy 23, 26, 122, 226, 267, 305, 309
and Kant 23, 26
Arnold, Matthew 106n2
art, Berdyczewski on 377–378
assimilation 18
Aḥad Ha-Am on 273–274, 273n18, 280n34, 283
on group identity and self identity 280–282
loss of traditional Jewish values among assimilated Jews 308n83
nullifying national identity 290–291
as a problem of Judaism 319
assimilationists 325, 333–334, 338–339
assimilationist Reform movement 130–131
assimilationist-Zionism 325, 345
Berdyczewski on 384–385
development of secular culture as factor in 273
as a falsification of one’s own nature 315
humanism as path to return from 28–29
Jewish intelligentsia as part of 391–392
of Jews into general society 10–13, 103–104, 280n33, 333–334, 339, 360
Marx as a typical symptom of assimilating Jews 29–30
Reines on 338n39, 339–340, 342–343
Ästhetik des Reinen Gefuhls [Esthetics of Pure Feeling] (Cohen) 152n3, 173
atheists and atheism 203, 267
Aḥad Ha-Am as 277, 296
Darwin as 99, 99n4
secular-atheistic Jewish nationalism 265
atonement
Cohen on 199, 201, 236–245, 237–238n106
Kierkegaard on 74
At the Crossroads [Al Parashat Derakhim] (Aḥad Ha-Am ) 266–267, 271, 313n1, 369–370, 369n92
“Aufgabe” 167–169n9, 201–202n55
“autonomist” movement 352
autonomy 3, 15, 99, 138, 213, 215, 250, 328, 351, 356–357, 359n75
Bauer on 42
Bund adopting Dubnow’s concept of 406–407, 434
Cohen on 197–198n51, 251
communal autonomy 356, 357, 407, 413
and the Diaspora 434
formation of “autonomous” national frameworks in 18
Hegel on 31
ideal of the autonomous man 50
Kant on 26, 50, 135, 138, 146
Lazarus on 129n45, 136, 138, 141–142, 141n74
rational autonomy 26, 42, 50, 135, 138
social-cultural autonomy 214, 219, 356, 359, 406, 409, 413, 414
“State of Law” as autonomy of general reason 146
awareness 27, 64, 74, 373–374, 424. consciousness
Aḥad Ha-Am on 281, 282, 307
Cohen on 164, 171, 206, 221–222, 229, 234, 255
awareness of guilt 237, 238, 239, 241
differentiating consciousness and awareness 173n16
Kierkegaard on 74, 76, 78, 80
Nietzsche on 57, 70
self-awareness
Aḥad Ha-Am on 282
sinful self-awareness 76
subjective awareness 63–64
biographical subjectivity 69
exploring human subjectity 65
and Kant 71–72
and Nietzsche 62, 65, 66, 70
and Schopenhauer 63, 65
Baal Shem Tov (Israel ben Eliezer) 365
Babylonian Exile. see Exile, role of in Jewish history
Baeck, Leo, as a disciple of Cohen and Aḥad Ha-Am 265n1
Baḥya ben Joseph ibn Paḳuda 134, 387
Bar Kokhba rebellion 260, 382
Baruch Spinoza (Zeitlin) 363n78
Bauer, Bruno 30, 42–45
and Hegel 30, 42, 44, 47
and Marx 45
and Spinoza 43
Bauer, Otto 406
Beit Midrash 279, 292, 379
Berdyczewski, Micha Josef 266, 316, 359, 360, 365–391, 370n95. art; assimilation; Bible; body and soul; Diaspora; divine revelation; esthetics; God; halakha; happiness; Hasidism; Hebrew literature; history; individualism; Israel; Jewish culture; Judaism; national feeling; nature; sanctification; Torah; “transvaluation of values”; will
and Aḥad Ha-Am 361n77, 365–366, 367–369, 369–370nn92–93, 370–372, 374–375, 379, 380, 384–385
and Durkheim 367, 371, 372
and Herzl 385
and Hurwitz 387
and Kant 367
and Nietzsche 366–367, 366n87, 369, 369n92
borrowing slogan “transvaluation of values” 379
pessimism of 386
and Spinoza 367, 369n92, 374
and Syrkin 433
writings of 361n77, 365–366, 366–367n87, 369–370, 369–370nn92–93, 371n97, 372n99, 375n107, 380
sources for 369n92
Bergmann, Hugo 266
Berlin, Naphtali Zevi 331
“Between Two Opinions” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 310
Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche) 55, 363
Bialik, Hayim Nahman, as a Zionist 266
Bible 150, 212, 213, 214–215, 217, 251, 267, 292, 295, 339
Aḥad Ha-Am on 292
Berdyczewski on 380–381
Cohen on 215, 228–229
Deuteronomy, Book of 258, 302
Ecclesiastes, Book of 241, 263
Ezekiel, Book of 243
Genesis, Book of 263, 270n11
Heine on 107, 107n3
Hess on 123, 124–125n35
Job, Book of 234, 235
Joshua, Book of 381
Kings, Books of 381
Reines on 349
Samuel, Book of 381
Syrkin on 430
Bin Gorion. see Berdyczewski, Micha Josef
The Birth of Tragedy (Nietzsche) 55
“B’nei Moshe” order [sons of Moses] 270, 271, 277n26, 295, 295n57
journal of 280n33
body and soul (spirit) 341
Aleksandrow on body dualism 324
Berdyczewski on 371n97, 373
Cohen on 165–166, 208–209
suffering as both physical and spiritual 234
Hess on unity of 115
Kierkegaard on 87–88
Book of Knowledge (Maimonides) 217
Borochov, Ber 15, 156, 157, 158, 445–464, 449–450n95, 454n105, 461n126, 462n128, 463nn133,135, 464n136
and Hess 451, 452
Jewish life experience of 445, 448–449
and Marx/Marxism 447, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453–456, 457, 461
Marxism and Zionism 445–464
and Spinoza 452
and Syrkin 447
writings of 449–450n95, 450, 453, 456, 462, 463, 463n135, 464n136
Brainin, Reuben 360
Brenner, Joseph Ḥayyim 360, 364, 386
Brod, Max 105n1
BT. see Babylonian Talmud
Buber, Martin 265n1, 266
writings of 206n57, 247n118
Bund 457, 458. Glossary
adoption of Dubnow’s concept of autonomy 406–407, 434
Jewish National Social Democracy in the ideology of 405–409
Marxist class socialism 430
Syrkin’s critique of Herzl from social perspective of 434
and Zhitlovsky 410, 411
capitalism. money
Borochov on 459–460
capital investments in a new Jewish nation in Israel 460
clash with exploited proletariats 408
disaffection from capitalist-national Industrial Revolution 8–9
Marx and Marxism on, identifying Jewish people with capitalism 453
nationalism of 409
Syrkin on, function of capital 443–444
United States shaping national cultural identity on basis of 414
Capital (Marx) 53
The Case of Wagner (Nietzsche) 55
“categorical imperative” 83, 84, 136, 140–141, 204, 205, 230–236
Catholic Church 31, 106, 251
causality 165, 167–169n9, 170n10
causal determinism 115, 116, 155, 424, 424n36
causal necessity 235
developmental causality 41
immanent causality 421
law of 426n39
mechanical causality 121
natural causality 226
purposive (“final”) causality 226–227
sovereign Cause above human societies 337
Charakteristik der Ethik Maimunis (Cohen) 196–197n50
Chasidim 126n40
chauvinism distinguished from nationalism 409
Christianity 212–213, 216–217, 316–317, 444n87. Catholic Church; Protestant theology
Aḥad Ha-Am on 281n34, 310
Bauer on 42–44
Christian ethics differences from Jewish ethics 310
Cohen on 228, 229, 240, 251, 253, 254, 310
concept of history 254
Hess on 109n6, 123n33, 125n37, 130n46
Kant on 67–68, 253
Kierkegaard on 74–75, 89, 90
Lazarus on 145
Nietzsche on 59, 61–62, 67–68, 310
privileged standing of 42, 43
“cogito” 62
cognition
Cohen on 209
Comte on development of 95–96
Cohen, Hermann 67, 106, 150–264, 152n2, 172n13, 173nn15–16, 174n17, 175–177nn18,19,21,22, 178–179nn23–24, 180n26, 181–185nn28,29,30,32, 187–188nn36–37, 189n40, 190–191n44, 192–193n47, 195n49, 196–198nn50–51, 199n52, 200nn53–54, 201–202n55, 210n61, 212n63, 213n65, 215nn66–67, 216n68, 218n69, 219nn71–72, 220nn74–75, 221nn76–77, 222nn78,80, 224nn82–84, 228n91, 229n93, 231n99, 232n100, 233nn101–102, 237–238nn105–107, 242n11, 244n113, 245–246n115–116, 247n117, 249–250n119, 255n124, 256nn125–126, 263nn130–131, 264n132, 265, 306, 310. abstraction; atonement; Bible; body and soul; Christianity; correlation; creation; divine revelation; epistemology; equality; esthetics; ethics; fellowman; freedom; general good; God; good and evil; halakha; happiness; history; holiness; humanity; “I,” concept of; idealism; Israel; Jewish nationality; Judaism; justice; knowledge; laws and jurisprudence; love; Messiah; morality; nationalism; peace; perfection; politics; psychology; reality; reason; reconciliation; redemption; religion; repentance; responsibility; Sabbath; state; virtues, Cohen’s theory of; will
and Aḥad Ha-Am 265–266, 310
and Baeck 265n1
disciples of 265n1
and Hegel 155, 161, 163–164, 180n27, 215
political theory 180, 181
and Kant 152, 161, 162–163, 166, 175, 176, 180n27, 214, 215, 217–218
comparing Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone (Kant) to Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism 202–208
political theory 180, 181
renewal of Kant’s idealist philosophy 153–157
version of Kant’s “categorical imperative” 230–236
and Kierkegaard 220
and Krochmal 150
and Lazarus 149
and Maimonides 150, 152, 215, 226, 227, 229–230, 265
and Marx and Marxism 181, 181–182n28, 248
role of the virtue of justice 192, 192–193n47, 193, 194
and Nietzsche 220, 249, 249–250n119
and Philo of Alexandria 229
and Plato 202, 215
and Schopenhauer 220, 249–250n119
Schweid on 159–160n5, 167–169n9, 170n10, 172n13, 176–177n21, 178–179n23, 180n26, 182–184n29, 185n32, 186–187nn33–34, 189–191nn41,44, 192–193n47, 196–198nn50–51, 200n53, 220n73
and Socrates 215
and Spinoza 155, 165–166, 202, 215, 227, 233n101, 249–250n119
and the Stoics 249–250n119
and Treitschke 151
writings of 151, 152n3, 154, 157–158, 164, 165n6, 166n7, 167–169nn8–9, 173, 176, 196–197n50, 217, 246, 246n116, 247n118
comparing Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone (Kant) to Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism 202–208
rationale for writing Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism (Cohen) 210–217
commonality, framework of 205–207
communism 2, 4, 5, 14
Communist party 5
Communist Revolution 4–5, 439. Russian Revolutions
Jubilee law as pure communism 404n11
and Marx/Marxism 49, 53
treatment of Jews 16, 412
The Communist Manifesto (Marx) 53
compassion 176, 233, 233nn101–102, 249–250n119, 301, 352
Comte, Auguste 94–98, 101
and Aḥad Ha-Am 266
The Concept of Dread (Kierkegaard) 78
The Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates (Kierkegaard) 78
Concluding Unscientific Postscript (Kierkegaard) 78
“concrete realization” 21, 113, 113n13
Confessions (Heine) 107
consciousness. awareness
Aḥad Ha-Am on consciousness of the self 281
Cohen on 167–169n9, 173n16
consciousness of identity and belonging 446
of free choice 121
self-consciousness, Cohen on 167–169n9, 171, 171n12, 172n13, 175–176n19, 176n20, 177n22, 189n40, 223
as the union of “I” and “You” 180n26. “I,” concept of
Syrkin on 423–426
Conservative movement (Positive-Historical Judaism) 105, 131
contracts, Cohen on 180n26, 184–185n30
“Copernican Revolution” 91–92
correlation, Cohen on 208–210
courage in Cohen’s table of virtues 190–191, 190–191n44
covenant 442
Covenant of Gerizim 381
creation 117
Cohen on creation and revelation 225–230, 228n91, 229n93, 235, 237
“creation ex nihilo 119, 121, 225, 227
Hess on 116, 116n17, 119–120
creation as a new arrangement of existing materials 120n29
and a Creatoe 120n27, 120n28
Maimonides on 225, 227
monotheistic concept of 227n89
Crescas, Hasdai 154
cultural integration of Jews in Germany 10–13, 103–104
culture. Jewish culture; national cultures; secular culture
Aḥad Ha-Am on 285–286, 290, 291
children called on to be builders 286, 286n44
cultural memory 294
“objective culture” vs. “subjective culture” 286n43
Cohen on 160–164, 221
cultural existence, basis for 409
cultural homogeneity 126
cultural memory 373
“low culture” vs. “high culture” 286n43
Syrkin on 428, 428n44
ethical-cultural idealism 428
unified culture 291
Culturverein 105–106n1
Darwin, Charles and Darwinism 98–100, 99n4, 371
and Hess 119, 123
Syrkin on Darwinism 429
David (king) 252, 259
Dawkins, Richard 99n4
The Dawn: Meditations of an Untimely Man (Nietzsche) 55
Day of Atonement 242n111, 244
Aḥad Ha-Am on 305
Cohen on 244–246, 261, 262
deism, Darwin as a deist 99n4
Der Begriff der Religion im System der Philosophie (Cohen) 196–197n50
Derekh Eretz 330, 345. Glossary
Descartes, Rene 62, 217–218
determinism
causal determinism 115, 116, 155, 424, 424n36
deterministic power 374
historical determinism 248, 420, 421, 421–422n30
natural determinism 121
socioeconomic determinism 405
Spinoza on determinism and sociologic theory 101
Syrkin on 420–426
Deuteronomy, Book of 258, 302
Deutsche Worte (journal) 418–419n24
devotion to doing good, Cohen on 175
“Dew of Resurrection” (Aleksandrow) 319
Diary of a Seducer (Kierkegaard) 78
Diaspora 18, 260, 303, 382, 383, 398, 399, 434
Aḥad Ha-Am on 271, 272, 273–274, 276, 279, 291, 292, 384
anomaly of Diaspora Jewish economy 455, 457, 458, 459–460
Berdyczewski on 366, 385, 387, 388
Borochov on 15, 156, 157, 158, 448, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459–460, 462
Dubnow on 356, 357–359, 359n75
and the general workers’ movement 398–399
languages of 291, 358–359
negation of the Diaspora 16–17, 385. Glossary
and the Seimist movement 463n133
Syrkin on 419, 430, 431–432, 434, 437
Zhitlovsky on 411, 414
Die Ethik des Judenthums (Lazarus) 132n53
“Die Judenfrage” (Syrkin) 418–419n24
disaffection 8–10
divine revelation
Aḥad Ha-Am on 277–278, 289, 295, 297, 300
Berdyczewski on 371, 372
Cohen on 153, 215, 222, 258
Kierkegaard on 86
Spinoza on 114n14, 129n44
Don Juan (Mozart) 82
Dreyfus affair 338
“Droplets of Dew” (Aleksandrow) 319
dual attributes
Hess on 115, 118
Spinoza on 30, 118, 165–166
dualistic epistemology of Kant 155
Dubnow, Simon 350–351n64, 350–359, 355n71, 406–407, 415, 434. autonomy; Bund; Diaspora; Exile; God; Hebrew language; history; Israel; Jewish languages; Jewish people; Judaism; national feeling; nationalism; positivism; science; sociology; Talmud; United States
and Aḥad Ha-Am 350–354, 351n65, 357
and Aleksandrow 355
and Graetz 352, 356, 357
influence of in United States 359
and Krochmal 356, 357
as a positivist 351, 356, 362
writings of 350n63, 351n65, 353, 357n74, 359n75
and Zhitlovsky 412, 413
Durkheim, Émile 367, 371, 372, 373
Duties of the Heart (Baḥya ben Joseph ibn Paḳuda) 134
E. see Ethik des reinen Willens (Cohen)
eastern Europe. Poland
Aḥad Ha-Am as an intellectual leader in 265
anti-Semitism in 315, 394, 395. pogroms, growth of
debate on Judaism as a secular culture 312–389
delay in implementing Industrial Revolution in 13
Enlightenment in 313
failure of Haskalah in 16
Jewish socialism in 390–464
Jewish Workers’ Movement 390–399
Marxism in 390–464
social-democratic movement in 410
youths’ views of Judaism 314–316
Ecce Homo (Nietzsche) 55
Ecclesiastes, Book of 241, 263
Economic Materialism and the National Problem (Zhitlovsky) 414
economics
Aḥad Ha-Am on economic side of the Jewish question 273n16
anomaly of Diaspora Jewish economy 455, 457, 458, 459–460
Borochov on
economic functions of the Jewish people 454–455, 454n105, 458, 459–460
economic infrastructure needed to absorb proletariat and Zionism 464
and the Exile 453–454
Hebrew literature as socialist-oriented socioeconomic critiques 399–402
social-economic analytic 422
socioeconomic determinism 405
Syrkin on
economic self-interest 435n61
on economics in a utopian socialist state 442–445
education 1, 14, 18, 105
Aḥad Ha-Am on 284, 292, 309
and culture 287, 289, 291, 292, 294
and the Diaspora 271, 279
Aleksandrow on 320n10
Bauer on 42, 43
Cohen on 169, 202
cultural existence based on 409
Hess on 128, 130n46
and the Jewish workers’ movement 396–397
Kierkegaard on 85
Lazarus on ethical education 134, 135, 143, 147, 149
Reines on 346
Spencer on 101, 102
egocentricity 180n26. “I,” concept of
self-transcendence 220
Eight Chapters (Maimonides) 134
Either/Or (Kierkegaard) 78
EJ. see The Ethics of Judaism [Ethik des Judentheums] (Lazarus)
Eliasberg, Jonathan 278n29
Eliasberg, Mordecai 330
Eliezer, Israel ben. see Baal Shem Tov
Emancipation 10–17, 28, 273
achievements of 108, 332
Bauer on 42, 43–44, 45
Cohen on 247
halt to 108, 333
pro-emancipation Jews 43–44, 45, 332, 333, 334
Reines on 338
Empfindung und Vorstellung (Syrkin). see Sensation and Representation (Syrkin)
empirical rationalism. see rationalism
empirical science. see science
“end of days” 109, 118, 122, 260, 262, 264, 441
Engels, Friedrich 9, 111, 391
Enlightenment 1–2, 6, 9, 23, 91, 402, 429. Haskalah [Jewish Enlightenment]
and Berdyczewski 383
in eastern Europe 313
and the Haskalah 17, 383
proponents of. see Maskilim
and Syrkin 429
epistemology 23, 68
and Cohen 155, 161–162
and Kant 160–161, 162–163
“Copernican Revolution” of Kant 63, 91–92
dualistic epistemology of Kant 155
Schopenhauer linking Kant’s idealistic epistemology and Nietzsche’s anti-idealistic philosophy 62–65
unitary epistemology of Hegel and Spinoza 155, 157
equality 8, 31
Borochov on 460
Cohen on 181, 187–188nn36–37, 192, 194, 256
Hess on 126, 130n48
Jews having status of equality among slaves in Soviet Union 16
Marx and Marxism on 33, 36, 51, 193, 194
Nietzsche on 60
and the Rechtsstaat 248
Syrkin on 427, 443
Eretz Israel 273n16, 350–351n64, 382, 386, 387, 398. Glossary; Israel
Aḥad Ha-Am on 15–16, 273n16, 386
“To Eretz Israel or to America?” 273n16
and Hurwitz 387
Zhitlovsky on 413, 414
Essays (Berdyczewski) 365
esthetics 68, 91
Berdyczewski on 365, 377–378
Cohen on 152, 173, 200n53, 202, 203–204
esthetic hedonism 81
Kierkegaard on esthetic and sensory experiences 79–80
Esthetics of Pure Feeling (Cohen). see Ästhetik des Reinen Gefuhls (Cohen)
Eternal City, liberation of 130n47
eternity, peace as sign of 264n132
ethical socialism 114
ethics 48, 84, 342. humanistic ethics; Jewish ethics
Aḥad Ha-Am on 305, 306–308
Borochov on 452
Cohen on 167–169n9, 173n15, 181–182nn28–29, 187–189, 197–198n51, 205, 206–207, 222, 230–231, 245
“ethical monotheism” 67, 306
ideal of ethical good 201–202
on religion and ethics 158, 166–202, 176–177n21, 196–197n50, 203–204, 208–210, 220n74, 221n77
ethical idealism 129n45, 328
Cohen on 192, 231–232
Lazarus on 132–149, 231
Syrkin on 429
ethical “legality” 148–149
ethical socialism 110
ethical value of messianism 246n116
and holiness 147–148
Lazarus on 134, 137, 137n60
ethical idealism 132–149
ethic of life as love of God 137, 137n61
on ethics of good and evil 140–141, 140nn68–72
Jewish ethics 134–137, 143–149, 143n80, 144nn82–83, 146n87, 147n88, 148nn89,90,92
and logic 173n15, 176–177n21
Nietzsche on 54–68
Reines on 338, 342
social ethics 48, 129n44, 144, 145, 205, 342
framework of commonality 205–207
Spencer on 102
Syrkin on ethical-cultural idealism 428
universal ethical principle in families 124
The Ethics of Judaism (Lazarus) 132n53, 135nn56–57
apologetic use of Jewish sources 137–138
and Kant’s critique of Jewish ethic 133–137
Ethics (Spinoza) 53
Ethik des Reinen Willens [Ethics of Pure Will] (Cohen) 152n3, 165n6, 166–202, 196–197n50, 204, 246, 246n116
evil. see good and evil
evolution
Darwin on 98–100, 99n4
Spencer on 101
Exile, role of in Jewish history 47, 130, 254, 269n7, 278n27, 284, 317, 322, 352, 375–376, 381, 384, 388, 412, 438, 457
Aḥad Ha-Am on 278n27, 291, 350–351
Aleksandrow on 322
Babylonian Exile 259, 284, 358
Dubnow on 356, 357, 358
and economics 453–454
First and Second Exile 275n21
“Negation of Exile,” Syrkin on 433
Reines on 340, 340n42, 341
Zhitlovsky on 411, 412
existence, Spencer beliving no scientific way to explain 101
existentialism 68, 70–73
Cohen adopting 153, 158
existential-reflective poetry 21
and Kierkegaard 72, 73–90
and Nietzsche 70
Exodus from Egypt 380
exploitation, phenomenon of 8, 400, 406, 408
Borochov on 449, 454
Marx and Marxism on 36, 39–40, 52, 53, 193, 402, 443, 456–457
Nietzsche on 59
Syrkin on 422, 432, 442, 443
Zhitlovsky on 415, 416
extension, priority of 30
Ezekiel, Book of 243
Fascism 5, 57
Faust (Goethe) 82
Fear and Trembling (Kierkegaard) 78
fellaḥ (pl. fellaḥin) 460, 460n123, 461. Glossary
fellowman [Mitmensch]  176n20, 187, 187n35, 221n77, 230–231, 236, 242
Cohen on 232–233, 232n100, 233n101
Feuerbach, Ludwig 30, 34, 203
fidelity in Cohen’s table of virtues 190–191, 191–192n45
“final solution” 16
First Aliyah. see Aliyah
First Exile. see Exile, role of in Jewish history
First Temple. see Temple in Jerusalem
forgiveness 88, 242–243
Foundation for Jewish Studies in Berlin 132
Fourier, Charles 441, 441n78
Frankel, Jonathan 110n8, 464n136
Frankel, Zechariah 113, 151
and Aḥad Ha-Am 266, 278
Frankfurt Institute for Social Research 53n2
freedom 438n70
Cohen on 171n12
Marx and Marxism on 33, 50, 52
Syrkin on 442–443
of thought and expression 31, 32, 33, 42, 43, 44–45, 61, 379
French Revolution 6, 125n38
Freud, Sigmund 417
Frischmann, David 359, 364
“From each according to his ability … 4, 51
From Where? To Where? (Hurwitz) 387, 388n129
future, Cohen’s conception of 201, 201–202n55
galut (= galus, adj. galusdik) [exile] 269n7, 314, 315, 325, 360, 362. Glossary
Galut existence 282
Gaon, Saadiah. see Saadia Gaon
Gates of Light and Joy (Reines) 329
The Gay Science (Nietzsche) 55
GB. see Geschichtsphilosophische Betrachtungen (Syrkin)
Geiger, Abraham 132
Geklibene Zionistishe-Sozialistishe Shriften (Syrkin) 418–419n24
general good 256, 395–396. good and evil
Aḥad Ha-Am on 275, 299
Cohen on 204, 205, 206, 207, 250, 256
and the good of the individual 31, 102, 248
Hegel on 24
Kant on 84, 90
Kierkegaard on 84, 90
Lazarus on 139
Marx and Marxism on 33, 249
Nietzsche on 60–61
Genesis, Book of 263, 270n11
Geonic period 383
German philosophy
crisis of humanism in 23–102
defense of humanism through return to sources of Judaism 103–149
problem of the place of religion 30–31
relation between philosophy and religion 27
impact of empirical science on 91–102
distinction between science and philosophy 92–94
Germany
Hess on criticisms of 123n33
return to the sources of Judaism in 103–149
Geschichtsphilosophische Betrachtungen (Syrkin) 418n23, 419, 425n37
Ginzberg, Asher. see Aḥad Ha-Am
Gnessin, Uri Nisan 360
God 84, 123, 128, 243, 244, 262, 373
Aḥad Ha-Am on 289, 296, 303, 372
Aleksandrow on 325, 326
Berdyczewski on 372–373, 375
Cohen on 153, 196–197n50, 210, 210n61, 219n71, 223, 224nn83–84, 226, 227, 236, 239–240, 241, 243, 252, 255
correlation of man and God 218n69, 220n74, 221n76, 231n99, 233n102
God as creator 225–230
God-concept 159n5
God’s unity 217–225, 254–255
“I am the Lord” as a categorical imperative 230–236
and proof of existence 217–225
uniqueness of 220n75, 222n80, 225, 250
and a vision of peace 261–264
Darwin rejecting concept of 99
existence of God 207–208, 217–225, 337n37
Hess on 114, 114n14, 116, 118, 118n25, 121, 129n45
and Job 234–235
Kant on 202–203
and knowledge 78, 114–115n14, 166, 210, 210n61, 216, 219n72, 223, 223n80, 224, 229n93, 262, 263
Lazarus on 137n61, 138, 138nn62–63, 142, 143–145, 144n83, 148, 149
love of God 85–86, 87, 114, 136n59, 137, 137n61, 145, 224nn83–84, 316
God of love 224, 232
Moses and the name of God 218, 222, 222n79
Nietzsche on 58, 60, 61
Reines on Sovereign Cause 337, 337n37
relation of man and God 207n59, 208n60
Spinoza on 65, 116–117, 118n25
and transcendence 138, 148, 166, 217–218, 372
unity of 118n25
and uniqueness of 217–225, 220n75, 222n80, 250
YHWH “I am that I am” 218, 222
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 82, 106
The Golden Key (Eliasberg) 330
good and evil. general good
Cohen on 172n13, 201–202
choosing evil 171, 171n12
devotion to doing good 175, 176
evil as an inborn desire of the human heart 240n108
Kant on 140
Lazarus on 140–141, 140nn68–72
Gordon, Aaron David 266
Goyish 315. Glossary
Graetz, Heinrich 354
and Aḥad Ha-Am 266, 278
and Dubnow 352, 356, 357
and Hess 113, 113n12, 131
Greek philosophy, Heine’s reactions to 106, 106n2
group identity 11, 124, 280, 282
Guide of the Perplexed (Maimonides) 268
guilt
existential guilt 74–75
and judicial punishment 197–198n51, 199n52
most people seeing self as free of 234
redeeming oneself from 242
turning to rationalism because of sin and guilt 76
when seeing others suffer 236
Guttmann, Julius, as a disciple of Cohen and Aḥad Ha-Am 265n1
Ḥabad Hasidism 318. Glossary
kabbalah of 326
Ha-Emet [The Truth] (journal) 401, 403, 404n11. Lieberman, Aaron Samuel
halakha 276. Glossary
as achievement of Judaism 144
Aḥad Ha-Am on 278, 283–284, 292–293, 303, 318
Aleksandrow on 327, 328
application of Torah as beginning of 258
Berdyczewski on 377–378, 382
canonical halakhic culture 382–383
Cohen on 256–261
halakhic limitation on images 377
halakhic nature of the Jewish spirit 452
institutionalizing of 89–90
and Jewish ethics 302–311
halakhic-legal character of 146, 198
and laws of charitable assistance 236
Mendelssohn on 258
method of basing general rules 336
rebellion against 360
Reines on 346, 347
theological-halakhic understanding 332
ḥalutz (pl. ḥalutzim, adj. ḥalutzic) 272. Glossary
ḥalutzic movement 272, 385
Ḥalutzim of the Second Aliyah 365, 463
Ha-Maggid (journal) 319
Ha-Melitz (journal) 269, 280n33, 319
happiness 93, 248, 249
Aḥad Ha-Am on 353, 370
Berdyczewski on 375–376
Borochov on 459
Cohen on 179, 204, 234, 239, 245, 247, 248, 249
Comte on 95, 97, 98
Hegel on 24
Hess on 128
Kant on 143n79
Kierkegaard on 79, 88
Lazarus on 139–140, 139n67, 141
Nietzsche on 60, 64–65
Reines on 338
Schopenhauer on 64, 65
Spencer on 101, 102
Syrkin on 441, 441n76
Ḥaredi. see Glossary; ultra-Orthodox Jews
harmony, Cohen on 200n53
Ha Shaḥar [The Dawn] (periodical) 400, 403
Ha-Shiloaḥ (magazine) 295, 361, 365
“The Eternal Shiloaḥ Manifesto” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 378–379
Hasidic movement in medieval Germany 383
Hasidism (Hasidim) 364, 369, 393
and Aḥad Ha-Am 267, 365
and Berdyczewski 290n47, 372n102, 383–384
Ḥabad Hasidism 318, 326. Glossary
and Haskalah 383
mystical inspiration of 429
pantheism of 367, 372
Haskalah [Jewish Enlightenment] 13, 17, 396
and Aḥad Ha-Am 266, 267, 290n47, 303–304n72
failure of in eastern Europe 16
and Hasidism 383
literature of 397, 403
modern movements proceeding from the Haskalah in the 1880s 17–18
national idealism of 404
radical Hebrew Haskalah
radical Haskalah movement and Zionism 383–384
socialist tendencies and Lieberman 399–405
Spinoza creating a national definition of Judaism 107
Hasmoneans 260
Ha-Tzefirah (journal) 319
He- ̒Atid [The Future] (Horowitz, ed.) 387
Hebraism 106n2
Zionism as way to bring about a new Judaism (Hebraism) 360–361
Hebrew Herald (newspaper) 403
Hebrew language 127n41, 351–352, 397
Borochov on 461
Dubnow on 358, 359n75
Lieberman using to speak to workers 404
as the national cultural language of the Jews 291–292, 316, 461
Syrkin on 418
Hebrew literature
Berdyczewski on 361n77, 384
Borochov on 448
on the deracinated hero 315
Hebrew Zionist literature 386
Nietzsche’s influence on younger generation through 359, 362–365
renaissance of modern Hebrew literature 387
and the socialist Jewish workers’ movement 401
as socialist-oriented socioeconomic critiques 399–402
Yiddish literature as alternative 397
young Zionist writers’ reactions to Aḥad Ha-Am 359–362
ḥeder (lit. “room”) 411. Glossary
hedonism and Kierkegaard 80–86
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 2, 7, 9, 23–25, 26–27, 30, 31, 32, 33–34, 38, 40, 42, 45, 49–50, 62, 63, 65, 67–68, 74, 79, 92, 94, 96, 114, 123, 155, 157, 246, 247, 251, 253, 362, 421
and Bruno Bauer 30, 42, 43, 44
and Cohen 155, 161, 163–164, 180, 180n27, 181, 215
and Heine 106, 107
and Hess 110, 114, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 128
and Kant 30
and Kierkegaard 72, 76, 78–79
and Lazarus 133, 145
“left-Hegelians” 31–32, 42. Bauer, Bruno
and Marx 34, 40–42, 111
and Plato 23, 77
“right-Hegelians” 31
and Syrkin 420, 421–422n30
Heine, Heinrich 105–106, 105n1, 106n2, 107n3
and Hegel 106, 107
and Kant 106
writings of 106n2, 107, 107n3
Hellenism 106n2. Greek philosophy
Herbart, Johann Friedrich 133
Herder, Johann Gottfried von 133
Herzl, Theodor 247, 274, 277, 315, 325, 329, 331, 338–339, 349, 419, 430, 435–437, 457. Jewish State; Zionism, “political Zionism”
and Aḥad Ha-Am 270, 272, 275, 295–296, 332
and Berdyczewski 385
and Reines 330, 330n28, 345
and Syrkin 418, 431–434, 436, 439, 440, 441
social perspective of the Bund 434
writings of 431, 435, 439
“Ḥeshbon ha-nefesh” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 285n41
Hess, Moses 107–131, 108n5, 109n6, 113n13, 115n15, 122nn30–32, 124–125nn34–37, 129n45, 130nn46,48,50, 391, 429
and Aḥad Ha-Am 284. anti-Semitism; Bible; body and soul; Christianity; creation; God; humanity; Israel; Jewish people; Judaism; justice; nationality; nature; pantheism; racism; redemption; Sabbath; science; socialism; society
and Borochov 451, 452
on Darwin and Darwinism 119, 123
and Graetz 113, 113n12, 131
and Hegel 110, 114, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 128
and Hirsch (Samson Raphael) 131
and Kant 115, 116, 116n18, 118
and Marx 107, 110–112, 114, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 128
and Spinoza 107, 109, 109n6, 114–116, 114n14, 118, 118n25, 119, 123, 129, 129n44, 130n48, 131
and Syrkin 417, 420, 420n28, 429, 441, 442, 442n80
writings of 108, 109n6, 110n7, 111–112nn9–11, 112, 113, 113n12, 114n14, 115–116, 116n17, 117nn19–21, 118nn24–25, 120nn27–29, 123n33, 124nn34–35, 125nn36–38, 126nn39–40, 127n41, 129nn44–45, 130nn46–50, 131nn51–52, 451
and Zhitlovsky 411–412, 416
Ḥibbat Zion (also Ḥovevei Zion) 131, 329, 330, 331, 448. Glossary
and Aḥad Ha-Am 269–270
Hurwitz joining 386–387
and Syrkin 418, 419
trend toward socialist-oriented socioeconomic critiques 399–402
and Zhitlovsky 413
Hirsch, Samson Raphael (1808–1888) 330
and Hess 131
and Reines 347
Hirsch, Samuel (1815–1889) 105
historical materialism 29–40, 114, 324n20. Marx, Karl; Marxism
and the Bund 407–408
and humanism 47–54
immanent causality of 421
and socioeconomic determinism 405
“The Historical Process” (Syrkin) 421n29
history 48, 247
Aḥad Ha-Am on 294–295
distinction between archeology and history 256n60, 296
Aleksandrow on 321, 326, 327–328
Berdyczewski on historiographical theory 380–382
Borochov on stychic forces of history 449–450n95, 457, 462, 466
Christian concept of 254
Cohen on 201, 245n115, 246, 246n116, 247, 247n117, 248, 254, 255
divine law of 117n19
Dubnow on social-historical existence of the Jewish people 350–359
the “end of history” 2, 7, 24, 33, 35
Hegel on 421
Hess on 118, 121
historical component of national cultures 293–294
historical determinism 248, 420, 421, 421–422n30
historical reality 27, 33, 34, 156, 157, 178, 180–181, 181–182n28, 202, 258, 308, 322n15, 449, 452, 453
historical reason 421
idealistic historicism 247
“iron laws” of history 48, 52, 405, 449, 456, 466
Jewish history as seen by the Bund 408
messianic formulas about 2–3
Reines on 336–337, 339
social-historical existence of the Jewish people 350–359
Syrkin on 420–423, 421–422nn29–30, 422n31, 426, 426nn39–41, 427n42, 429
universal history 122n32, 214
History of Hasidism (Dubnow) 353
The History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany (Heine) 106n2
Hitler, Adolf 353
Hobbes, Thomas 199
holiness 231n99
Cohen on 200n53, 217, 219n71, 229, 230–231, 231n99
Judaism on 117n19
Lazarus on 147–148
Holocaust 319
The Holy History of Mankind and Other Writings (Hess) 109n6
honor in Cohen’s table of virtues 187–189, 187n36, 190–191n44, 196
reconciling with judicial punishment 195n49
House of Eternity 264n132
Ḥovevei Zion. see Ḥibbat Zion (also Ḥovevei Zion)
ḥukkim 147
Human, All-Too-Human (Nietzsche) 55
humanism 1, 9
crisis of in German philosophy 23–102
causes of 69, 70
empirical science in place of philosophy 91–102
and existentialism 68, 70
and the Haskalah movement 266
Hess’s efforts to rescue European humanism from 108
and Kierkegaard 68–90
and Marx 29–54
and Nietzsche 54–68
relation between philosophy and religion 27, 30–31
and a return to Kant’s philosophy 156
Darwin as a humanist 99
defense of through a return to sources of Judaism in Germany 103–149
and the Emancipation 10–13
and ethical monotheism 67
and existentialism 68
Hess’s humanistic aspirations 125n38
and historical materialism 47–54
humanistic ethics
Aḥad Ha-Am on 305
Kant on 90
Kierkegaard on 88
Marx and Marxism on 49
Nietzsche on 60, 66, 68
Spinoza on 102
humanistic state based on law 7–8
idealistic humanism 6, 28, 52, 76, 134, 145, 152, 156
hiding dark side of society 54
Jewish religious movement holding fast to 28–29
Kant as founder of modern humanism 49
Lazarus on 145
nationalism and socialism as a source in 108
requiring a war with capitalist regimes 52–53
as a universal Jewish mission as seen by Cohen 150–264
humanity. mankind
Aḥad Ha-Am on 285–286, 285n42
basis for 248
Cohen on 178, 179, 182–184n29, 195n49, 200, 205, 207, 229, 232n100, 246
creation of 228, 262
empirical science’s idea of 179
Hess on 122, 122n32, 122nn30–31, 123–125, 123n33, 126, 128–129, 131n51
influencing the direction of history 421
splitting of into various nations 213
Syrkin on 427–428n43
unity of humanity 253
universal history of 214
Hume, David 92, 161
humility in Cohen’s theory of virtues 188–190, 189–190nn40–42, 191
Hurwitz, Saul Israel 385–389
and Aḥad Ha-Am 387–388
and Berdyczewski 387
joining Ḥibbat Zion (also Ḥovevei Zion) 386–387
pessimism of 386–387, 388n129
and Spinoza 387
writings of 387, 388n129
“I,” concept of. egocentricity; self-consciousness
Aḥad Ha-Am on the national “I” 370
Cohen on
awareness of self as an “I” 222
integral unity of the knowing “I” 164–165
the rational “I” 176, 179, 220, 220n73, 232, 242
realtionship of “I” and “We” in prayer 237
recognizing God as absolute “You” 223
relationship of “I” to “I” or “I” to “He” or “I” to “You” 177n22, 180n26, 187–188n37, 206–207, 206n57, 209–210, 218–219, 221, 233, 236
the thinking “I” 218–220
Comte on 95–96
Kant on the rational “I” 232
Kierkegaard on enjoying the “I” 80–81
I and Thou (Buber) 206n57
Ibn Ezra, Abraham 240n108
ibn Gabirol, Solomon 154
idealism 9, 25, 68
abstract generalizations of 69
abstract idealism 113
attack on in German philosophy 23
Borochov on 452, 453
Cohen on 172n13, 173, 192, 201–202, 211, 245, 249
on Kantian idealism 153–157
Comte on 94
estheticist idealism 106
ethical-cultural idealism 428
ethical idealism 129n45, 328
and Cohen 192, 231–232
and Lazarus 132–149, 141n75, 231
and Syrkin 429
Hegel oN 23, 26, 30, 49–50, 94, 96, 114
idealistic historicism 247
idealistic liberalism 42
Herzl’s liberal nationalist idealism 435–436
Hess’s retreat from 110
historical idealism 246
historicist idealism 272
idealistic humanism 28, 52, 76, 134, 145, 152, 156, 247
hiding dark side of society 54
ideal of wisdom 23, 309
Kant on 49–50, 52–53, 62–65
Cohen on Kantian idealism 153–157
Kierkegaard on 72, 80, 83
Marx and Marxism on 51–52
nationalist ideals and idealism 103, 399, 404
Aḥad Ha-Am on 275n21
Aleksandrow on 328
socio-national ideals 108, 437
Syrkin on 435
Nietzsche on 54, 62–65, 67
philosophical idealism 5, 27, 28, 39, 100–101, 114
Cohen on 211
Kant on 49
monotheistic philosophical idealism 67
prophetic idealism 453
rational-idealistic element 440–441
Schopenhauer linking Kant’s idealistic epistemology and Nietzsche’s anti-idealistic philosophy 62–65
Syrkin on 428, 440–441
constructive socialist idealism 435, 436
turn from idealism to materialism 54
identity. Jewish identity; national identity
Aḥad Ha-Am on 274–287, 280n35, 315
on social-cultural identity 415
Berdyczewski on 379–380
collective identity 284
consciousness of identity and belonging 446
cultural identity 12, 414
ethnic-cultural identities, preserving 261
genetic identity 285
group identity and self identity 280–282
Lazarus on 144–145
Reines on 338
self-identity 19, 104, 105, 108, 273, 288, 396
group identity and self identity 280–282
Syrkin on 438
universal identity of the workers’ social class movement 397
ideology 21
of the period 1880 to the middle of the twentieth century 5–6
socialist ideologies 397–398, 400, 401–402n6, 402, 408, 415
three parts of effective ideologies 6
idolatry
Cohen on abolishing of 224, 224n82
Torah calling for Israel to fight 253
“Imitation and Assimilation” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 285n42
immortality
Cohen on 263, 263n131, 264n132
Hess on doctrine of individual immortality 125n36
individualism
Aḥad Ha-Am on 282, 376
Berdyczewski on rights of individuals 374–375, 376
Cohen on 196–197n50, 200n53, 207
Hess on 420n27, 421–422n30
individual inseparable from the legal institutions 199n52
individuality 180n25
consolidation of power at cost of individuality 60
Lazarus on 420–421n28
subjective individualism 70, 450
Syrkin on 420–421nn27–28
on Hess’s concepts of 420n27, 421–422n30
interaction between individual and collective 427–428n43, 429n48
on Lazarus’s concept of “Volksgeist” 420–421n28
Industrial Revolution 6–9, 35, 454
delay in implementing in eastern Europe and Russia 13
disaffection from 8–9
intelligence
Comte on 95–97
Darwin on 99
interpersonal ethics, Cohen on 204–205
“iron laws” of history 48, 52, 405, 449, 456, 466
Isaac, binding of by Abraham 341
Kierkegaard’s interpretation of 88, 89
Israel 18, 350–351n64. Eretz Israel; Jewish nationalism; Jewish State; Zionism
Aleksandrow on 321
Borochov on
as only place for Jews 458–462
realization of Zionism in 463
building a utopian socialism in 439
choseness of
Cohen on 251–256
Hess on 113
Krochmal on 287
early history of kingdoms of Israel and Judah 252, 356, 366, 381, 441
Aḥad Ha-Am on 284, 295–302
Berdyczewski on 381–382
Cohen on 214, 230, 251–254, 259–260
Covenant of Gerizim 381
Dubnow on 350–351n64, 356–357, 357n74
love of Israel and love of God 316
Reines on 341
return to the Jewish homeland
“concrete realization” 113n13
espoused by Hess 107, 111n9, 113, 129–131, 130nn46,48,49
as a “sleeping giant” according to Syrkin 439n71
spiritual center, Land of Israel as
Aḥad Ha-Am on 271–272, 292, 311, 329, 345, 350, 357, 384
Berdyczewski on 384
Dubnow on 350–359
Mizraḥi as acronum for 329n27. Glossary
Reines on 345
as symbol for desired unity of mankind 253n122
and Turkey 295–296, 431
Ivan the Terrible (tsar) 280n32
Jeremiah (prophet) 260
The Jew in the Modern World (Mendes-Flohr and Reinharz, eds.) 247n118
Jewish culture 19. culture; secular culture
Aḥad Ha-Am on 279, 279n31, 280, 380
Judaism as a national culture 287–294
and the metaphor of a tree 287n46
secular Jewish/ Hebrew culture 294–302
Aleksandrow on premodern Jewish religious culture 322n15
Berdyczewski on 376–377, 379–380, 387
Borochov on 448, 451
vision for a new national culture once in Israel 460–462
cultural identity 18, 20, 261, 280, 282, 314, 353, 358, 415
cultural processes leading to development of the Jewish workers’ movement 396–399
decline of Jewishness of German Jews 103–104
in the Diaspora 382
fidelity to Hebrew cultural legacy 402–403
Lieberman on Jewish cultural ideal 403, 403n10
Spinoza on Judaism as not the shell of Jewish culture 387
Jewish Enlightenment 402. Glossary; Maskilim
Lieberman on 402nn7,9
Jewish ethics 201
Aḥad Ha-Am on 303–304n72, 308n83, 309–311
and halakha 302–311
halakhic-legal character of 146, 198
Lazarus on 134–137, 143–149, 143n80, 144nn82–83, 146n87, 147n88, 148n92
and ethical “legality” 148–149, 148n93
and justice 145nn84–86
and rituals 148nn89–90
Jewish homeland, return to. see Israel, return to the Jewish homeland
Jewish identity. identity
Aḥad Ha-Am on 271, 273, 273n18, 288
and national identity 274–287, 278n27, 280n35, 315
choices facing Jews in the 1880s 18–19
cultural-national identity of the Jewish people 438
efforts to stamp out national identity in Russia/Soviet Union 16
flight from Jewish identity 14–15
generation gap and search for identity 19
ideology guiding the consciousness of 21
impact of Jewish philosophy on 20
Marxism on 404
questions on identity and Jewish philosophy 20
reconciling with universal identity of the workers’ social class movement 397
Jewish languages 358–359
cultural existence based on independent language 409
Dubnow on multiplicity of 358–359, 359n75. Aramaic language; Hebrew language; Yiddish language
Jewish literature. Hebrew literature; Yiddish literature
Aḥad Ha-Am on 292
cultural existence based on independent literature 409
Lieberman seeking legitimacy for socialism in 403
Jewish nationalism. nationalism; Zionism
Aḥad Ha-Am on 303–304n72, 326
national morality 305–309
national “will to life” 304–305
Aleksandrow on 318, 324–325
based on positivism 265–311
Borochov on 459, 460–461
building a workers’ movement on a Jewish national basis 400–401
conflict between Jewish nationalism and universal class tendency 406
Hess on synthesis of Jewish national and social thought 107–131
national reality of Jewish people 447
secular Jewish nationalism 323n18, 360
socialist nationalism 126, 409–417
national socialism at a philosophical level 409–417
synthesis of Jewish national and social thought 107–131, 108n5
Syrkin on 417–445
youths in eastern Europe accepting 315–316
Jewish nationality 317–318
Aḥad Ha-Am on 303–304n72, 317
Cohen on 256–261, 256n126
Dubnow on 355
universal humanistic Jewish nationality 247n118
and Zionism 316
Jewish National Social Democracy 405–409
Jewish people 431
Aḥad Ha-Am on 274, 275, 275n21, 283n38
Judaism as the cultural creation of 287
religion no longer uniting 276–277, 276n24
Aleksandrow on 327–328
crisis for 321–323
forcusing on unique history of the Jews 326
Berdyczewski on 375–376, 384
rights of individuals 374–375, 376
Borochov on 453, 454–456, 462–464
economic functions of 454–455, 454n105, 458, 459–460
fate of 445–464
proletarianization of 455
spiritual characteristics 451–452
as the chosen people 439n71
Cohen seeing future of 247
cultural-national identity 438
dialectic of fate of 445–464
Dubnow on social-historical existence of the Jewish people 350–359
Hess on 125–131, 125n36
impact of industrial revolution on 454–455
impact of Pale of Settlement on 392
Marx and Marxism on 40–47
creating negative image of Jewish people 397–398, 404, 407, 452
identifying Jewish people with capitalism 453
national cultural renaissance of 291
national existence of 409
and national independence 408
national reality of 447
problem of the Jews 402, 449
Aḥad Ha-Am on 271–274, 277
Borochov on 457–458
Dubnow on 352
Herzl on 277
Pinsker and Herzl on 457
Reines on 330
Syrkin on 431–434
proletarianization of. see proletarianization
Reines on 336n34, 340, 340n42, 341, 344
social-historical existence of the Jewish people 350–359
and socialism 413
survival of 125–131, 125n36, 402nn7,9
Syrkin on 423, 430, 430n49
and theJewish workers’ movement 392–399
universal humanistic Jewish nationality 247n118
Zhitlovsky on 412
Jewish philosophy. humanism; materialism and materialistic philosophy; philosophy
expanding notion of in this work 21–22
identifying third period of Jewish religious philosophy 1–6
and ideology 21
impact of Emancipation on 10–13
impact of questions on identity on 20
Jewish proletartiat. see proletarianization
Jewish question
Aḥad Ha-Am on economic side of 273n16
Cohen on 182–184n29
Hess on 130
The Jewish Question and the Socialist Jewish State (Syrkin) 418–419n24, 421n29, 431, 439, 439n71, 441
Jewish redemption, related to universal redemption 108n5
Jewish socialism 400–401n6. socialism
Borochov’s views on in a new Jewish nation in Israel 460–461
in eastern Europe 390–464
Hess’s synthesis of national and social thought 107–131
Jewish social democratic movement in Russia 445n89
Jewish socialist nationalism 409–417
Lieberman on 403, 404, 404n11
political-Zionist cast to 434
as a protest movement against suffering 436n63
socialist Zionism 47, 391, 445
Seimist movement as a splinter group 463n133
socialist-Zionist party 396
socialist-Zionist philosophy 417–445, 447
Syrkin on 417–445, 436nn63,65, 439n72
Jewish State. Eretz Israel; Israel; Zionism
Borochov on 460
Herzl on 270, 272, 332, 385, 435, 436–437
Syrkin on 434, 435n62, 436–438, 437n67, 439, 439n72, 440–441, 440n75. The Question of the Jews and the Socialist Jewish State (Syrkin)
“The Jewish State and the Jewish Problem” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 274n19
The Jewish State (Herzl) 431, 435
Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau 113
Jewish workers’ movement 49, 405–406. labor; working class
and Borochov 445–446
and the Bund 405–409
in eastern Europe 390–399
labor movement in Land of Israel 464
Labor Zionism 418, 439n72
Labor Zionist Party 445
and Lieberman 400–405
and the proletatrianization 457
in Russia 390–399
building a workers’ movement on a Jewish national basis 400–401
Jewish National Social Democracy 405–409
and Syrkin 423, 439n72
in the United Stated 415
JJTP. see Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy
Job, Book of 234, 235
Joseph, ascendency in Egypt 46
Joshua, Book of 381
Josiah (king) 258
Jubilee law as pure communism 404n11
Judah, kingdom of 252, 356, 381
Judaism 330
Aḥad Ha-Am on 268, 276, 306, 312
defining Judaism 368
as a national culture 287–294, 302–303
secular Judaism 330
Aleksandrow on 318, 321n11
and the authority of the state 31
Bauer on 42–44
Berdyczewski on distinction between Jewish religion and natural religions 376–379
Cohen on 106, 153, 254, 306
influence of Judaism on 150–153, 211
as religion of reason 213, 213n65, 214
as a culture 268, 287–294, 302–303, 381
debate in eastern Europe on Judaism as a secular culture 312–389
on defining Judaism
Aḥad Ha-Am on 368
Berdyczewski on 368–369
Dubnow on 354
Graetz on 354
Krochmal on 354
desire that be granted status equal to Christianity 43
and divine law of nature and history 117nn19–21
halakha distinguishing Judaism as a religion 258
Heine on 106
Hess on 117n19, 130, 130n50
Judaism as sacred history of humanity 122n32, 131n51
and humanism 28–29
Kant on 90, 134–137, 214
Kierkegaard as a challenge 89–90
Marx and Marxism on 40–47
Nietzsche on 67–68, 310
problem of Judaism
Aḥad Ha-Am on 271–274, 274n19, 277
Dubnow on 352
Herzl on 277
Syrkin on 431–434
question on the future of 385–389
Reines on, youth turning from 339n41
repentance as a return to Judaism 152n2, 153
Schelling on Judaism in its kabbalistic form 320
secular Judaism 330
debate in eastern Europe on Judaism as a secular culture 312–389
as a social doctrine 20–21
social idealistic essence of 413
sources of
and Aḥad Ha-Am 279, 292
apologetic use of Jewish sources in The Ethics of Judaism (Lazarus) 137–138
and Cohen 211, 240
defense of humanism through return to sources of Judaism in Germany 103–149
Hess’s humanistic socialism from the sources 107–131
Lazarus realizing Kant’s ethical idealism according to 132–149
rationale for writing Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism (Cohen) 210–217
Syrkin on 430, 433–434
universal social-ethical prophetic destiny of 412
Zhitlovsky on 412–413, 414
and the national revival of the Jewish religion 417
Zionism as way to bring about a new Judaism (Hebraism) 360–361
“Judaism and Jews” (Reines) 339n41
justice. laws and jurisprudence
Aḥad Ha-Am on 299, 301
Cohen on 185, 185n32, 234
injustice 236, 247
judicial punishment 195n49, 197–198n51, 197–201, 200n54
law and justice, politics and morality 166–202
“table” of virtues 192–193n47, 192–197, 194n48
in Jewish ethics 145
social justice 14, 412
Cohen on 181, 181–182n28, 185, 193, 239, 250, 251, 253, 255, 256
Hess on 113n13, 126, 131
Lazarus on 145, 145n84
Syrkin on 427, 430, 433, 441–442
and the Torah 403, 438, 441
state as a legal institution 180
Syrkin on 438n70, 442, 443
kabbalah 116, 123, 324, 326
as “created glory” or “Shekhinah 229. Glossary
of Ḥabad 326
Iberian Kabbalist movement 383
of Maharal of Prague (Judah Loew) 318
Kalamic philosophy 309
Kalischer, Zvi Hirsch 332
Kant, Immanuel 2, 23, 26–27, 28, 29, 30, 40, 45, 49–50, 52–53, 63, 65, 67–68, 71–72, 83, 84, 90, 91–92, 132–149, 155–156, 160–161, 162–163, 175, 176, 204, 205, 214, 246, 247, 251, 253, 362, 416–417
and Aleksandrow 321n12
and Aristotle 23, 26
and Berdyczewski 367
and Cohen 152, 161, 162–163, 166, 175, 176, 180n27, 214, 215, 217–218
Cohen on Kantian idealism 153–157
Cohen’s version of “categorical imperative” 230–236
comparing Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism (Cohen) toReligion Within the Limits of Reason Alone (Kant) to Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone 202–208
political theory 180, 181
and Heine 106
and Hess 115, 116, 116n18, 118
and Lazarus 135n57, 140–141, 145, 149, 231–232
and Jewish ethics 143, 143n79, 146, 146n87
Lazarus on Kant’s ethical theory 134–137
and “moral autonomy” 138, 141
and Marx 41–42, 53
and Schopenhauer, Schopenhauer linking Kant’s idealistic epistemology and Nietzsche’s anti-idealistic philosophy 62–65
and Syrkin, Syrkin on Kantian idealism 426–427, 429
writings of 137
comparing Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism (Cohen) to Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone (Kant) 202–208
Kaplan, Mordecai 265n1, 266
and Zhitlovsky 417
Kaufmann, Walter 206n57
Kaufmann, Yehezkel 265n1
Kautsky, Karl 406
Kaveret (journal) 280n33
Kiddush Hashem (lit.: “sanctification of [God’s] Name”) 214, 375–376. Glossary; sanctification
Kierkegaard, Søren 10, 92, 93, 156, 222, 281, 282
and Cohen 220
and Hegel 72, 76, 78–79
and Nietzsche 89
and Schelling 78
and Socrates 75, 77, 78, 79, 85
writings of 78, 79, 82
Kings, Books of 381
Kitvei Mikhah Yosef Bin Gorion [All the Writings of Micha Josef Berdyczewski / Bin Gorion] Vol. 2 (Berdyczewski) 361n77, 366–367n87, 369–370nn92–93, 372n90, 375n107
KKAH. see Kol Kitvei Aḥad Ha-Am [All the Writings of Aḥad Ha-Am] (Aḥad Ha-Am)
KMYBG. see Kitvei Mikhah Yosef Bin Gorion [All the Writings of Micha Josef Berdyczewski / Bin Gorion] Vol. 2 (Berdyczewski)
knowledge 25, 26
Aḥad Ha-Am on 276, 293, 294, 314
Borochov on 452
Cohen on 167, 167nn8–9, 169–171, 170n10, 172n13, 178, 189n40, 196n50, 203, 218, 219, 226
and God 166, 210n61, 216, 219n72, 223, 229n93, 263
and “principle of origin” 164–166
and science 161, 162, 188n39, 215, 216, 226
and self-knowledge 189n40, 196n50, 209–210, 221
and the task of philosophy in culture 160–164
Comte on 94–95, 96
and God 78, 114–115n14, 166, 210, 210n61, 216, 219n72, 223, 223n80, 224, 229n93, 262, 263
Hume on 92
Kant on 71, 91, 92, 155, 161
Kierkegaard on 74, 78
Lazarus on 135n56, 138–139nn62–63, 139, 142
Nietzsche on 66
rational knowledge 26, 142, 224
and reality 26, 48, 50, 66, 92, 95, 97, 162–163, 165, 429
Reines on 336n34, 346, 349
Schopenhauer on 63–64, 65
scientific knowledge 48, 92–94, 161, 162, 188n39, 215, 216, 263n130, 276, 423
self-knowledge 65, 75, 77, 85, 189n40, 196n50, 209, 221
Spencer on 101
Spinoza on 114–115n14
Syrkin on 423, 429, 442
tree of knowledge 320n8, 327
of truth 6, 34, 63, 72, 160, 346
Kol Kitvei Aḥad Ha-Am [All the Writings of Aḥad Ha-Am] (Aḥad Ha-Am) 267n2
Kook, Abraham
and Aleksandrow 314, 320n7, 322n16
proposing synthesis of Reines and Aleksandrow 350
Krochmal, Nachman 266, 354
and Aḥad Ha-Am 287, 310
and Aleksandrow 318, 320, 321, 323, 326
and Cohen 150
and Dubnow 356, 357
Hegelianism of 326
labor. Jewish workers’ movement; proletarianization; working class
employer-labor relations 256
judicial justice and labor 193–194
and Marx 35–37, 39, 49
as leader of international workers’ movement 52
and Syrkin on ownership 443
Labor Zionism 410, 414, 418, 439n72
Labor Zionist Party 445
Laharanne, Ernest 130n49
language. Aramaic language; Hebrew language; Jewish languages; Yiddish language
cultural existence based on 409
language/representations/platitudes dichotomy of 373n103
Syrkin on 428, 428n44
“The Language Controversy” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 278n27
Lassalle, Ferdinand 111, 391, 404n11
Lavrov, Pyotr 401, 403
Law of Moses 274–275n20, 285n41
laws and jurisprudence. justice
Aḥad Ha-Am on
Jewish law 268n6, 311
needed for the well-being of a nation 274–275n20
Cohen on 167–169n9, 180n26, 181, 182–184n29, 205, 251, 256–257
“Altruismus” 179n24
ethics and judicial punishment 197–198n51, 198
judicial justice and labor 193–194
law and justice, politics and morality 166–202
legal theory of 183–184
relationship of “I” to “I” or “I” to “He” or “I” to “You” 206–207
individual inseparable from the legal institutions 199n52
law of retribution 199
law of survival of the chosen people 341
laws of charitable assistance 236
pelilim [judicial process] 244
Reines on 339
Lazarus, Moritz 129n45, 132–149, 231. autonomy; education; ethics; God; happiness; holiness; idealism; Jewish ethics; Judaism; knowledge; morality; national cultures; perfection; psychology; reality; responsibility; sanctification
and Aḥad Ha-Am 266
and Cohen 149
and Hegel 133, 145
and Herder 133
and Kant 135n57, 145, 231–232
on ethics of good and evil 140–141
and Jewish ethics 143, 143n79, 146, 146n87
Lazarus on Kant’s ethical theory 134–137
and “moral autonomy” 138, 141
realizing of Kant’s ethical theory 132–149
and Spinoza 145, 146
and Syrkin 420, 420–421n28
and Treitschke 132
writings of 132, 132n53, 133, 135nn56–57, 136nn58–59, 137–138nn60–63, 139nn64–67, 141nn73–76, 142nn77–78, 143nn79–81, 144nn82–83, 145nn84–86, 146n87, 147n88, 148nn89–93
LBI. see Leo Baeck Institute
“The Legend of Fire from Heaven” (Aleksandrow) 319
lehitpallel [to pray] 244
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm 165
Lenin, Vladimir 439, 439n72
“Letters of Research and Criticism on the Questions of the Day and Ancient Jewish Wisdom” (Aleksandrow) 319
Letters on an Old and New Judaism (Dubnow) 353
Levi, Tribe of 381
Levin, Yehuda Leib 400, 405n12
Lieberman, Aaron Samuel 399–405, 400–401n6, 446
and Marx and Marxism 402, 403, 404
and Mishinski 404n11
writings of 402nn7,9, 403n10, 404n11, 405n12
and Zhitlovsky 412
life forms. see living organisms
life of the spirit, Kand and Hegel ingnoring conditionings of the rational life of the spirit 26–27
Lilienblum, Moses Leib 266, 269, 274, 275, 400
and Aḥad Ha-Am 270, 272, 275
and Zhitlovsky 413
living organisms. nature
Comte on living organisms and social relations 97–98
Darwin on the evolution of 98–100
Hess on 115–122, 115n15, 117nn19–21
race 124–125nn34,35,37
universal unity and continuity of 117n21, 121–122, 122n30
Spencer on 101–102
Spinoza’s philosophy used by Hess 114–116, 114n14, 118, 118n25, 119
logic
applying to Jewish traditions 347
Cohen on
logic of morality 177n22, 180n26
mathematical and physical logic 180, 185
and ethics 173n15, 176–177n21
Logic of Pure Knowledge [Logik Der Reinen Erkenntniss] (Cohen) 152n3, 164, 165n6, 173
love 59
Cohen on 233n101
“Love your neighbor” as a categorical imperative 230–236
“Nächstenliebe” [neighborly love] 187–188n37
in the table of virtues 187–188n37, 187–189, 189–191nn41,44
expressed in deeds 232
love of wisdon 23
motivating effect of 233
Ludwig Börne: A Memorial (Heine) 106n2
Lurianic kabbalah 322n15
Maharal of Prague (Judah Loew), and Aleksandrow 318
Maimon, Solomon, affirmative skepticism of 63
Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon) 134, 147, 154, 159n5, 217, 225, 227, 236, 305, 383
and Aḥad Ha-Am 268, 297–298, 305, 309
and Cohen 150, 152, 215, 226, 227, 229–230, 265
and Reines 347
and Saadia Gaon 309
writings of 311
mammon [Hebrew term for money] 46n1
“man insofar as he is man” 40, 178, 179, 205
mankind 95–96, 229. humanity
Cohen on 210n61, 221n77, 222n78
creation of 228, 262
Kant on 202–203
Reines on 337, 341–342
and suffering 233–234, 233n102
unity of mankind 181–182n28, 253n122
Marx, Karl 9, 29–54, 56, 57, 68, 69, 70, 77, 92, 93, 110–111, 114, 156, 157, 193, 194, 203, 247, 248, 249, 251, 324n20, 338, 391, 402, 441, 443, 449, 452, 453, 454. historical materialism
and Borochov 452, 453–454, 457
and Bruno Bauer 45
and Cohen 181, 181–182n28, 248
role of the virtue of justice 192, 192–193n47, 193, 194
and Hegel 34, 40–42, 111
and Hess 107, 110–112, 114, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 128
and Kant 41–42, 53
and Nietzsche 55, 60
and Spinoza 29–30, 40, 41–42, 46, 53
and Syrkin 420, 421, 422, 426–427, 428, 429
writings of 53
Marxism
Aleksandrow on 319, 323–324, 325
Borochov on 447, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454–456, 461, 462–464
Marxism and Zionism 445–464
calling for uprising of the exploited working class 456–457
critical school of Marxist theory 53n2
in eastern Europe 390–464
interpreted by Russian Social Democrats 405
Jewish Marxist movement 391, 447, 451
Kautsky on 406
Lieberman on 403, 404
Marxist materialism 325
Marxist monism 462
Marxist social democracy 456
Marxist-Zionist doctrine 453
negative image of Jewish people in 397–398, 452
as a class fated to disappear 407
criticism of kernel of Jewish identity 404
relationship of human volition and historical processes 449–450n95
Syrkin on 432, 434, 435, 436, 443–444
and workers’ movements 423
Zhitlovsky on 414
Mas’at Nafshenu (Lieberman) 404n11
Maskil (pl. Maskilim) 267, 277n26, 303–304n72, 320, 347, 360, 394, 448, 466. Jewish Enlightenment
and Lieberman 402, 403, 405
rebellion against religion 416
and Syrkin 418
material determinism 247
materialism and materialistic philosophy 125n37, 324
outlook of Marx 34–35, 49. historical materialism
reason serving material interests 338
Reines on 338n38, 342
turn from idealism to materialism 54
“material man” 40
mathematical terms, Cohens use of 165, 165n6, 177, 177n22, 178–179n23
Me ̓ayin [“from where?” or “from nothing”] as a double entendre 387
mechanical causality 121
Mendelssohn, Moses 258
Mendes-Flohr, Paul 247n118
mercy
Cohen on 176, 243–244
Lazarus on 145, 145n84
Nietzsche on 57, 59, 61
merkaZ RuḤanY [”spiritual center]  329n27
Messiah and messianism 253
Aleksandrow on 321
Cohen on 246n116, 251–256, 255n124
“false Messianism” 270
Syrkin on 429–430
Mikhtevei Meḥkar u-Vikoret [Letters of Research and Criticism] (Aleksandrow) 320n7, 324n20, 326n23, 332n16
Mill, John Stuart 352
Mimekor Yisrael (Berdyczewski) 366
Mishinski, Moshe 404n11
Mishnah 292, 380
Mishneh Torah (Maimonides) 236, 311
Mitmensch [fellowman]. see fellowman [Mitmensch]
Mitzvah (pl. Mitzvot) 295, 377, 378. Glossary
Aḥad Ha-Am on 253, 306
Aleksandrow on 328
Maimonides on 268, 305
Mizraḥi movement 329, 345. Glossary
meaning of the acronym 329n27
MMV. see Mikhtevei Meḥkar u-Vikoret [Letters of Research and Criticism] (Aleksandrow)
Modern Orthodoxy 105, 131
Mohilever, Samuel 330
money. capitalism; economics
as embodiment of alienation 37
mammon [Hebrew term for money] 46n1
Marx and Marxism on 39–40, 46
monism
Aleksandrow on 324
Borochov on 452–453, 462
Marx and Marxism on 324
monotheism 212–214, 212n64, 229n93
Aleksandrow on 324, 327
beginning with human love according to Cohen 231n99
and concept of “religion of reason” 217
continuation of 256n126
ethical monotheism 67, 306, 452
and Marxism 324
monotheistic concept of creation 227n89
moral actualization 115
morality
Aḥad Ha-Am on 305–309
Cohen on 186, 196–197n50, 222n78, 236, 239, 246, 257
law and justice, politics and morality 166–202, 185n32
logic of morality 177n22, 180n26
Heine on moral obligation 106
Kierkegaard and the former hedonist 80–86
Lazarus on 136nn58–59, 139n67, 141n73, 143n79, 143n81
moral autonomy 138
from moralism to faith 84
moral reason 222n78, 229n93
moral responsibility 137, 236, 248
Reines on 342n47
Syrkin on 422, 427n42
moral theory, religion as 54
moral will 50
Mosaic Torah. see Torah
Moses 46, 252, 301–302
Aḥad Ha-Am on 294n55, 295–302, 295n57, 305
seeing him as “a man of extremes” 297–298
seeing him as “a man of truth” 298, 301
God revealing self to 229
Law of Moses 274–275n20, 285n41
Mosaic Torah, and Syrkin 444
“Moses” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 294n55, 306, 309–310
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 82
Nachman of Bratzlav 364
“Nächstenliebe” [neighborly love] 187–188n37
Narodniks 411, 418, 419
nation
Cohen on 259
Syrkin on 427–428n43, 428–429
National Bank 440
national cultures 127
Aḥad Ha-Am on 291, 306–309
Judaism as a national culture 287–294
Berdyczewski on 376
Lazarus on 133
national-social solidarity, universality of 355–356
“The National Ethic” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 303–304n72, 306
national feeling
Aḥad Ha-Am on 276n24, 281n34, 285n41, 286–287, 299, 301, 306, 371–372, 375, 376
Berdyczewski on 370, 370n95, 371–372, 376
Cohen on 182–184n29
Dubnow on 353–354
Maimonides on 305
Marx and Marxism on 29
and Moses 301–302
national identity. identity; Jewish identity
Aḥad Ha-Am on 274–287, 280n35, 315
national memory 290
Syrkin on 438
nationalism. Jewish nationalism
of capitalists 409
Cohen on 182–184n29
dealing with national minorities in Austria 406
distinguished from chauvinism 409
Dubnow on 350–351n64, 355n71
Heine on political nationalism 106–107
Hess on 131
liberal nationalism 319
secular nationalists 323n18
Syrkin on 428–429, 430
of working class 408–409
Nationalism and History: Essays on Old and New Judaism (Dubnow) 350n63
nationality. Jewish nationality
Aḥad Ha-Am on 283–285
Hess on 122–129
“National Morality” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 278n28
national philosophy, religious Zionism as 316–350
“The National Poetic Revival of the Jewish Religion” (Zhitlovsky) 417
national revolution 450
national socialism, Syrkin on 437–438
natural determinism 121
natural religions, Berdyczewski on distinguishing Jewish religions from 376–379
“natural selection.” see evolution
nature. living organisms
Berdyczewski on 377–378
Cohen on 171, 226
demarcation of stages of development in 115n16
divine law of 117n19
God permeating nature 116–117
Hess on role of Nature 116n17, 117nn20–21, 118, 119–122
importance of a Creator 120nn27–29
and the “Sabbath of creation” 118n22
Spinoza on 166
Syrkin on 422, 425n37, 442
Nazism 5, 56–57
Nebenmensch [”next-man”] 176n20
negation of the Diaspora. see Diaspora
neighborly love 230–236
Neo-Kantian movement 10, 152, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 226, 230
NeTZiV 331
Neumark, David 360
New Light Over Zion (Reines) 329, 334–335, 336
New Testament 89, 90, 214, 364
Nietzsche, Friedrich 9, 54–68, 70, 92, 93, 156, 157, 203, 233n101, 249, 251, 310, 359
and Aḥad Ha-Am 363–364, 363n79
and Berdyczewski 366–367, 366n87, 369, 369n92, 379
and Cohen 220, 249, 249–250n119
and Kierkegaard 89
and Marx 55, 60
and Schopenhauer 62–65
and Spinoza 58, 59, 62
and Syrkin 427
writings of 55, 60, 359–360, 362–365
nihilism of Horowitz 385–389
Nirvana and Schopenhauer 65
Nordau, Max 308n83, 325, 345
and Aḥad Ha-Am 270, 295–296
and Reines 345
and Syrkin 436
and Zionism 274, 430
objectivity
Cohen on 167
and existentialism 71
Lazarus on 148
October Revolution in 1917. see Russian Revolutions
OHZ. see Or Ḥadash ‘al Ziyon [New Light upon Zion] (Reines)
Old Testament 89, 364. Bible
Oleh (pl. olim). see Glossary
“On the Character of the Jewish Mind” (Borochov) 450–451
On the Concept and Foundations of National Psychology (Lazarus) 133
On the Genealogy of Morals (Nietzsche) 55
“On the Highway” (Berdyczewski) 366–367n87, 369–370, 369–370n93
“On the Question of Zionist Theory” (Borochov) 456
Oral Law 276
Oral Torah. see Torah
Or Ḥadash ‘al Ziyon [New Light upon Zion] (Reines) 335n31, 348n61
origin, principle of 164–166, 209, 210–211, 223, 226
original sin. see sin
Orthodoxy 329. ultra-Orthodox Jews
and the Emancipation 333
Hirsch as founder of 330
modern Orthodoxy 105
opposition to Zionism 331
Orthodox religious Zionism 314
preserving Jewish nationality 112n11
on the Reform movement 258
Reines on 344, 349
and universal civil personal terms 44
Otzar Ha-Yahadut (Anthology [or Library] of Judaism) (program of Aḥad Ha-Am) 311
Our Platform (Borochov) 462, 463, 464n136
Owen, Robert 435, 441
Pale of Settlement 13–14, 391, 392, 393, 399, 403, 448, 453
Palestine 461, 462n128, 464n136
panentheism 116, 117, 118
pantheism 367, 372
and Aleksandrow 326, 328
and Cohen 228
and Hess 117, 118, 429
and Spinoza 62, 114, 118, 165–166, 227, 429
“Past and Future” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 280n35
peace
Aḥad Ha-Am on 286n44, 287, 299
Aleksandrow on 320n10
Cohen on 246, 246n116, 255
death as peace 264n132
vision of peace and the Sabbath 261–264
Hess on 122
and humanism 7, 64
Lieberman on 403n10
Reines on 342
shalom” [peace] 262
pelilim [judicial process] 244
Peretz, Y. L. 407
perfection 23, 25
Aḥad Ha-Am on 326, 327
Aleksandrow on 328
Berdyczewski on 377
Cohen on 201–202, 241, 245–246n115, 262
Comte on 95, 97
Darwin on 100
Hess on 115, 116n17, 117
Lazarus on 140, 144, 147
Spinoza on 53
petrification, Aḥad Ha-Am on 319
philanthropy in Cohen’s theory of virtues 192–197
and judicial punishment 198
Philo of Alexandria 154, 229
Philosophical Fragments (Kierkegaard) 78
philosophy 60, 71. kinds of philosophy (i.e., anti-idealistic philosophy, German philosophy, humanism, Jewish philosophy, materialism and materialistic philosophy, etc.)
aiding man to ease his suffering 63–65
and Cohen 160–164, 221
and Kant 62–65, 153–157
and Kierkegaard 68–90
Nietzsche’s anti-idealistic philosophy 62–65
philosophical attack on philosophy 25–26
philosophical idealism
Cohen on 211
Kant on 49
monotheistic philosophical idealism 67
“poverty of” according to Marx 34
process of modern philosophy 62
and Schelling 26, 74
and science 160–161, 162
distinction between 92–94, 97
The Logic of Pure Knowledge (Cohen) addressing 164
need for critical philosophical thinking 163
social transformations in during the nineteenth century 1–6
and Syrkin 418n23
task of 166–167, 166n7
as tool for changing reality 34
pilpul method 349, 349n62
Pines, Jehiel Michal 277n26
and Aḥad Ha-Am 314
Pinsker, Simcha 332, 338–339, 457
and Aḥad Ha-Am 269
and Reines 330
Pinsky, David 407
Pinson, Koppel 355n71
Pitcher of Tears (Reines) 329
pity, Cohen on 224n83, 232n100, 233n101, 249–250n119
Plato and Platonism. Socrates
and Cohen 202, 215
and Hegel 23, 77
Plekhanov, Georgi 405, 407
Po’alei Zion party 396, 446, 462, 464
pogroms, growth of 16, 448–449, 456
Poland 350–351n64, 392, 394–395. eastern Europe; Pale of Settlement
efforts to stamp out national identity in 16
persecution of Jews in 13, 14, 16, 402n7
sector of Polish people aiding Jews 16n1
and the Seimist movement 463n133
social-democratic movement in 405, 409–410
politics
Aḥad Ha-Am on 283
Cohen on
law and justice, politics and morality 166–202
the state 180, 181–182n28
political reality 7, 21, 25, 33, 106, 171, 414
polytheism 212, 213, 214, 215, 216
Poma, Andrea 246n116
“Positive and Negative” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 290n47
positivism 95
and Aḥad Ha-Am 351, 362
Jewish nationalism based on teachings of 265–311
and Cohen 172n13
and Dubnow 351, 356, 362
and Lazarus 133
philosophical categories of 287
positive-historical school of Sauvigny 266, 278
and Reines 330
scientific positivism 267, 272, 420
and Syrkin 423
and Zhitlovsky 414–415
post-Kantian methodology 29
prayer, Cohen on 236–244, 237n105
principle of origin 164–166, 209, 210–211, 223, 226
proletarianization 392–396. labor; working class
Borochov on economic infrastructure needed to absorb proletariat and Zionism 464
exploited proletariats clash with capitalists 408
of the Jewish people 392–396, 455, 457
unique identity of Jewish proletariat 397–398
and the Jewish workers’ movement 397, 405–406
problem of being a landless nation 399
propertied class 7–8, 39, 436
prophets and prophecies
Aḥad Ha-Am on the essence of prophecy 297
Berdyczewski on prophetic and rabbinic manifestations 378–379
as men of truth 298–299
Protestant theology
and the authority of the state 31
Bruno Bauer on 43, 44
Heine converting to 105–107, 105n1
psychology
Berdyczewski on 371
Borochov on 459
Cohen on 154, 172, 172n13, 173–174, 173n15, 174n17, 179, 200n53, 266
empirical psychology 147
Freud on 417
Hess on 451
Lazarus on 132–133, 135
“psychology of nations” 133
as a science 92, 94, 100, 101, 172, 172n13, 173n15, 179, 420, 421–422n30
social psychology 371, 423, 451
Spencer on 100, 101
Syrkin on 420, 421–422n30, 423
punishment, judicial, Cohen on 195n49, 197–198n51, 197–201, 199n52, 200n54
as means of repentance 254
Question. see The Jewish Question and the Socialist Jewish State (Syrkin)
“The Question of Zion and Territorialism” (Borochov) 453, 462, 463
racism 56, 99. anti-Semitism
Hess on 125–131, 125n37, 126n39
rationalism 9, 68, 91
abstract generalizations of 69
of Comte 98
empirical rationalism 98
employed by Reformers 113n12
and Kierkegaard 76
rational believer and sin 241
rationality and happiness 441n76
rational knowledge 26, 142, 224
Syrkin on rational-idealistic element 440–441
turning to because of sin and guilt 76
reality 25, 26, 68, 72–73, 161
Aḥad Ha-Am on 280, 283, 288, 289, 298, 308
Aleksandrow on 322, 322n15, 323, 326
Berdyczewski on 372, 373–374, 376
Borochov on 449, 452, 453, 459
Cohen on 149, 155, 157, 161, 162–163, 165, 167, 169, 170n10, 172, 172n13, 178, 180–181, 181–182n28, 192, 193–194, 194n48, 202, 209, 211, 235, 254, 258
complexity of 333, 334
Comte on 95, 96, 97, 98
and effective ideologies 6
empirical reality 155, 165
existential reality 21, 25
Hegel on 9, 24, 33
Heine on 106
Hess on 111, 116, 120, 452
historical reality 27, 33, 34, 156, 157, 178, 180–181, 181–182n28, 202, 258, 308, 322n15, 449, 452, 453
Kant on 26, 71, 149, 155, 157
Kierkegaard on 68, 69, 72, 76–77, 87
and knowledge 26, 48, 66, 92, 97, 162–163, 165
Lazarus on 133, 137, 140–141, 141n73, 142, 147, 148, 149
Lieberman on 401–402
Marx and Marxism on 33, 34, 35, 50, 69, 324, 325, 422, 423, 436, 447, 449
mirrors of 27, 96
Nietzsche on 66
objective reality 142, 147, 148, 333, 373, 423–424
political reality 7, 21, 25, 33, 106, 171, 414
Reines on 335, 336, 349
Schopenhauer on 63
and science 93–94, 101, 163, 172, 373, 421–422n30, 425
social reality 21, 33–34, 106, 127–128, 137, 172, 192, 308, 423, 437
Spencer on 101
Spinoza on 114, 166
Syrkin on 421–422n30, 422, 423–424, 425, 429, 436, 441
Zhitlovsky on 418, 418n23
reason
Cohen on 167, 167–169nn8–9
and redemption 241
relation between revelation and reason 215
universality of reason 221
eternal reason 218, 229
Hegel on 23–24
moral reason 222n78, 229n93
Reines on ethical reason 338
universal reason 28, 50, 77, 79, 96, 309, 426–427
universal vs. private reason 83–84
Rechtsstaat [the state governed by law] 9. Glossary; state, the
Cohen on 184–185n30, 192–193n47, 197–198n51
enlightened Rechtsstaat 32–33
and equality 248
and the general good 248, 249
Hegel on 24–25, 32, 38
Hess on 128
historical progress rooted in reason 23
idealistic Rechtsstaat 181, 248
Judaism as an obstacle to 44
realizing the sovereignty of universal reason 50
reconciliation
Cohen on 181–182n28, 195n49, 212n63, 237–238nn106–107, 242n11, 263n131
of general good and individual good 31
of man with God 242n111, 263n131
between religious and secular Zionism 275
redemption 254, 362
Aḥad Ha-Am on 296, 314, 332
Aleksandrow on 318, 321, 322, 324, 325, 327–328
Borochov on 459
Cohen on 237–238nn106–107, 241, 244, 244n113, 246, 254–255, 261
Hess on 108, 108n5, 109, 110, 110n7, 111, 111–112n9, 114, 118, 125n36
Kierkegaard on 74, 75
Nietzsche on 55, 56, 57, 65
Reines on 335, 344
Syrkin on 430, 434
redemption of the exiled people 434
universal redemption 108n5
Reflections on the Philosophy of History (Syrkin). see Geschichtsphilosophische Betrachtungen (Syrkin)
Reform Judaism (Reform movement) 105, 147, 258
and Aḥad Ha-Am 278, 290n48, 303–304n72, 306
as assimilationist 130
and Cohen 150–151
Hess’s criticisms of 130n50
and Lazarus 132
universalism of 306
use of rationalism 113n12
Reines, Isaac Jacob 27–28, 314, 316–350, 336n34, 337n37, 338nn38–39, 340n42, 342n47, 346n54
and Aḥad Ha-Am 345, 349
and Aleksandrow 314, 345, 350
and Herzl 330, 330n28, 345
and Hirsch (Samson Raphael) 347
Kook proposing synthesis of Reines and Aleksandrow 350
and Maimonides 347
and Nordau 345
and Pinsker 330
writings of 329, 334–335, 335nn31–32, 336, 336n34, 339n41, 346, 347, 348n61
Reinharz, Jehuda 247n118
religion
Aḥad Ha-Am on 277–278, 278n29, 289, 294–302, 314
and ethics 302–311
attitudes about during the nineteenth century 3
Cohen on 160–164, 196–197n50, 208–210, 212n63
“categorical imperative” 230–236
Cohen’s methodology for discussion of religion 157–160
on God’s existence 217–225
religion and ethics 173n15, 176–177n21, 210, 220n74, 221n77
religion of reason 215nn66–67, 217, 246
transition from ethics to religion 158, 166–202, 196–197n50
Comte studying as a scientific discipline 98
Dubnow on national transformation of 351
idealism failing to fulfill role of 27
Kierkegaard on 68–90
“left-Hegelians” wanting abolition of the official status of 32
Marx and Marxism on 57
as moral theory 54
Nietzsche on 57–62
rebellion against 54, 56–57, 60–61
of reason for all humanity 153
religious emotion 416–417
religious Zionism 275, 331, 344, 345, 346, 349
Aleksandrow on 328–329
as a national philosophy of religion 316–350
and social processes 97
Spinoza on 59, 60
status of in the state 31, 33, 42
Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism (Cohen) 151, 154, 157–158, 206n57, 267
compared to Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone (Kant) 202–208
rationale for writing 210–217
Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone (Kant) 137
compared to Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism (Cohen) 202–208
repentance
Cohen on 152n2, 153, 199, 199n52, 201, 236–245, 237–238n106, 246, 254
meaning of 152n2
teshuvah meaning return or repentance 241
Repetition (Kierkegaard) 78
Reshamim [Impressions] (publication) 364
resignation, doctrine of 65
responsibility
Aḥad Ha-Am on 268, 275–276, 299, 384
Berdyczewski on 376, 384
Borochov on 449
Cohen on 157, 167, 167–168n9, 170, 180, 188n39, 189, 195n49, 205, 206–207, 208, 221–222, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 240, 242, 243, 245, 246, 248–249, 251, 262
Kant on 142
Kautsky on 406
Lazarus on 137, 144, 145, 148n92
Maimonides on 268
moral responsibility 137, 236, 248
mutual responsibility 101, 180, 206, 233, 442
Nietzsche on 56, 59, 70
Reines on 329, 345
Syrkin on 428, 432, 434, 442
revelation
Aḥad Ha-Am on 300, 307
Cohen on
creation and revelation 225–230, 228n91, 229n93, 237
revelation and reason 215
revolutions. Russian Revolutions; social revolution
Borochov on processes of 449–450
Rey, Paul 369
RJ. see Rome and Jerusalem (Hess)
Roman Catholic. see Catholic Church
Romantic movement in Germany 2, 74, 76, 81
Rome and Jerusalem (Hess) 108, 108n5, 111–112, 111n9, 113, 115–116, 451
ROR. see Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism (Cohen)
Rosenzweig, Franz 157, 159–160, 159n5, 203, 220
Roth, Leon as a Zionist 266
Russia 455–456. Pale of Settlement; pogroms, growth of
anti-Semitism in 14, 15, 392, 394, 395, 411
delay in implementing Industrial Revolution in 13
efforts to stamp out Jewish national identity in Russia/Soviet Union 16
Russification of Jewish youth 14–15
giving Jews status of equality-among-slaves 16
Jewish intelligentsia and proletariat in 391–396
Jewish workers’ movement in 390–399, 400–401. Jewish workers’ movement
Jewish National Social Democracy 405–409
and the Seimist movement 463n133
Social Democracy movements 405, 409–410
Russian Revolutions 5, 359
Communist Revolution 4–5, 439
October Revolution in 1917, 405, 464
Russian Revolution (1905) 448, 462
Russian Revolutions 53, 409
Socialist Revolution 4
Russian Social Democratic movement 405–409
SA. see Sefer Ha-Arakhim [Lexicon of Homiletics] (Reines)
Saadia Gaon (Saadia ben Joseph) 256n126
and Maimonides 309
Sabbateanism 270
Sabbath
Aḥad Ha-Am on 284n39, 305
Aleksandrow on 322n15
Borochov on 461
Cohen on 261–264, 263n130
“token of the world to come” 263n131, 264
Hess on 116n17
“Sabbath of creation” 117, 118, 121
“Sabbath of history” 118, 118n24
Zhitlovsky on 416
“The Sabbath and Zionism” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 284n39
Samuel (prophet) 251
sanctification 67, 241
Aḥad Ha-Am on 289
Berdyczewski on 375, 378
Cohen on 214, 226, 230, 231, 244, 246, 247
Kiddush Hashem (lit.: “sanctification of [God’s] Name”) 214, 375, 466
Lazarus on 137–138n61, 141n73, 148, 148n92, 149
Saul (king) 259
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm 26, 63, 74
and Aleksandrow 318, 320, 321, 326–327
and Kierkegaard 78
Schlegel, Frierich 81
Schopenhauer, Arthur 9, 65, 92, 156, 203
and Cohen 220, 249–250n119
linking Kant’s idealistic epistemology and Nietzsche’s anti-idealistic philosophy 62–65
writings of 63
Schwarzchild, Steven 159n5, 211n62, 245n115
Schweid, Eliezer on Cohen 159–160n5, 167–169n9, 170n10, 172n13, 176–177n21, 178–179n23, 180n26, 182–184n29, 185n32, 186–187nn33–34, 189–190n41, 190–191n44, 192–193n47, 196–198nn50–51, 200n53, 220n73
science 173. psychology; sociology
Aḥad Ha-Am on 276, 280, 289–290, 295, 296, 297, 307, 308, 353–354
scientific study of cultures 288, 289, 290n47
scientific study of Judaism 291–294
Borochov on 453
Cohen on 173n15, 174, 180, 202, 215, 216–217, 216n68
The Logic of Pure Knowledge (Cohen) addressing 164
developing from polytheism 215
Dubnow on 353–354
empirical science 91–102, 179
Hess on 119, 121, 122, 123, 126–127
need for critical philosophical thinking 163
and philosophy 160–161, 162
distinction between science and philosophy 92–94, 97
and reality 93–94, 101, 163, 172, 373, 421–422n30, 425
Reines on 329, 335–336, 337, 346, 346n54, 347
scientific positivism 172, 267, 272, 420
scientific rationalism 429
synthesis of scientific evolution 100–102
Syrkin on 421–422n30, 424–425, 424n36, 429
The Seal of the System Parts 1 & 2 (Reines) 329, 346
Second Aliyah. see Aliyah
Second Exile. see Exile, role of in Jewish history
Second Temple. see Temple in Jerusalem
secular culture. culture; Jewish culture
Aḥad Ha-Am on, secular Jewish/ Hebrew culture 271
debate on Judaism as a secular culture 312–389
development of as factor in increased assimilation 273
Sefer Ha-Arakhim [Lexicon of Homiletics] (Reines) 329
Seforim, Mendele Mokher 400, 407
Seimist movement 436n133, 463
self-awareness. see awareness
self-conception. see “I,” concept of
self-consciousness. see consciousness
self-identity. see identity
self-knowledge. see knowledge
self-transcendence. see transcendence 220
Sensation and Representation (Syrkin) 419, 423–424, 424n35, 425n37
sensory perceptions/experiences
Berdyczewski on 372, 377
Cohen on 161–162, 164–165, 167, 226
Kierkegaard on 79, 82, 83
Lazarus on 139–140
Syrkin on 425n37
sensualism
Berdyczewski on 377
Cohen on 179n24, 190–191n44, 191
Heine on 106n2
Hess on 122n32
Kierkegaard on 81, 82
Syrkin on 425n37
and Young Zionists 362
shalom” [peace], signifying all-embracing completeness [shelemut] 262
Shekhinah (lit. “indwelling”) 229. Glossary; kabbalah
sin
Adam passing carnal sin on to all who followed 74
Berdyczewski on 377
Cohen on 201, 236–244, 237–238nn106–107, 245
of the Davidic dynasty 254
hedonism as sin of the spirit’s betrayal 81
Job not sinning against God 235
original sin 240
and punishment 199–201
Sinai and Gerizim (Berdyczewski) 366, 380
Sinai Covenant 380
Berdyczewski on 381–383
Slater, Tsachi, and Kant 321n11
“Slavery in Freedom” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 273n18, 280, 280n33, 283n38, 290n48, 360
Smolenskin, Peretz 266, 400, 401
and Aḥad Ha-Am 269
Social Democracy movements 2, 447
in Europe and the United States 405
in Russia and Poland 410
Jewish National Social Democracy 405–409
“socialen Trieb” 428n44
social ethics. see ethics
social-historical existence of the Jewish people 350–359
socialism. Jewish socialism
constructive socialism 439, 464
ethical socialism 110, 114
Hess on 110, 111
synthesis of national and social thought 107–131
Jewish National Social Democracy 405–409
and the Jewish people 413
Lieberman as an international socialist radical 403
national socialism principles 437–438
in the radical Haskalah 399–405
radical socialism 110
rebellion against religion 416
“revolutionary socialism” 439
socialist nationalism 126, 409–417
national socialism at a philosophical level 409–417
synthesis of Jewish national and social thought 107–131, 108n5
socialist-Zionist philosophy 447
Syrkin on national socialism 437–438
Socialist Revolution in Russia. see Russian Revolutions
socialist-Zionist party 396
social justice. see justice
social order, Marx on 30, 51
social revolution
Borochov on 462–464
dialectic of fate of Jewish people 445–464
Marx’s theory of social-class revolution 429
Syrkin on 428, 429, 439
society
Berdyczewski on, function of human sociality 373
Cohen on 170–171, 178, 199, 221, 235, 239, 246, 257, 259
use of term society for state 178–179n23. state, the
as a collective entity 97
Hess on 126n40, 128–129, 131n51
theory of society and nationality 122–128
legal justification of stronger social classes 249
nations as broad-based social units 133
Reines on Sovereign Cause above human societies 337
Syrkin on 424n36, 427–428nn42–43
Torah and the spiritual quality of Jewish society 339
underlying basis of social life and group identity 124
sociology
Cohen on 172n13, 173, 179
Comte on 97, 98
Dubnow on 353–354, 356
laws of sociology 339–340
as a science 92, 94, 98, 100, 172, 172n13, 173, 179, 420, 421–422n30
Spencer on 100, 101–102
Syrkin on 420, 421–422n30
Socrates
and Cohen 215
and Kierkegaard 75, 77, 78, 79, 85
Solovyov, Vladimir, and Aleksandrow 318
sovereignty, Cohen on 181–182n28
Soviet Union. see Russia
Spencer, Herbert 100–102
and Aḥad Ha-Am 266, 267
Spinoza, Baruch 30, 53, 101, 107, 118n25, 199, 251, 253, 360
and Aḥad Ha-Am 295
and Bauer (Bruno) 43
and Berdyczewski 367, 369n92, 374, 376
and Borochov 452
and Cohen 155, 165–166, 202, 215, 227, 233n101, 249–250n119
and Hegel 157
and Hess 107, 109, 109n6, 114–116, 114n14, 118, 118n25, 119, 123, 129–130, 129n44, 130n48, 131, 429
and Hurwitz 387, 388
and Kant 155
and Lazarus 145, 146
and Marx 29–30, 40, 41–42, 46, 53
and Nietzsche 58, 59, 60, 62, 65, 67, 363n78
and Syrkin 442
spirit 48. body and soul (spirit)
spiritual center, Land of Israel as. see Israel, spiritual center, Land of Israel as
Spiritualism 125n37
Heine on 106n2
“The Spiritual Revival” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 280n36, 287n46
Stages on Life’s Way (Kierkegaard) 78
state, the 248–251. Rechtsstaat [the state governed by law]
Cohen on 180, 181–184nn28–29, 189n40, 248–251, 256–257, 259
“enlightened” state 249, 256
relation of nation-state to other states 248–249
status of religion in 31, 33, 42
Syrkin on the Jewish State 435nn61–62, 436–438
Steinheim, Salomon Ludwig 105
Stoics and Cohen 249–250n119
stychic forces of history as understood by Borochov 449–450n95, 457, 462, 466. Glossary
subjective awareness. see awareness
subjective individualism. see individualism 70
sublation/supercede [Aufhebung]. Glossary
moral sublation 83
of the rights of individuals into rights of the collective 50
suffering 233–234, 233n102, 246
Aleksandrow on 324
of the Messiah 254
and sin 242, 243
socialism as a protest movement against 436n63
as a step to redemption 244n113
“Summa Summarum” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 285n41
“superman,” Nietzsche on 57, 68
“The Supremacy of Reason” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 305
“survival of the fittest.” see evolution
Syrkin, Nachman 417–445, 437n67, 446. anti-Semitism; Bund; capitalism; consciousness; determinism; Diaspora; economics; exploitation; happiness; history; idealism; individualism; Jewish people; Jewish State; Judaism; justice; psychology; responsibility; science
and Berdyczewski 433
and Borochov 447
and Darwin and Darwinism 429
and Hegel 420, 421–422n30
and Herzl 418, 431–434, 436, 439, 440, 441
social perspective of the Bund 434
and Hess 417, 420, 420n27, 429, 441, 442, 442n80
and Kant’s idealism 426–427
and Lazarus 420, 420–421n28
and Marx and Marxism 420, 421, 422, 426–427, 428, 429, 432, 434, 435, 436, 443–444
and Nietzsche 427
and Nordau 436
as a positivist 423
and Spinoza 442
writings of 418–419nn23–24, 420–422nn27–32, 423–424, 424nn35–36, 425n37, 426nn38–41, 427–428nn42–44, 429n48, 430n49, 431, 431n51, 435nn61–62, 436nn63–65, 438n70, 439, 439nn71–72, 440n75, 441nn76,78, 442nn79–80
and Zhitlovsky 418
S. Z. (Socialist Zionism) 396
Talmud 286n44, 292, 380
Dubnow on 350–351n64
and logic chopping 452
Reines on 346
sea as a metaphor in 346n56
Syrkin’s opposition to 418
Tannaitic literature 380
Tchernichowsky, Saul 360
Temple in Jerusalem 258
First Temple 254, 381–382
Second Temple 254, 260, 276, 381, 382, 385, 412
Dubnow on 350–351n64
Ten Commandments 217
Territorialism and territorialists 414, 418, 448, 453, 462, 463, 463n135
teshuvah [return or repentance] 241
theocracy, Cohen on establishing 251–256
theodicy 9, 233, 233n102
Theological Political Treatise (Spinoza) 30
theophany, Cohen on 213, 222, 228
Third Aliyah 385
“Third Testament” 364
“This Is Not the Way” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 269, 272
“Thoughts on the Historical Destiny of Judaism” (Zhitlovsky) 412
Thus Spake Zarathustra (Nietzsche) 55, 60, 362, 364
“token of the world to come” 263n131, 264
Torah 302, 346, 347
Aḥad Ha-Am on 295, 303, 349
Torah of truth and justice 299, 308
Aleksandrow on 320n7
Berdyczewski on 377, 382, 384–385
Cohen on 257–258
combined with Derekh Eretz 330
and halakha 258, 336
and laws of charitable assistance 236
Lieberman on 404n11
Mosaic Torah 252, 438, 441–442
and Aḥad Ha-Am 297
and Cohen 212, 213, 236, 253
critique of 251
and Hess 129
and Kant 130, 146, 214
and Spinoza 130, 146, 442
and Syrkin 442, 443
Oral Torah 212, 292–293, 311. Mishnah; Talmud
Cohen on 257–258
Reines on 346, 347–349
Reines on 335, 335nn31–32, 349
and social justice 403, 438, 441
and spirital quality of Jewish society 339
Torah of the Exile 384
Written Torah 311
Cohen on 258
Reines on 347–349
“Torah of the Heart” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 277n26, 278n29
Training in Christianity (Kierkegaard) 78
transcendence
Cohen on 220, 220n73
and God 138, 148, 166, 217–218, 372
Syrkin on the thinking “I” 424–425
transcendental monotheism 327
“Transvaluation of Values” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 363n79
“transvaluation of values” of Berdyczewski 363, 367–369, 383–384
Aḥad Ha-Am on 366
calling for a new culture for the Jewish people 379–380
source of slogan 379
Treitschke, Heinrich von 132, 151
Treu und Frei [Loyal/True and Free] (Lazarus) 132
truth
abolishing validity of 64
absolute truth 63, 66
Aḥad Ha-Am on 298–299, 301, 302, 308
Borochov on 452
Cohen on 167–169n9
truthfulness in Cohen’s theory of virtues 188–190, 188n39, 189–190nn40–42, 191
knowledge of 6, 34, 63, 72, 160, 346
metaphysical truth 95
Nietzsche undermining 54–68
truth of nature 95
“Truth about Eretz Israel” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 386
“Truth from the Land of Israel” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 272
Turkey 431, 440, 460
and the Land of Israel 295–296, 431
Twilight of the Idols (Nietzsche) 55
Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics (Schopenhauer) 63
“Two Masters” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 277n26
tzedakah 154. Glossary
“Laws of Tzedakah”(Maimonides) 236
Übermensch (Nietzsche) 363
Uganda as a temporary refuge for Jews 329, 418, 448
ultra-Orthodox Jews [Ḥaredi] 131, 345
Aḥad Ha-Am on 269, 273–274, 277n26
and Emancipation 333–334
Hess’s criticisms of 130n50
and Zionism 323, 331–332, 350
Union of Jewish Workers. see Bund
United States
advocates of Jewish mass migration to 15, 268, 271, 272, 273n16, 459
capitalism as the basis for shaping national cultural identity 414
Dubnow’s influence in 359
emigration of Russian Jews to 16
as a major center of Jewish life 414, 415
Social Democracy movements in 405
working class in 390–391, 414, 415
Yiddish literature in 415
unity
Aḥad Ha-Am on 312–313
unity of life 129n45
of the world 121–122
universal reason. see reason
universal redemption. see redemption
universal revolution 450
Ussishkin, Menahem 448, 453
utopianism
Borochov on 449–450n95
Syrkin on 440–441, 441n78
virtues, Cohen’s theory of 185–197, 185n31, 185n32
morality not identical with virtue 196–197n50
“table” of virtues 186n33
courage and fidelity 190–191, 190–192nn44–45
defining terms in 186–188n34
honor and love 187–188nn36–37, 187–189, 189n40, 190–191n44
justice and philanthropy 192–197
truthfulness and humility 188–190, 188n39, 189–190nn40–42, 191
volitions 48
Borochov on 449–450n95
Cohen on 169, 170, 209, 222, 223, 227, 239
Hess on 116, 117–118, 121, 122–123
Lazarus on 137–138n60, 138
Syrkin on 424
“Volksgeist,” Lazarus on 420–421n28
war, Syrkin on 422n31
The Way of the Sea (Reines) 346, 347
Weltcultur, Lazarus on 144n83
What Is National? (Lazarus) 132
will
action of will 223n80
Berdyczewski on 370–371, 370n95
Cohen on 167–169n9, 169–170, 174, 174n17, 175–176nn18–19, 176, 177, 246
and divine wisdom 226
ethical will 175
free will 337n37
Syrkin on 424, 426n38
general will 249
Kant’s “good will” 175
moral predilection of 116n18
moral will 50
pure will 175n18
Reines on 337n37
relationship between thinking and will 167–169n9
will to life 65, 304, 312, 353, 371, 374
Darwinism on 371
will to power 38, 157, 363
Nietzsche on 58, 59, 62, 65, 66
will to survive 274, 275, 284, 285, 285n41, 309, 374
Aḥad Ha-Am on national will to life or will to survive 286–287, 304–305, 312
The Will to Power (Nietzsche) 55
working class 2, 4, 7, 8, 48. exploitation, phenomenon of; Jewish workers’ movement; labor; proletarianization
and anti-Semitism 15
Borochov on 455, 456–457
and the Bund 405–409
Jews suffering for their Jewishness 406
Lieberman on 401, 403, 404
Marx and Marxism on 33, 41, 45, 47, 52, 111, 401, 403
nationalism of 408–409
Plekhanov on 405
role of the virtue of justice 193–194
spread of eastern European Jewish working class 410
Syrkin on 432, 434
in United States 390–391, 414, 415
Zhitlovsky on 413, 414, 415
The World as Will and Representation (Schopenhauer) 63
World History of the Jewish People (Dubnow) 353
World War I 3–4, 53, 256n125
World War II 5
Written Torah. see Torah
“The Wrong Way” (Aḥad Ha-Am) 285n41
yeshiva (pl. yeshivot) 267, 316, 318, 329–330, 331, 349, 365, 377–378. Glossary
yetzer 240n108
YHWH 218, 222. God
Yiddisher Arbeter Bund. see Bund
Yiddish language 16, 351–352
as basis for national existence of Jewish people 409
and the Bund 407
and Dubnow 358–359, 359n75
as language for the Jewish workers’ movement 397
and Syrkin 418, 418–419n24
Yiddish literature 397
as basis for national existence of Jewish people 409
and Borochov 448
and the Bund 407
flourishing in the United States 415
and the Jewish worker’s movement 397
and Zhitlovsky 415
yishuv 331. Glossary
Yom Kippur 242n111, 244
Aḥad Ha-Am on 305
Cohen on 244–246, 261, 262
Young Zionists
Berdyczewski as leader of 365, 366
Nietzche’s influence on 359, 362–365
reactions to Aḥad Ha-Am 359–362, 365, 366
and Spinoza 362
Zarathustra 62, 364. Thus Spake Zarathustra (Nietzsche)
Zeitlin, Hillel 360, 363n78, 364
Zhitlovsky, Chaim 409–417, 446, 461
and Aḥad Ha-Am 415–416
and Dubnow 412, 413
and Hess 411–412, 416
and Kaplan 417
and Lieberman 412
and Lilienblum 413
and Syrkin 418
writings of 412, 412nn17–18, 413n19, 414, 417
Zion, Jews return to. see Jewish homeland, return to
Zionism 15–16, 266, 316, 331, 332–333. Israel; Jewish nationalism; Jewish State
and agricultural kibbutzim 435n61
and Aḥad Ha-Am 265–279, 288, 295–296, 303–304n72, 310, 312, 314, 325, 328, 329, 345, 351
pessimism of 385–386
on western and eastern Zionists 278n28
Young Zionists reactions to 359–362, 365, 366
and Aleksandrow 318, 322n16, 323, 328–329
and assimilating Jews 334–335, 338–339
and Berdyczewski 365, 366, 382
the Second and Third Aliyahs 385
as a total exodus from Diaspora 385
and Borochov 451, 456, 458–459, 462–464
and Marxism 445–464
“therapeutic” stage in Zionism 464n136
and Cohen 247, 255–256
and Dubnow 351, 353
and Herzl 274, 277, 325, 329, 330, 331, 345, 385, 419, 430, 435–436. Zionism, “political Zionism”
and Hess’s tradition religious love of Zion 113
Ḥibbat Zion 279
and Aḥad Ha-Am 269–270
and Reines 330, 331, 332
and Syrkin 419
and Hurwitz 386–387
Labor Zionism 410, 414, 418, 439n72
Labor Zionist Party 445
and Lilienblum 274, 400
Marxist-Zionist doctrine 453
Mizraḥi Party 329, 345
new Judaism (Hebraism) brought about by 360–361
and Nordau 325, 430
Orthodox religious Zionism 314
Po’alei Zion party 396, 446, 462, 464
“political Zionism” 270, 272, 275, 278, 295, 310, 330, 387, 413, 419, 430
“practical Zionism” 269, 272, 275, 400
and the radical Haskalah movement 383–384
and Reines 330, 331, 332, 336, 342–345
religious Zionism 275, 331, 344, 345, 346, 349
Aleksandrow on 328–329
national philosophy of religion 316–350
secular Zionism 275, 317–318, 322n16, 345, 350
Aḥad Ha-Am defining secular Zionism 331–332
aspirations 288
Reines on 342–345
and Seimist movement 463, 463n133
socialist Zionism 47, 391, 445
parties 396
Seimist movement as a splinter group 463n133
socialist-Zionist philosophy 417–445, 447
and Spinoza 362
“spiritual Zionism” 271, 326, 328
and Syrkin 419–420, 431n51, 434–436, 440, 441n78
on the Jewish State 435nn61–62, 436–438
and territorialism 414, 462, 463, 463n135
and ultra-Orthodox Jews 323, 331–332, 350
Young Zionists
Berdyczewski as leader of 365, 366
Nietzche’s influence on 359, 362–365
reactions to Aḥad Ha-Am 359–362, 365, 366
and Spinoza 362
youths in eastern Europe accepting 315–316
“Zionist for Zion” group 448, 453
Zionist nationalism 316
Zionist Organization 17, 440
Zionist Socialist Party 439
“Zion or Territory?” (Borochov) 463n135
Zipperstein, Steven J. 270n11, 277n26
Zunz, Leopold 105n1
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