Index
Abramovich, Raphael
8
absolutism
15, 25, 76, 79, 81, 85–86, 92, 106, 118, 133n, 138, 140–141, 152, 215, 242, 273
absolutist Europe
25, 106, 163
absolutist Spain
250
Adler, Friedrich
1
Adler, Victor
7n2, 275n7, 283n33
agrarian question
2, 255, 289, 290–291
agriculture
60, 62–63, 68, 78n2, 126, 207, 247, 277n16, 283n32, 289–292
socialisation of
291
Albert l’ Ouvrier
183, 234
Alfred I
273
Allemane, Jean
261
Alsace
76, 299
America
59, 150, 162, 242, 281
and the republic
16, 33, 57n1, 162–164, 243
discovery of
81
Revolutionary War of
168n7
American Labour Office
240
Amsterdam
2, 4, 81
Anabaptists
1, 287
Anarchism
57, 66, 85, 99–100, 110, 115, 149, 175n5, 259, 261n15, 266n24, 266n25
and propaganda of the deed
266
and violence
265–266
ancient freedoms
64–65, 72
Ancient Germanic tribes
25, 59
ancien régime
222, 225
annual congresses
51–52, 110
Anti-Corn Law League
123
Antiquity
59, 67, 73
Anti-Semitism
114, 190n5, 277n15
Anti-Socialist Law
1, 18, 22, 277–278, 281–282, 285–289, 291, 300
Antwerp
81
aristocracy
26–27, 37, 63, 65–67, 73, 82–83, 86–90, 92, 112, 118–122, 124, 126, 128–129, 158, 192
armed citizens
36–37, 59, 62, 166, 167, 191–193, 196–197, 209
See also militia …
atheism
150, 285n38
Athenian citizens
69–70
Athens
68–69, 93
Atlantic Ocean
81, 208, 280n25
Austrian parliament
45, 152
Austrian social democracy
1–2, 8, 175n5, 275, 283n33
average workers’ wage
34, 37, 197
Axelrod, Pavel
8n36
Babeuf, Francois
170, 175
Bachofen, Johann Jakob
284
Ballot Act
124
ballot box
22n95, 109, 122, 136n3, 137, 304
Bancroft, Hubert Howe
284
barbarism
20n89, 28, 60, 63
age of
60–61, 63, 70–71, 112
barracks
36, 209
Barthou, Jean Louis
217
Bastille
166
battle of June
137, 178, 185, 193, 200, 234, 265
battle for democracy
27
Baudin, Pierre
245
Bavarian revolution
157n2
Bebel, August
13, 29, 157, 229n24, 279, 283, 285, 288, 295, 298
Belgium
22n94, 122, 202, 240, 254, 299
Bernstein, Eduard
3, 17, 265, 281n28, 282–283, 286, 289–292, 298
bishops
166, 205
Bismarck, Otto von
136, 138, 165n2, 215, 253, 277n17
blacklists
136
Blanc, Louis
99, 145n4, 175, 179–180, 182–184, 187–188, 194, 213, 233–234, 265, 268, 275, 304
Blanqui, Louis-Auguste
175, 178–180, 183n9, 187, 191n9, 259, 268
bloody week
35, 200, 265
See also la semaine sanglante
Blumenberg, Werner
2n9, 7n34, 280n25, 285n40, 291n56, 296n75, 299n85
Bolsheviks, Bolshevism
7–9, 13, 300–302
Bonaparte, Charles-Louis Napoléon
172, 184, 189–191, 274n4
Bonaparte, Napoleon
170, 171n12, 202, 209, 212, 253
Boulanger, George Ernest; Boulangism
260–261
bound mandates
134
bourgeois class rule
32–33, 35, 39, 57, 118, 161, 171, 184, 257
bourgeois intellectuals
128, 143, 162
bourgeois literati
116
bourgeois parties
23, 54, 128, 134, 146–147, 149, 181, 289n52
the decline of
45
bourgeois radicalism
128, 174, 196
bourgeois republicanism
33, 157, 161, 191, 193, 209–210, 212–213, 229, 234, 251–252, 254–256, 259–262
See also the Radical Party
bourgeois revolutions
47, 256–257
bourgeois state
5, 23, 30, 181, 188
See also capitalist state
Braun, Heinrich
283–284
bread and circuses
69
Brentano, Lujo
303
Bright, John
100n2, 123n7
Briquet, Raoul
231n28
British trade unionists
188
Bronner, Stephen Eric
5, 30
Broué, Pierre
17, 21
Brousse, Paul
261
Bucher, Lothar
75n3, 113, 114n2, 134, 136n3
Buckle, Henry Thomas
277
Büdinger, Max
276, 281
Bürger- und Bauernfreund
258
Buerkli, Karl
43
bureaucratic-military states
151
Burgfrieden
3, 7
See also civil peace
by-elections
47
Caesar; Caesarism
59, 242
Callahan, Kevin
28n113
cantons
71, 91, 93–94, 105, 120, 145n
‘caoutchouc resolution’
28n13
capital city
77, 79, 143–145
capitalist exploitation
19, 113–114, 129, 141, 162, 215, 218
capitalist production
48, 77, 173, 258
capitalist state
16, 24, 38–39, 107, 130, 188, 191, 219, 243, 254
capitalist tenancy system
120
Carey, Henry Charles
277
cartels of politicians
242–243, 246, 251, 255
cattle rearing
60, 62
centralisation
of the economy
77
of state and society
30, 77, 87, 90, 107–108, 133, 151, 162, 170, 177–178, 198, 201, 205, 212, 268
of the workers’ party
55, 175, 261
Chamber of Deputies
202–203, 212, 215
Chartism
26, 57, 149
cheirotechnai
68n1
child labour
20, 234–239
China
190
Christian-Germanic states
72
Christian Social Party
190
Christian Social Party of Workers
190
cities
67–68, 73–75, 77, 79, 87–88, 119, 122, 124, 131, 138, 143–144, 151, 161, 203–204, 206, 223, 247, 249, 259, 289
city authority
68
city councils
244
city mark
68
city regiment
68
city states
25, 70, 94n4
civil peace
3, 13
civilisation
59, 62–65, 70–71, 277
civil servants
36–37, 189, 202, 205, 207
class society
18, 54
cleroi
69
Cobden, Richard
100n2, 123n7, 186n3
Code penal
227–229, 231
Cold War
8, 11
Colletti, Lucio
13n64
colonial policy
83, 120, 218, 226, 294
Kautsky’s distinction between old and new
215
colonial wars
55, 250
Colorado labour wars (1903–4)
164
Combes, Émile Justin Louis
217n5, 218n11
Comintern
8, 295n69
commodity production
76–77, 101, 169, 174, 176, 179
Concordat
36, 171, 208, 253–254
Confederation Genérale du Travail
231, 267
and Bourges Congress of
266
Conseil National
52
Considerant, Victor Prosper
145n, 149n5, 150n7
constituency boundaries
in England
119
in Germany
203
control commission (SPD)
52, 108
Convent
75
cooperation of the classes
168, 182–184, 213
cooperatives
13, 43n2, 46–47, 52, 62, 75, 96, 98, 178–180, 188, 229, 268, 293
Corn Laws
123, 125
corruption
23, 26, 57, 114, 116–117, 120, 133, 135, 147, 160, 163, 166, 187, 190, 216n4, 241–246, 255, 266–267
Cosmopolis
183
Count of Chambord
200
country squires
79, 193–194, 200, 212–213
coup d’ état
20, 170, 172n15, 181, 185n, 222, 255, 259, 302
craftsmen
68n, 70, 80, 87, 111, 131–132, 141
credit
80, 188
Crettiez sons
208
Croatia
273
Crusades
73
crypto-revisionism
17
cult budget
208
Cunow, Heinrich
299
Czechoslovakia
1, 8, 273
Czech nationalism
273
Darwin, Charles
277, 293
Darwinian theory
11, 59
Day, Richard B.
14–15, 38
David, Eduard
290
da Vinci, Leonardo
280
debt bondage
63
declassed
69
declassed intellectuals
187
De Girardin, Delphine
245
delegates
51–52, 64, 71, 110, 198, 203, 244
De Leon, Daniel
157n1
democracy
and the state
8–9, 15–16, 18, 21, 23–30, 33, 37–39, 67–69, 91–92, 106, 139, 142, 148, 163, 212, 214, 263, 292
and the workers’ organisations
49, 288
See also direct democracy; the democracy
democratic demands
142
democratic republic
1, 15–16, 28, 30, 32–35, 37, 39, 157, 161, 192n, 196–197, 199, 215, 242
département
35, 52, 166, 170, 203, 205, 206, 231, 247
De Pressensé, Francis
206
despotic monarchy
25, 118
dictatorial powers
55
dictatorship of the aristocracy
129
dictatorship of the bourgeoisie
39, 129, 139
dictatorship of the proletariat
28, 39, 82, 129, 139, 149n, 169, 210, 301
republic as the only form of
159
Diet
71
Die Gleichheit: politische Zeitschrift für die Interessen des arbeitenden Volkes
275
Die Neue Zeit
1–3, 14, 29, 262, 285, 286n43, 288, 289n53, 292, 293n63, 294, 296, 299n81, 300, 306
Dietz, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm
285, 288, 300
direct action
13, 45
direct democracy
24–25, 43n2, 94n4, 148, 151
direct legislation by the people
16, 24–25, 43, 45–46, 50, 58–59, 61, 68, 70, 93–94, 98, 103–104, 107, 109–110, 120, 130, 139–140, 143–144, 146–149, 151–153
disestablishment of the Church
34, 252, 254
See also secularism
Disraeli, Benjamin
138
division of labour
60, 64, 111, 130, 242
domestic market
76–77, 87, 192, 247
Donald, Moira
2, 11
Draper, Hal
23–24, 30
Dreyfus affair
28n112, 208, 262
Dühring, Eugen
1, 277, 282
dukes
72, 200
duties
65, 68, 72, 78, 80, 171, 189–190, 205, 221, 223n17, 224, 248
See also taxes
dynasties
76, 149n, 172, 215, 241–242
Eastern Bloc
7, 38
See also Soviet Union
Eastern Europe
83, 152–153, 216
East India
83
economic necessity
64–65
economic relations
67, 100–101, 130, 166, 248, 294
Edward VI
82
Egypt
64, 276
eighteenth century
25, 33, 79–80, 82, 86, 89, 106, 118–119, 121, 124, 166, 250, 256
eight-hour day
20, 128, 147, 233–235, 237, 287
Eisner, Kurt
29, 157, 159–161, 208, 221, 227, 303
electability census
122
elections
74, 90, 124–125, 135–137, 412n, 145–146, 167, 246, 277n17, 304
of state officials
21, 31, 34, 39, 108, 120, 166, 206, 243
electoral colleges
203
electoral reform
126–127, 172
of 1867
124
of 1885
122n5, 128
electorate
121, 137, 145, 213
eleven-hour day
233
‘Empire without the Emperor’
32, 215
employment tribunal
235n, 246
Endziel
23
See also Erfurt programme
Engels, Friedrich
7n33, 17n73, 66, 137n4, 165n3, 187n, 277n15, 278, 279n, 281n27, 282, 288–289, 291
and critique of the Erfurt programme
30–32, 34–35
and influence on Kautsky
1–2, 6, 8, 10, 12–15, 18–19, 30, 37–39, 283–286, 291–292
and the ‘Introduction’ to Marx’s Civil War in France
242–243
English bourgeoisie
26, 128
English Civil War (1642–51)
26, 82
English colonies
153
equilibrium between the classes
152
Erfurt programme
2, 4, 17–22, 24, 26–27, 30–33, 37, 39, 43, 109, 140, 288, 293n
and the totality of its practical demands
147
Ergasteria
68n
estates
73, 77, 79, 81–84, 118, 143
estate assemblies
71, 73–75, 79–81, 83–84, 134
equality
60, 168, 180, 220, 287
Euchner, Walter
39n149
Eudes, Emil
259n11
Europe
13, 46, 71, 80–81, 83, 86, 90, 93, 106, 144, 171, 173, 190n8, 204, 216, 278n21, 218n28, 247, 291, 294, 299
European monarchies
80, 83, 168, 173
European states
87, 90, 106, 118, 137, 151–152, 230, 247
Europe east of the Rhine
152–153
exports
215, 248
factories
68, 80, 157n2, 183n9, 234, 236–239
factory inspectors
234–235, 239
factory owners
68, 123, 126, 208, 239
factory slaves
68n
factory workers
111, 238
facultative referendum
91
See also initiative; referendum
faux parliamentarism
90, 137
Favre, Jules
193
federal assembly
75, 91, 144n
Federation of Socialist Workers of France
261n15
See also Possibilists
February Revolution (1848)
186–187, 227, 234
Ferry, Jules François Camille Ferry
279
feudal obligations
73–74
feudal state
65, 71, 80, 82, 173
Feuillants
168n
fighting proletariat
16, 43, 123, 132, 135, 137n4, 142, 149, 158–159, 194, 254, 265
final goals
22, 148, 179, 260
See also Endziel
First International
150n7, 187n4, 257, 277n18
fourth estate
73
France
33, 53, 83–84, 86–87, 92, 93n, 125, 164, 168, 173, 175–177, 181, 183, 188, 191–193, 196, 198, 213–214, 216, 222–225, 232–233, 236–242, 246, 248–260, 263–265, 267–269, 274, 306n
agrarian provinces of
35, 203
départements of
35, 52, 166, 170, 203, 206, 247
First Republic of
165, 200, 205, 210, 219–220, 253, 269
President of
36–37, 137n5, 184n, 193n13, 200–202, 204, 209, 212, 253, 266n25
Second Empire of
138, 172n15, 184n12, 185–186, 190, 193n10, 218, 229, 247
Second Republic of
32, 172–173, 184n12, 186n2, 190, 200–201, 203, 210, 234
Franco-Prussian War
216, 274
Frankish Kingdom
72
free competition
101, 123, 180, 241
the era of
123, 215
free craftsmen
68
‘freedom of criticism’
261, 267
freedom of labour
228–229, 231–232
freeholders
73, 119
freedom of the press
89, 104, 139
French Communist Party
165n1
French Liberals
33
French Radical Party
207n15, 212–213, 261n15, 191
French Revolution (1789)
25, 35, 46, 80, 82, 118, 143, 145n, 165–169, 176, 186n1, 210, 265, 281, 287, 291
French Revolution (1848)
27, 32–33, 35, 46, 82, 92, 124, 137n, 172–178, 183–184, 193, 200–202, 206, 210, 255, 268, 273, 275, 286, 291, 304
French Third Republic
3, 16, 191, 200–202, 206, 208, 209, 212, 251, 253
and decorations
243–246
and palms (academic awards)
244
and reactionary chamber of (1871)
143, 212
judiciary of
208–210
social policy of
226–227, 229–230, 232, 234, 241
socialist controversy over the
28–29, 31–36, 208–210, 215, 218, 257, 268–269
tax system of
219–221, 223–225, 247, 250
French social democracy
3, 165n1, 175, 177, 187–188, 194, 251, 257–258, 268–269
Havre Congress of
137
‘independent’ socialists of
261
Jaurès wing of
243, 262, 266
Marseilles Congress of
137n4
Freud, Sigmund
12
Friedenau
56
Fulbrook, Mary
17
Gaido, Daniel
14–15, 38
Gambetta, Léon
207, 213–214, 216, 252
Garibaldi, Giuseppe
274
Geary, Dick
10–13, 17, 21
General Gallifet
28, 192n
General German Workers’ Association (ADAV)
165n, 280n
general strike
22, 123, 157n1, 266–268
See also mass strike
general strike-ism [Generalstreiklerei]
266, 289n
George I
120n2
George, Henry
128
Georgia
305
German Empire (1870–1914)
1, 7, 203, 216, 250
Reichstag of
3, 13, 23–24, 103, 107, 127, 137–139, 203, 235, 277n17, 285n39, 294
See also Kaiserreich
German Foreign Office
4, 302–303
German Liberals
22n95, 47
German social democracy
8n, 30, 43, 137n4, 138, 165n2, 192n, 258, 260–261, 277n17, 281–282, 286, 293, 295n72, 298, 304–305
and ‘isolationism’
13, 23
Erfurt Congress of
18, 288
Frankfurt Congress of
289
See also SPD
German Revolution (1918)
5, 24n101, 157n2, 273, 283n2, 295n69, 300–304
Gilcher-Holtey, Ingrid
9
Girondins
145n, 168, 169n, 177, 206
Gladstone, William Ewart
186
Gotha Programme
1, 18
Government of National Defence
193n11, n12
Grévy, François Paul Jules
253
Groh, Dieter
20
Gronow, Jukka
10–11
Großstaat
25, 27
See also modern state
ground rent
119–120, 122–123, 125, 166, 290
Groussier, Arthur
238–239
Guesde, Jules
157, 165, 229, 258, 260–261, 266, 268
guilds
82, 84, 125, 131, 227
Gumplowicz, Ludwig
276
Habsburg monarchy
76, 81
Haeckel, Ernst
284–285
Hamburger Altonaer Volksblatt
280, 285n39
handicraft
67, 73
Hanseatic cities
161
Haupt, Georges
2, 5
Heidelberg Programme
4
Henry VII
82
Henry VIII
82
high finance
86, 92, 171, 216, 241, 246, 250–251
Hillquit, Morris
162–163
Hirsch, Karl
258
historiography
8, 38
Höchberg, Karl
281–284
Hödel, Emil Heinrich Max
278
Hohenzollern monarchy
76n, 215n
Holzheuer, Walter
9
household suffrage
124, 127
House of Bourbon
171, 172n14, 200
House of Commons
119, 127
House of Lords
119
House of Orléans
172, 186n2, 200, 216
House of Stuart
81–82
human nature
60
Hungary
81, 273, 274n3
national cause of
274
hunting
62–63, 245
Hussites
78n, 273
imports
171, 248
India
83, 276, 278
indirect taxation
166, 169, 171, 189, 205, 220–221, 223–225, 230, 248
industrial capitalists
86, 92, 121, 123, 128–129, 171, 241, 251
inequality
60, 211
inheritance tax
221–222
initiative
90–91, 94–95, 99, 103–105, 108, 137n5, 140, 143, 145n, 148, 151
See also referenda
intelligentsia
47, 88–89
interest groups
80, 103, 109
Iranian social democrats
2
Ireland
127, 278
Iroquois Confederacy
71
Iskra
28n113
Italy
202
national cause of
274
Jacobins
170, 176–178
Jacobin traditions
137, 177
See also revolutionary tradition
Jaurès, Jean
29, 29n115, 157, 160, 165, 183, 191n9, 233, 243, 254, 254n7, 262, 266
Jefferson, Thomas
281
‘Jewish press’
114
joint-stock companies
124
Joll, James
29n115
journalists
113, 115n3, 116, 130, 182–183, 196, 267
judges
72–73, 77, 112–113, 170, 198, 208, 231–232, 238–239
the election of
20, 34, 36–37, 39, 72, 166–167, 208
July monarchy
190
Junkers
171, 214
juries
113
jurisprudence
64, 72, 102, 111, 132
Kaiserreich
11, 15, 17, 21, 31, 37
Kathedersozialist
158n6, 190n5, 303n101
Kautsky, Benedikt
8
Kautsky, John
5, 9, 32n128
Kautsky, Karl
and alleged indifference towards politics
23, 38, 66, 157, 181, 268
and Darwinism
6, 10–12, 59, 276, 277–278, 293
and fatalism
10, 12, 13n64, 15, 38
and the conditions of working-class power
21, 37
and the dialectic
5, 6n31, 7, 9, 161n8
and the four aspects of his understanding of democracy
27
and the necessity of socialist revolution
15
and the neo-Hegelian interpretation of his legacy
6, 8–12, 38
and verbal radicalism
7
and the vulgarisation of Marxism
6, 9
Kautsky, Luise
11
Kings
64, 72, 84
Kings of Scotland
81
Kleon
68n
Kolakowski, Leszek
6n31
Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands
4
Korsch, Karl
6
Kosmos
285
Kossuth, Lajos
274
Kritchevsky, Boris
262
Kugelmann, Ludwig
296
L’ Humanité
165, 206, 232–233
la semaine sanglante
35
See also bloody week
labour aristocracy
124–126, 128
Lafargue, Paul
18, 137n4, 258, 261n14
landed aristocracy
67, 82–83, 119, 121–122
land reform
128
Landtag parliaments
203, 205
La Réforme
183
large landowners
68, 72, 82–83, 119, 122, 126, 130, 143, 233
La République française
252
La Vie socialiste
183n11, 191n9, 228n21
Lavy, Jean-Baptiste-Aimé
236–237
Ledebour, Georg
295
legislation
23–25, 36, 43, 45–46, 50, 52, 57–59, 61–62, 64, 68, 70, 72, 89, 93–95, 98, 104, 106–112, 120, 130, 136, 137n5, 139–140, 143–149, 151–153, 171, 181, 225, 288
implementation of
99, 106, 234–237, 239
uniformity of
99, 101–102
wording of
103, 132
legislative assemblies
94, 98, 106, 108–109, 135n, 143, 242
legislative process
97–98, 102–104, 140, 145n, 146–147, 268
and the direct participation of the people
140
Leipziger Volkszeitung
201, 289n53
Le Mouvement Socialiste
231, 238–239
Le Socialiste
238–239, 258
Lenin, Vladimir I.
5–9, 11–13, 15, 17, 29–20, 39, 175n5, 261n16, 287n44
levée en masse
192
Lépine, Louis
206
Liberal Party
126–128
liberal philistine
47
Liebknecht, Karl
295, 298
Liebknecht, Wilhelm
138, 258, 279, 280n25, 281, 285, 298
Lih, Lars T.
12–13, 15, 17n73, 21n93, 29, 38, 165n2, 175n5, 287n44
and ‘aggressive unoriginality’
12–13
Lincoln, Abraham
18
Lisbon
81
literati socialist
149, 183
livestock
61–62
local self-government
177
lockouts
162
Lorenz, Ottokar
276
Louis, Paul
207
Louis Phillipe I
186, 190n7, 193n10
Louis XIV
84
Louis XVI
145n, 167
Lukács, Georg
6, 12
lumpenproletariat
68–70, 78
Luxemburg, Rosa
3, 12, 201n4, 295, 298–299
Macnair, Mike
13–16, 30, 38, 100n2
Malthus, Thomas Robert
277–278, 297
Manchesterism
100
mandat imperatif
198
manufacturers
68, 80, 123, 239
martial law
164n3, 273n1
Marx, Eleanor
295
Marx, Karl
1, 2, 4, 8, 12–15, 18, 26, 28–31, 34–39, 68, 258, 265, 268, 277–278, 283–284, 286, 293
and the ‘traditional superstition of 1793’
173, 257
on the Paris Commune
71–72
Marx, Laura
295
Marxism
2, 5–6, 9, 11–13, 15, 17, 38, 187–188, 257–258, 266, 268, 279, 282–283, 286, 292–294, 299
Marxist economic theory
10, 275–276, 278n23, 282, 286, 296
mass strike
3, 295
See also general strike
materialist conception of history
4–5, 292, 294
matriarchy
284n36
Matthias, Eric
7, 9, 17
May Day
287
means of production
19, 47, 62, 97, 101, 174, 176, 251
means of rule
28n112, 33–34, 176–177, 186, 209, 211, 257, 267
meat consumption
249
Mediterranean
81, 216
Mehring, Franz
201n4, 295, 299
membership ballots
49
Menshevism; Mensheviks
8, 294
mercenaries; mercenary armies
63, 73, 78
merchants
68
Mesopotamia
276
Michelangelo
280
Middle Ages
71, 75–77, 79, 88, 112, 115, 134, 223
migration; migrants
62, 64, 67, 112
military service
36, 63–64, 78, 87, 144, 209
militia
20, 34, 36, 55, 81, 89, 164, 178, 198, 209, 293n62
See also people’s army
Millerand, Alexandre
21, 22, 28–29, 192n, 202n6, 218, 233, 236–239, 245–246, 258, 263–264
Millerand-Colliard law
239
Mill, John Stuart
277
ministers
21, 28, 84, 107–108, 167, 201–202, 204–208, 212, 215, 217, 229, 236–237, 264
mode of production
60–62, 64, 75–79, 83–84, 86, 97, 101, 107, 119, 129–130, 135, 143–144, 150, 174–175, 188, 195, 214, 219, 297, 304
modern state
24–26, 43, 76–77, 79, 84, 106, 108–110, 112, 115, 134, 140, 144, 151, 159, 226, 288
See also Großstaat
monarchical absolutism
92
monarchist restoration
28–29
monarchy
25–35, 79–84, 86–87, 89–90, 118, 121, 157–161, 163, 166–168, 173, 177, 183–184, 186, 190, 200, 203, 207, 210–211, 215, 226, 241–242, 255–256, 288, 291
Montagne; Montagnards
145n, 169n8
More, Thomas
287
Morgan, Lewis Henry
284
Motteler, Julius
258n10
Münzer, Thomas
287–288, 296
municipal councillors
197, 236n30
municipalities
55, 67–68, 75, 80, 89, 95, 97–98, 99n11, 106, 113, 134, 162, 166–167, 170–171, 177, 213, 219, 223
mutinies
80
mutual assistance funds
228
Narbonnais agricultural workers’ strike
232–233
national consciousness
130
National Constituent Assembly
166
National Guard
166–168, 170, 184, 191–192, 194, 197, 209
nationalisation
19, 97, 216
‘nationalist ministerialism’
191n9
nationality
75, 274
nation state
76, 299
natural rights theory
10
neo-Kantianism
5, 277n18
neo-Malthusianism
278
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
257, 286n41
newspapers
1, 28n113, 88, 113–116, 130, 144, 230, 274, 281
Nicolaevsky, Boris
8, 294n68
Nimtz Jr., August
187n4
Nobiling, Karl Eduard
278
nomads
62–63
non-violent revolution
291
normal working day
188, 227, 234
North American Indians
59, 242, 284
North German Confederation
136
octroi
166, 171, 223–224
officer caste
210
Old Sarum
199
Oncken, Wilhelm
202
‘one tribe, one vote principle’
71
Order of the Legion of Honour
202
Oriental despotism
66, 106
Orthodox Marxism
17n74, 28, 29n115, 165n2
overpopulation
278, 297
overproduction
264
Panama Society
116, 216, 218
Pannekoek, Anton
39
papacy
158
parasitic poor
68, 87
parasitic rich
68, 87
Paris
28, 36, 79, 81, 143, 145n, 167, 170–171, 173n, 175–178, 183–184, 191, 195–199, 201, 203–206, 208, 210, 223, 227, 230, 233–234, 240, 247, 249, 258–259, 263, 274
Paris Commune
28, 30, 32–37, 39, 137n4, 150n, 168, 175, 186, 188, 194, 198, 213–214, 243, 274, 291
parliament
23–26, 46–47, 57, 74–75, 82–85, 89–92, 95, 98–99, 103–104, 107–109, 113–114, 119–125, 127, 129–130, 133, 135–136, 138–140, 143–147, 151–152, 167, 175, 186, 200, 203–204, 224, 237, 241, 267
as the focus of modern political activity
43
as a weapon of class interests
23, 37, 39, 43, 45
parliamentarism
23, 25–26, 39, 43–45, 54, 57, 85, 90, 92, 104, 108, 110, 114, 118, 120–121, 123, 125, 129–130, 135, 136n, 137–138, 143–145, 151–152, 171, 261, 266–268
Absolutist opponents of
133n, 242
fatherland of
25, 123
parliamentarians
23–24, 29, 108, 123, 130–134, 145n, 217, 241, 246, 251, 267
parliamentary absolutism
76, 92
parliamentary activity
43, 45, 133
parliamentary cretinism
266–267
parliamentary democracy
24–25, 288
parliamentary republic
159, 255
parliamentary representatives
107
compensation of
20, 37, 122
particularism
75, 84, 87, 89, 138
patent tax
221
Parti Ouvrier
18, 26, 236n30, 258–259, 261
Saint-Étienne Congress of
261n15
Parti Socialiste de France
267–268
Ivry Congress of
259
Parti Socialiste Française
262, 267
Parti Socialiste Révolutionnaire
259
party discipline
85, 134, 261–262
party leadership
9, 52–54, 288, 300
party of a new type
7
party system
148–149
party ‘tyranny’
54, 85, 116, 134
patriarchal families
134
patricians
67–68
peace
51, 55, 93, 173, 192–193, 299
without annexations or reparations
298
peacetime economy
299–300
peasant deputies
73
peasant protection
289
peasantry
7n33, 26, 46, 82, 97, 130–131, 133, 143
Pelletan, Camille
217
Peloponnesian Wars
68n1
people’s army
31, 36, 293n62
See also militia
People’s Commissars
302–303
People’s Houses
45
Pericles
69
petty bourgeoisie
26, 46, 87, 130–131, 133–134, 141, 143, 169, 171, 174, 176, 184, 193, 207, 210, 214–215, 252, 256
philanthropic socialism
57, 174
See also sentimental socialism
physiocratic teaching
166
Picard, Ernest
193
piracy
81, 114
Pitt, William the Younger
120
plebeians
67–68
plebiscite
151
plundering
62–63, 81, 93n1, 218
Poland
25, 83, 118, 271
Reichstag of
83
bourgeoisie of
83
police
30, 80, 100, 106, 135n, 162–163, 178, 197–198, 206, 210, 227–228, 232, 239
political economy
10, 258, 275–276, 278n23, 296
‘historical school’ of
276n12
political parties
13, 22–23, 26–27, 38–40, 45, 47, 54, 84–85, 90, 103–104, 108–110, 120–121, 123–124, 126–127, 130–131, 133–134, 138, 141, 145–151, 169, 181, 192, 213, 230, 241–242, 246, 261–263, 267–268, 291, 301, 306
political power
16, 19–20, 31, 33, 38, 57–58, 68–69, 137, 139, 141–142, 149–150, 152, 163, 179, 181–182, 187, 195, 226, 259, 267–268
political rights
19, 59, 121, 124, 141–142, 152, 158
political struggle
19, 23, 38, 57, 121, 123, 131, 137, 181, 195–196, 227
Pope Pius VII
36, 171n12, 208
popular assemblies
59, 61, 64, 69, 71–72, 93, 107, 112, 120
popular legislation
45, 50, 57, 111–112, 149n, 288
population laws
297
Portugal
81
Possibilists
260–261, 266
See also Socialist Federation of Socialist Workers of France
power relations
45, 55, 68, 146, 176
Praetorian Guard
210
prefect
170, 205–206, 233, 236
Prelates
75
pretender to the throne
35, 200, 255
priestly caste
64, 66, 77
Prime Minister
210n3, 157n2, 186n3, 193n10, 207, 213n, 217n5, 229n22
principality
90
private property
64, 96–97, 99, 101, 197
prehistory
59, 284
press
2, 47, 52, 95, 107, 111, 117, 135, 157, 184, 186, 218, 238, 279, 306
as bulwark of the bourgeoisie
113–116, 182–183, 267
as commercially bribable [käuflich]
163
freedom of the
19, 104, 226, 139, 226
professional politicians
53, 124, 241–242, 250–251
progressive taxation
21n93, 222
proletarian class consciousness
125, 141–143, 146, 150, 159, 162, 178, 182–183
proletarian republicanism
32–33, 256
propaganda
23, 43, 52, 146, 256, 266, 268, 281, 291–292
propertied classes
45, 47, 57, 126, 132–135, 159–160, 180, 226
propertyless
53, 69, 77, 141, 142n2, 158
protective tariffs
101, 123, 125, 166, 186n3, 215, 222–223, 241, 277n14, 293
See also tariff policy
protector
63
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph
175, 178–180, 182–183, 187–188, 194, 196, 252, 265, 268
provincial philistines
79
provisional estate assemblies
71–72
Prussia
158n6, 165n2, 173n1, 200n2, 206, 209, 215n3, 216, 221, 223, 273n2, 283n32, 298
and three-tier suffrage
22n95, 138–139, 294
parliament of
107, 204
public life
37, 61, 130
purely economic organisations
137, 149–150
purely economic struggles
149, 178
Radek, Karl
299
railway policy
216
and guaranteed state subsidies
217–218
and les conventions scélérates
216
Rathenau, Walther
306
raw materials
87, 111
Raynal, David
217
reactionary chamber
of 1843
36, 201
‘reactionary mass’
126
‘Red Postal Service’
258n10, 277n17
referenda
24, 39, 50, 90–91, 94, 103, 108–110, 136, 140, 143–145, 148, 151
Reformation
88, 288n51
Reform Bill (1832)
119, 122
reformist socialism
21, 261n15
reign of terror
169, 170n11, 173–174, 227, 229
religious councils
112
representative assemblies
51–52, 71, 73, 90–91, 105, 107–110
representative democracy
21n93, 23–27, 37–38
representative system
23–26, 51–52, 57, 71, 92–94, 107–108, 110, 113, 118, 122, 129, 136, 139–140, 143, 148, 171
republic
as the only political form corresponding to socialism
31, 157–159
Republican Committee for Trade and Industry
264
republicanism
1, 12n58, 15–17, 27–32, 39, 157
and ‘duping the workers’
160, 163–164, 213, 262
‘republican ministerialism’
191n9, 265–267
‘republican superstitions’
33, 163–164, 257, 260, 268
revisionist debate
3, 11, 17, 28–29, 157, 193, 289–291, 293–294, 296n, 299n
revolutionary patience
14
Ribot, Alexander
207
Ricardo, David
277
right of association
142–143, 184, 226–232, 234
Rittinghausen, Moritz
43, 45, 92–100, 104–105, 107–108, 110–111, 118, 130, 134, 135n, 136, 138–139, 145n
Robespierre, Maximilien
169
Rochefort, Victori Henri
196
Rodbertus, Karl Johann
158, 286
Roman Empire
20n89, 64
Roman jurists
73
Roscher, Wilhelm Georg Friedrich
276
rotten boroughs
79, 120, 122
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
94, 108
Rouvier, Maurice
217–218, 224, 230
Ruhr catastrophe
306
rural princes
73, 78, 80–81
Russia
2, 4, 5n25, 7, 8, 12, 14, 90, 106, 124, 133n, 163, 166, 173, 190, 201, 209, 243
and Kautsky’s impact on
14–17, 28n113
Russian revolution (1905)
4, 294–295
Russian revolution (1917)
4–6, 9, 14, 38, 301
and the April revolution
4
and the Constituent Assembly
301
Russo-Turkish War
90
Ryazanov, David
7
Salvadori, Massimo
9, 30
Sand, George
274
savagery
60–61
Schäffle, Albert
277
Schippel, Max
293
Schönlank, Bruno
289
Schramm, Carl August
286
Schücking, Walter
303
scope of sustenance
278, 297
Second International
1, 7, 10, 13n64, 21, 25, 28, 287, 305
Amsterdam Congress of
157n1
and the ‘Centre’ faction
13
and the ‘revisionists’
21, 28, 261n16
Leipzig Congress of
304
Paris Congress of
28
Zurich Congress of
43n4
secret ballot
20, 90, 124, 136, 139
sectarianism
148
secularism
20, 34, 36, 253n5
and schools
20
Senate
201–204, 212–215, 217, 234–235, 237, 253
sentimental socialism
196, 258, 275
See also philanthropic socialism
Seyfferth, Karl
281
shepherds
93
short-term demands
17, 21
Simon, Jules François
193
slaves
25, 62, 68n1, 69–70, 84, 112
slave labour
61
slave trade
81
small craftsmen
111
smallholders
97
‘small staters’
200
Smith, Adam
277
social decay
20n89
Social Democrat
281, 283, 286, 288
social-democratic republic
93, 157
social development
47, 88, 111, 132, 141, 161, 214, 246, 257, 260
socialisation commission
4, 303
social kingship
158
social peace
92, 229, 265
social reforms
18–19, 103, 128, 147, 163, 179, 219, 225, 238, 268, 277n16
social republic
173, 184, 234, 255, 260
socialism
1–4, 6, 10, 13, 15–17, 19–21, 25, 29, 31, 47, 57, 128, 158, 162–163, 174, 274–278, 281–282, 286–288, 291–294, 301, 304–306
Socialist International
21
See also Second International
Socialist Labor Party of America
157
socialist ministerialism
21, 28n113, 265–268
socialist revolution
6, 9–10, 13n64, 14n67, 16–17
Socialist Party of France
52, 243, 265
Socialist Workers’ Party of Germany (Eisenachers)
279n24
Solf, Wilhelm
302
sovereign assembly
68
Sozialdemokratische Abhandlungen
95, 98
Spain
81, 201–202, 250
Spartans
68n1
Stalin, Joseph
7
Stalinism
and Karl Kautsky’s legacy
7–8
standing army
20, 30, 34, 55, 81, 89, 197–198, 209, 242, 250
and aristocratic officers
167
state budget
74, 99, 207–208, 218, 221, 223, 225, 245n39, 263
authorisation of
138n
state bureaucratic apparatus
16
repressive organs of
198
state business
68, 83, 107
state coffers
82, 121, 124, 145
State Council
137n5, 217
state debt
87, 166, 225–226
state institutions
37, 210
state of emergency
74, 173
state officials
21, 31, 68, 72, 107, 206
state of the future
3, 18, 58, 97, 153, 277n15, 294
state police
80, 106
state prosecutor
36, 208
state-run economy
281
statesman; statesmen
69, 121, 123, 215n, 302n94
state socialism
19, 31, 265
state taxes
87, 106, 130, 218, 223, 247
Steenson, Gary
10–11
Steinberg, Hans-Josef
5, 9, 11
Stolle, Wilhelm
258n10
state militia
164n3
strikes
49, 157n2, 162, 164n3, 188, 231–233, 239
strike-breakers
246
struggle for the right to vote
90, 126
Stuttgart
6, 44, 285–286, 288
surplus
63, 77, 157, 221, 296
Swabia
76
Sweden
25, 118
Swiss Confederation
71, 105, 144n, 152
Swiss Federal Constitution (1874)
91
Swiss social democracy
288
Synods
112
Tacitus
59, 62, 285
tariff policy
225
taxes
122, 144, 166–167, 170–171, 189, 219–226, 247–248
tax officials
79
tax policy
190
tax relief
101
tax revenue
218
technological progress
60, 63, 297
tenant farmers
82, 122
ten-hour day
57, 123
Teutons
62, 64
the bourgeois democracy
46, 92, 137, 142
the press problem
115
Thalamas, Amédée
254
The Civil War in France (1871)
197, 242
and Kautsky’s interpretation
34–35, 37
The Great Unrest
49n3
The Communist Manifesto
149
Thingen assemblies
64
Theories of Surplus Value
157, 296
theory of force
59–60
theory of value
292
the right to bear arms
63
Thiers, Adolphe
193–194, 201
time book
229n24
Tories
84, 120–121, 124
Townshend, Jules
6
trade
67–68, 73, 77, 113, 120–121, 169, 171, 179, 186n3, 248
trade agreements
201, 250
trade unions
13, 25, 46, 85–87, 89, 98, 116, 12–125, 136, 150, 163, 228–223, 241, 266–268, 294
officials of
51
members of
49, 51–52
transaction taxes
189–190, 221, 225
transitional economy
300
tribal assemblies
59, 72
tribal officials
59
Trotsky, Leon
7, 8n35, 11–12, 15, 17, 29
Trotskyism
18n77, 175n5
Tsarism
163n2, 191n9, 264
Turkey; Turks
83, 90, 133n
Übermensch
115
Uhry, Jules
231, 238
Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
3–4, 302–304
unemployment; unemployed
74n, 126
United States
125, 153, 162, 240, 250
See also America
universal suffrage
21, 26n106, 31, 34, 37, 39, 43, 54, 57, 99, 118, 123, 132, 136–139, 141, 146, 152, 168, 184, 192, 197, 202–204, 206, 213
unequal and indirect
203
urban democracy
67
urban magistrates
79
Urquhart, David
75n
urwüchsig
175, 195
van Ree, Erik
27n108
Vaillant, Eduard
258–260
vassals
77–78
Venice
25
Venetian Republic
73
Versailles
28, 143, 193–194, 196
Treaty of
302n, 303n
village communities
67, 76, 106, 130
Volksstaat
279
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet)
252
von Bismarck, Otto
18, 136, 138, 165n2, 215, 235, 253n5, 277n16, 316n3
von Brockdorff Rantzau, Ulrich
302
von Bülow, Heinrich
3, 294
von Monteglas, Max
303n99
von Schweitzer, Jean Baptista
280
von Stürgkh, Karl
2
von Vollmar, Georg
19n86, 289
Vorwärts
29, 43, 58n, 157, 159, 208n21, 279, 299n
Wagner, Adolf
190, 218, 220, 223–224, 225n, 281
Waldeck-Rousseau, Pierre
21, 28, 218n
warfare
63, 71, 78n, 196, 216
war credits
3, 8n35, 295n70, 298
war of conquest
55
War of the Roses
82
warrior caste
63–64, 76–77
Weill, Georges
251–252
Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
24n101, 303n98
Western Europe
46, 83
wheat consumption
249
Whigs
84, 120–121, 124
worker protection
21n93, 103, 188, 234–235, 237–238, 241, 287, 289
workers’ committees
80
workers’ cooperatives
180, 188
workers’ movement
1, 3–4, 19–23, 25, 27–28, 37, 43n2, 49, 51, 57, 126, 136, 150n6, 163, 165n2, 258–259, 263, 277n15, 283n33, 293, 304–305
Workers’ Protection Act (1891)
237
workers’ wage
37
working-class government
21, 34, 37
working-class independence
165n2
world trade
77, 81
World War I
2–6, 9, 13, 294n68, 298, 299n81, 306n105
Zetkin, Clara
6, 301n90
Zhordania, Noe
17n73
Zola, Émile Charles Antoine
208
Zubatov, Sergei Vasilyevich
163