Index
The major themes, scenes and motifs which are discussed in the text, are displayed in italics. Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations and page numbers followed by a ‘t’ refer to tables.
Abusir
mortuary temples at, see Sahure’s mortuary temple
tombs at, see Tepemankh’s tomb
Abydos
chapels at, see Senwosret’s chapel
representations of journey to
13–14, 66, 69, 70, 194, 257, 258, 611
stelae from, see stelae
wall fragments from, see wall fragments
Acacia nilotica (gum arabic tree)
162
acrobatic dance
in general
454–458
compared to Old Kingdom
458–459
examination of
459–460
hairstyles/headdresses in
458, 460, 461–462
jewellery in
456, 458
mimic dance accompanying a statue procession
460–464
rhythmists in
455, 459, 461
and statue processions
470
see also acrobatic dancers
acrobatic dancers
in general
463
and act of anasyrmenê
477–479
and rhythmists
565, 568
and singers/reciters
571, 589
see also acrobatic dance; dance
acrobatics, definition of
428
adoration gestures
in general
356–357
of ḏr.tj-mourners
624
in games and acrobatic exercises
419
in linen production
54
age
in bread-making and brewing
241
in games and acrobatic exercises
414, 416–417
in grain cultivation
188
in linen production
53–54
in rendering accounts
285
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
349
agricultural pursuits
175–176
see also grain cultivation
Ahanakht i’s tomb (Dayr al-Barsha; Tomb 5)
dating of
433
decorations in
of dance
528
compared to Old Kingdom
464–465
descriptions of
433–434
examination of
464, 471
garments in
474
position of
522
of grain cultivation
195
Akhethotep’s tomb (Saqqara)
dating of
188–189
decorations in
of grain cultivation
188–189
of linen production
61
Amarna
beer production at
208
quern emplacements from
239
talatat-block from
59, 62–63
Amenemhat’s tomb (Beni Hasan, bh 2)
dating of
178
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
268
age in
241
bread moulds in
240
descriptions of
215–216
examination of
219–220, 221, 223, 226–228
garments in
231
hairstyles/headdresses in
232, 252
position of
258
querns in
236, 238, 239
of dance
531
compared to Old Kingdom
469–470
descriptions of
438–440
examination of
459–460, 466–467, 471
garments in
467, 473
hairstyles/headdresses in
467
position of
523
postures and gestures in
466–467
of female musicians
598–600
compared to Old Kingdom
591
garments in
584
harpers in
577–579, 582–583
harps in
583, 586, 587
postures in
582–583
rhythmists in
566, 567
of Festival of Hathor
in general
661
of grain cultivation
200
in general
174
descriptions of
178–179
garments in
185
gleaning in
181–182, 184
position of
194
with Hathoric connotations
578–579
with mꜣꜣ-theme, multiplicity of
362
of statue processions
459, 462–463, 465–468, 470, 471, 655, 661
of women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
369
descriptions of
328–329
male servants/attendants in
353
position of
360
postures in
335, 338
relatives in
345
false door in
194, 215, 258, 328, 360, 577, 661
Amenemhat’s tomb (Thebes; tt 82)
456
Amun (god)
489
anasyrmenê (skirt-lifting)
477–479, 507
Ankhmahor’s tomb (Saqqara)
618–619, 634
ankh-signs
351–352
Ankhtifi’s tomb (el-Moalla)
association with Sobekhotep’s tomb
291
dating of
26
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
263
age in
241
descriptions of
211–212
examination of
222, 225–226
garments in
229
hairstyles/headdresses in
232, 252
jewellery in
233
position of
255–256
querns in
235
of dance
525–527
in general
655
descriptions of
431–433
examination of
471–473
garments in
474–475
hairstyles/headdresses in
476
jewellery in
476
position of
522
of female mourners
compared to Old Kingdom
618–619
expression of mourning in
617–618
position of
637
of female musicians
594–595
in general
658
compared to Old Kingdom
588, 589, 591
garments in
583–584
hairstyles/headdresses in
593
harpers in
576, 582–583
harps in
583, 586
postures in
582–583
rhythmists in
565, 567, 578
of Festival of Hathor
526–527
in general
656
female relatives in
516
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
118
attributes in
107
descriptions of
82–83
examination of
91
hairstyles/headdresses in
511–512
position of
113
postures in
98
relatives in
99, 101
of hair-dressing
304
with Hathoric connotations
483, 486
of linen production
71
descriptions of
26–28
examination of
45–46
garments in
51
position of
65–66, 70
tools in
56
Ankhu (Ukhhotep iii’s wife)
450
anklets
in acrobatic dance
456, 458
in bread-making and brewing
233–234
in dance
456, 458, 476–477, 504
of female musicians
585
in Festival of Hathor
504
in form of claws
456, 458, 477
in fowling and fishing by women
163–164
in fowling with clapnet
151
in fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
103
in games and acrobatic exercises
414
in grain cultivation
185
in hair-dressing
302
in women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
392
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
346–347, 354
in women visiting tomb
400
Anuket (goddess)
494
Ashayet
305
Ashayet’s sarcophagus
511
ash-grey colours
632
Asyut
Hathor cult in
487
tombs at, see Djefaihapi i’s tomb; Iti-ibi-iqer’s tomb; Khety ii’s tomb; Minhotep’s tomb; Northern Soldiers Tomb
attendants, see servants/attendants
attributes
ankh-signs
351–352
birds
107, 110, 357
fans
108–109, 110, 353, 578
in Festival of Hathor
509–510, 512–514
fly-whisks
107–108, 110, 352, 354
in fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing by tomb owner
106–109
lotus flowers
106–107, 117, 161, 166, 349–351, 489–490, 509
menat-necklaces, see menat-necklaces
mirrors
302–303, 304–305, 577
papyrus plants
107, 110
sistra
480, 513–514, 572, 578
spears
107, 110
staffs, see staffs/sceptres
sunshades
184, 186n76, 192–193, 479, 484–487, 520
throw-sticks
107, 110
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
349–353
bags
186
see also carrying of grain bags
bag-tunics
in general
660
of female mourners
631, 634
in games and acrobatic exercises
417
in linen production
51–52, 649
in women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
392
Baket i’s tomb (Beni Hasan; bh 29)
dating of
83
decorations in
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
119
descriptions of
83–84
position of
114
postures in
96, 98
relatives in
100
sunshade bearers in
192
Baket ii’s tomb (Beni Hasan; bh 33)
90, 114
Baket iii’s tomb (Beni Hasan; bh 15)
dating of
31
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
267–268
age in
241
bread moulds in
240
descriptions of
214–215
examination of
220, 223, 227–228, 267
garments in
230, 231
gender-based division of work in
246
hairstyles/headdresses in
232, 252
position of
257–258
querns in
236, 239
of dance
531
descriptions of
436
examination of
466–467
garments in
467, 474
hairstyles/headdresses in
467
position of
522
postures and gestures in
466–467
of female musicians
596
compared to Old Kingdom
589
garments in
584
harpers in
582
harps in
586
postures in
582
rhythmists in
565, 566, 568, 569
singers and harpers in
572–573
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing by tomb owner
120
descriptions of
84
position of
114
postures in
93
relatives in
101
of games and acrobatic exercises
420–423
in general
654
of abstruse activity
418–420
age in
414
compared to Old Kingdom
414–417
description and examination of
407–410
garments in
412
hairstyles/headdresses in
413
position of
417–418
of linen production
73
adoration gestures in
54
age in
53–54
descriptions of
28, 31–33
examination of
44–45, 46–47, 48–50
garments in
51–52
hairstyles/headdresses in
53
versus Khety
59–60
position of
67–69, 70–71
tools in
55, 57–58
with mꜣꜣ-theme, multiplicity of
361
of papyrus rattling
120
in general
82
descriptions of
84
of rendering accounts
287
compared to Old Kingdom
285–286
description and examination of
283–284
garments in
285
hairstyles/headdresses in
285
in general
650
position of
286–287
of statue processions
68–69, 462–463, 465–468, 522
of tax collection
282–287, 650
of women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
364
attributes in
350–351
descriptions of
325
female servants/attendants in
354–355
jewellery in
346–347
position of
360
postures in
338–340
relatives in
345
false door in
258, 286n31
ball games
juggling
409, 411, 412, 413, 415
‘Reitballspiel’
409, 410–411, 412, 413, 415
rhythmic throwing of ball
409–410, 411, 412, 415
balls
414
bandeaux, see headbands/fillets/bandeaux
banquet scenes, see festive scenes
barley
171, 206
see also bread-making and brewing
el-Barnugi, see Eastern tomb
barrette-shaped hairstyles
509–510, 584
baskets
109
Bawi’s tomb (el-Hawawish; ba14)
358
beaters
49–50
see also linen production
beatings (punishments)
282–283
Beautiful Festival of the Valley
489, 499, 516
Bebi’s tomb (el-Kab)
308–309
beer, see brewing
belts/girdles
in dance
475, 476–477, 478, 661
in fowling and fishing by women
164
in grain cultivation
185
Beni Hasan
tombs at, see Amenemhat’s tomb; Baket i’s tomb; Baket ii’s tomb; Baket iii’s tomb; Khety’s tomb; Khnumhotep i’s tomb; Khnumhotep ii’s tomb
‘Bettenszenen’/‘Bettenritual’
620
birds
in general
357
carrying of
by men
95–96
by women
107, 110
see also fowling and fishing by women; fowling with clapnet by tomb owner; fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing; under specific bird species
black colours
632
blocks/elevated platforms
57, 111
Blue Egyptian water lily (nymphea coerulea)
106–107, 110, 117, 349–350
body chains
476
see also belts/girdles
Book of the Heavenly Cow (Destruction of Mankind)
508, 521
bracelets
in bread-making and brewing
233–234
in dance
476–477, 504
of female musicians
585
in Festival of Hathor
504
in fowling and fishing by women
163–164
in fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
103
in games and acrobatic exercises
414
in grain cultivation
185
in hair-dressing
302
in women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
392
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
346–347, 354–355
in women visiting tomb
400
braids
401, 413, 414
bread baking
gender-based division of work in
241–250
production process of
206–207, 226–229
see also bread-making and brewing
bread moulds
227–228, 240
bread-making and brewing
261–273
in general
206–209, 649–650
age in
241
compared to New Kingdom
208, 239
compared to Old Kingdom
209, 250–252
garments in
229–231, 251
gender-based division of work in
241–250
hairstyles/headdresses in
232–233, 251–252, 461
jewellery in
233–234
position of, in decorative scheme
253–260
overview of
278–281t
pillars and walls
255–259
porticos
253–255
summary of
260
scenes and motifs in
overview of
219, 274–276t
grain processing
219–226
flour sifting
224–225
garments in
230–231
grinding grain
221–224
operating vat with flour (uncertain)
225–226
pounding grain
219–220
preparing roasted grain of emmer and barley
225
sieving
220–221
winnowing grain
220
preparation of conical bread loaves
226–228
filling moulds with bread dough
227–228
fuelling a hearth
227
garments in
231
moulds have been emptied by turning them upside down
228
polishing or cleaning the surface of a bread loaf
228
preparation of bread dough
226
taking out mould from hearth
227
preparation of flatbread
228–229
storing bread loaves
229
tools in
bread moulds
227–228, 240
querns
221–223, 224, 230–231, 234–239
vats, for mixing bread dough
226, 240–241
breast beams
33, 35, 42, 48, 49, 50
brewing
207–208, 245–246, 247, 249, 250
see also bread-making and brewing
bridge (acrobatic exercise)
407, 412, 413, 415
broad collars, see necklaces/collars
brooms
182–183, 191
brownish colours
342–343
Busiris, representations of journey to
13–14, 611n18
butt kick jump (acrobatic exercise)
408, 410, 412, 413, 415
carrying of grain bags
183–184, 204t
‘la chasse à la panthe’
162
children, games played by
416–417
circling-game
407, 408, 410, 412, 413, 415
clapnets, see fowling with clapnet by tomb owner
clarinets
564, 575, 585, 590, 592
classification systems
11–12
claws
456, 458, 477
cloth, washing of
25
coffins
transport of
621, 626–628
see also Henui’s coffin; Inetites’ coffin; Menqabu’s coffin; Seni’s coffin
coiffeuses
297–298, 652–653
collars, see necklaces/collars
colour use
in garments
in general
504–505
ash-gray
632
black
632
green
508
red
507–508
in statue bases
342–343
columns
lotiform
339, 350–351
papyriform
303, 398, 400
conical bread loaves
226–228, 243–244, 246, 248–249, 250–251
The Contendings of Horus and Seth
478
cowrie shells
476–477
craftmanship
linen production, see linen production
male domination of
25
net manufacturing
60–61
curly hairstyles
347–349
curved inward hairstyles
510–511, 660
Cusae, Hathoric cult in
481, 483, 494–495, 500–501, 507
cyperus papyrus (papyrus plant)
107, 110
Dagi’s tomb (Thebes; tt 103)
dating of
28–29
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
266
bread moulds in
240
descriptions of
213–214
examination of
220, 224, 227–228
garments in
230, 231
gender-based division of work in
246
hairstyles/headdresses in
232–233, 252
position of
254
querns in
236
of linen production
72
descriptions of
28, 29–31
examination of
43–45, 47, 50
garments in
51–52
position of
66
tools in
56, 58
with mꜣꜣ-theme, multiplicity of
362
of women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
363
descriptions of
324
jewellery in
346–347
position of
360
postures in
338
relatives in
344, 345
dance
525–554
overview of
556–557t
in general
428–431, 654–655
compared to New Kingdom
430–431
compared to Old Kingdom
458–459, 464–465, 468–471
descriptions of
431–454
examination of
454–473
garments in
461, 463, 467, 469, 473–475
gestures in
464, 465, 466–467, 469, 471–472
hairstyles/headdresses in
467, 469, 473, 475–476
and Hathoric connotations
478, 491
inscriptions in
467–468
jewellery in
456, 458, 476–477
position of, in decorative scheme
522–524, 560–561t
postures in
464–465, 466–467, 469, 471
scenes and motifs in
acrobatic dances
in general
454–458
compared to Old Kingdom
458–459
examination of
459–460
mimic dance accompanying a statue procession
460–464
and statue processions
470
formation dance
compared to Old Kingdom
464–465, 468–471
dance accompanying funerary repast
464–465
dance accompanying statue procession
465–468
jbꜣ-dance and its variations
464–471
linked hand dance
472–473
salute dance type
465, 471
singular partner dance
472
and statue processions
454, 460–463, 465–468, 470, 471, 522, 655
see also female musicians; Festival of Hathor
dance accompanying funerary repast
464–465
dance accompanying statue procession
465–468
dancers, see acrobatic dancers, dances/dancers
dances/dancers
classification of
428
definition of
428
male and female in joint performance
470–471
see also dance; harvest dances; jbꜣ-dance; jbꜣ-dance and its variations; khener-dancers; mww-dance/dancers; swastika dancers
daughters, see relatives
Dayr al-Barsha
tombs at, see Ahanakht i’s tomb; Djehutyhotep’s tomb; Djehutynakht vi’s tomb
deceased, temporary return of
514–515
see also rebirth/regeneration
decorative programmes
analysis of
2–3, 4
classification system of
11–13
purpose of
5
and validity of images
5
decoys
107
Deir el-Bahari
burial chambers at, see Kemsit’s burial chamber
mortuary temples at, see Mentuhotep ii Nebhepetra’s mortuary temple
sarcophagi from, see Kawit’s sarcophagus
tombs at, see Mentuhotep ii Nebhepetra’s tomb
Deir el-Gebrawi
tombs at, see Djau’s tomb; Hemre Isi’s tomb
Deir el-Medina
quern emplacements at
239
tombs at, see Sennedjem’s tomb
Demi-seni (Merer’s wife)
292
Didumin (harper)
580
disk headdresses
in general
660
in dance
476, 491
of female musicians
584, 593
in Festival of Hathor
503
in formation dance
467, 469
in fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
104
in games and acrobatic exercises
413, 414, 417, 654
Djar’s tomb (Thebes; tt 366)
dating of
212
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
265
age of women in
241
descriptions of
212–213
examination of
221, 223, 225–226
garments in
229
gender-based division of work in
246
hairstyles/headdresses in
233, 461
jewellery in
233
position of
253–254
querns in
235–236
of female mourners
640–641
compared to Old Kingdom
618–619, 620–621
descriptions of
613
expression of mourning in
617
garments in
631, 634
hairstyles/headdresses in
511, 632
position of
636
gestures in
472
of grain cultivation
194
Djau’s tomb (Deir el-Gebrawi)
dating of
111
decorations in
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
of blocks/elevated platforms
111
Sekhet in
105
kiosks in
343–344
of papyriform staffs
351
Djefaihapi i’s tomb (Asyut; P10.1)
dating of
85
decorations in
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
123
of blocks/elevated platforms
111
descriptions of
85–86
garments in
104–105, 151–152
position of
114
postures in
97, 98
relatives in
101, 102, 112
Djehutyhotep (Ukhhotep i’s wife)
87, 329–331, 336, 351, 389, 446–447
Djehutyhotep’s tomb (Dayr al-Barsha; Tomb 2)
dating of
217
decorations in
in general
39
of bread-making and brewing
273
descriptions of
217–218
examination of
225, 229
garments in
230
gender-based division of work in
246
hairstyles/headdresses in
232, 233–234, 252
position of
259
of fowling with clapnet
157
descriptions of
150
position of
154–155
postures in
150–151, 165
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
127–128
descriptions of
87–88
examination of
91–92
position of
113, 116
postures in
97
relatives in
102
of grain cultivation
201
in general
174
descriptions of
179–180
garments in
185
winnowing in
182–183
position of
194–195
tools in
187–188
kiosks in
343
of linen production
77
descriptions of
27, 28, 39–41
examination of
44–46, 47–48
garments in
51
hairstyles/headdresses in
52
position of
69–70
tools in
57
with mꜣꜣ-theme, multiplicity of
362
of women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
375, 377–379
in general
653
attributes in
353
descriptions of
332–333
female relatives in
355–356, 358, 661–662
female servants/attendants in
353–354
hairstyles/headdresses in
103, 347–348, 349
jewellery in
346–347
male relatives in
356
male servants/attendants in
353
position of
359
postures in
336–337, 357
relatives in
344, 345
mention of
578
Djehutykai (Baket i’s wife)
84
Djehutynakht vi’s tomb (Dayr al-Barsha; Tomb 1)
dating of
86
decorations in
of female mourners
People of the Delta in
630–631
position of
637
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
descriptions of
86
position of
114–115
relatives in
100
of grain cultivation
195
Djehutynefer’s tomb (Thebes; tt 104)
59, 62–63
donkey-ride (game)
416
double oboes
450, 575, 585
‘Drehkreis’, see circling-game
dresses, see garments
drop spinning, see spinning
ḏr.tj-mourners
in general
617, 621–625, 658–659
compared to Old Kingdom
626–629
garments of
631–632
gestures of
624, 627, 628
hairstyles/headdresses of
633–634
jewellery of
634
postures of
624–625, 626–627
purpose of
622–623
Eastern tomb (el-Barnugi)
dating of
615
decorations in
of female mourners
644
coffin transport in
627–628
compared to Old Kingdom
627–628
descriptions of
615–616
ḏr.tj-mourners in
624, 659
hairstyles/headdresses in
634
position of
637
education, of women
20
Egypt, map of
8
Elephantine
naming of people from
631
quern emplacements from
238, 239
temple at
494
elevated platforms/blocks
57, 111
embalming rites
619–623
emmer wheat
171, 206
see also bread-making and brewing
enveloping hairstyles
in general
660
in dance
504, 505
of female musicians
584, 593
in fowling and fishing by women
163, 164
in fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
103
in linen production
52
in women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
392
in women visiting tomb
401
‘Erntetanz’ (harvest dances)
459
false doors
associated with
agriculture/food
194, 215, 258, 328, 360
female musicians
564, 577–580, 661
funerary scenes
286n31, 520
hair-dressing
299, 301n60, 303, 307
in general
23
on stela of Abkau
520
see also under specific tombs
fans
108–109, 110, 353, 578
Farshut
coffins from, see Menqabu’s coffin
Feast of Drunkenness
521–522, 657
feather-like decorations
105–106
female inspectors
31, 33, 50, 54, 61–62
see also inspectors
female mourners
638–645
overview of
646–647t
in general
610–611, 658–659
compared to New Kingdom
621, 632–633
compared to Old Kingdom
618–621, 626–629
descriptions of
611–616
examination of
617–618, 621–625, 626–629
garments in
631–632, 634
gestures in
472, 619, 627, 628
hairstyles/headdresses in
632–635, 659
jewellery in
634
position of, in decorative scheme
635–637, 647t
position of, within funerary rites
619–620
postures in
626–627
scenes and motifs in
ḏr.tj-mourners
617, 621–629, 634, 658–659
literal expressions of mourning
617–621, 658
People of the Delta
614, 628, 629–631, 632–633, 659
female musicians
594–603
overview of
604–605t, 606–607t
in general
564, 657–658
compared to Old Kingdom
564, 587–593
examination of
565–583
female relatives in
593
flute-players in
574, 590, 658
garments in
569, 583–584, 593
gestures in
565–566, 567, 568, 570–571, 573, 575, 576, 589
hairstyles/headdresses in
569, 584–585, 593
harpers in
572–574, 575–577, 579–583, 590–591
jewellery in
569, 585
musical ensembles in
574–575
musical instruments in
585–587
see also musical instruments
position of, in decorative scheme
593–594, 608–609t
postures in
565, 569, 571, 573
relatives in
593
rhythmists in
565–567, 578, 588
singers/reciters in
569, 570–571, 572–574, 588–589
sistrum-players in
571–572, 589–590, 657
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
354–355
in women visiting tomb
400–401
female relatives, see relatives
Festival of Hathor
overview of
558–559t
in general
463, 479–483, 655–657, 661
in Asyut tombs
487–488
attributes in
509–510, 512–514
compared to New Kingdom
518–519
compared to Old Kingdom
514–522
examination of
479–522
in First Intermediate Period
483–487
and funerary rites
498–500, 506, 516
garments in
486, 502–503, 504–509
hairstyles/headdresses in
486, 503, 509–512
inscriptions in
498
jewellery in
486, 504
in Kom el-Hisn tombs
501–502
in Meir tombs
494–501
musical ensembles in
574–575
position of, in decorative scheme
522–524, 562–563t
in Qubbet el-Hawa tombs
493–494
relatives in
516
and Sed Festivals
517–520, 521
singers and flute-players in
574
sistrum-players in
571–572
in Theban tombs
489–493
see also female musicians; Hathor (goddess); Hathoric cult
festivals
associated with Senwosret ii’s mortuary complex
521–522
see also Beautiful Festival of the Valley; Festival of Hathor; First/Principal Feast of Drunkenness; Sed Festivals
festive scenes (‘Festszenen’; banquet scenes)
of New Kingdom
430
of Old Kingdom
399, 401, 465, 490, 514, 656
see also Festival of Hathor
‘Festszenen’ (festive scenes), see festive scenes
fibres
combing apart flax fibres using fingers
29, 44
splicing fibres into threads and rolling them into ball
29–30, 31–32, 33–34, 36, 37, 40–41, 44–45
fillets, see headbands/fillets/bandeaux
finger snapping, see rhythmists
First Intermediate Period
6
see also under specific tombs
First/Principal Feast of Drunkenness
521–522, 657
fishes
116, 117
fishing, see fowling and fishing by women; fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing by tomb owner
flatbreads
228–229, 247–250, 251
flax
harvest of
179
processing of, see processing of flax; scutching of flax
flute-players
574, 590, 658
flutes
585, 592
fly-whisks
107–108, 110, 352, 354
food preparation, see bread-making and brewing
foot-tag (game)
416
formation dance
compared to Old Kingdom
464–465, 468–471
dance accompanying funerary repast
464–465
dance accompanying statue procession
465–468
garments in
467, 473–475
gestures in
465, 466–467, 469
hairstyles/headdresses in
467, 469, 473, 475–476
inscriptions in
467–468, 491–492
jbꜣ-dance and its variations
464–471
postures in
466–467, 469
relatives in
472–473
rhythmists in
467, 468, 469–470, 491–492
fowling, see fowling and fishing by women; fowling with clapnet by tomb owner; fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing by tomb owner
fowling and fishing by women
168–169
in general
159
compared to Old Kingdom
164–167
description of
159–161
garments in
163–164
hairstyles/headdresses in
163–164
jewellery in
163
position of, in decorative scheme
167–168, 170t
fowling with clapnet by tomb owner
155–157
in general
148–149, 652
compared to Old Kingdom
153
descriptions of
149–150
examination of
150–153
garments in
151
position of, in decorative scheme
154–155, 158t
postures in
150–151, 158t
fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing by tomb owner
118–132
in general
81–82, 651
attributes in
106–109, 513
compared to Old Kingdom
109–112
descriptions of
82–90
examination of
81–118
garments in
104–106
hairstyles/headdresses in
103–104
interpretations of
116–118
jewellery in
103
position of, in decorative scheme
112–116, 144–147t
postures in, see postures
relatives in
96–97, 99–102, 110, 111–112, 651–652
freedom, of women
19–20
funerary rites
and Festival of Hathor
498–500, 506, 516
and mww-dance
430
see also female mourners
games
classification of
406
played by children
416–417
played by men
415–416
see also games and acrobatic exercises
games and acrobatic exercises
420–426
overview of
427t
in general
406–407, 654
age in
414, 416–417
compared to Old Kingdom
406, 415–417
descriptions and examinations of
407–412
garments in
412–413
hairstyles/headdresses in
413, 414, 417, 654
jewellery in
414
position of, in decorative scheme
417–418
scenes and motifs in
of abstruse activity
418–420
acrobatic exercises
bridge
407, 412, 413, 415
butt kick jump
408, 410, 412, 413, 415
circling-game
407, 408, 410, 412, 413, 415
handspring
415
two-person somersault
408, 410, 412, 413, 415
ball games
juggling
409, 411, 412, 413, 415
‘Reitballspiel’
409, 410–411, 412, 413, 415
rhythmic throwing of ball
409–410, 411, 412, 415
miscellaneous games
416
tools in
414
garments
in general
659–660
associated with Hathor
507–509
in bread-making and brewing
229–231
colour use in
in general
504–505
ash-gray
632
black
632
green
508
red
507–508
in dance
461, 463, 467, 469, 473–475
of ḏr.tj-mourners
631–632
of female mourners
631–632, 634
of female musicians
569, 583–584, 593
in Festival of Hathor
486, 502–503, 504–509
in fowling and fishing by women
163–164
in fowling with clapnet
151
in fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing by tomb owner
103, 104–106
in games and acrobatic exercises
412–413
in grain cultivation
184–185, 189, 192
in hair-dressing
302
in linen production
51–52
in rendering accounts
285
of Sekhet
151–152
in women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
392
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
345–346, 354
in women visiting tomb
400–401
in women visiting tomb owner sitting in columned hall
398
see also belts/girdles; knee-length skirts/dresses; ‘Kreuzband’; loincloths; long skirts/dresses; medium-length skirts/dresses; shawls; sheath dresses/tight-fitting dresses; short skirts/dresses; split skirts; wrap-around dresses
Gebelein
coffins from, see Henui’s coffin; Inetites’ coffin
stelae from, see stelae, of Merer
tombs at, see Iti’s tomb
gender
and division of work
in general
21–22, 23–24, 660–661
in bread-making and brewing
241–250
in grain cultivation
191–192
in linen production
60–64
unknown
191–192
genital exposure
478–479
gestures
in dance
464, 465, 466–467, 469, 471–472
of ḏr.tj-mourners
624, 627, 628
of female mourners
619, 627, 628
of female musicians
565–566, 567, 568, 570–571, 573, 575, 576, 589
in formation dance
465, 466–467, 469
in games and acrobatic exercises
419
in linen production
54
in literal expressions of mourning
619
in rendering accounts scenes
286
of Sekhet
152
in women visiting tomb owner sitting in columned hall
398
see also adoration gestures
girdles, see belts/girdles
Giza
bread bakery at
207
tombs at, see Hemetra’s tomb; Hetepet’s tomb; Idu’s tomb; Iymery’s tomb; Iynefret’s tomb; Jdw’s tomb; Kaemankh’s tomb; Kahif’s tomb; Kakaiankh’s tomb; Kanefer’s tomb; Nebemakhet’s tomb; Neferbauptah’s tomb; Niuzaptah’s tomb; Senwehem’s tomb
gleaning
178, 181–182, 189–190, 204t
gods/deities
representations of, in private tombs
488
see also under specific gods/deities
golden orioles
95–96, 107, 110
grain cultivation
196–203
in general
171–174, 649
age in
188
compared to New Kingdom
173–174, 189, 649
compared to Old Kingdom
188–193
descriptions of
176–180
examination of
181–195
garments in
184–185, 189, 192
gender-based division of work in
191–192
hairstyles/headdresses in
185
jewellery in
185
male figures in
191–192
position of, in decorative scheme
193–195
scenes and motifs in
carrying of grain bags
183–184, 204t
gleaning
178, 181–182, 189–190, 204t
sunshade bearers
184, 185, 192–193, 204t
winnowing grain
175, 182–183, 190–191, 204t
tools in
186–187, 191
grain processing, see bread-making and brewing
grain processing
219–226
flour sifting
224–225
garments in
230–231
grinding grain
221–224
operating vat with flour (uncertain)
225–226
pounding grain
219–220
preparing roasted grain of emmer and barley
225
sieving
220–221
winnowing grain
220
granaries
180, 183–184
granary model (painted pottery; Salamiya)
180, 203
green colours
342–343, 508
ground looms, see linen production; preparation of ground loom; weaving on ground loom
gum arabic tree (Acacia nilotica)
162
hair-dressing
310–317
in general
288–289, 652
overview of
318–319t, 320–321t
compared to Old Kingdom
288–289, 303
descriptions of
290–296
examination of
297–306
female servants in
coiffeuses in
297–298, 652–653
rest
300–301
garments in
302
and Hathoric cult
304–306
jewellery in
302
motifs in
detangle or comb the hair
298
extension of hair strands
299
redoing or strengthening long braid
298
remodelling of curl
298
triple lock
298
origins of
303–306
position of, in decorative scheme
306–309
postures in
299, 301–302
royal women in
301–302
tools in
302–303
see also hairstyles/headdresses
hair-dressing and beauty treatment of women, see hair-dressing; morning toilet
hairpins
303
hairstyles/headdresses
in acrobatic dance
458, 460, 461–462
in bread-making and brewing
232–233, 251–252, 461
in dance
467, 469, 473, 475–476
of ḏr.tj-mourners
633–634
of female mourners
632–635, 659
of female musicians
569, 584–585, 593
in Festival of Hathor
486, 503, 509–512
in formation dance
467, 469, 473, 475–476
in fowling and fishing by women
163–164
in fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing by tomb owner
103–104
in games and acrobatic exercises
413, 414, 417, 654
in grain cultivation
185
in hair-dressing
302
in linen production
52–53, 461
in rendering accounts
285
on statues of royal females
347–348
of women, in general
660
in women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
392
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
347–349, 354
in women visiting tomb
400–401
see also barrette-shaped hairstyles; braids; curly hairstyles; curved inward hairstyles; disk headdresses; enveloping hairstyles; hair-dressing; headbands/fillets/bandeaux; long hairstyles; ponytails; short hairstyles; tripartite hairstyles; undivided hairstyles; voluminous hairstyles; wigs
hand clapping, see rhythmists
handspring
415
harpers
in female musicians
572–574, 575–577, 579–583, 590–591
in festive scenes
514
and Hathoric connotations
581–582
postures of female
582–583
and singer/reciters
572–574
texts sung by
581
harps
580, 583, 586–587, 591–592
harvest dances (‘Erntetanz’)
459
harvest festivals
456
harvesting process
173–174
Hathor (goddess)
in general
479–480
and anasyrmenê
478
and staffs
351
and belts/girdles, see belts/girdles
and dances
430–431
depictions of
434–435
and festivities
442–443, 444–445, 446, 449–451, 456
and garments
green
508
patterned
508–509
red
507–508
and hairstyles
348
and harps, see harps
and khener-dancers
349n121, 429, 475, 478, 507, 512, 578
and menat-necklaces, see menat-necklaces
and pectorals
346
and Sed Festival
520
and sistra
480, 513–514, 572, 578
and spear-fishing
117–118
and sunshade bearers, see sunshade bearers
see also Festival of Hathor; Hathoric cult; ҆Iḥwy; priestesses; Sekhet
Hathorhetep (Djehutyhotep’s wife)
86, 88, 150–151, 332
Hathoric cult
in general
652, 655–657
in Asyut
487
in Cusae (Meir)
481, 483, 494–501, 507
and hair-dressing
304–306
in Kom el-Hisn
501–502
men’s role in
481
and Mentuhotep ii Nebhepetra
482, 488
in Qubbet el-Hawa
493–494
in Thebes
488–493
women’s role in
480
see also Festival of Hathor; Hathor (goddess)
‘Hathorsprungtanz’ (leaping dance)
456
Hatshepsut
494–495
el-Hawawish
tombs at, see Bawi’s tomb; Tjeti’s tomb
headbands/fillets/bandeaux
163–164, 233, 251–252, 347–348, 473, 585, 634, 659
heddle bars
49, 57–58
Hemetra’s tomb (Giza)
509
Hemre Isi’s tomb (Deir el-Gebrawi)
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
243, 245
kiosks in
343–344
Henhenet
305
Henui’s coffin (Gebelein; äm 13772, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin)
dating of
236
decorations on
of bread-making and brewing
236
of female mourners
623, 625
of hair-dressing
312
in general
305, 307, 308
descriptions of
293
examination of
299, 300–301
hairstyles/headdresses in
302
postures in
300, 301
tools in
302
Hepiu (Ukhhotep iii’s wife)
450
Heqaib’s tomb (Qubbet el-Hawa; qh 28)
391
Hetepet (Amenemhat’s wife)
345, 479, 576, 577, 579
Hetepet’s tomb (Giza)
61
Hetepherakhti’s tomb (Saqqara)
164–165, 192
‘Hochspringen mit gleichzeitigem Anfersen’, see butt kick jump
hoopoes
96
Horus (god)
458n193
hurdle game (khazza lawizza)
406, 415–416
‘Hütenspiel’
416
Huti (Setka’s daughter)
256, 479
Huy’s tomb (Thebes; tt 40)
238
Iah (Mentuhotep ii Nebhepetra’s mother)
350
Idu’s tomb (Giza)
decorations in
of female mourners
618–619, 632, 634
of festive scenes
514
of games and acrobatic exercises
418
Idy (Djefaihapi i’s daughter)
85
Idy-Aat (Djefaihapi i’s mother)
85
҆Iḥwy (sons of Hathor)
492, 493, 496, 498, 501, 512–513, 514, 656
Ihy’s tomb (Thebes, el-Khokha; tt 186)
dating of
289
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
querns in
235
of hair-dressing
in general
289, 303–304
postures in
300, 301
tools in
302–303
with Hathoric connotations
488
Imhotep (Iteti’s husband)
256, 388
Imy (Ihy’s wife)
507
Imymery’s tomb (Giza)
474
Inetites (Ihy’s wife)
289
Inetites (Sobekhotep’s wife)
291, 292–293, 299, 300–301, 307
Inetites’ coffin (Gebelein; äm 13774, Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin)
decorations on
of hair-dressing
in general
305, 307, 308
descriptions of
292–293
examination of
299, 300–302
postures in
300, 301
tools in
302–303
inscriptions
in Festival of Hathor
498
in formation dance
467–468, 491–492
inspectors
in linen production
female
in general
31, 33, 50, 61–62
adoration gestures of
54
gender unknown
38
male
31, 33, 50, 61–62
Intef iii Nakhtnebtepnefer
350
Intef iii Nakhtnebtepnefer’s tomb
304
Intefiqer (probably Senet’s husband)
178, 184, 257, 331, 442–443, 456, 490, 492, 579–581
Intef’s tomb (Thebes; tt 386)
dating of
83
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
in general
218
garments in
230
gender-based division of work in
247
position of
254–255
of female mourners
635–636
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
119
attributes in
107
descriptions of
83
position of
113
postures in
93, 98, 110
relatives in
101–102
mention of
90
of grain cultivation
198
in general
174, 188
descriptions of
176
garments in
184–185
gleaning in
181–182
position of
193
with mꜣꜣ-theme
361
interjections, vocative
468, 566
Ip’s tomb (el-Saff)
dating of
84
decorations in
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
119
attributes in
109
descriptions of
84
position of
113n205
postures in
93, 98
relatives in
100
of grain cultivation
202
with mꜣꜣ-theme
361
of papyrus rattling
119
in general
82
descriptions of
84
Ipuy’s tomb (Thebes; tt 217)
61
Isis (goddess)
461, 620n55, 622, 625–626
Ita (Ukhhotep iii’s wife)
451
Iteti (Setka’s daughter; Imhotep’s wife)
256, 388, 479
Iti-ibi (Khety ii’s wife)
390
Iti-ibi-iqer’s tomb (Asyut; N13.1)
dating of
83
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
descriptions of
213
examination of
228–229
gender-based division of work in
247
position of
257
of female musicians
jewellery in
585
sistrum-players in
571–572
of Festival of Hathor
529
descriptions and examinations of
434, 487–488
sistrum-players in
571–572
of fowling with clapnet
155–156
descriptions of
149
position of
154
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
descriptions of
83
garments in
105
position of
113n205
of Sekhet
151–153
of women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
attributes in
350, 352
descriptions of
324
position of
360
postures in
336, 357, 390–391
relatives in
344
Iti’s tomb (Gebelein)
dating of
212
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
264
descriptions of
212
examination of
222–223
garments in
229
jewellery in
233
position of
253
querns in
235
of female mourners
638–639
compared to Old Kingdom
618–619, 627
descriptions of
611–613
ḏr.tj-mourners in
622–623
expression of mourning in
617
garments in
631, 634
gestures of
472
hairstyles/headdresses in
632
position of
636–637
of grain cultivation
194
of women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
394–395
hairstyles/headdresses in
511
postures in
388–389
sandals in
392
Iymery’s tomb (Giza)
286, 474
Iynefret’s tomb (Giza)
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
245, 251–252
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
91
jbꜣ-dance
459, 464–471, 515, 655
Jdw’s tomb (Giza)
407
jewellery
in acrobatic dance
456, 458
in bread-making and brewing
233–234
in dance
456, 458, 476–477
of ḏr.tj-mourners
634
of female mourners
634
of female musicians
569, 585
in Festival of Hathor
486, 504
in fowling and fishing by women
163
in fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing by tomb owner
103
in games and acrobatic exercises
414
in grain cultivation
176, 185
in hair-dressing
302
leopard-shaped elements in
458, 477
in linen production
53
lion-shaped elements in
458, 477
as reward
61
of Sithathoryunet
458
on statues of royal females
346, 347
in women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
392
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
346, 354
in women visiting tomb
400
see also anklets; belts/girdles; bracelets; menat-necklaces; necklaces/collars; pectorals
jewellery boxes
348–349
juggling
409, 411, 412, 413, 415
el-Kab
tombs at, see Bebi’s tomb; Paheri’s tomb; Senwosret’s tomb
Kadua’s tomb (Giza)
470
Kaemankh’s tomb (Giza)
470
Kaemrehu’s tomb (Saqqara)
245
Kagemni’s tomb (Saqqara)
104n144, 459, 485, 516n512
Kahif’s tomb (Giza)
191
Kakaiankh’s tomb (Giza)
470
Kanefer’s tomb (Giza)
388, 389
Kawit
294–295, 305
Kawit’s sarcophagus (Deir el-Bahari; JdE 47397, Egyptian Museum Cairo)
decorations on
of hair-dressing
313
in general
305, 307, 308, 511
descriptions of
294–295
examination of
298, 300–301
garments in
302
hairstyles/headdresses in
298, 302
postures in
299–300, 301
tools in
302–303
Kemsit
298, 301, 305
Kemsit’s burial chamber (Deir el-Bahari)
decorations in
of hair-dressing
312
in general
307
descriptions of
294
examination of
298, 300–301
garments in
302
hairstyles/headdresses in
302
postures in
299–300, 301
servants/attendants in
300
Kemu (Wahka ii’s wife)
162, 167
Kenamun’s tomb (Thebes; tt 93)
475, 507
khat-headdresses
633–634
Khenemyt Wer
89
khener-dancers
association with Hathor
349n121, 429, 475, 478, 512, 578
garments of
507
see also paddle dolls
Khentika Ikhekhi’s tomb (Saqqara)
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
244
of games and acrobatic exercises
418
of rendering accounts
282–283
Khentkaus
351–352
Khenty’s tomb (Thebes, el-Khokha; tt 405)
235
Kheruef’s tomb (Thebes; tt 192)
517–518
Khesw Wer’s tomb (Kom el-Hisn)
dating of
84–85
decorations in
of female musicians
compared to Old Kingdom
588
jewellery in
585
rhythmists in
568, 569
sistrum-players in
572
of Festival of Hathor
530
in general
656
descriptions and examinations of
435–436, 501–502
position of
524
sistrum-players in
572
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
120
attributes in
513
descriptions of
84–85
examination of
91–92
postures in
93
relatives in
99
of grain cultivation
195
Khety (Khnumhotep ii’s wife)
87
Khety (treasurer)
350
Khety’s tomb (Asasif)
630
Khety’s tomb (Beni Hasan; bh 17)
dating of
33
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
265
bread moulds in
240
descriptions of
215
examination of
223, 227
garments in
229, 231
gender-based division of work in
246
hairstyles/headdresses in
232, 252
position of
256–257, 258
querns in
235–237
of dance
531
compared to Old Kingdom
469
descriptions of
437–438
examination of
466–467
garments in
467, 474
hairstyles/headdresses in
467, 476
position of
522–523
postures and gestures in
466–467
of female musicians
596–597
compared to Old Kingdom
589
garments in
584
hairstyles/headdresses in
584
harpers in
582–583
harps in
580, 586, 587
jewellery in
585
postures in
582–583
rhythmists in
565, 568, 569
singers and harpers in
573–574
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
114n208
of games and acrobatic exercises
in general
654
age in
414
compared to Old Kingdom
414–417
descriptions and examinations of
410–412
garments in
412
hairstyles/headdresses in
413
position of
417–418
of grain cultivation
194
of linen production
74
versus Baket iii
59–60
descriptions of
28, 33–35
examination of
44–47, 48–50
garments in
51–52
hairstyles/headdresses in
53
position of
68–69, 70–71
tools in
57
marsh-related activities in
90
with mꜣꜣ-theme, multiplicity of
361–362
of statue processions
462–463, 465–468, 522
sunshade bearers in
192
with vocative interjections
468, 566
of women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
365–366
attributes in
350–351
descriptions of
325–326
female servants/attendants in
354, 355, 662
garments in
345
jewellery in
346–347, 354
position of
360–361
postures in
338–340
relatives in
344
false door in
215, 258
Khety’s tomb (Thebes; tt 311)
213, 636
Khety ii
391
Khety ii’s tomb (Asyut; N12.2)
390
Khnum (god)
494
Khnum (steward)
445, 496, 498
Khnumhetepu (Ukhhotep iii’s wife)
89, 345, 450
Khnumhotep (Khety’s wife)
325–326, 339–340
Khnumhotep i’s tomb (Beni Hasan; bh 14)
dating of
326–327
decorations in
of women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
367
descriptions of
327
female servants/attendants in
353, 354
hairstyles/headdresses in
347
jewellery in
354
male servants/attendants in
353
position of
360
postures in
338
relatives in
344–345
Khnumhotep ii’s tomb (Beni Hasan; bh 3)
in general
37
dating of
179
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
271–272
age in
241
examination of
223–224
garments in
230, 231
hairstyles/headdresses in
232–233
jewellery in
233
position of
258
querns in
237
of dance
532
in general
655
descriptions of
440–441
examination of
460–463
garments in
473
hairstyles/headdresses in
475
jewellery in
476
position of
523with female musicians
garments in
584
hairstyles/headdresses in
584
rhythmists in
565, 566, 567
of Festival of Hathor
in general
661
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
125–126
in general
81
descriptions of
87
position of
115–116
postures in
93, 97, 98
relatives in
100
of grain cultivation
200
in general
174, 188
descriptions of
179
garments in
185
gleaning in
181–182
position of
194
of linen production
76
adoration gestures in
54
age in
53–54
descriptions of
28, 37–39
examination of
45, 47, 49
garments in
51
hairstyles/headdresses in
53, 461
position of
69
tools in
56–57
with mꜣꜣ-theme
362
of statue processions
69, 460–463, 492, 655, 661
false door in
258
mention of
356
Khuwyt (harper)
580, 593
kinship, see relatives
kiosks/pavilions
343–344
Kites, see ḏr.tj-mourners
Klebs, Luise
162, 339, 399, 498
knee-length skirts/dresses
229–230, 412–413
Kom el-Hisn
Hathoric cult in
501–502
tombs at, see Khesw Wer’s tomb
Kom Ombo, see Sobekhotep’s burial chamber
‘Kreuzband’
474
Lahun
mortuary temples at, see Senwosret ii’s mortuary complex
tombs at, see Sithathoryunet’s tomb
land cultivation
172
see also grain cultivation
laying-out of the deceased
255, 307, 619–620
leaping dance (‘Hathorsprungtanz’)
456
leopard-shaped elements, in jewellery
458, 477
linen production
in general
13, 25, 648–649
age in
53–54
apprentices in
64–65
compared to New Kingdom
61, 62–64
garments in
51–52
gender-based division of work in
60–64
gestures in
54
hairstyles/headdresses in
52–53, 461
jewellery in
53
motherhood’s influence on
64–65
during Old Kingdom
65
position of
overview of
80t
on inner walls
67
in portico and on inner pillars
65–66
summary
70–71
scenes and motifs in
overview of
43, 78–79t
inspecting
33, 50
see also overseers
inverted arrangement of
28
preparation of ground loom
adjusting warp threads
32–33, 35, 49–50
arranging breast beam
48
arranging breast beam and heddle bar
35, 49
arranging shed-stick
33, 35, 49
arranging warp threads on breast beam
33, 42, 48
spreading of warp threads
42, 48
preparation of warp threads
pulling threads simultaneously from twelve balls of threads
42, 48
transferring warp threat from pegs in wall to loom
41–42, 48
winding thread around pegs driven into wall
26–27, 41, 47
winding thread around two pairs of uprights
30, 47, 63
processing of flax
combing apart flax fibres using fingers
29, 44
moistening and splicing threads with saliva and rolling them into ball
39–40, 45
scutching of flax
29, 31, 33, 40–41, 43–44
splicing fibres into threads and rolling them into ball
29–30, 31–32, 33–34, 36, 37, 40–41, 44–45
spinning
drop spinning
27, 34, 39–40, 41, 45
plying two threads into one by means of drop spinning
27, 34, 46
spinning two threads simultaneously by means of drop spinning
30, 32, 34–35, 36, 37, 46, 59
weaving on ground loom
beating down weft threads with beater
37, 38, 49
beating down weft threads with beater and handling heddle bar
38–39, 49
handling beater
32, 50
handling beater and spool
35, 50
handling spool
30, 50
holding breast beam and adjusting warp threads
35
passing beater through shed in warp
30–31, 50
tools in
for spinning
54–57
for weaving
57–59
linked hand dance
472–473
lion-shaped elements, in jewellery
458, 477
literal expressions of mourning
in general
617–618, 658
compared to Old Kingdom
618–621
gestures in
619
position of, within funerary rites
619–621
loincloths
in general
660
in bread-making and brewing
231, 232
in dance
461, 463, 478
of female musicians
584
in formation dance
467, 473–474
in linen production
51
long dresses, see long skirts/dresses
long hairstyles
in general
649
in bread-making and brewing
232–233, 252
in dance
476
of female mourners
634
of female musicians
584, 593
in Festival of Hathor
503
in fowling and fishing by women
163
in grain cultivation
185, 189
in hair-dressing
298–299, 302
in linen production
52–53
of People of the Delta
632
long skirts/dresses
in general
658
in bread-making and brewing
230
in dance
469
of female mourners
631–632
of female musicians
569, 583, 584
in Festival of Hathor
486
in formation dance
475
in fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
103
in games and acrobatic exercises
412–413
in grain cultivation
185
in hair-dressing
302
of Skehet
151
see also split skirts
looms, see preparation of ground loom; weaving on ground loom
lotiform columns
339, 350–351
lotiform staffs
350–351, 358, 654
lotus flowers
106–107, 117, 161, 166, 349–351, 489–490, 509
Maat-nemti (Dagi’s mother)
324
male inspectors, see inspectors
male relatives, see relatives
map, of Egypt
8
marsh-related activities, see fowling and fishing by women; fowling with clapnet by tomb owner; fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing by tomb owner; papyrus rattling
May’s tomb (Amarna)
61
medium-length skirts/dresses
in bread-making and brewing
229–230, 231
in dance
432, 471, 472, 474, 475
in games and acrobatic exercises
412
Meir
Hathoric cult in
494–501
tombs at, see Pepiankh’s tomb; Pepyankh Henykem’s tomb; Pepyankh Heryib’s tomb; Senbi i’s tomb; Ukhhotep i’s tomb; Ukhhotep ii’s tomb; Ukhhotep iii’s tomb
MEKETREpository
6, 7, 11
Meketre’s tomb (Thebes; tt 280)
237
men
carrying birds by
95–96
games played by
415–416
occupations of, see occupations
menat-necklaces
in general
479–480, 512–514
in dance
463, 476
of female musicians
585
in Festival of Hathor
504
in hair-dressing
302, 305
Menkhet-henut (Ip’s wife)
84
Menqabu’s coffin (Farshut)
625
Mentuhotep ii Nebhepetra
305, 350, 482, 488
Mentuhotep ii Nebhepetra’s chapel (Dendera)
152, 192–193
Mentuhotep ii Nebhepetra’s mortuary temple (Deir el-Bahari)
decorations in
of dance
477
of Festival of Hathor
508
Hathor’s role in
305–306
Kawit’s sarcophagus from, see Kawit’s sarcophagus
Kemsit’s burial chamber at, see Kemsit’s burial chamber
khener-dancers associated with
478
models from
248
Mentuhotep ii Nebhepetra’s tomb (Deir el-Bahari)
237
Merer’s stela (Gebelein; CGC 1651, Egyptian Museum Cairo), see under stelae
Mereruka’s tomb (Saqqara)
decorations in
of female mourners
618–619, 632, 634
of games and acrobatic exercises
407, 415, 418
of golden orioles
95
of rendering accounts
282–283
Meres (Senbi i’s wife)
85, 328, 336
Meresankh’s tomb (Saqqara)
588–589
Meresankh’s iii tomb (Giza)
509
Meretnebty (Sahure’s wife)
94, 149, 153
Merikare
390
Meritites (Setka’s daughter)
256, 479
Mersi (Ukhhotep ii’s mother; Senbi ii’s siters)
87, 501
Mery (Setka’s son)
256
Methethi’s tomb (Saqqara)
165
Middle Kingdom
in general
6
tomb decorations of
compared to New Kingdom
of bread-making and brewing
208, 239
of dance
430–431
of female mourners
621, 632–633
of Festival of Hathor
517–519
of grain cultivation
173–174, 189, 649
of linen production
61, 62–64
compared to Old Kingdom
in general
11
of bread-making and brewing
209, 250–252
of dance
458–459, 464–465, 468–471
of female mourners
618–621, 626–629
of female musicians
564, 587–593
of Festival of Hathor
514–522
of fowling and fishing by women
164–167
of fowling with clapnet
153
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
109–112
of grain cultivation
188–193
of hair-dressing
288–289, 303
of linen production
65
of rendering accounts
285–286
of women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
355–356
mimic dance accompanying a statue procession
460–464
Minhotep’s tomb (Asyut)
239
mirrors
302–303, 304–305, 577
mistress of house (nb.t pr)
20
el-Moalla
coffins from, see Seni’s coffin
tombs at, see Ankhtifi’s tomb; Sobekhotep’s tomb
models, of pottery
nwhcm 1921.37.1 (Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery, Norwich)
180, 203
models, wooden
aein 1631 (Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen)
240
morning toilet
288
mortuary temple (Sahure)
105, 152
motherhood
64–65
mothers, see relatives
motifs, definition of
12
see also under specific themes, scenes and motifs
mourners
garments of
632
hairstyles/headdresses of
634–635
see also ḏr.tj-mourners
mourning
position of, in funerary procession
621
see also literal expressions of mourning
mꜣꜣ-themes
in general
13, 322–323, 398
singers and harpers associated with
572–574
see also women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
mummification
619–620
musical ensembles
574–575
musical instruments
clarinets
564, 575, 585, 590, 592
double oboes
450, 575, 585
of female musicians
585–587
flutes
585, 592
harps
580, 583, 586–587, 591–592
pipes
450, 564, 575, 585, 590
sistra
480, 513–514, 572
musicians, see female musicians; flute-players; harpers; rhythmists; singers/reciters; sistrum-players
mww-dance/dancers
429–430, 462
Myth of the Solar Eye
521
Nebamun’s tomb (Thebes; tt 90)
238
Nebemakhet’s tomb (Giza)
61
Nebet
506
Nebet Mehyt
89
Nebethut Henutsen (Ukhhotep iii’s daughter)
89, 345
Nebi (Ankhtifi’s wife)
83
Nebkauhor’s tomb (Saqqara)
514
Nebtynebkhet
506
Neb-wenut (Djehutyhotep’s daughter)
103, 332, 333–334
necklaces/collars
in bread-making and brewing
233–234
in dance
476–477, 504
of female musicians
569, 585
in Festival of Hathor
504
in fowling and fishing by women
163–164
in fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
103
in games and acrobatic exercises
414
in grain cultivation
185
in hair-dressing
302
in linen production
53
in women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
392
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
346, 354–355
see also menat-necklaces
Neferbauptah’s tomb (Giza)
286
Nefer-heput-Hathor (Baket iii’s daughter)
325, 351
Neferhetep’s tomb (Thebes; tt 50)
59, 62–63
Neferrenpet
63
Neferrenpet’s tomb (Thebes; tt 133)
47–48n81, 59, 62–63
Neferu (Iti’s wife)
388–389
Neferu (Mentuhotep ii Nebhepetra’s wife)
295–296, 298–299, 485–487
Neferu’s tomb (Thebes; tt 319)
decorations in
in general
511n480
of female mourners
635–636
of female musicians
603
rhythmists in
568–570
of Festival of Hathor
546–553
in general
656
descriptions and examinations of
483–486
female relatives in
516–517
garments in
486, 502–503
hairstyles/headdresses in
510–512
jewellery in
504
position of
524
gestures in
511n480
of hair-dressing
314–315
in general
307, 517
coiffeuses in
297
descriptions of
294–296
examination of
298
postures in
299–300, 301
tools in
303
of sunshade bearers
184, 485
Nephthys (goddess)
461, 620n55, 622, 625–626
net manufacturing
60–61
New Kingdom
tomb decorations of
compared to Middle Kingdom
of bread-making and brewing
208, 239
of dance
430–431
of female mourners
621, 632–633
of Festival of Hathor
518–519
of grain cultivation
173–174, 189, 649
of linen production
61, 62–64
Niankhkhnum’s and Khnumhotep’s tomb (Saqqara)
25, 81
Nile River
flooding of
171–172
goddesses of
494
Niuzaptah’s tomb (Giza)
243
Nmty (god)
457
noble women, see royal/noble women
Nofruptah (Amenemhat ii’s daughter)
483
Northern Soldiers Tomb (Asyut; H11.1)
dating of
434
decorations in
of Festival of Hathor
530
descriptions and examinations of
434–435, 488
garments in
508
Nubkau (Ukhhotep iii’s wife)
89, 345
nymphea coerulea (Blue Egyptian water lily)
106–107, 110, 117, 349–350
nymphea lotus, see lotus flowers
oboes
450, 575, 585
occupations
and gender division
in general
21–22, 23–24, 660–661
in bread-making and brewing
241–250
in grain cultivation
191–192
in linen production
60–64
of men
in general
20–22
in bread-making and brewing
241–250
in grain cultivation
191–192
inspectors, see inspectors
in linen production
60–64
in Middle Kingdom
21
net manufacturing
60–61
outside aspect of
21
sunshade bearers
192
washing of cloth
25
of women
in general
13, 20–22
in agriculture, see grain cultivation
in crafts and trade, see linen production
in food preparation, see bread-making and brewing
inspectors, see inspectors
in marsh-related activities, see fowling and fishing by women; fowling with a throw-stick and spear-fishing by tomb owner; fowling with clapnet by tomb owner
in music, see female musicians; flute-players; harpers; rhythmists; singers/reciters; sistrum-players
sunshade bearers
184, 185, 192–193, 204t, 456, 485
offering formulas
398–399
Old Kingdom
in general
6
tomb decorations of
compared to Middle Kingdom
of bread-making and brewing
209, 250–252
of dance
458–459, 464–465, 468–471
of female mourners
618–621, 626–629
of female musicians
564, 587–593
of Festival of Hathor
514–522
of fowling and fishing by women
164–167
of fowling with clapnet by tomb owner
153
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing by tomb owner
109–112
of games and acrobatic exercises
406, 415–417
in general
11
of grain cultivation
188–193
of hair-dressing
288–289, 303
of linen production
65
of rendering accounts
285–286
of women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
355–356
of festive scenes
399, 401, 465, 490, 514, 656
postures in
109–110
women in general in
23–24
Osiris
499
overseers, see inspectors
paddle dolls
348–349, 477–479, 507
Paheri’s tomb (el-Kab)
61
panther-skins
326–327
papyriform columns
303, 398, 400
papyriform staffs
337, 351, 357, 654
papyrus plant (cyperus papyrus)
107, 110
papyrus rattling
82
Papyrus Westcar
104
‘Partnerüberschlag’, see two-person somersault
pearls
346–347, 443, 444, 445, 453, 476, 479
pectorals
346
People of the Delta
614, 628, 629–631, 632–633, 659
Pepi (Ukhhotep iii’s wife)
451
Pepiankh’s tomb (Meir)
514
Pepyankh Henykem’s tomb (Meir)
95
Pepyankh Heryib’s tomb (Meir)
243
physical contact
337, 343, 357, 388–389, 653, 654
pipes
450, 564, 575, 585, 590
The Pleasures of Fishing and Fowling
117
ponytails
in general
649, 650, 660
in acrobatic dance
460, 461–462
in bread-making and brewing
232–233, 252
in dance
475
of female musicians
584
in games and acrobatic exercises
417
postures of women
in dance
464–465, 466–467, 469, 471
of ḏr.tj-mourners
624–625, 626–627
of female mourners
624–627
of female musicians
565, 569, 571, 573
in formation dance
466–467, 469
of fowlers
165
in fowling with clapnet
150–151, 158t
in fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
in general
90–91
behind or next to tomb owner
97–98
in front of or next to tomb owner
93–94, 110
kneeling between legs of tomb owner
91–92, 109
overview of
133t, 134–135t, 136–143t
in Old Kingdom scenes
109–110
in hair-dressing
299, 301–302
in women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣcontexts
388–391
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
overview of
380–381t
in front of or next to tomb owner
336–337, 357
kneeling in front of or next to tomb owner
337, 357
standing behind or next to tomb owner
338, 390
standing on platforms
339–343
in women visiting tomb owner sitting in columned hall
398
pottery, model made of
decorations on
of grain cultivation
203
and bag carrying
183–184
descriptions of
180
preparation of conical bread loaves
226–228
filling moulds with bread dough
227–228
fuelling a hearth
227
garments in
231
moulds have been emptied by turning them upside down
228
polishing or cleaning the surface of a bread loaf
228
preparation of bread dough
226
taking out mould from hearth
227
preparation of flatbread
228–229
preparation of ground loom
adjusting warp threads
32–33, 35, 49–50
arranging breast beam
48
arranging breast beam and heddle bar
35, 49
arranging shed-stick
33, 35, 49
arranging warp threads on breast beam
33, 42, 48
spreading of warp threads
42, 48
preparation of warp threads
pulling threads simultaneously from twelve balls of threads
42, 48
transferring warp threat from pegs in wall to loom
41–42, 48
winding thread around pegs driven into wall
26–27, 41, 47
winding thread around two pairs of uprights
30, 47, 63
priestesses of Hathor
in general
480–481
disappearance of
482–483, 500–501
royal women as
153n257, 292, 343, 390, 483, 488, 493, 501, 507, 509, 517, 579, 662
prisoner-game
416
processing of flax
combing apart flax fibres using fingers
29, 44
moistening and splicing threads with saliva and rolling them into ball
39–40, 45
scutching of flax
29, 31, 33, 40–41, 43–44
splicing fibres into threads and rolling them into ball
29–30, 31–32, 33–34, 36, 37, 40–41, 44–45
Ptahhotep’s tomb (Saqqara; ls 31)
61, 629
Ptahhotep ii’s tomb (Saqqara)
decorations in
of female mourners
629
of festive scenes
514
of games and acrobatic exercises
415, 417–418
of hair-dressing
303
of morning toilet
288–289
Ptahshepses’ tomb (Abusir)
244
punishments
282–283
Qar’s tomb (Giza)
620n54, 629
Qau el-Kebir
tombs at, see Wakha ii’s tomb
Qubbet el-Hawa
Hathoric cult in
493–494
tombs at, see Heqaib’s tomb; Sarenput i’s tomb; Setka’s tomb
quern emplacements
236–239
querns
221–223, 224, 230–231, 234–239
Ra (god)
478, 491–492, 508
‘Rad’ (somersaults)
439, 460, 463
see also two-person somersault
rebirth/regeneration
116, 117, 339–340, 429, 516, 620, 657, 662
red colours
507–508
‘Redegeste’
571, 573
regeneration, see rebirth/regeneration
‘Reitballspiel’
409, 410–411, 412, 413, 415
relatives
in general
23
daughters of tomb owners
in formation dance
472–473
in marsh-related activities
100–101, 102, 105
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
325, 332, 333–334
female (in general)
in female musicians
593
in Festival of Hathor
516
in fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
96–97, 99–102, 110, 111–112, 651
in women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
391
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
344–345, 355–356, 358, 653, 661–662
in women visiting tomb
400–401
male (in general)
in fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
111–112, 651–652
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
355–356, 358, 653–654
mothers of tomb owners
in marsh-related activities
101
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
324–325, 331
sisters of tomb owners
101
sons of tomb owners
356
wives of tomb owners
in marsh-related activities
99–100, 101
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
324, 325–328, 329–331
reliefs, at Shat er-Rigal
350–351
rendering accounts
287
in general
282–283
age in
285
compared to Old Kingdom
285–286
descriptions and examinations of
283–284
garments in
285
gestures in
286
hairstyles/headdresses in
285
position of, in decorative scheme
286–287
research questions
1–4, 11, 648
rhythmic throwing of ball
409–410, 411, 412, 415
rhythmists
in acrobatic dance
455, 459, 461
and acrobatic dancers
565, 568
in female musicians
565–567, 578, 588
in formation dance
467, 468, 469–470, 491–492
‘Rhytmisches Zuwerfen’, see rhythmic throwing of ball
roles
of women
in general
13, 18–19
change in
661
subsidiary
22, 23
royal/noble women
in hair-dressing
301–302
as priestesses of Hathor
153n257, 292, 343, 390, 483, 488, 493, 501, 507, 509, 517, 579, 662
role of
19
statues of
hairstyles/headdresses on
347–348
jewellery on
346, 347
saddle querns
221, 223, 224, 230–231, 234–235, 238–239
Sadeh
305
el-Saff
tombs at, see Ip’s tomb
Sahure
94
Sahure’s mortuary temple (Abusir)
decorations in
in general
518
of fowling with clapnet
81, 105, 148–149, 152, 153
Sais, journey to
430
saliva
45
salute dance type
465, 471
sandals
392
Saqqara
tombs at, see Akhethotep’s tomb; Ankhmahor’s tomb; Hetepherakhti’s tomb; Kaemrehu’s tomb; Kagemni’s tomb; Khentika Ikhekhi’s tomb; Khnumhotep’s tomb; Mereruka’s tomb; Meresankh’s tomb; Methethi’s tomb; Nebkauhor’s tomb; Niankhkhnum’s tomb; Ptahhotep’s tomb; Ptahhotep ii’s tomb; Ty’s tomb
wall fragments from, see wall fragments
sarcophagi
found in Intef iii’s Nakhtnebtepnefer tomb
304
see also Ashayet’s sarcophagus; Kawit’s sarcophagus
Sarenput i
494
Sarenput i’s tomb (Qubbet el-Hawa; qh 36)
in general
35–36
dating of
216
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
270
bread moulds in
240
compared to Old Kingdom
250
descriptions of
216
examination of
223, 227–228
garments in
230, 231
position of
259
querns in
236–237
of female musicians
compared to Old Kingdom
589
female singers/reciters in
570–571
garments in
584
sistrum-players in
572
of Festival of Hathor
536
in general
656
attributes in
512
descriptions and examinations of
444–445, 493
hairstyles/headdresses in
503
jewellery in
504
position of
524
sistrum-players in
572
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
122
descriptions of
86, 87
position of
113–114
postures in
92
relatives in
99
of grain cultivation
195
of linen production
75
descriptions of
36–37
examination of
45, 47, 49
garments in
51–52
hairstyles/headdresses in
52
position of
67, 70
tools in
58
with mꜣꜣ-theme, multiplicity of
362
of women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
374
in general
654
descriptions of
331
male servants/attendants in
353
position of
360–361
postures in
338, 357, 390
of women visiting tomb
400–402, 403–405
of women visiting tomb owner sitting in columned hall
398–399, 403
Satet (goddess)
494
Sat-hedj-hetep (Djehutyhotep’s daughter)
103, 333–334
Sat-ipy (Khnumhotep i’s wife)
327
Sat-kheper-ka (Djehutyhotep’s daughter)
103, 333–334
Satsasobek (Intefiqer’s wife)
331
Sat-tjeny (Sarenput i’s wife)
86
scenes
definition of
12
selection of
13–14
see also under specific themes and scenes
sceptres, see staffs/sceptres
scutching of flax
29, 31, 33, 40–41, 43–44
seats/chairs
302
Sed Festivals
517–520, 521, 657
Sekhet (goddess)
representations of
in Iti-ibi-iqer’s tomb
garments of
151–152
gestures of
152
in Mentuhotep ii’s Nebhepetra chapel at Dendera
152
in mortuary temple (Sahure)
105, 152
status of
117–118, 152–153
see also Hathor
Senbi i
328, 445, 495
Senbi i’s tomb (Meir; B1)
dating of
85
decorations in
of dance
537
descriptions of
445–446
examination of
456
of female musicians
compared to Old Kingdom
591
harps in
587
sistrum-players in
571–572
of Festival of Hathor
537
in general
656
attributes in
512
compared to New Kingdom
518–519
description of
445–446, 495–498
examination of
456, 498–501
hairstyles/headdresses in
503
harpers in
582
harps in
587
jewellery in
504
position of
523
sistrum-players in
571–572
mention of
579
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
121
attributes in
107
descriptions of
85
hairstyles/headdresses in
103
position of
114
postures in
93
of grain cultivation
garments in
192
winnowing in
182–183
position of
195
tools in
187
inscriptions in
498
with mꜣꜣ-theme, multiplicity of
362
of women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
368
attributes in
350
descriptions of
327–328
position of
360
postures in
336–337
relatives in
344
Seneb’s tomb (Giza)
61, 91n73
Senebti-iqeret (Iti-ibi-iqer’s wife)
324, 336, 391, 434, 488
Senet game
416
Senet’s tomb (Thebes; tt 60)
dating of
114
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
269
bread moulds in
240
descriptions of
216–217
examination of
223–224, 225, 226, 227–228
garments in
230, 231
gender-based division of work in
246–247
hairstyles/headdresses in
232–233
position of
257
querns in
237
of dance
533–535
descriptions of
441–445, 491
examination of
455–458, 491–492
garments in
473–474
hairstyles/headdresses in
475, 476
Hathoric connotations of
478
inscriptions in
491–492
of female mourners
642–643
coffin transport in
627–628
compared to Old Kingdom
626–628
descriptions of
613–615
ḏr.tj-mourners in
623–625, 659
garments in
631
hairstyles/headdresses in
633–634
People of the Delta in
630
position of
636
of female musicians
601–602
compared to Old Kingdom
589, 591
female singers/reciters in
571
flutes in
585
garments in
584
harpers in
579–581, 582–583, 593
harps in
586–587
jewellery in
585
postures in
582–583
rhythmists in
566, 568
singers and flute-players in
574
of Festival of Hathor
534–535
in general
656
attributes in
512
compared to New Kingdom
518
compared to Old Kingdom
515
descriptions and examinations of
489–492
female relatives in
516
garments in
502–503
hairstyles/headdresses in
503
jewellery in
504
position of
523, 524
singers and flute-players in
574
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
114
of grain cultivation
199, 533
in general
174
descriptions of
176–177
garments in
184–185, 191–192
gleaning in
181–182
position of
193
sunshade bearers in
184, 485
tools in
187
winnowing in
182–183
marsh-related activities in
90
of women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
374
descriptions of
331
garments in
346
jewellery in
346–347
position of
360
relatives in
344
false door in
564, 579–580
Seni’s coffin (el-Moalla)
623, 625
Sennedjem’s tomb (Deir el-Medina)
190
Senwehem’s tomb (Giza)
decorations in
of hair-dressing
in general
303
examination of
299
postures in
300
false door in
289, 299, 301n60, 303, 307
Senwosret’s chapel (Abydos)
decorations in
of grain cultivation
202
in general
174
descriptions of
180
garments in
185
gleaning in
181–182
Senwosret’s tomb (el-Kab)
90
Senwosret i
257
Senwosret ii’s mortuary complex (Lahun)
521–522
separation, of sexes
24
Serfka’s tomb (Sheikh Said)
465, 588–589
servant statues
21–22, 242–243, 244, 245–246
servants/attendants
female
in hair-dressing
coiffeuses in
297–298, 652–653
erotic connotations of
499
rest
300–301
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
334, 353–354, 662
in women visiting tomb
400–401
male
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
353, 355
Setka’s tomb (Qubbet el-Hawa; qh 110)
393
dating of
82
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
261–262
descriptions of
210
examination of
222–223, 225–227
garments in
229
hairstyles/headdresses in
232, 252
position of
255–256
querns in
235
of female musicians
590
of Festival of Hathor
508
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
118
descriptions of
82
examination of
91–92
position of
113
postures in
98
relatives in
101
of grain cultivation
197
in general
173–174
descriptions of
176
garments in
185
position of
193
sunshade bearers in
184
of women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
388
shawls
505–506, 507
sheath dresses/tight-fitting dresses, see wrap-around dresses
sheaves
173
shed-sticks
33, 36, 38, 49, 57–58
Sheikh Said
tombs at, see Serfka’s tomb
short dresses, see short skirts/dresses
short hairstyles
in general
650, 660
in bread-making and brewing
233, 252
in dance
475, 505
of female musicians
584, 593
in formation dance
467, 469
in fowling and fishing by women
163
in games and acrobatic exercises
417
in grain cultivation
185
in hair-dressing
298
in rendering accounts
285
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
354
short skirts/dresses
in general
649, 650, 655, 659
in bread-making and brewing
229–230, 231, 251
of female mourners
634
of female musicians
583, 584, 593
in formation dance
467, 469, 474
in fowling and fishing by women
163–164
in grain cultivation
185, 189
in rendering accounts
285
sickles
173
singers/reciters, female
and acrobatic dancers
571, 589
in female musicians
569, 570–571, 572–574, 588–589
singular partner dance
472
‘Singvogelfang’
162
sisters, see relatives
sistra
480, 513–514, 572, 578
sistrum-players
571–572, 589–590, 657
Sithathoryunet’s tomb (Lahun)
jewellery box found in
348
jewellery found in
458, 477, 505
skiffs
167
skirt-lifting (anasyrmenê)
477–479, 507
snake game
416
Sobekhotep’s burial chamber (Kom Ombo)
632
Sobekhotep’s tomb (el-Moalla)
association with Ankhtifi’s tomb
291
dating of
211
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
descriptions of
211–212
examination of
222
gender-based division of work in
247
position of
255
querns in
235
of hair-dressing
310
in general
288, 304, 307–308
examination of
299
postures in
300, 301
of laying-out the deceased
255
Sobeknakht’s tomb (el-Kab)
308–309
somersaults (‘Rad’)
439, 460, 463
see also two-person somersault
Song of Four Winds
462
sons, see relatives
sons of Hathor (҆Iḥwy)
492, 493, 496, 498, 501, 512–513, 514
spear-fishing, see fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
spears
107, 110
spindles
54–55
spinning
drop spinning
27, 34, 39–40, 41, 45
plying two threads into one by means of drop spinning
27, 34, 46
spinning two threads simultaneously by means of drop spinning
30, 32, 34–35, 36, 37, 46, 59
tools in
54–57
see also weaving on ground loom
spinning bowls
55–57
split skirts
505
spools
30, 35, 50, 58
Sporting King
117
staffs/sceptres
lotiform
350–351, 358, 654
papyriform
337, 351, 357, 654
statistic data, importance of
15–16
statue processions
in general
500, 515, 661
and dance
454, 460–463, 465–468, 470, 471, 522, 655
statues
females depicted as
339–343
and hair-dressing
290
of Nofret
346, 347–348
royal female
hairstyles/headdresses on
347–348
jewellery on
346, 347
of servants
21–22, 242–243, 244, 245–246
stelae
of Abkau (Abydos; C 15, Musée du Louvre, Paris)
in general
511n480
dating of
520
false door on
520
female mourners on
633–634
Festival of Hathor scenes on
554
in general
520–521
garments on
502
hairstyles/headdresses in
510–511
aein 964 (Abydos; Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen)
237, 238
äm 14383 (Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin)
235
cgc 1414 (Saqqara; Egyptian Museum Cairo)
588–589
cgc 20725 (Abydos; Egyptian Museum Cairo)
237, 238
ea1372 (British Museum, London)
235
of Henenu (Thebes; I.1.a.5603, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow)
in general
511n480
garments on
502, 511
hairstyles/headdresses on
510
of Iput (ea1658, British Museum, London)
dating of
296
toilet scenes on
in general
307
descriptions of
296–297
hairstyles/headdresses in
511
of Merer (Gebelein; cgc 1651, Egyptian Museum Cairo)
hair-dressing scenes on
304, 305, 307–308, 311
descriptions of
291–292
examination of
298
hairstyles/headdresses in
511
postures in
301–302
of Nehesnefer (Abydos; cgc 20295, Egyptian Museum Cairo)
dating of
296
hair-dressing scenes on
316
in general
306, 307–308
descriptions of
296
examination of
299
postures in
301–302
stool-querns
237
storing bread loaves
229
Story of Sinuhe
498, 520–521
strength exercises
416
stroke plays (game)
416
sunshades
184, 186n76, 192–193, 479, 484–487, 520
sunshade bearers
female
in dance
456
in Festival of Hathor
485
in grain cultivation
184, 185, 192–193, 204t
male
192
swastika dancers
470
talatat-block (Amarna)
59, 62–63
tax collection
282–287, 650
Tchat (treasurer)
87
‘Teigmischbottiche’
226, 240–241
Tepemankh’s tomb (Abusir)
629
terminology
11–12
textile production, see linen production; net manufacturing
Thebes
Beautiful Festival of the Valley in
489
Hathoric cult in
488–493
tombs at, see Dagi’s tomb; Djar’s tomb; Djehutynefer’s tomb; Huy’s tomb; Intef’s tomb; Kenamun’s tomb; Nebamun’s tomb
theme complex, definition of
12
themes, definition of
12
see also under specific themes
threshing
174–175
throwing game
416
throw-sticks
107, 117
see also fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing by tomb owner
tight-fitting dresses/sheath dresses, see wrap-around dresses
tilapia nilotica (fish)
116, 117
Tjeti’s tomb (el-Hawawish)
628
toilet scenes
296–297, 317
Tomb of the Dancers (Thebes; tt A.2)
decorations in
of dance
545
descriptions of
453–454
examination of
473
garments in
475
Hathoric connotations of
487
tomb owners
daughters of
in formation dance
472–473
in marsh-related activities
100–101, 102, 105
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
325, 332, 333–334
mothers of
in marsh-related activities
101
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
324–325, 331
position of
23n46
sisters of
101
sons of
356
wives of
in marsh-related activities
99–100, 101
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
324, 325–328, 329–331
see also fowling with clapnet by tomb owner; fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing by tomb owner; relatives; women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts; women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ; women visiting tomb owner sitting in columned hall; under specific tombs
tombs
in general
2
dating of
10–11
decorations in, see decorative programmes; under specific tombs
documentation of
7, 9
overview of
6–7
redocumentation of
9–10
used in study
6–7
‘Totentanz’
515n508
tripartite hairstyles
in general
660
in bread-making and brewing
232, 233, 252
in dance
475
of female mourners
632
of female musicians
569, 593
in formation dance
473
in fowling and fishing by women
164
in fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing by tomb owner
103
in grain cultivation
176, 185
in hair-dressing
302
in linen production
52
in rendering accounts
285
in women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
392
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
354
in women visiting tomb
400
tug of war
416
two-person somersault
408, 410, 412, 413, 415
see also somersaults
Ty’s tomb (Saqqara)
decorations in
of bread-making and brewing
226, 244
of fowling with clapnet
148
of grain cultivation
191
of rendering accounts
286
Ukhhotep i
112, 336, 495–496
Ukhhotep i’s tomb (Meir; B2)
decorations in
of female musicians
compared to Old Kingdom
591, 592
flutes in
585
harps in
580, 587
jewellery in
585
sistrum-players in
571–572
of Festival of Hathor
538–539
in general
463, 579, 656
attributes in
512, 513
description of
446–447, 495–498
examination of
498–501
garments in
502
hairstyles/headdresses in
503
harps in
587
jewellery in
504
position of
523–524
relatives in
516
sistrum-players in
571–572
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
114
of grain cultivation
195
marsh-related activities in
90
with mꜣꜣ-theme, multiplicity of
362
musicians in
344
of women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
postures in
389
of women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
369–373
attributes in
350, 351
descriptions of
329–331
female servants/attendants in
353, 354
garments in
345–346
jewellery in
347, 354
male servants/attendants in
353, 355
position of
360–361
postures in
335, 337, 338, 357, 358
relatives in
344–345
Ukhhotep ii’s tomb (Meir; B4)
dating of
86
decorations in
of female musicians
compared to Old Kingdom
591, 592
flutes in
585
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
124
attributes in
107
of blocks/elevated platforms
111
descriptions of
86–87
examination of
91–92
position of
114–115
postures in
94–95, 96–97
relatives in
101, 112
kiosks in
343
with mꜣꜣ-theme, multiplicity of
362
of women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
hairstyles/headdresses in
392
postures in
390
Ukhhotep iii’s tomb (Meir; C1)
dating of
88
decorations in
of dance
540–543
descriptions of
447–452
examination of
461
of female musicians
in general
658
compared to Old Kingdom
588, 589, 590, 591, 592
flutes in
585
garments in
584
hairstyles/headdresses in
585, 593
harpers in
582–583
harps in
580, 583, 587
jewellery in
585
musical ensembles in
574–575
postures in
582–583
rhythmists in
566–567, 578
sistrum-players in
572
of Festival of Hathor
540–543
in general
161, 485, 656
attributes in
509–510, 512
description and examinations of
492
description of
495–498
examination of
498–501
garments in
504–507, 508, 509
musical ensembles in
574–575
position of
524
and regeneration
516
and Sed Festival
519
sistrum-players in
572
of fowling and fishing by women
168
in general
652
compared to Old Kingdom
165–167
description of
159–161
examination of
163–164
garments in
163–164
hairstyles/headdresses in
163–164
jewellery in
163
position of
167
of fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing
129–130
attributes in
107, 108–109, 110
of blocks/elevated platforms
111
descriptions of
87, 88–89
examination of
91–92
hairstyles/headdresses in
103–104
jewellery in
103–104
position of
115–116
postures in
93, 97
relatives in
99, 101, 102
kiosks in
343
with mꜣꜣ-theme, multiplicity of
362
of women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
376
attributes in
351, 352
descriptions of
334–335
hairstyles/headdresses in
348
position of
360
postures in
336
Unasankh’s tomb (Thebes, el-Khokha; tt 413)
235, 488
undivided hairstyles
52, 185, 232
vats, for mixing bread dough
226, 240–241
vocative interjections
468, 566
voluminous hairstyles
165, 348, 458, 475, 483, 485
Wahka ii’s tomb (Qau el-Kebir; Tomb 18)
dating of
161
decorations in
of dance
544
in general
655
descriptions of
452–453
examination of
455–458
garments in
473
hairstyles/headdresses in
475
Hathoric connotations of
478
jewellery in
476
position of
523
of female mourners
645
compared to Old Kingdom
627, 628–629
descriptions of
616
ḏr.tj-mourners in
625, 659
garments in
631
hairstyles/headdresses in
634
jewellery in
634
position of
637
of female musicians
compared to Old Kingdom
589
female singers/reciters in
571
garments in
584
hairstyles/headdresses in
585
jewellery in
585
rhythmists in
568
of Festival of Hathor
544
in general
480
of fowling and fishing by women
169
in general
652
compared to Old Kingdom decorations
164–165
description of
161–163
examination of
164
position of
167
wall fragments
acc. no. 51.231 (Brooklyn Museum)
295, 314–315
acc. no. 53.178 (Brooklyn Museum)
511
acc. no. 54.49 (Brooklyn Museum)
295, 314–315
acc. no. 56.126 (Brooklyn Museum)
511
acc. no. 1998.54 (Cincinnati Art Museum, Ohio, USA)
568–570, 603
acc. no. 26.3.353cc (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
520n539
acc. no. 26.3.353ee (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
484
acc. no. 26.3.353g (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
486
acc. no. 26.3.353gg (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
484
acc. no. 26.3.353h (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
484, 486
acc. no. 26.3.353l (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
486
acc. no. 26.3.353ll (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
551
acc. no. 26.3.353n (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
484
acc. no. 26.3.353pp (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
484, 548
acc. no. 26.3.353rr (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
484, 547
acc. no. 26.3.353s (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
486
acc. no. 26.3.353w (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
484, 549
acc. no. 26.3.353ww (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
296
acc. no. 26.3.353x (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
486
acc. no. 26.3.353y (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
486, 551
acc. no. 31.3.1g (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
484, 486
acc. no. 68.12 (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
484
acc. no. 22.325 (Walters Art Museum, Baltimore)
485–486, 552
acc. no. 1956.33.87 (Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven)
485–486, 553
cgc 1532 (Abydos; Egyptian Museum Cairo)
bread-making and brewing scenes on
in general
218, 259
conical bread loaves on
246
quern on
237
mention of
90
cgc 1561 (Egyptian Museum Cairo)
bread-making and brewing scenes on
in general
245
E14327 (Musée du Louvre, Paris)
520
E17499 (Musée du Louvre, Paris)
243
ea994 (British Museum, London)
417–418
ea1150 (British Museum, London)
333n49, 377
S. 14354/03 (Museo Egizio, Turin)
212, 264
S. 14354/08 (Museo Egizio, Turin)
611, 638
S. 14354/09 (Museo Egizio, Turin)
611, 639
S. 14354/10 (Museo Egizio, Turin)
388–389, 395
S. 14354/11 (Museo Egizio, Turin)
388–389, 394
S. 14354/23 (Museo Egizio, Turin)
212, 264
of Hepi (Saqqara)
90
of Imenyseneb (Abydos)
dating of
90
fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing scenes on
descriptions of
90
examination of
91–92
postures in
93, 98
relatives in
99, 101
without women
90
of Intef (Dendera; acc. no. 98.4.7, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
bread-making and brewing scenes on
descriptions of
214
position of
257
querns in
235–236
of Ipiankhu (Saqqara)
dating of
176
grain cultivation scenes on
196
in general
188
descriptions of
176–177
garments in
184–185
gleaning in
181, 190
marsh-related activities on
90
of Kemes (Abydos)
90
of Senwosret (Abydos; C 18, Musée du Louvre, Paris), see Senwosret’s chapel (Abydos)
from Saqqara (in Quibell)
dating of
89
fowling with throw-stick and spear-fishing scenes on
descriptions of
89
hairstyles/headdresses in
104
position on
113
postures in
98
relatives in
101
warp threads, see preparation of ground loom; preparation of warp threads; weaving on ground loom
washing, of cloth
25
weaving on ground loom
beating down weft threads with beater
37, 38, 49
beating down weft threads with beater and handling heddle bar
38–39, 49
handling beater
32, 50
handling beater and spool
35, 50
handling spool
30, 50
holding breast beam and adjusting warp threads
35
passing beater through shed in warp
30–31, 50
tools in
57–59
see also spinning
wedjat-eyes
115
Wepwawet (god)
434–435, 488
wet-nurses
344, 354
wheat
171, 206
whorls
54–55
wigs
51n89, 52–53, 233, 290, 298
winnowing grain
175, 182–183, 190–191, 204t, 220
winnowing scoops
187–188
wives, see relatives
women
age of, see age
in burial processions, see female mourners
as daughters of tomb owners, see relatives
education of
20
freedom of
19–20
garments of, see garments
gestures of, see gestures
hairstyles/headdresses in, see hairstyles/headdresses
jewellery of, see jewellery
kinship of, see relatives
as musicians, see female musicians
occupations of, see occupations
postures of, see postures
roles of, see roles
royal/noble, see royal/noble women
as sisters of tomb owners, see relatives
studies on
17–18
as wives of tomb owners, see relatives
see also under specific themes, scenes and motifs
women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
393–395
overview of
396–397t
in general
388
garments in
392
hairstyles/headdresses in
392
jewellery in
392
postures in
388–391
relatives in
391
women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
363–379
overview of
380–383t
in general
322–323, 653
age in
349
attributes in
338, 350, 351
compared to Old Kingdom
355–356
descriptions of
323–335
examination of
335–362
female relatives in
344–345, 355–356, 358, 653, 661–662
female servants/attendants in
334, 353–354, 662
garments in
345–346, 354
hairstyles/headdresses in
347–349, 354
jewellery in
346, 354
male relatives in
355–356, 358, 653–654
male servants/attendants in
353, 355
position of, in decorative scheme
359–362, 385–387t
postures in, see postures of women
women and beauty care, see hair-dressing; morning toilet; toilet
women and crime, see rendering accounts
women visiting tomb
403–405
description and examination of
400–402
female servants/attendants in
400–401
hairstyles/headdresses in
400–401
jewellery in
400
relatives in
400–401
women visiting tomb owner sitting in columned hall
398–399, 403
work, see occupations
wrap-around dresses
in general
659
in bread-making and brewing
229–230, 231
in dance
475
of female mourners
631, 634
of female musicians
583, 593
in formation dance
467, 469, 473, 474
in fowling and fishing by women
164
in fowling with clapnet
151
in games and acrobatic exercises
412
in grain cultivation
176, 184–185, 189
in hair-dressing
302
in linen production
51
in rendering accounts
285
in women accompanying tomb owner in non-mꜣꜣ contexts
392
in women accompanying tomb owner in the course of mꜣꜣ
345–346
in women visiting tomb
400–401
yoga-exercise
416