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This publication was made possible in part through grants from the Gravin van Bylandt Stichting, the Dr. Hendrik Mullerfonds, and the J.E. Jurriaanse Stichting.Cover illustration: The first Dutch ambassador to China, A.H.J. Lovink, poses with President Lin Sen (center) and other dignitaries at the presidential palace in Chongqing on 23 April 1943. On Lin’s left is Acting Foreign Minister K.C. Wu; behind him are Acting Military Attaché Major P.F.J. Everard and embassy counselor J. van den Berg. Behind the ambassador, to his right, stands embassy secretary R. van Gulik. Source: estate of J. van den Berg.The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.govLC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2019029287Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.issn 2468-8223isbn 978-90-04-41070-1 (hardback)isbn 978-90-04-41092-3 (e-book)Copyright 2020 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change.This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.