Index
Achaean League
3, 38, 38n54, 45n85, 49, 54–55, 59n38, 60, 70n69, 73n77, 80, 123, 127, 133, 134n19, 138n32, 139–142, 139n35, 140n38, 142n47, 148, 139, 140n38, 141–142, 142n47, 148
See also koinon
See also Polybius
adjudication
See third-party diplomacy
Aemilius Paullus, Lucius
40n61, 40n62, 61, 129–131, 134, 138n31, 144, 160, 168–169
Aeneas
38, 38n54, 95, 109, 112, 140n38, 168–169
See also Troy, Trojan War
See also Vergil (Aeneid)
Aetolian League
33, 42, 45, 52n13, 55n20, 59n38, 60n42, 66, 69n, 70n68, 70n69, 75n85, 76–77, 76n89, 80–82, 82n13, 84–85, 87, 103–104
See also koinon
Agatharchides of Cnidus (On the Erythraean Sea)
110n24, 118, 120
ager publicus
82, 139
Alexander III (“the Great”) of Macedon
28–30, 28n23, 37, 51n10, 98, 103, 107, 109–112, 111n30, 112n33, 129, 141, 144, 150–151, 153, 173
Alpheius of Mytilene
110, 113, 128
amicitia, concept of
9n29, 20, 46, 80–81, 86n24
See also philia, concept of
anacyclosis
See Polybius
Antiochus III
44, 53n15, 57n31, 70n68, 71n72, 71n73, 75, 76n90, 85, 116, 144
Apamea
72n75, 75n85
apocalyptic tradition
17, 106, 114–115
and Rome
17, 113–114, 115n, 116–117, 160, 163, 165, 173
apologetic deprecation
See third-party diplomacy
Appian
46n89, 93n52, 113, 113n40, 142n49, 143n51, 144n53, 160n28
arbitration
See third-party diplomacy
archē, concept of
2, 49–50, 54–55, 57, 60, 87–88, 92, 102, 108, 135
See also dunasteia
See also Polybius
Aristotle
38n54, 41n65, 51, 56n28, 59n36, 102, 118–119, 118n48, 126, 127n79, 132n12, 154
Asia Minor
20–22, 37, 4on62, 65, 65n58, 66n59, 67n63, 76n90
See also Troy, Trojan War
asylia
33, 33n41, 84
Athens
1–2, 57n31, 70n68, 70n69, 72n76, 73n77, 76–77, 76n89, 76n89, 76n91, 87–88, 94, 94n54, 95n59, 109, 113n34, 118n48, 132n14, 167
Attalos II of Pergamon
55, 64–66, 71n73
See also Pergamon
Augustus
150–156, 152n7, 156n17, 158–159, 162–169, 166n42
and Actium
163–164
Augustan age
10, 10n30, 18, 84n17, 89n35, 90, 92n45, 152n7, 159, 163, 165n39, 166, 167n45, 168–169, 174
and the Gemma Augustea
18, 150–156, 150n1, 159, 162–163, 165, 168–169
and monuments in Rome
166–168, 166n43, 166n44, 166n45, 167n45, 167n46, 168n47
Prima Porta, statue of
165, 165n41
Res Gestae
92n45, 158
See also Vergil (Aeneid)
Bithynia
21, 63–64, 138n31
Boeotian League
36n52, 73n77, 133n19, 141
Byzantium
1–2, 70n68, 70n69
Caesar (Gaius Julius)
5, 5n10, 157n20, 163, 168
as Divus Iulius
163, 167, 167n46
Cannae, significance of
105, 131, 131n7, 133–134, 133n16, 145–146
capability distribution
7, 7n17, 9n27, 12n36, 21, 47, 65, 65n57, 68
See also imperialism, Roman
Caria
74, 137n27
Carneades
118, 118n48, 120
Carthage
33–34, 33n43, 34n47, 41, 41n65, 42, 52n13, 60, 90, 107–108, 131–134, 132n14, 133n16, 138n32, 144, 144n55, 145n55
destruction of
131, 139, 139n34, 141–148, 142n49, 145n56, 160–161, 163, 173
Punic Wars
40, 59n39, 91, 103–105, 108, 142, 144–145
See also Corinth, destruction of
See also Polybius
See also Sallust
See also Scipio Aemilianus
cartography
16, 24, 107, 171
experienced
24–25, 171
Hellenic (See also pan-Hellenism)
24, 27–34
universal
24–27, 171
See also Polybius
Cato the Elder
40n62, 42, 89n33, 101, 109, 118n48, 120
Chalcis
60, 61n46, 110n27, 141
See also Flamininus (Hymn of Chalcis)
Chrysippus
29, 56n26
See also Zeno (of Citium)
Chyretiae
59n38
See also Flamininus (letter to the Chyretiaeans)
Cicero
40n62, 42n70, 42n74, 52n13, 56n28, 60n44, 83n16, 86n23, 86n25, 89n33, 89n34, 92, 93n48, 94n54, 101, 101n79, 118–119, 118n48, 139n36, 157, 157n20, 157n21, 160, 160n27, 160n28, 161n29, 164
citizenship
14, 16, 18, 28–29, 32, 39, 51, 54n18, 55–57, 59–60, 62n50, 92–93, 92n47, 100–101, 104, 133n16, 142, 150, 153, 158, 161, 161n31, 165n39, 172
See also proxenia
Cnidus
62n50, 70n69, 91n42
See also Agatharchides of Cnidus
Corinth
1, 21, 43n76, 61n46, 138n32
destruction of
139–141, 139n34, 139n37, 140n38, 140n39, 140n40, 145–148, 160, 163, 174
See also Carthage, destruction of
See also Polybius
See also Mummius, Lucius
cosmopolitanism
13n39, 16, 28, 28n24, 79, 104, 171, 174
See also Zeno (of Citium), “dream of”
Crete
41, 54n18, 69n, 72n75, 72n76, 97, 132n14, 72n75, 72n76, 73n76, 97, 132n14
Cyropaedia
See Xenophon
decemviri
59, 76n90, 148
deditio (dedere se in fidem)
17, 64, 82–84, 82n11, 82n12, 82n13, 93, 94n54, 172
See also fetial law
See also fides
Delos
1–2, 39n57, 59n38, 59n39, 74, 95n59, 96n65, 96n66, 96n67, 97n68, 97n69
Delphi
33, 43n76, 59n38, 59n39, 61, 61n46, 62n50, 72n75, 73n76, 91n42, 97n68
Demetrius of Phaleron
130–131
dēmos, Greek concept of
17, 50, 67, 87–88, 92, 102, 132–133, 133n16, 148
and dēmos Romaiōn
See populus Romanus
personification, Dēmos
2, 94, 94n54, 96n62
despoteia
114, 118–120, 132, 137, 153, 173
Dicaearchus
25–26, 25n13
See also cartography, experienced
Diodorus
32n39, 52n13, 102, 102n82, 109n22, 142n49, 143n51, 144n53
Dionysius of Halicarnassus
38n54, 83n16, 112, 113n35
diplomacy
2, 4, 9, 9n27, 13n39, 16–17, 20–23, 27, 31, 36, 44–45, 47, 52, 56, 59, 63–64, 78, 81, 94, 104, 112, 118, 131, 142
See also kinship diplomacy
See also third-party diplomacy
“dream of Zeno”
See Zeno (of Citium)
dunasteia
49–50, 87–88, 102, 135
Eckstein, Arthur
See imperialism, Roman
Empire, Roman
See imperium (Romanum)
eparcheia
50, 90–91, 91n42, 91n44, 102
See also provincia
Epirus
73n77
See also Pyrrhus
Eratosthenes
26, 26n16, 41n65, 59n36, 107–108, 157
and Olympiads
26, 107
See also cartography, universal
ethnos (ethnē, pl.)
27, 35, 58, 87, 92
See also pan-Hellenism
euergetism
32, 43, 63–64, 97
and koinoi euergetai
63, 79n2, 94, 119
See also Hellenistic
See also pan-Hellenism
Eumenes II of Pergamon
21, 44, 65–66, 70n68, 71n74, 72n75, 137n27
fetial law (ius fetiale)
83, 83n16, 84n18, 172
See also deditio
fides
2, 61, 64, 80, 82, 83n14, 84, 93, 93n53, 95, 172
See also deditio
See also pistis
Flamininus, Titus
20–22, 47–48, 52n13, 61n46, 73n77, 75n85, 112, 112n33
and “freedom for the Greeks”
43, 43n79, 45, 45n84, 46n89
and Hellenistic kingship
43–47
and Hymn (of Chalcis)
43n76, 60–61, 93n53
and letter to the Chyretiaeans
43, 43n78, 45n86, 46
See also Hegesias
See also pan-Hellenism
Florus
140n41, 142n49
Fourth Sibylline Oracle
See Sibylline Oracles
friendship
See amicitia
Galatia
20, 64, 137n27
Gemma Augustea
See Augustus
Genius
95, 165
and Genius Populi Romani
94, 157, 162
geography
See cartography
See also Polybius
Glabrio, Manius Acilius
52n13, 59n38, 80–82, 82n13, 84
globalization
2–3, 13n40, 16, 29, 47–48, 51n10, 58, 78, 100, 112, 114, 121, 123, 150–151, 156, 162, 167, 170–171, 173–174
good-offices
See third-party arbitration
Gracchi
40n62, 42n74, 62n50
Gruen, Erich
See imperialism, Roman
Hannibal
103, 105, 144, 144n55, 145n55
See also Carthage (Punic Wars)
Harris, William V.
See imperialism, Roman
hēgemonia
118–120, 132, 153, 158n
Hegesias
20–22, 37, 39, 47, 112
See also Flamininus, Titus
Hellenism, Hellenicity
See pan-Hellenism
Hellenistic
12, 15–16, 18, 25, 28, 28n22, 35, 37, 47, 54–57, 60, 62, 82, 85, 91–93, 96, 102, 107, 118, 125–126, 127n79, 143, 147, 152, 160, 164, 171–172
and prestige politics
31, 31n32, 40
See also kingship (Hellenistic)
See also pan-Hellenism
Herodotus
25n12, 27, 30, 31n30, 33n45, 107, 107n7, 109, 109n21, 111n30, 122
Ilium
21, 39n57, 76, 76n90, 143
See also Troy, Trojan War
imperialism, Roman
3–6, 8, 10–11, 133n17, 152n7, 170
“defensive” approaches to (Theodor Mommsen)
5, 5n9, 10, 157, 170
“internal” vs. “external” influences on (Erich Gruen)
6, 8, 10, 12, 170
and international relations (IR) theory (Arthur Eckstein)
6–10, 65n57, 66n59, 170
“offensive” approaches to (William V. Harris)
5–6, 5n12, 8, 8n24, 10, 65n57, 66n60, 85, 170
and “primitivism” vs. “modernism”
9, 9n28
and the “Roman predicament”
3–4, 4n8, 10
See also imperium (Romanum)
imperium (Romanum)
3, 13, 15, 18, 50, 86–87, 89, 89n33, 89n34, 94, 102, 151, 156–158, 157n20, 158n, 161, 166n41, 168, 170, 174
as “command”
62n50, 72, 80, 86n24, 89–90, 90n37, 94, 157–158, 169
as “Empire”
18–19, 80, 89–90, 158–159, 164, 170
See also imperialism, Roman
See also maiestas (populi Romani)
See also provincia
international relations (IR) theory
6–11
and normative constructivism
12–13, 12n36
and structural realism (Kenneth Waltz)
6–7, 6n17, 6n18, 8, 8n27, 65n57, 170
ius, concept of
15, 17, 153, 172
ius fetiale
See fetial law
Justin (epitome of Pompeius Trogus)
113n37, 139n35
kinship diplomacy
14, 21–22, 33–39, 35n49, 54, 54n19, 68, 109, 171
oikeiotēs
35, 35n48, 36n51, 39, 39n57, 171
and Rome
37–39, 59–60, 98, 102, 171
syngeneia
35, 35n48, 36n52, 37, 39, 39n57, 96n63, 171
See also pan-Hellenism
kingship (Hellenistic)
16, 22, 43–44, 51n10, 52n14, 55–59, 56n27, 56n28, 59n37, 62, 68
and Rome
51, 58, 60–66, 69, 73, 75, 77–78, 94, 98, 152–153, 171–172
See also Flamininus, Titus
See also polis (poleis, pl.)
See also res publica
See also state / statehood
See also third-party diplomacy
koinon (koina, pl.)
16, 51, 51n11, 52n14, 54–55, 55n20, 58, 78, 88, 92
See also polis
koinoi euergetai
See euergetism
kosmos
26, 30, 166
See also cartography, universal
kosmopolis
3, 11, 58, 79, 99, 101, 147, 150, 159–160, 162, 171–172
See also cosmopolitanism
See also Zeno (of Citium), “dream of”
Lampsacus (Troad)
20–22, 37, 53n15
Leagues
See koinon
Livy (Ab Urbe Condita)
40n62, 45n85, 45n86, 46n89, 62n50, 70n68, 73n77, 73n79, 75, 75n87, 76n91, 82n11, 87, 90n37, 96n64, 97n68, 139n35, 140n41, 142n49
Locri Epizephyrii, coinage of
1–3, 17, 95n61, 164
Locris
70n71, 141
Lycia
39n57, 74, 76, 76n90
Lycophron (Alexandra)
37, 110–113, 110n23, 111n27, 112n33, 128
Lysimachus (king of Thrace)
67–68, 70, 70n71, 75n84
Maccabees
31n33, 62, 62n51
Macedon
28, 45, 61, 61n46, 70n68, 72n75, 73–75, 73n76, 88, 98, 103–104, 110n23, 113, 113n37, 129–130, 129n2, 132, 139, 139n35, 141, 144
and Hellenism
33–34, 33n43, 33n44, 33n45, 34n47, 36n50, 42, 109
See also Flamininus, Titus Quin
See also Philip V of Macedon
Magnesia-on-the-Maeander
33, 44, 53, 70n71, 72n75, 72n76, 97n68
maiestas (populi Romani)
2, 15, 17, 30, 46, 50, 80, 84n18, 87, 87n29, 89, 93–94, 94n54, 97, 99, 102, 152–156, 152n7, 159, 171–172
Massilia
20–22
mediation
See third-party diplomacy
Mediterranean, mediterraneus
4, 13n39, 20–23, 23n5, 23n6, 25, 37, 41, 63, 66n59, 104, 106, 126, 137, 162, 170–171
and T-O maps
26–27, 26n15
See also cartography
Melinno, Hymn to Rome
93n53, 99–100, 110, 113, 128
middle-ground, concept of (Richard White)
9n29, 13–14, 14n, 17–18, 43, 50, 78, 80, 169
Miletus
53, 91n44, 95n59, 96n64, 97n68, 97n69
Mommsen, Theodor
See imperialism, Roman
Mummius, Lucius
61n46, 91n44, 139, 139n37, 140n38, 160, 169
See also Corinth, destruction of
Mytilene
54n18, 58n31, 110
See also Alpheius of Mytilene
Naxos
1–2, 1n
oikeiotēs
See kinship diplomacy
oikoumenē
16, 26–29, 34–37, 40, 47–50, 58, 68, 79–80, 89, 89n34, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106–108, 111, 123, 128–129, 134, 137, 143, 146–147, 150, 157, 159, 165, 171, 173
See also cartography (universal)
See also Eratosthenes
See also Polybius
Olympia
36n52, 59n38, 97n67, 152–153
See also Eratosthenes (and Olympiads)
Olympian (divinities)
57, 98, 123, 152
Panaetius
29, 118–119
See also Stoicism
pan-Hellenism
14, 16, 23, 31–35, 37, 39, 54–55, 57, 63, 68, 104–107, 110–112, 127, 151, 171
and philhellenism
31, 32n36, 41n63, 42
to Hellēnikon, hellēnizein
30, 33, 35, 42, 151
and Rome
39–43, 45, 47, 50–51, 58–59, 77, 85, 92–93, 98, 100, 102, 104–106, 110, 112, 140, 143, 151, 153–154, 165, 167, 171–173
See also cartography, Hellenic
See also Flamininus, Titus
See also Hellenistic
See also kinship diplomacy
patris, concept of
3, 50, 55, 57, 60, 78, 100, 101n78, 102, 153, 158, 171
pax, concept of
152n7, 158
Pergamon
54n18, 55, 58n31, 70n69, 91, 112n33
Perseus (Macedonian king)
40n61, 61, 74, 75n87, 129–130, 134, 144
See also Aemilius Paullus, Lucius
Persia
30, 37, 39n56, 88, 108n18, 109, 110n23, 113, 113n37, 115–116, 130, 141
philhellenism
See pan-Hellenism
philia, concept of
35–36, 35n48, 36n51, 39, 39n57, 90n36
See also amicitia, concept of
See also kinship diplomacy
Philip V of Macedon
20–21, 52n13, 57n31, 61, 69n, 70n68, 70n69, 70n71, 71n73, 73n77, 75n84, 103, 105, 112
Phocis
22, 141
Phoenice, peace of
73n77
pistis, concept of
93, 93n53, 172
personification, Pistis
1–2, 95, 95n61, 164
See also fides
Plato
27, 32n36, 118–119, 118n48, 118n50, 132n14, 154
Pliny the Elder (Natural History)
23n5, 26–27, 27n17, 32n39, 140n41, 166n45
Plutarch
28–30, 28n23, 29n25, 40n61, 40n62, 41n64, 42n72, 42n73, 43n76, 46n89, 52n13, 57n28, 58n34, 61n45, 61n46, 61n47, 61n48, 61n49, 148n59, 160n28
polis (poleis, pl.)
15–16, 20–21, 34–35, 51n10, 51n11, 52–58, 52n14, 53n15, 125, 128, 132–134, 156
and politeia
16–17, 28, 49–50, 118–119, 126–127, 127n79, 132, 141, 148, 154, 161
and Rome
41, 50–51, 59, 64, 69, 73, 75, 77–79, 86n25, 88, 89n34, 93, 100, 102, 105, 119, 148, 153–154, 164, 171–172
See also kingship (Hellenistic)
See also Polybius
See also res publica
See also state / statehood
politeia
See polis
See also Polybius
Polybius (Histories)
3, 17–18, 38n54, 41n68, 45n85, 46n89, 47, 49, 52n13, 53n15, 57n31, 63–64, 71n73, 73–74, 76–77, 80–83, 82n11, 87–88, 90–91, 93n53, 95n59, 96n66, 105–109, 116, 121–150, 127n80, 139n33, 140n42, 154, 159–160, 170, 172–174
and 146 BCE (destruction of Carthage, Corinth)
17, 108, 130–131, 134n19, 134n22, 135–137, 139–148, 142n49, 143n50, 145n56, 150, 160, 163–164, 173
and Achaean League
54–55, 123, 127, 133, 138n32, 140, 142n47, 148
on anacyclosis
17, 109, 119n52, 125–127, 126n77, 132n11, 133, 138, 164, 173
and History/historiography
18, 105–106, 121–127, 123n64, 125n72, 129, 131, 136, 169, 173–174
on Roman archē
17, 61n47, 105, 122, 128, 130, 134–138, 145n56, 146–148, 165, 173
on Rome’s politeia
17, 41, 49–50, 59n36, 86, 105, 126, 128, 131–136, 138, 145n56, 146–148, 173
and Scipio Aemilianus
18, 40n62, 131, 134, 138n31, 142–146, 148, 154, 174
speech of Lyciscus
103–104, 106, 127–128
on symplokē
106, 109, 122
on tarachē kai kinesis
17, 130, 134n19, 136, 145–146, 173
and Tuchē (Fate)
17–18, 105, 108, 121–122, 125–131, 126n75, 136, 138, 143–144, 144n54, 144n55, 146, 149, 161, 164, 173–174
populus Romanus
12, 17, 44–45, 80, 87–89, 92–94, 93n49, 94n54, 102, 162, 172
and dēmos Romaiōn
44, 50, 92, 92n46, 95n59, 138n31, 172
and ius populi Romani
15, 93
See also dēmos, Greek concept of
See also maiestas (populi Romani)
potestas
94, 94n54, 167n46
Priene
53, 53n16, 53n17, 67–68, 70n71, 72n75, 72n76, 75n84, 124n71
Prima Porta Augustus
See Augustus
provincia
50, 62n50, 88, 90n36, 91n44, 102
evolving conceptions of
15, 89–91, 90n37, 156–158
See also eparcheia
See also imperium (Romanum)
proxenia
60, 60n42, 60n43, 92n47
See also kinship diplomacy
Prusias II of Bithynia
21, 63–64, 71n73, 75n87, 77
Pseudo-Scymnus (Periegesis/Periodos)
25, 25n13, 79, 79n2
See also cartography, experienced
Ptolemies
1–2, 7, 44n82, 54n18, 55, 57n28, 69n, 70n68, 71n71, 71n73, 73n78, 75n84, 137n27
Punic Wars
See Carthage
Pydna
40n62, 49, 73–74, 85
Pyrrhus (king of Epirus)
52n13, 61, 73n78, 75n84
Republic, Roman
See res publica
See also Roma
Res Gestae
See Augustus
res publica
12, 17–18, 30, 43, 48, 50, 52, 63–64, 77, 79, 84–85, 84n18, 92n45, 95–96, 95n59, 98, 100, 119n51, 132, 134n19, 140, 152–156, 159, 161, 164, 170–172
definition of
15–17, 88, 92–94
See also kingship (Hellenistic)
See also maiestas
See also Polybius
See also Roma
See also state / statehood
Rhodes
1–2, 34, 40n62, 60, 66, 70n68, 70n69, 71n72, 73–74, 73n79, 75n87, 76–77, 76n89, 76n91, 87, 94, 95n59, 96n66, 112, 116, 137n27
and Rhodos (personification)
97
Rhōmē (Thea)
95–97, 95n61, 96n62, 96n63, 96n65, 96n66, 98, 172
See also Roma (Dea/goddess)
Roma (Dea/goddess)
17–19, 61, 80, 95, 95n60, 98–100, 110, 113n41, 125–126, 153–154, 156, 156n17, 158–159, 162, 164–165, 167, 172, 174
coin imagery
1–2, 95n61, 98
See also Augustus
See also Melinno, Hymn to Rome
See also Rhodes (Rhodos)
Sallust
10, 26n15, 157n20, 160–162, 161n31, 162n, 164
Samos
53, 53n17, 67–68, 70n71, 75n84, 96n63
Seleucid
7–8, 37, 44n82, 54n18, 55, 57n31, 58n31, 60, 114–115, 137n27
See also Antiochus III
Senate, Roman
21–22, 36n52, 46, 61, 62n50, 63–64, 73, 73n76, 75, 77–78, 83, 85, 86n24, 91, 95n59, 120, 157, 162, 165, 167
See also third-party diplomacy (and Rome)
Sibylline Oracles
116
Third
110n23, 116–117, 117n
Fourth
113n35, 117n
Scipio Aemilianus (Africanus the Younger)
40n62, 60, 89n33, 119, 131, 134, 138n31, 142–146, 148, 154, 160, 168–169, 174
See also Carthage, destruction of
See also Polybius
socius, societas
15, 86n24
See also symmachia
Sparta
41, 54n19, 69n, 70n70, 70n71, 72n76, 103–105, 108n18, 132, 132n14, 133n16
state / statehood
2, 11–12, 11n33, 11n34, 15, 51, 78, 159, 170
See also kingship (Hellenistic)
See also polis (poleis, pl.)
See also res publica
Stoicism
29–30, 29n26, 29n27, 29n28, 51n10, 118, 171
See also Zeno (of Citium)
Strabo
32n39, 35n50, 41n65, 42n69, 59n36, 123n66, 140n41, 140n42, 142n49
symmachia
36n51
See also socius, societas
symplokē
See Polybius
syngeneia
See kinship diplomacy
Syracuse
1–2, 73n77, 90, 107, 138n31
third-party diplomacy
45, 66–78, 81, 85, 156, 172
apologetic deprecation
69, 75–77, 75n86, 76n89, 76n90, 81, 83, 87
arbitration/adjudication
54n18, 68–72, 70n71, 71n72, 72n76, 75
good-offices
68–71, 70n70, 73–74, 73n77, 77
and kings
67–71, 75
mediation
68–69, 71, 71n73, 71n74, 73–75, 77, 83
and Rome
16–17, 69, 71–75, 71n73, 71n74, 72n75, 72n76, 73n77, 81, 172
T-O maps
See Mediterranean
Third Sibylline Oracle
See Sibylline Oracles
Timaeus of Tauromenium
38n54, 107–109, 108n17, 123n66
See also Polybius
treaties
53, 90, 97, 103
Troy, Trojan War
21, 37–38, 47, 111n30, 140, 140n38, 143–144, 147
and historiography
107, 109, 111–112
and Rome
37–38, 95–96, 143, 145, 168
See also Aeneas
See also Ilium
See also kinship diplomacy
See also Lycophron (Alexandra)
See also pan-Hellenism
Tuchē
and Fate/Fortune
95, 164–165
as a goddess, Tuchē Poleōs
2, 94, 98, 172
See also Polybius
Valerius Maximus
40n62, 46n89, 52n13, 86n23, 142n49
Varro
86n23, 108, 112n34, 113
Vergil (Aeneid)
84n17, 119n55, 168–170, 168n48, 169n
See also Aeneas
See also Augustus
White, Richard
See middle ground, concept of
Xenophon (Cyropaedia)
56–58, 56n28, 60, 60n44
See also kingship (Hellenistic)
See also Zeno (of Citium), “dream of”
Zeno (of Citium)
28–29, 56n26, 171
“dream of”
16, 28–30, 37, 47, 58, 79, 102, 105, 120, 128, 150, 152, 171
and Stoic political philosophy
29–30
See also kosmopolis
Zonaras
139n35, 142n49