Abbreviations and Sigla
The abbreviations and sigla are adapted from Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and DJD XXXII, with certain modifications that are especially oriented to the objectives of the present volume. The abbreviations of journals and other publications are derived from The SBL Handbook of Style, 2nd ed. (Atlanta, GA: SBL Press, 2014), again with certain modifications.
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divides lemmas |
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separates textual variants |
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(midline circlet). Unidentifiable letter |
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circlet above letter. Identification of letter is doubtful |
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dot above letter. Identification of letter is probable |
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| [ ] |
text is reconstructed in a fragmented text |
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| vacat |
copyist intentionally left writing space blank, possibly to indicate a sense unit or paragraph division |
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petuḥa open section in MT |
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setuma closed section in MT |
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| // |
parallel text/register |
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| > |
element is lacking |
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| <…> |
an author’s or editor’s additions |
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| { } |
signifies words or letters that have been erased |
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| = |
equals |
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| ≠ |
does not equal |
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first occurrence of a word in a verse, second occurrence (e.g., see |
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signifies supralinear words or letters in the Qumran scrolls (e.g., see |
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| 5:8a, 5:8b |
first part of Isaiah chapter 5, verse 8; second part of Isaiah chapter 5, verse 8 |
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| 64:1[2] |
verse in brackets usually signifies LXX versification |
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| MT |
Masoretic Text
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| LXX |
Septuagint translation+ (for manuscripts A[lexandrinus], reconstructed in the Göttingen Septuagint series+ or the edition of Rahlfs–Hanhart, Septuaginta as opposed to later revisions correcting LXX towards MT)
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| Syr |
Peshiṭta translation |
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| Tg |
Targum |
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| Vulg |
Vulgate |
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| SP |
Samaritan Pentateuch |
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| α′ σ′ θ′ ο′ π′ |
Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion, The Seventy, all |
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| εβρ′ |
Hebrew text of Origen (Greek transliteration) |
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| kaige-Th |
kaige-Theodotion+ |
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| 1QIsaa, 4QIsad |
Cave 1 of Qumran, book of Isaiah; Cave 4 of Qumran, book of Isaiah |
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| abs. |
absolute |
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| BCE/CE |
before the Common Era/Common Era |
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| BH |
Biblical Hebrew |
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| col(s). |
(when preceding a number) = column(s) |
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| const. |
construct |
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| etc. |
et cetera, and the rest |
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| f. |
feminine |
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| frg. |
(when preceding a number) fragment |
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| HB |
Hebrew Bible |
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| i.e., |
id est, that is |
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| ibid. |
ibidem, in the same place |
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| impf. |
imperfect |
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| impv. |
imperative |
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| inf. |
infinitive |
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| KQ |
ketib-qere |
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| LBH |
Late Biblical Hebrew |
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| MH |
Mishnaic Hebrew |
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| m. |
masculine |
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| Mm |
Masorah magna+ |
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| Mp |
Masorah parva+ |
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| MurIsaiah |
Murabba‘at Isaiah |
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| OG |
Old Greek+ translation |
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| orth? |
indicates that the form may be an orthographic variant |
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| pm |
prima manu (the first scribal hand) |
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| P(ap). |
papyrus |
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| pf. |
perfect |
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| pl. |
plural |
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| ptc. |
participle |
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| QH |
Qumran Hebrew, DSS Hebrew |
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| SBH |
Standard Biblical Hebrew |
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| sm |
secunda manu (a second “hand” in a manuscript) |
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| sg. |
singular |
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| v./vv. |
verse(s) (when preceding a verse number[s]) |
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| var? |
indicates that the form may be a variant |
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| (vid) |
(ut) videtur (apparently) |
Books of Hebrew Scripture
| Gen |
Genesis |
| Exod |
Exodus |
| Lev |
Leviticus |
| Num |
Numbers |
| Deut |
Deuteronomy |
| Josh |
Joshua |
| Judg |
Judges |
| 1–2 Sam |
1–2 Samuel |
| 1–2 Kgs |
1–2 Kings |
| Isa |
Isaiah |
| Jer |
Jeremiah |
| Ezek |
Ezekiel |
| Hos |
Hosea |
| Joel |
Joel |
| Amos |
Amos |
| Obad |
Obadiah |
| Jonah |
Jonah |
| Mic |
Micah |
| Nah |
Nahum |
| Hab |
Habakkuk |
| Zeph |
Zephaniah |
| Hag |
Haggai |
| Zech |
Zechariah |
| Mal |
Malachi |
| Ps |
Psalms |
| Job |
Job |
| Prov |
Proverbs |
| Ruth |
Ruth |
| Cant |
Canticles |
| Eccl |
Ecclesiastes |
| Lam |
Lamentations |
| Esth |
Esther |
| Dan |
Daniel |
| Ezra |
Ezra |
| Neh |
Nehemiah |
| 1–2 Chr |
1–2 Chronicles |
Journals and Books
| AJSL |
American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature |
| ASTI |
Annual of the Swedish Theological Institute |
| AUSS |
Andrews University Seminary Studies |
| BAR |
Biblical Archaeology Review |
| BASOR |
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |
| BDB |
Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament |
| BHK |
Biblia Hebraica. Edited by R. Kittel. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1905–1906. 1925, 1937, 1951, 1973. |
| BHQ |
Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Edited by A. Schenker; Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2004–. |
| BHS |
Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Edited by K. Elliger and W. Rudolph; Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1983. |
| Bib |
Biblica |
| BO |
Bibliotheca orientalis |
| BRev |
Bible Review |
| BT |
Bible Translator |
| CBQ |
Catholic Biblical Quarterly |
| DJD |
Discoveries in the Judaean Desert (of Jordan). Vols. I–XL. Oxford: Clarendon, 1955–2010. |
| DCH |
Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, edited by David J. A. Clines |
| DSD |
Dead Sea Discoveries |
| HALOT |
Koehler, Baumgartner, & Stamm, Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament |
| HUB–Isaiah |
Goshen-Gottstein, Hebrew University Bible Project, Book of Isaiah |
| HUCA |
Hebrew Union College Annual |
| IEJ |
Israel Exploration Journal |
| JBL |
Journal of Biblical Literature |
| JJS |
Journal of Jewish Studies |
| JNES |
Journal of Near Eastern Studies |
| JNSL |
Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages |
| JQR |
Jewish Quarterly Review |
| JSOT |
Journal for the Study of the Old Testament |
| JSS |
Journal of Semitic Studies |
| JTS |
Journal of Theological Studies |
| Or |
Orientalia |
| OTS |
Old Testament Studies |
| RB |
Revue biblique |
| RevQ |
Revue de Qumran |
| NEB |
Textual Notes on the New American Bible |
| TCHB3 |
Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Third Edition |
| UF |
Ulrich/Flint, DJD XXXII |
| VT |
Vetus Testamentum |
| ZAW |
Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft |