Figures

1.1 North pteron and colonnade (L. Lambrinou) 21

1.2 Upper surface of capital NC14130 (L. Lambrinou) 22

1.3 Stylobate below the (left) eighth and (right) tenth columns (L. Lambrinou) 23

1.4 Stylobate under the fifth column (L. Lambrinou after illustration by K. Matala, 2004) 23

1.5 Section through the N pteron (above: L. Lambrinou), and plan (below: after Korres 1994a, fig. 38) 25

1.6 Bottom drums of the (left) sixth and (right) ninth columns (left: L. Lambrinou; right: A. Papandropoulos, ESMA archives) 27

1.7 Schematic diagram of a bottom drum on the north colonnade (L. Lambrinou) 28

1.8 Bottom of an unfinished base drum from the Old Parthenon (L. Lambrinou) 28

1.9 Measurements of column 11.9/14149 (by L. Lambrinou after drawings by K. Matala, A. Papandropoulos, ESMA Archives) 29

1.10 North elevation of the north colonnade (drawing by K. Matala, A. Papandropoulos, T. Skari, 2005; ESMA Archives) 30

1.11 Entasis on the north colonnade shafts (L. Lambrinou) 33

1.12 The effect of the inclination of the column on entasis (L. Lambrinou) 34

2.1 Parthenon southwest corner (Photo S. Gesafidis, YSMA archive) 39

2.2 Axonometric section of the southwest corner (V. Manidaki) 40

2.3 South frieze backer (Photo T. Souvlakis, YSMA archive) 41

2.4 Placement of the south frieze backer (V. Manidaki) 41

2.5 Frieze backers at the east end (a,b: 1991, YSMA archive; c,d: V. Manidaki) 42

2.6 Frieze backers at the southwest corner (Photo T. Souvlakis, YSMA archive) 44

2.7 Construction break through the whole height of the entablature (V. Manidaki) 45

2.8 Doric frieze of the southwest corner (Photogrammetric documentation, YSMA archive) 45

2.9 Southwest corner, south epistyle (V. Manidaki) 46

2.10 Last raking cornice block on the west pediment (Photogrammetric documentation, YSMA archive) 47

2.11 Southwest corner geison (Photogrammetric documentation, YSMA archive) 48

2.12 Original sima compared to the actual sima (V. Manidaki) 49

2.13 Southwest corner sima and cyma reversa moulding (Photo T. Souvlakis, YSMA archive) 50

2.14 Original tiling scheme (left) as planned, and (right) as executed (V. Manidaki) 51

2.15 Modification for the fitting of the southwest akroterion base (V. Manidaki) 52

3.1 Ephesos, Upper agora, basilike stoa (J. Capelle) 57

3.2 Chronological map of blueprints (J. Capelle) 58

3.3 The “sketch of Pytheos” at the Athena Temple of Priene (courtesy W. Koenigs) 59

3.4 Blueprints from the “Mason’s room” at the Castle of Blois, France, incised in the mortar or drawn on it with charcoal or red chalk during the restoration of the 1880s–1920s (J. Capelle) 60

3.5 Known blueprints quantified according to building type (J. Capelle) 61

3.6a–c Above left: Miletos, theatre (J. Capelle). Below left: Priene, theatre (after von Gerkan 1921: pl. 9). Right: Miletos, Bouleuterion, location of blueprints (after Knackfuß 1908: fig. 53) 62

3.7 (a) RTI with I. Boyer at Miletos (courtesy A. Vacek); (b) Specular enhancement from RTI-Viewer (J. Capelle) 63

3.8 Miletos, theatre: (a) blueprint of a pediment (J. Capelle); (b) blueprint of the arches of the western retaining wall (adapted from Krauss 1973: pl. 18) 64

3.9a–e Above: Miletos, theatre, blueprint; middle left: ending pedestal of the eastern retaining wall; middle right: original roughing out surfaces; below left: proportions used in the drawing; below right: Euklidian construction (J. Capelle) 66

3.10a–d Above: Miletos, Bouleuterion, blueprint; middle left: similar profiles at Miletos; middle right: Priene, theatre; below: Miletos, Bouleuterion (J. Capelle) 68

3.11a–d Above: Priene, theatre, blueprint (J. Capelle); middle: Angista, chamber tomb, blueprint (adapted from Hoepfner 1984); below left: Delos, Hypostyle Hall (J. Capelle); below right: Agora of the Italians (J. Capelle) 69

3.12a–c Larissa, theatre: above: proskenion façade; middle: blueprint of same; below: setting lines on the stylobate (J. Capelle) 70

4.1 Plan of the theatre area (S. Gogos, T. Hagn, A. Tanner, H. Birk; courtesy ÖAW/ÖAI Athen) 75

4.2a–c Ground plans of Buildings D, E, and F (A. Tanner; courtesy ÖAW/ÖAI Athen) 76

4.3 Elevations of Buildings (a) E, (b) D, (c) D; and (d) cross sections (A. Tanner; courtesy ÖAW/ÖAI Athen) 77

4.4 South wall socle of Buildings (a) E and (b) D (A. Tanner; courtesy ÖAW/ÖAI Athen) 78

4.5 Plans of Buildings D and E (A. Tanner) 80

4.6a–b Reconstruction scenarios for Buildings D and E (A. Tanner) 82

5.1 Acr. Inv. 4510, 4503 (N.L. Klein) 93

5.2 Acr. Inv. 4503 (N.L. Klein) 94

5.3 Acr. Inv. 4409 (N.L. Klein) 95

5.4 Acr. Inv. 4503 (N.L. Klein) 95

5.5 Acr. Inv. 7390 (N.L. Klein) 96

5.6 Top: Reconstruction of Building A (Wiegand 1904: pl. XIII); bottom: same (illustration by D.G. Mullen) 96

5.7 Building A: (a) pediment corner; (b) Acr. Inv. 4415; (c) Acr. Inv. 4464 (illustration by D.G. Mullen; photos by N.L. Klein) 97

5.8 Acr. Inv. 4510 (N.L. Klein) 98

5.9 Pinakotheke foundations (N.L. Klein) 99

5.10 Acr. Inv. 9 (N.L. Klein) 102

5.11 Typology of geison blocks: Acr. Inv. 4446, 4433, 4441 (N.L. Klein) 103

6.1 Archaic South Temple at Kalapódhi (N. Hellner) 107

6.2 Northwestern corner of the Archaic South Temple (N. Hellner; courtesy DAI) 109

6.3 Western front of the Archaic South Temple (N. Hellner; courtesy DAI) 110

6.4 Detail of the François vase (N. Hellner, after Østby 2000, 254 fig. 9) 112

6.5 Wooden brackets (N. Hellner; left after Kawerau) 113

6.6 Corner solution of brackets (left) and a “bracket-capital” (right) (N. Hellner) 113

6.7 Reconstruction with “bracket-capitals” (N. Hellner) 114

6.8 Reconstruction with stone capitals, without triglyphs (N. Hellner) 115

6.9 Three-peaked antefixes (N. Hellner; courtesy DAI) 116

6.10 Reconstruction with triglyphs and tympanon sima (N. Hellner) 117

7.1 Plans of Goúrnia (a: Hawes 1908; b: D.M. Buell, J.C. McEnroe, J.A. Botero, and R. Bieńkowski) 123

7.2 House Ac (D.M. Buell, J.C. McEnroe, J.A. Botero, and R. Bieńkowski) 125

7.3 Masonry fabrics (photographs Janet Spiller) 127

7.4 Distribution of masonry fabrics (D.M. Buell, J.C. McEnroe, J.A. Botero, and R. Bieńkowski) 128

7.5 Photogrammetric images of Goúrnia (D.M. Buell, J.C. McEnroe, J.A. Botero, and R. Bieńkowski) 130

7.6 Town and landscape at Goúrnia (image by D.M. Buell, J.C. McEnroe, J.A. Botero, and R. Bieńkowski) 131

8.1 Dhespótiko, temenos (plan by G. Orestidis, photo byY. Kourayos) 135

8.2 Building A before restoration (Y. Kourayos) 136

8.3 Photogrammetric models (G. Orestidis) 137

8.4 East restored façade of temple and Hestiatorion (G. Orestidis) 138

8.5 Restored plan (G. Orestidis) 139

8.6 Section, north elevation in (below) original state / (above) restoration (G. Orestidis) 140

8.7 Section, south elevation: (below) original state / (above) restoration (G. Orestidis) 141

8.8 Numerical model for freestanding colonnades (D. Egglezos, V. Papavasileiou, and E.-E. Toumbakari) 145

8.9 Numerical model with intermediate wall (D. Egglezos, V. Papavasileiou, and E.-E. Toumbakari) 145

8.10 Reinforcements for NK1Σ1 and NE1 (D. Egglezos, V. Papavasileiou, and E.-E. Toumbakari) 146

9.1 Statistical correspondence analysis (K. Jazwa) 155

9.2 Distributions of (a) average stone width and (b) proportional length-to-width (K. Jazwa) 156

9.3 PG, UPGMA dendrogram (K. Jazwa) 157

9.4 Sites in the analysis (K. Jazwa) 159

9.5 Substantial changes to BQ values (K. Jazwa) 160

9.6 Correspondence analysis of PG (K. Jazwa) 163

9.7 Correspondence analysis of PG structures (K. Jazwa) 163

10.1 Map of Doric peripteral temples in the Western Peloponnesos (A. Patay-Horváth) 169

11.1 Kalathoi (a) from Eleusis (DAI Athen, neg. Elefsis 338); (b) Newcastle (UK) 182

11.2 Korinthian capitals at (a) Bassai (Bauer 1973, …); (b) Epidauros (Bryn Mawr College Library Lantern Slide Collection); (c) Korinthos (Scahill 2009); (d) Round Temple by the Tiber (M.W. Jones) 183

11.3 Korinthian capitals in Rome: (a) Round Temple by the Tiber; (b) temple of Vespasianus; (c) temple of Hadrianus (Wilson Jones 2000, fig. 7.20) 184

11.4 Archaic Doric capitals: (a) Kerkyra; (b) Tiryns; (c) Kalapódhi; (d) Syrakousai, Apollonion 186

11.5 Doricising capitals: (a) at Metropolis (Manolis Korres); (b) Paestum (Mertens 1993, Abb. 56b); (c) Delphoi (École Française, Athens, neg. 22.351); (d) Athenian Akropolis (DAI, Hege 1554) 187

11.6 Phialai: (a) from Ithake (BM inv. GR 1920.5–29.2); (b) from Karmin-Blur (Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin, inv. 796); (c) from the reign of Artaxerxes 1 (BM inv. 1994,0127.1) 188

11.7 Two major branches of Ionic capital: (a) Kykladic type; (b) Attic development of the Ionian type (Georg Herdt) 189

11.8 Hypothetical cruciform solution for the Kykladic type of Ionic capital (Georg Herdt) 189

11.9 Friezes that may have contributed to the formation of the Doric frieze: (a) Egyptian cornice; (b) Mykenai; (c) Tiryns; (d–e) Zagora; (f) Thasos; (g) Samos (Georg Herdt) 191

11.10 Miniature gold offerings found at Ephesos (Seipel 2008, figs. on pp. 148, 148, 149 and 146; courtesy of Ulrike Muss) 193

12.1 Messene, west wall (Jürgen Giese) 201

12.2 Eleusis, Lykourgan (S. Müth) 201

12.3 Herakleia upon Latmos, towers (S. Müth) 203

12.4 Thasos, gate of Zeus and Hera (T. Kozelj 2003; after Grandjean 2011, fig. 423; courtesy of École Française d’Athènes) 204

12.5 Messene, Arkadian Gate (S. Müth) 205

12.6 City wall of Stageira (S. Müth) 206

12.7 Amphipolis, north wall (S. Müth) 208

12.8 Fort Euryalos at Syrakousai (H.-J. Beste, after Beste & Mertens 2015, fig. 219; courtesy Reichert Verlag) 209

12.9 Consoles in fortifications at (a–b) Messene (S. Müth), (c) Eleutherai (S. Müth), (d) Siphai (Ute Schwertheim) 210

13.1 North Akropolis Wall, details (S.A. Rous) 217

13.2 Post-Herulian Wall near the Library of Pantainos (S.A. Rous) 220

13.3 Post-Herulian Wall along the Panathenaic Way (S.A. Rous) 221

13.4 North Akropolis Wall from the Agora (S.A. Rous) 222

13.5 Replica column drums at the north end of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in front of the Greek Parliament building, Syntagma Square (S.A. Rous) 224

14.1 Miletos, Bouleuterion (Knackfuß 1908, pl. 14) 231

14.2 Miletos, Bouleuterion, architrave (M. Grawehr) 232

14.3 Nea Paphos, Tomb 4 (© Chris Combe, CC BY 2.0) 233

14.4 Miletos, South Agora (Knackfuß 1924, fig. 40) 234

14.5 Priene, Agora (bpk/Antikensammlung, SMB) 235

14.6 Priene, South Stoa drums (M. Grawehr) 236

15.1 Korinthos, Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore (a: Bookidis and Stroud 1997, Corinth 18.3 plan 4, D. Peck; b: Bookidis and Stroud 1997, Corinth 18.3 pl. 2; both courtesy of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Corinth Excavations) 247

15.2 Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore (M.B. Hollinshead and R. Hutt) 248

15.3 Postures on steps according to dimensions and proportions (Hollinshead 2015, 22) 251

15.4 Labraunda, Sanctuary of Zeus (a: J. Blid, courtesy of the Labraunda Excavations; b: Hollinshead 2015, pl. 24b) 252

15.5 Plans: (a) Alipheira (Hollinshead 2015, pl. 3a); (b) Argive Heraion (Pfaff 2003, Argive Heraion 1, plan 1; courtesy of the Trustees of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens); (c) Korinthos (Williams and Fisher 1971, Hesperia 40, fig. 5; courtesy of T. Boyd and C.K. Williams II; American School of Classical Studies, Corinth Excavations) 253

16.1 State plan, Block AF (after Betancourt 2009, 7, ill. 2.1; 15, ill. 2.5) 259

16.2 State model, House of the Rhyta (M.G. Clinton) 261

16.3 3D reconstruction: (a–b) sections of the ground and upper floors; (c) overview from northeast (A. MacLaughlin and M.G. Clinton) 262

16.4 3D reconstruction viewed from the (a) south and (b) northeast (B. Wang, D. Floyd, and M.G. Clinton) 263

16.5 Position tracking data from Unity 3D Analytics: (a) X-Y-Z position tracking data; (b) “Event” tracking data recording transitions between rooms (M.G. Clinton) 268

17.1 Metroön-Bouleuterion complex in the Athenian agora (after Thompson 1937, pl. 6, by J. Travlos. Courtesy ASCSA) 277

17.2 Thompson’s suggested reconstructions of the New Bouleuterion and Metroön (after Thompson 1937, pl. 8, by J. Travlos. Courtesy ASCSA) 278

17.3 Virtual model of the New Bouleuterion after Thompson (V. Stappmanns) 279

17.4 Kuhn’s reconstruction of the New Bouleuterion (V. Stappmanns, modified from Thompson 1937, pl. 8 and Kuhn 1984, pl. XX) 280

17.5 Virtual model of the New Bouleuterion following Kuhn (V. Stappmanns) 280

17.6 Reconstruction of the Curia Iulia (V. Stappmanns, after Fatucci 2009, fig. 1) 281

17.7 Virtual model of the Curia Iulia following Fatucci 2009 (V. Stappmanns) 281

17.8a–b Comparison between the two proposed reconstructions of the New Bouleuterion showing the SPL metric (X. Zhou, acoustic models generated in ODEON) 282

17.9 Acoustic simulation in the New Bouleuterion: (a) trained speaker speaking loudly with people outside talking to each other; (b) the same speaker with silence outside; (c) the untrained “sausage seller” outside speaking loudly towards the debating boule inside; (d) the same speaker with a silent boule (X. Zhou) 284

17.10 Acoustic simulation in the Curia Iulia: (a) speaker P3 facing Listener 2; (b) speaker P2 facing Listener 1; (c) speaker P3 standing up to address his colleagues; (d) P2 standing in the aisle facing Listener 1 (X. Zhou) 285

18.1 Plan of the main urban sanctuary, Selinous (F. Pisciotta, D. Scahill, and M. Limoncelli) 290

18.2a,b Photogrammetry of Temple B (M. Limoncelli) 293

18.3 VR image of the area (C. Marconi, D. Scahill, and M. Limoncelli) 294

18.4 Temple R (M. Limoncelli) 296

18.5 Temple R cutaway (M. Limoncelli) 296

18.6 Temple R photogrammetric model (C. Marconi, D. Scahill, and M. Limoncelli) 297

18.7 South Building (D. Scahill) 298

18.8 Temple R (a) plan (D. Scahill), (b) VR (M. Limoncelli) 299

18.9 Area after construction of Temple B (M. Limoncelli) 300

18.10 Analytical elevations of Temple B (M. Limoncelli) 302

18.11 Size comparison of the area under investigation with Temple C (M. Limoncelli) 303

19.1 Reconstructed views of the Sanctuary of the Great Gods, Samothrake (Left: after Conze, Hauser, and Benndorf 1880, pl. LXXVI; right: courtesy American Excavations Samothrace) 305

19.2 Reconstructed plan of the Sanctuary of the Great Gods in the early first century CE (Courtesy American Excavations Samothrace) 307

19.3 Ionic Porch attached to the west wall of the Dedication of Philippos III and Alexandros IV (courtesy American Excavations Samothrace) 308

19.4 Possible reconstructions of the Ionic Porch (courtesy American Excavations Samothrace) 309

19.5 3D model reconstruction of the entrance to the Sanctuary of the Great Gods (courtesy American Excavations Samothrace) 310

19.6 View up the Sacred Way (courtesy American Excavations Samothrace) 310

19.7 Nike Precinct (courtesy American Excavations Samothrace) 312

19.8 Plaster fragments from the Nike Monument (courtesy American Excavations Samothrace) 313

19.9 Alternate reconstructions for the Nike Monument (courtesy American Excavations Samothrace/I. Burr) 314

19.10 Alternate reconstructions for the Nike Monument (courtesy American Excavations Samothrace) 315

19.11a–c Central ravine in the area of the “Pont Génois” (plan: A. Ward and Y. Poularakis; photogrammetric model: V. Baillet; aerial view: M. Page; courtesy American Excavations Samothrace) 317

19.12 Split screen view of Unity 3D interactive scene (courtesy American Excavations Samothrace/A. Basu) 318

Tables

1.1 Measurements of the circles incised on top of the stylobate and the lower diameter of the corresponding columns on the north colonnade (from the east, measurements in cm) 24

1.2 Underside of the bottom drums: groupings based on technique, and zone dimensions (widths measured along the column radius, in cm) 27

4.1 Naïskoi D, E: Dimensions and design units 81

5.1 Architectural elements from Building B in the Propylaia and surrounding area 100

9.1 A sample of the 180 Behavioural Qualities (BQs) that were examined for each structure and assigned to a specific type of practice (after Jazwa 2016, 72–102) 153

9.2 A sample of the absence/presence and categorical data and the normalisation of these values 155

9.3 Substantial changes to BQ values from LH IIIB to LH IIIC 161

9.4 Substantial changes to BQ values from LH IIIC to PG 162

10.1 Basic measurements and cost estimates of the temples in Fig. 1 169

11.1 Evidence for and against a link between the Korinthian capital and the kalathos 185

11.2 Evidence for and against a link between Doricising capitals and the phiale 190

11.3 Evidence for and against a link between triglyphs and tripods 192

17.1 SPL and STI results in the Curia Iulia where Speaker P3 addresses Listener 2 (supplemental to Fig. 10a,c) 286

17.2 SPL and STI results in the Curia Iulia where Speaker P2 addresses Listener 1 (supplemental to Fig. 10b,d) 286