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Index

Where items are referred to in the text in multiple languages, the language of most frequent occurrence is indexed, with cross-references as necessary. Bibliographical references and modern authors are excluded from the index. Ar. = Arabic, Gz.= Gǝʿǝz

71 Canons : 247n, 248
Abādir ʿUmar al-Riḍāʾ, šayḫ : 149, 150
Abäzo, region/local-religious polity : 77
Abbay, river : 398, 400
Abbayya, lake : 127, 353
abbess(es) : 373, 436
ʿAbd al-Muʾmin, šayḫ :151
Abrǝha, saint/Aksumite military leader : 280;
Life of , 280, 281n
Abrǝha wä-Aṣbǝḥa, church : 169, 170, 172, 175, 176, 330n, 332, 342
Absadi, abbot/saint : 241, 232, 318;
Life of , 214n, 272n, 318n
Abū Bakr b. Muḥammad b. Azar, sultan : 105, 457, 458
Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq, caliph : 150
Abū Ḏarr al-Ġifārī, companion of the Prophet : 149n
Abū Hurayra, Islamic authority : 146n
Abū-l-Fidāʾ, author : 403
Abū l-Makārim, author : 176n
Abūn (or Aboññ) b. Adaš, garād : 157, 158, 457
accordion book (Gz. sǝnsul) : see manuscript forms
Acts of the Apostles : 171
ʿāda, pre-Islamic practice : 144
ʿAdal (Gz. Adäl), region/sultanate : xvi, xvii, 66, 76, 77, 78, 79, 95, 103, 106, 148, 150n, 156, 157, 446, 469. Barr Saʿd al-Dīn
ʿAddi Abun, locality : 174
ʿAddi Qešo, locality : 180
Aden :
city , 90n, 93, 110, 416, 418, 442, 462;
gulf of : 86, 89, 96, 427
Admas Mogäsa : 390, 391. Ǝleni
Adulis, port : 3, 154, 166, 169n, 197, 203, 222
afä-ṣäḥafä lam, office : 74
ʿAfar, language : 26; people, 420
Afnin, painter : 364
Afṣe, saint : 200;
Life of , 280
After he ascended (Gz. Ǝmdǝḫrä ʿargä) : 242
ʿAgamä, region : 34, 43, 147
Agäw, language : 26, 49, 50, 51;
linguistic-ethnic group , 31, 49, 50, 51;
region , 66
Agobo Qirqos, church : 329, 332
agriculture(-al)/farming : 1, 15, 18, 24, 66, 106, 112n, 124, 131, 138, 395, 396, 398, 399–404, 406, 408, 410, 413, 424, 471
Agula, locality :
Aksumite church of , 166, 339
Ahəyya Fäǧǧ, mountain pass : 421
Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm, imam : 6, 7, 16, 75, 93, 104, 105, 109, 133, 145, 147, 156, 157, 158, 159, 192, 338, 366, 387, 393, 454–466, 468, 473
Aḥmad b. Ladaʿ Uṯmān, son of governor : 157
Akko Manoye, Oromo queen : 386
Aksum, city : xvii, 9, 28, 34, 38, 46, 53, 55, 60, 65, 67, 68, 80, 81, 83, 120, 166, 199, 200, 204n, 205, 209, 234, 236, 238, 257, 258, 269, 316, 322, 324, 329, 351, 374n, 399, 412, 423, 476
Aksum, kingdom of/Aksumite : 2, 3, 4, 17, 26, 31, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40, 41, 50, 55, 88, 114n, 116n, 117, 120n, 165, 169, 194, 197, 201n, 202, 203, 204, 218, 219n, 222, 234, 238n, 252, 283, 321, 328, 329, 384, 387, 399, 412, 444
Aksumite Collection : 165, 167–168, 218n, 225, 228, 248–251, 288, 293, 303n
Alef, saint : 200;
Life of , 280
Alexandria :
city , 141, 153n, 166, 168, 226, 428, 446;
church/patriarchate of , 24, 29, 37, 39, 40, 41, 53, 163, 164, 165, 191, 202, 214, 285n ( Coptic; Egypt, church of );
Synod of Alexandria , 247n.
patriarch(s) of Alexandria
Alǝyyu-Amba, locality : 414
alga-bed, furniture : 320
Almeida, Manoel de : 378, 419
altar/altar table (Gz. mänbärä tabot) : 41, 44, 47, 123, 166, 167, 170, 171, 172n, 173, 175, 176–182, 184, 193, 320n, 335, 336, 359–360, 380, 392n;
outside Ethiopia : 176n, 430, 434
altar tablet (Gz. tabot) : 133, 174, 178, 179, 181, 182, 193, 320, 339n, 358, 359
Alvares, Francisco, embassy chaplain/author : 29–30, 62, 67n, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 102, 103, 105, 109, 182, 191, 336n, 338, 364, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372n, 375, 378, 379n, 380, 391, 392n, 393, 402, 403, 406, 411, 413, 417, 421, 422, 436, 446, 449, 467
Amätä Giyorgis, official : 76
Amäta Lǝʿul, queen : 354, 379, 447n
Amba Dära Maryam Mägdälawit, church : 300
Amba Gǝšän, locality : 28, 57, 58, 181, 351, 352, 420. Gǝšän Maryam
ʿAmdä Mikaʾel, official (bǝhtwäddäd ), 75, 390, 393
ʿAmdä Ṣǝyon, king , 7, 38, 59, 60, 62, 64, 67, 69, 70, 71, 98n, 100, 174, 236, 238, 258, 259, 271, 272, 351, 377n, 382, 387, 415, 429, 456
ʿAmdä Ṣǝyon II, king : 58n, 391n
Amhara (Ar. Amḥara) : region, xvi, 1, 5, 54, 57, 60, 65, 67, 69, 75, 84, 99, 101, 111, 119, 134, 137, 138, 155n, 182, 211, 338, 341, 408, 414, 419, 421, 461, 475, 476;
ethnicity , 133, 316n, 357, 474n
Amharic, language : 8n, 11n, 26, 49, 50, 115, 133, 137, 147n, 244n, 273n, 283, 284, 377n, 397, 411, 422, 455n
anaphora(s) : 165, 166, 167, 171, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 254, 262, 407n, 439
Anbäsa Wədəm, aṣe : 174n
“Ancona,” locality : 414
Ancoratus by Epiphanius : 225
Angot, region : 66, 67, 109, 371, 414, 475
Anorewos, saint : 212;
Life of , 212, 272
Anṣokiya (Ar. Anṭākya), locality : 460
Anthony, saint : 199, 281;
Life of , 202, 224;
Egyptian monastery of : 183, 234, 235, 288n, 292, 362, 363, 429, 434
apocrypha (parabiblical writings) : 198, 202n, 224, 225, 228n, 230, 232, 233, 244, 252, 258, 282, 286, 348, 349, 351
Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles : 232, 244, 245, 282n
Apostolic canons (Gz. Abṭǝlis) : 242, 247
ʿaqaṣen/ʿaqqabe ṣänṣän/ʿaqänṣän, office : 46, 68n, 354
aqet žər rasočč, office : 74
ʿaqqabe säʿat, office : 28, 46, 58n, 71, 73, 74, 83, 84, 349, 369, 377, 390, 408, 432n
ʿaqqabe ṣänṣän/ʿaqänṣän : see ʿaqaṣen
ʿArab Faqīh (a.k.a Šihāb al-Dīn), author : 108, 147, 455, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461. Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša
ʿArābabni, sultanate/Islamic region : 99, 419
Arabia/Arabian Peninsula : 6, 34, 86, 89, 90, 92, 97, 107, 148, 149, 152, 160, 266, 280, 359, 387, 414, 415, 418, 428, 441, 442, 446, 448, 449, 455n, 460
Arabic, language :
in medieval Ethiopia-Eritrea , 25, 91, 95, 111, 112, 284n, 420;
medieval Ethiopian-Eritrean texts in , 86, 87, 93, 98, 141, 144, 152, 388, 459, 469 ( inscriptions );
translations into Gǝʿǝz from , 55, 59, 68, 183, 202n, 217, 218, 221, 224n, 226, 227, 228–230, 233, 237–239, 243, 244, 247, 250, 251, 253, 257–258, 265, 266, 267, 351
Arbaʾtu Ensǝsa, locality : 166
Arethas (Gz. Ḫirut), saint, Acts of : 53, 229, 266, 279
Argobba, language : 26, 50, 137
Ark of the Covenant : 180, 237, 257
Armaḥ, Aksumite king : 53
Armenia : 179, 435
Armenian(s) : 242, 417; language, 292n
Aron, saint : 212;
Life of , 212, 231, 373n
army :
Christian royal , 67, 71, 72, 76, 82, 83, 100, 259, 393, 409, 461, 462, 464, 471, 473, 475;
Christian rebel , 65, 67;
Islamic , 6, 76, 105, 108, 147, 157n, 159, 456n, 457, 459, 460–461, 464;
Ethiopians in foreign , 449–450
Arsenofis, saint, Acts of : 266
Ašange, lake : 34
Ašätän :
mountain , 330;
Ašätän Maryam, church , 179
Asbäri, locality : 106, 110, 151
Aṣbǝḥa : see Kaleb
Ascension of Isaiah : 202, 224, 287
Asmara, locality , 331
Asmara Ǝnda Maryam, church : 324
Asnaf Sämra, princess/official : 80
ʿAssǝda, Zagwe royal ancestor : 41, 42, 44, 50, 51
Athanasius (Gz. Atǝnatewos), saint/patriarch of Alexandria : 162, 195, 198, 202, 241n;
anaphora ascribed to , 184
Athanasius of Clysma, saint, Acts of : 229, 266
Atronsä Maryam, church : 60, 339
Awan, locality : 414, 415
Awaš, river : 475n, 127
Awiya, language : 49
Awsa, region : 159, 465, 466
al-Azhar, mosque in Cairo : 107, 153, 443–444, 452
Azqir, saint, Acts of : 227n, 229, 266
azmač, office : 78, 82
azzaž, office : 72, 83, 115n, 379, 421, 423
bäʿaltä šǝḥna, title : 377
bäʿaltiḥat/bäʿaltä biḥat, title : 44, 45, 377, 389, 390
Bab el-Mandeb : 285
Bädbaǧ, locality : 421
Badǝqe (Ar. Bādaqī), locality/battle site : 101, 459
Badīt bint Māyā, Islamic queen : 93, 141, 388
Badlāy (Gz. Bädlay), sultan : 76, 78, 104
Badr al-Ǧamali, Fatimid vizir : 175n
Bäʾǝdä Maryam, king : 60, 75, 76, 78, 80, 84, 98n, 101, 102, 104, 109, 191, 259, 339, 357, 390, 391
Bägemdǝr, region : 373, 461
Baghdad : 95, 445, 450
Baḥǝr nägaš, region : 371, 469
baḥǝr nägaš/baḥǝr nägaśi, title : 81, 82, 368, 378, 461, 468, 470
Baḥrǝy, author : 471–474, 475, 476n
Bäläw, region : 69
Bali (Ar. Bāli) : xvi, 37n, 66, 69–70, 76, 78, 82, 83, 99, 101, 102, 152, 384n, 419, 461, 464, 474
Bamo, gärad of Hadiyya : 77, 78
banana : 106, 403. food: foodstuffs
banquet(s) : 60, 61, 377, 422. Śǝrʿatä gǝbr
Banū l-Ham(u)wīya, people : 37, 141, 384
baptism : 39, 165, 167, 168, 231, 248n, 368, 379n;
baptismal catechesis , 166;
baptismal tank , 167, 172
Bärakit Maryam, church : 169, 170
Bärara, locality : 109, 414
Barqūq, Mamluk ruler :449
Barr Saʿd al-Dīn, sultanate : xvii, 6, 66, 102–105, 108, 110, 148, 454–460, 463, 464–466, 476. ʿAdal
barter : 111, 418–419, 420
Bärtälomewos, metropolitan : 215
Bäṣälotä Mikaʾel, saint/monk : 212, 213n, 240;
Life of , 212n, 272
Basilica, church form : 172, 180, 333
Basilides (Gz. Fasilädäs), saint :
Acts of , 235
Bati, locality : 414
Bäträ Maryam, saint, Life of : 276
Bawit, church in Egypt : 178
Bǝgwǝna : see Bugna
bǝhtwäddäd, office : 58n, 71–2, 75, 76, 82, 83, 84, 377n, 389–90
Bǝlen Säba, queen : 68, 377n
Bǝlǝn Sägäd, official : 354
bəranna (codex) : see manuscript forms
Berber, language : 285n
Bǝrbǝr Maryam, church : 353
Bǝrhan Zämäda, princess : 389
Bermudes, João : 462, 471
Betä Däbrä Sina, church in Lalibäla : 177, 179, 182n
Betä Dänagǝl, church in Lalibäla : 177n
Betä Ǝsraʾel, people : 19–20, 77, 410–411, 447
Betä Gäbrǝʾel and Rufaʾel, church in Lalibäla : 177, 333, 334
Betä Giyorgis, church in Lalibäla : 177n, 333
Betä Golgota, church in Lalibäla : 177, 182n, 313n, 336, 337
Betä Lǝḥem Maryam, church : xvii, 47n, 180, 193, 336, 338, 352
Betä Libanos, church in Lalibäla : 177, 178, 374n
Betä Mädḫäne ʿAläm, church in Lalibäla : 33, 41, 47, 177, 178, 286, 287
Betä Maryam, church in Lalibäla : 178, 335, 336, 343
Betä Mäsqäl, church in Lalibäla : 177
Betä Śǝllase, church in Lalibäla : 177
betä nǝguś (royal house) : 423
Bethlehem : 434
Bible, biblical : 5, 8, 35, 59, 60, 118, 165, 167, 174, 185, 217, 220n, 223n, 224, 229, 232, 233, 246, 252, 258, 281n, 349, 350, 370, 385, 473.
Biblical books :
Daniel , 232, 287;
Isaiah , 232, 287;
Job , 232, 287;
Lamentations , 260;
Wisdom of Sirach , 287. apocrypha; Enoch; Jubilees
Bicini, Hieronimo, painter : 363
Biḥat, locality : 44–45, 47
Bilbala Giyorgis, church : 178, 180
Bilbala Qirqos, church : xvii, 177, 193n
Bilet, locality : 24, 91, 92, 154n. Kwiḥa
Bilin, language : 49
bishop(s) :
in Ethiopia-Eritrea , 37, 38n, 45, 47, 120, 162, 163, 170, 173, 174, 189, 194, 195, 234, 237, 246, 269, 467;
in Ḥimyar, 44;
of Egypt , 29, 36, 198, 201, 249, 266;
of Caesarea , 350;
of Cyprus , 441.
metropolitan(s)
blatten geta, office , 73. page(s)
Book of Clement (Gz. Mäṣḥafä Qälemǝnṭos) : 232, 233, 243, 244n, 245, 246
Book of the light (Gz. Mäṣḥafä bǝrhan) : 189, 232, 233, 241, 368, 369
Book of the mystery (Gz. Mäṣḥafä mǝśṭir) : 181, 239–250, 251, 255
Book of the Nativity (Gz. Mäṣḥafä milad) : 241, 256
Book of the regulation/Canon of al-Muʿallaqah (Gz. Mäṣḥafä śǝrʿat) : 239
Book of the substance (Gz. Mäṣḥafä baḥrǝy) : 190, 241, 353
Booranaa, Oromo people : 386, 472, 473, 475
Brancaleon, Niccolò, painter : 349, 363
Brocchi, Giovanni Battista, traveler : 406
Bsoy, saint, Acts of : 236
Bugna (Bǝgwǝna), region : 4, 24, 45–46, 64, 67
al-Buḫārī, author : 146n
Bur, region : 43, 81, 402
Buṭros al-Ǧamil, author : 164
Byzantine, Byzantium : 17, 90, 165, 167 191, 197, 199, 210, 245, 255, 257, 264, 270, 300n, 345, 360, 362
camel : see dromedary
camp, royal/military : 61, 72, 73, 75, 76, 109, 129n, 211, 316n, 367n, 369, 375–378, 383, 393, 402, 409, 413, 414n, 422, 473. court, Ethiopian Christian; kätäma
Canon of al-Muʿallaqah : see Book of the regulation
Cairo : 91, 94, 100, 105, 107, 109, 136, 140, 150, 153, 174, 175n, 176, 239, 372, 416, 417, 428, 429, 431, 432, 433, 434n, 436, 437, 438, 443–444, 446, 447, 448–449, 451, 452
Č̣ärč̣är, region : 87n, 99, 130, 132, 133, 134, 138, 154, 404
Castanhoso, Miguel de : 192, 462
č̣at : 106, 405
Catherine, Saint, monastery, in Sinai : 429, 434
cattle, cow(s) : 42, 75, 111, 138, 402, 403, 404, 419, 421, 423, 434, 455
cave church(es) : 177, 178n, 205, 344
Cave of Treasures : 244, 245
č̣äwa, military regiments : 77–79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 102. military regiments
cereals/grains (barley, millet, sorghum, teff, wheat) : 1, 24, 106, 138, 293, 352–353, 367, 399, 400, 401, 403, 405, 413, 423
Chalcedon :
council of , 164, 165n, 197, 201, 226, 249;
canons of , 249, 255
Chalcedonian , 245;
non-Chalcedonian : 434, 435, 451n, 452
chancel : 166, 170, 173, 175, 331
chancery :
Aksumite , 234;
Mamluk , 94
chant, liturgical : 179n, 193, 275, 293, 307
choir, architectural feature : 170, 173, 175, 178
chrism : 167, 189
Chrysostom, John : 188, 232, 235
circumcision : 173, 189, 369–370
citrus/lemon : 106, 403, 406
Clement of Rome, disciple of St Peter : 242–246, 248n, 250. Book of Clement
coffee : 1, 399
coinage, coins : 418;
Aksumite , 2, 3, 34, 219, 223, 356, 399, 407, 418;
foreign , 96, 109, 110, 130, 412, 418–419, 469.
currency
colophon(s) : 235n, 236–238, 244n, 267n, 307, 315n, 316–318, 373n, 413n, 455n;
of the Kǝbrä nägäśt , 54–55, 59, 68, 227, 236–238, 257–258.
subscription(s)
Concerning the Only Judge (Gz. Kämä bäʾǝntä 1 kwännani) : 243, 247–248, 249n, 251
concubine(s) : 57, 124, 212, 376, 382n, 390, 445
Constantinople : 164, 245;
Council of , 226
copper : 33, 127, 131, 135, 223n, 357, 395, 412, 469
Coptic (Egyptian Christian) : 27, 33, 39, 40, 47, 55, 164, 165n, 171, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 182n, 183, 184, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 216, 226, 229, 239, 250, 258, 266, 267n, 274, 309, 322, 327, 343, 346, 349, 350, 362, 385, 406, 429, 430, 431, 434, 435;
language : 5n, 54, 149n, 163n, 218, 225, 227, 237, 238, 250, 257, 258, 284n, 285n, 292n.
Egypt, church of
coronation, crowning : 46, 60, 80, 81, 382n, 390. Śǝrʿatä qwǝrḥät
corpus-organizers : see manuscripts
cotton : 372, 378, 411, 420, 422
court :
Ethiopian Christian , 5, 38, 46, 48, 54, 60–61, 62, 64, 71–74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82–85, 102, 105, 122, 194, 197, 203, 208, 211, 240, 241, 242, 271, 316, 338, 344, 351, 354, 355, 363, 375–378, 379, 380, 382, 383, 388, 389, 390, 391, 395, 400, 402, 408, 409, 416–417, 422, 423, 446, 447n, 466, 467, 468, 471, 472 ( camp, kätäma );
Ethiopian Islamic , 105, 107, 108
Covenant of Mercy : 224
Covilha, Pero da : 291, 387
cow(s) : see cattle
craft(s)/craftsmen : 316n, 411- 413, 415;
in artistic production , 341, 349, 363;
in bookmaking , 292, 299, 303, 305, 313n, 315, 321;
bookbinders , 314, 315, 316–17;
metalworkers , 315, 410, 412;
tanners/ leather-makers , 315, 316, 410;
parchmenters , 314, 315–316;
scribes , 309–315;
weavers , 410, 411
crops : see food: foodstuffs
cross(es) : 41n, 135, 326, 355–359, 360, 417;
True Cross 181, 389;
church of the Cross , 42;
sign of the cross , 119, 168;
cross plan (layout) , 172, 175;
cross icons , 187, 360;
cross motif , 300, 335, 336, 340, 346–347, 356, 359, 360
cupola(s) : 173, 174, 175, 176, 180, 336
currency : 109, 110–111, 417, 418–419, 420. coin(s)
curtain(s), in churches : 182, 192, 368n
Cyprian and Justa, saints, Acts of : 266
Cyprus : 435, 436n, 437, 438, 439, 441, 451n, 452
da Gama, Christovão : 462
Däbarwa, locality : 413n, 414
Däbrä Afrem, monastery : 38
Däbrä ʿAsbo : 208, 212, 213n, 273. Däbrä Libanos of Šäwa
Däbrä Bartarwa, monastery : 276
Däbrä Bǝrhan, town : 94, 259, 461
Däbrä Bizän, monastery : 186, 209n, 215, 312, 316, 318, 371n, 406
Däbrä Dammo, monastery : 35, 200, 201, 206, 207, 240, 273, 324, 329, 330, 393
Däbrä Daret, monastery : 262, 272, 373
Däbrä Dima, monastery : 276, 364
Däbrä Ḥamlo, monastery : 351
Däbrä Ḥayq Ǝsṭifanos, monastery : 65, 73, 75, 119, 121, 206, 207, 208, 227, 228, 231, 240, 241, 245n, 275, 286, 289n, 347–351, 397, 408
Däbrä Libanos of Šäwa, monastery : 60, 74, 123, 182, 191, 207n, 208, 212n, 271, 273, 274, 275, 280, 371, 393, 456n, 476. Däbra ʿAsbo
Däbrä Libanos of Šǝmäzana/Ham, monastery : 32, 33n, 35, 41, 44, 46, 49, 65, 199, 201, 211, 287, 301n, 345, 346, 349
Däbrä Mädärä, monastery : 200
Däbrä Maryam Qwäḥayn, monastery : 214, 232, 238, 272, 318, 350n, 354, 379
Däbrä Mǝṭmaq, council of : 272
Däbrä nägäśt : see Amba Gǝšän
Däbrä Nägwädgwad, monastery : 84, 357, 392
Däbrä Śahəl Agwäza, monastery : 318n
Däbrä Sälam Mikaʾel, monastery : 170, 329, 331, 332, 343
Däbrä Sǝgaǧǧä, monastery : 272
Däbrä Ṣǝyon Kidanä Mǝḥrät, monastery in Gärʿalta : 180 336, 341n, 357n, 363
Däbrä Sina, monastery : 199
Däbrä Tabor, monastery : 180
Däbrä Täklä Haymanot, monastery : 338
Däbrä Wägäg, monastery : 122n, 276
Däbrä Zäyt,(modern) town : 95, 101n
däbtära : 81, 164, 185, 211, 240, 315, 380
Daga Ǝsṭifanos, monastery : 80, 357, 360
Dägälḥan (Ar. Daǧalḥān), official : 83, 458
Dahlak Islands : 89–93, 97, 154, 211n, 214, 414–415, 445, 468, 469
Dakar, Islamic city : 103, 150n
Damascus : 153, 416, 443
Dämbǝya, region : 461
Damot, local-religious kingdom/region : 6, 23, 37n, 65, 66, 70–71, 72, 79, 80, 82, 123, 124, 137, 139–140, 141, 207, 208, 400, 412, 415, 418, 421, 448n, 449, 461
Danǝʾel, metropolitan : 172
Danəʾel, ḥaṣ́ani : 38, 204
Dāra, sultanate : 99, 419
Däsk, deity : 80
Däwaro (Ar. Dawāro), region : xvi, 66, 69, 76, 78, 79, 99, 101, 102, 419, 458, 459, 461, 464, 471n, 474
Dawit [I] : see Mǝnilǝk
Dawit II, king : 7, 21, 58, 75, 76, 84, 101, 180, 181, 186, 214, 239, 240, 244n, 254, 307n, 336, 351, 352, 353, 360, 373, 449
Dawit Anbäsa, official : 80
Däy Giyorgis, structure : 339n, 340
deacons : 45, 164, 170, 174, 189, 246, 358, 368n, 379n, 380, 431
Defarfo, locality : 372
Dǝgum Śǝllase, two churches of : 169, 170, 171, 172, 330, 332
Dǝggwa : 179n, 183, 185, 254. Divine Office
Dǝlnaʿod, king : 385
Dǝl Mängǝśa, princess : 180, 336, 352, 373
Dəl Wänbära, bati (Ar. Dalwanbarah), personage : 105, 157, 393, 394
Didascalia (Gz. Didǝsqǝlya) : 232, 233, 242, 246, 247, 248
Dima Giyorgis, monastery : 276
Disposition ordered by Peter to Clement (Gz. Tǝʾǝzaz zäʾazzäzä Ṗeṭros läQälemǝnṭos) : 243, 247
Divine Office : 164, 168, 179, 183, 185, 254. Dǝggwa
diplomacy/embassies :
among Ethiopian powers , 84, 104, 105, 110, 394;
inter-regional — see Egypt; Europe; Yemen
Djibouti : 2, 130, 469
Dobaʾa, region : 78, 414; people, 414
Doctrine of the mysteries : 225
dragons : 119, 120, 121, 258
dromedary : 401–402, 405
Eastern Christian(s) , 124, 224, 245, 368, 440n, 452n. Chalcedon: non-Chalcedonian
education :
Muslim , 107, 151–153;
Christian , 57, 189, 219, 240n, 241, 252, 261, 318, 369, 373, 392
Egypt : 172, 175n, 291n;
Christian church/community of , 33, 39, 162, 163 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171 172, 173, 174 176, 177, 178, 180n, 183, 185n, 191, 194, 198, 202, 239, 249, 281 ( Coptic );
Ethiopian diplomacy/embassies with , 22, 23, 39, 43, 94n, 105, 163, 180, 443–444;
and Ethiopian trade , 70, 90, 91, 92, 108, 110, 291, 359, 414, 416, 417, 418, 419, 425;
Ethiopians in , 311n, 347, 362, 364, 425, 426, 428–429, 430–434, 436, 437, 443–444, 446, 447, 448–449, 452–453;
knowledge of/ideas about Ethiopia in , 36, 44, 54, 55, 99, 164, 406;
textual models from , 165, 223, 226, 229–230, 239, 266;
routes to , 285n, 428–429;
Gǝʿǝz manuscripts/Ethiopian artifacts in , 234–235, 288n, 292, 362, 363;
Ottoman conquest of , 468
Egyptian(s) in Ethiopia : 55, 92, 172, 198;
metropolitans of Ethiopia-Eritrea as , 27, 35, 40, 84, 163, 195, 214
Ǝgziʾ Kǝbra, queen : 389
Ǝleni, queen : 21, 58n, 77, 80, 85, 104, 339, 372n, 386, 387, 388–393, 417n
Ǝllä ʿAmida, father of King ʿEzana : 51
Ǝllä Aṣbǝḥa : see Kaleb
Ǝmäkina Mädḫane ʿAläm, church : 177, 329, 344
Ǝmrayǝs, saint, Acts of : 266
Ǝnda Abba Gärima, monastery : 200, 219, 286. Gärima Gospels
Ǝnda Abba Ṗänṭälewon, church of : xvii, 200, 236
Ǝndägäbṭän, local-religious polity/region : 415
Ǝndärta, region : 65, 67, 68, 258
Ǝndrǝyas, saint, Life of : 272
Ǝnfraz :
region , 406;
monastery of , 277
ǝnǧära (injera) : 399
Ǝnnarya, local-religious polity : 415
Ǝnnǝṣo Gäbrǝʾel, church : 338
Enoch/Book of Enoch : 203, 223n, 224, 232, 233
ensete (Ensete ventricosum) : 1, 399, 401
Ephesus, council of : 164, 198, 201, 255
Epistle of humanity (Gz. Ṭomarä tǝsbǝʾt) : 122n, 232, 233, 241, 315n
eṗṗis qoṗṗos : see bishop
ʿəqa bet/sacristy : 319, 320
ǝras, office : see ras
Ǝsato : see Gudit
Ǝskǝndǝr, king : 7, 58, 60, 80, 191n, 235n, 244n, 390, 391, 392
Ǝslam Sägäd, officer : 76
Ǝsṭifanos, monk : 187, 215, 216, 291, 355
Ǝsṭifanosites (Stephanites) : 254, 272, 291, 353, 355, 406
ǝtege, title : 25, 383, 388, 389
Eucharist/Eucharistic : 166, 167, 176, 183, 184, 188, 189, 192, 359, 362. anaphora(s)
eunuch(s) : 416, 418, 445, 448–449, 452. slave(s)
Euphemia, saint, Acts of : 266
Europe, medieval :
accounts and ideas of Ethiopia in , 5n, 8, 22, 67n, 142, 439–440, 471;
artistic exchange with , 180–181, 355, 364;
Ethiopian diplomatic contact with , 20–22, 29, 180–181, 336n, 338, 364, 366, 391, 417, 438, 452, 466–468;
Ethiopians in , 109, 388, 426, 437–441;
lineage in , 281n;
scriptoria in , 241n;
slavery in , 444
Europe, modern :
Ethiopian manuscripts in , 9, 233n, 289, 324, 327, 440–441;
and the term “medieval,” 17–18
Europeans, in medieval Ethiopia : 21, 29, 316, 336n, 338, 363–364, 366, 381, 391, 406, 417, 466–468. Alvares, Francisco
Ewosṭatewos, monk/saint : 179, 184, 213, 232, 435
Ewosṭatean(s) : 21n, 184, 213–215, 272, 353–354, 355, 371, 393, 406, 441n
ʿEzana, Aksumite king : 26, 51, 117, 162, 194, 197, 199, 203n, 234n
famine : 93, 423, 458, 464
fan, liturgical folding : see märäwəḥ
Fäqi Däbbis, Islamic site : 99n, 129, 151, 404
faqīh, Islamic title : 95, 151, 152
Faraǧ al-Fuwwi (or al-Fawwi), merchant : 151
Fäṭägar, region : 60, 66, 70, 74, 75, 76, 101, 102, 461, 464, 474
Fatḥ madīnat Harar, text : 149–150
Fatimid, dynasty of Egypt : 43, 169, 172, 174, 180n
Fǝre Maryam, queen : 389
Fǝre Ṣǝyon, painter : 360–361, 363
Fǝtḥä nägäśt, text : 162n, 164, 209, 446n
Filǝṗṗos, of Däbrä Bizän, monk : 186
Filǝṗṗos, saint/abbot of Däbrä Libanos : 212n, 271, 274;
Life of , 212n, 271
Filkǝsyus, text : 230
Filmona, saint, Life of : 276
firearms : 6, 417, 460, 470
First Sabbath : see Sabbath
food : foodstuffs, 106, 109, 399–400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 417, 423; food customs, 398, 404–407
Frumentius/Sälama, first bishop of Aksum : 162, 168n, 194, 195, 204n, 234
Furra, queen : 386
Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša/Conquest of Abyssinia : 25, 88, 102, 104, 105, 108, 110, 146, 157, 158n, 159, 302n, 338, 455, 457, 458, 459, 463n. ʿArab Faqīh
Ǧabartī, Ǧabartiyya, term for Muslim Ethiopians : 387, 416, 442, 443, 452
al-Ǧabartī, ʿAbd as-Salām, personage : 452
gäbäz (cathedral, large church) : 46, 53, 166, 432n
Gäbrä Iyäsus, saint, Life of : 272n, 406
Gäbrä Iyäsus, official : 82
Gäbrä Krǝstos, saint, Life of : 231n, 270
Gäbrä Krǝstos, abbot of Däbrä Maryam : 232
Gäbrä Madḫen : see Ṭänṭäwǝdǝm
Gäbrä Mänfäs Qǝddus, saint, Life of : 270
Gäbrä Mäsqäl, regnal name :
of Lalibala , 41, 52, 237;
of ʿAmdä Ṣǝyon or Yǝsḥaq , 236
Gäbrä Mäsqäl, Aksumite king : 166, 201
Gabrǝʾel, metropolitan : 191
Gäda, region : 77
gadaa (age-set) : 115, 474, 475
Gadilomeda, archeological site : 129
gädl (Life), genre : xvii, 261. hagiography; individual saints’ names
Gädlä qǝddusan/GQ/Lives of the saints, hagiographial collection : 265–268, 351
Gädlä sämaʿǝtat/GS/Lives of the martyrs, hagiographical collection : xvii, 227, 230, 231, 232, 235, 265–268, 269, 278, 305, 318, 351, 379n
Gaʿǝwa, queen : 394
Gafat : language, 51; region, 66, 79, 400, 423
Gälawdewos, king : 21, 25, 157, 259, 260, 274, 342, 370, 393, 420, 421, 422, 446, 448n, 456n, 459n, 461, 462, 463, 464, 466, 467, 471, 475
Ǧamāl al-Dīn, sultan : 104, 151
Ǧämmädu Maryam, church : 287
Gamo, region : 26, 77, 78, 79, 400, 401, 412, 448, 472
Gändäbälo, locality : 414
Ǧanǧäro, region : 412
Gännätä Maryam, church : 54, 177, 193n, 339n, 343, 344, 374n
Gänz, region : 66, 79, 102
gärad (Ar. garād), office : 28, 77, 78, 83, 104, 156, 157, 158n, 389, 409, 421, 457, 469
Gärima, saint : 119, 200, 201, 269;
Life of , 201, 270, 273, 314n
Gärima Gospels : 165, 167, 201, 219, 234, 235, 286, 291, 301n, 308, 322, 325, 345, 349
Gasǝč̣č̣a, locality : 185, 240
Gatira Maryam : see Atronsä Maryam
Gäzen Yoḥannǝs Mäṭǝmǝq, church : 169, 170, 171, 172
gäzet ([yä]gälägǝl gäzet, wäšärbat gäzet), title : 377
Gǝbrä ḥǝmamat, text : 230, 231, 351
Gǝʿǝz :
in Aksumite kingdom , 26, 50–51, 222–223;
as language of medieval Christian church and state , 25, 51, 250, 284;
obsolescence as spoken language , 26, 51, 219
Gədm, region : 66
gədm, office : 71
Gǝmb Tewodros, structure : 340
gəmmadä Mäsqäl : see cross(es): True Cross
genealog(ies) :
of Christ , 307;
Christian royal , 257;
Islamic , 101, 149;
monastic , 208n, 281;
of Oromo clans , 473–474
Gǝšän, Amba : see Amba Gǝšän
Gǝšän Ǝgziʾabǝḥer Ab, church : 340
Gǝšän Maryam, church : 351, 353
Gǝṣṣawe (liturgical directory) : 183–4, 188n
Getesemane Maryam, monastery : 392
Giḥo, personage : 35
Giovio, Paolo : 364, 439n
Giyorgis, Ethiopian monastery of, in Cairo : 431, 433, 434, 436
Giyorgis of Sägla (or of Gasǝč̣č̣a), author : 181, 185, 186, 187, 188n, 239–250, 251, 255
Giyorgis, bishop : 237
goat(s) : 402, 404; goat skin, 296
Goǧǧam, region : 49, 65, 66, 70, 71, 72, 79, 80, 82, 392, 393, 401, 402, 422, 475
gold : 33, 34, 92, 110, 121n, 131, 133, 135, 140, 223, 300, 302n, 336, 338, 357, 378, 392n, 395, 398, 412–413, 415, 417, 418, 420, 422, 439n, 458
Gomit, locality : 76
Gondär, city and region : 74, 193, 316, 323, 324
Gondärine, era : 7, 16, 18n, 260, 289, 315, 321, 397
Gospel(s) :
Gospel books/manuscripts , 32, 33, 35, 40, 41, 44n, 187, 231n, 235n, 288n, 310, 345–346, 347, 349–353, 355, 358, 431;
Four-Gospel books/manuscripts , 173, 219, 286–287, 288, 300, 301–302, 307, 348, 349, 350;
“Golden” Gospels , 201, 211, 231, 301–302;
Gospel readings , 167, 171, 178, 187, 358;
religion of , 194, 197, 199, 203, 207, 211.
Gärima Gospels
Goze, Islamic site : 151
Great Entrance (liturgical) : 167, 171
Greece : 109, 449
Greek :
Christianity , 124;
learning , 3;
liturgical elements in Gǝʿǝz manuscript , 434;
monks/monasticism 197, 204;
palimpsest , 429n;
traveler , 412.
Byzantine
Greek, language : 34, 53n, 146n, 165, 174, 188, 189, 194, 201, 202, 203, 216, 217–220, 222–224, 225–226, 227, 228, 243, 247n, 251–253, 265–267, 270, 285n, 291
Guba, saint : 200, 269
Guba, Islamic site : 106
Gudit/Yodit/Ǝsato : 37, 141, 172, 384, 385, 386
Guǧǧi, people : 386
Gundä Gunde, monastery : 184n, 215, 287, 306n, 320, 355
Gundǝfru Śǝllase, church : 169, 170, 171, 172, 193n, 330n
Gurage :
people , 127;
region (also Gurageland) , 160, 406
Gutu, structure : 340, 341
Gwǝh Yǝmʾata, church : 342
Gwǝgwǝben, monastery : 276
gwǝlt (land grant) : 7, 53, 62, 210, 211, 396, 407–408
Ḥabaša, al-Ḥabaša, Arabic term for Ethiopia-Eritrea(ns) : 2, 36, 41, 88, 97, 145, 150, 152, 442, 444, 448. Futūḥ al-Ḥabaša, al-Maqrīzī
habits (monastic clothing) : 372, 439n
Habshi (Ethiopians in India) : 444, 449–450, 452
Habtä Maryam, saint : 188n
ḥaḍāni : see ḥaṣ́ani
Hadiyya (Ar. Hādyā) :
people , 127;
sultanate/region , 26, 65, 66, 69, 70, 77, 78, 79, 83, 85, 99, 100, 101, 102, 378n, 389, 400, 418, 422, 448, 461, 464
hagiography, hagiographic(al) : xvii, 7, 13, 25, 32, 123, 139, 142, 152, 153n, 183, 196–197, 199, 201, 202n, 206, 207, 208, 209, 213n, 216, 224, 227, 229, 230, 231n, 232, 233, 252, 253, 258, 260, 261–281, 291, 314, 355, 366, 367, 370, 373, 378, 379, 382, 383, 394, 396, 417n, 446. individual saints’ names
Ham, region : 35, 54. Däbrä Libanos of Šǝmäzana/Ham
Ḥamasen, region : 35, 69, 74, 81, 213, 215
Ḫamta, language : 49
Ḥanafī, Islamic law school : 106, 150, 151, 153
ḫānqāh, Islamic institution : 151
Ḥaqq al-Dīn (II), sultan : 75, 76, 79, 100–101
ḥaräg (manuscript decoration) : 186, 308, 351, 355
Harämaya, lake : 388
Harar :
Islamic city/city-state , 87n, 99, 104, 131, 132, 143n, 149–150, 156, 157, 159, 160, 387n, 455, 459, 460, 464, 465, 466, 475, 476;
emirate , 102n
Harari :
language , 26, 285n, 455n;
people , 159, 388, 465
Ḥarat Zawīla, district of Cairo : 431
Ḥarbay, king and saint : 32;
Life of , 279
Harlaa, archeological site : 96, 132n,
Harla, legendary people : 96, 131n
Ḥārla, region/people : 103, 460
ḥaṣ́ani (Ar. ḥaḍāni), title : xvi, 38–39, 41, 204
ḥasgwa, office : 46
ḫaṭīb, Islamic preacher : 151, 152
Ḥawzen, locality : 169, 170, 180, 199
Ḥayq, lake : 134, 136, 206. Däbrä Ḥayq Ǝsṭifanos
ḥədug-ras, office : 53, 60. ras
Ḥǝrgigo, port : 93
Ḥǝzbä Nañ, king : 75, 340
hijra : 3, 88, 91, 145, 387
Ḥimyar, kingdom (Yemen) : 53, 201, 427
“Ḫīrūn,” brother of Queen Mäsqäl Kǝbra : 45, 47, 174
History of the Episcopate of Alexandria : 226, 228, 249
History of the Patriarchs of the Egyptian Church : 29, 33, 36, 37, 39, 43, 45, 47, 48, 55, 334
hoe, farming tool : 401
Holy Week, service/texts for : 183, 184, 230, 231, 351
homily, homiletic text(s) : 25, 60, 118, 119, 120, 183, 188, 197, 224, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 235, 242, 247, 255, 256, 261, 269, 279, 287, 351, 352, 353, 368
homiliary/-ies : 226, 230, 233, 282n, 289n, 353
Horologium/Horologion, text : 183, 186, 227n, 231, 282n, 429n
horse(s) : 343, 402, 418, 422
Hours :
Books of (Gz. Mäṣḥafä Säʿatat) , 183n, 185–186, 187 ( Säʿatat );
Liturgy of , 168, 254
Hūbat, Islamic community : 95
hunting : 336, 344, 401, 417
Ḥusayn of Bali, šayḫ : 152
hypogeum, monument type : 134, 135, 137
Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh al-Iskandarī, mystic : 153n
Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, author : 153n, 405, 443
Ibn Ḫaldūn, author : 139
Ibn Ḥawḳal, author : 36, 38
Ibn al-Muǧāwir, author : 90, 97, 442, 448
Ibrāhīm b. al-Ḥasan, faqīh : 95
icon(s) : 186, 187, 255, 323, 324, 326, 355, 359, 360, 362, 363, 364
Ifat (Ar. Awfāt ) : xvi, 6, 24, 66, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 77, 79, 82, 97, 98–101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106–108, 109, 110, 111, 126n, 139, 148, 151–152, 156, 211n, 259, 403, 404, 406, 414, 415, 419, 442n, 456, 461, 471n
ʾIlm al-nasab (genealogical discipline) : 149
incense :
product , 96, 418;
incense-burners , 131;
Prayer of , 233
India(n) : 91, 109, 136, 402, 411, 417, 418, 420, 425, 427, 444, 449–450, 452, 453, 461, 463n, 467
“Indian” as term for Ethiopians : 428, 444
Indian Ocean : 1, 2, 6, 34, 96, 110, 154, 427, 448n, 452, 468
indigo : 420
Infancy Gospel, text : 225
inheritance : 407, 408–409;
of monasteries , 211, 408–409;
of women , 381
ink(s) : 292–294, 345n
inscriptions :
Aksumite , 2, 34, 50, 51, 52, 197n, 222, 223, 234;
medieval Christian , 38, 41, 178, 204, 301, 335, 356, 359, 362, 447n;
Islamic , 42, 87n, 89, 91, 95, 106, 117, 142, 146n, 154
inventory/-ies, medieval monastic : 183n, 228–229, 230–233, 235n, 238, 270n, 271n, 318n, 319, 431, 433, 440
irrigation : 112, 403, 404
Isayyayas, qäññ behtwäddäd : 75, 81, 82, 83
ivory : 110, 398, 417, 458
Iyäsus Moʾa, monk/saint : 119, 120, 121, 206, 208, 231, 274, 286, 348, 349, 350, 358, 359;
Life of , 119, 121, 206, 274–5, 385
Jacob Baradaï (Baradaeus), bishop of Edessa/saint : 164
Jannes and Jambres : 225
Jawhar al-Lālā, Ethiopian Mamluk official : 448–449, 452
Jawhar al-Qunuqbāʾī, Ethiopian Mamluk official : 449, 452
Jerusalem :
ancient , 63, 180, 352, 385;
Ethiopia as the new , 257;
medieval , 21, 210n, 231n, 372, 426n, 428, 429–430, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 446, 451
Jesuit(s) : 6, 16, 366, 448, 454, 466–468
“Jesus cell,” in Lalibäla : 177
Jew(s), Jewish, Judaism : 19, 20, 37n, 114, 194, 201, 202–203, 224n, 229n, 238, 258, 279, 385, 410, 411n, 442, 447–448. Betä Ǝsraʾel
jihad :
of Aḥmad ibn Ibrāhīm , 6, 7, 16, 18n, 93, 145, 156, 157, 158, 159, 192, 302n, 338, 341, 421, 456–463;
of Ḥaqq al-Dīn , 101;
prohibition of, against Ethiopia , 445
Jiren/Jimma, region : 160
John of the Ladder (John Climacus), author : 225
John the Little, Coptic monastery : 431
John the Oriental, saint : see Yoḥannəs Məśraqawi
Jubilees : 203, 224, 232, 233
Kaleb, Aksumite king : 52, 53, 166, 201, 279, 280;
Life/Acts of , 229, 266, 269, 279, 280, 281n
Kalǧur/Kalǧūra (Gz. Kwǝlgora), locality : 94, 106, 414
Kambaata, people : 127
Kambata, region : 449
Kanem-Bornu, African state : 284
kantiba, office : 74
Karuray, ḥaṣ́ani : 38
kätäma (itinerant royal court, royal/military camp) : 61, 71, 73, 75, 78, 211, 375, 377, 378, 423. camp; court, Ethiopian Christian
Kǝbrä nägäśt/Nobility of the kings : 5n, 52, 54, 55, 59, 63, 81, 180, 227, 236–238, 256–258, 385
Kǝbran, island :
monastery of , 277;
church of Gäbrǝʾel on , 351, 352
Kǝmant, language : 49, 50
Kenya : 1, 130
kətab : see manuscript forms
Ketetiya, local-religious site : 134, 135, 136
Konso :
people , 116;
region , 402
Krǝstos Śämra, saint : 374;
Life of , 275n
Krǝstos Täsfanä, abbot/ʿaqqabe säʿat : 349, 350
Kwəleṣewon, prince(?) : 343, 344
Kwiḥa, modern locality : 24, 42, 43, 91. Bilet
labor, household :
of women , 367–368, 375;
of the enslaved , 376, 409, 445.
peasant(s)
Ladaʿ Uṯmān, Muslim governor : 156–157
Laity/lay persons/the faithful : 152, 154n, 166, 168, 173, 177, 185, 187, 192, 193, 263, 277, 355, 368, 369, 374, 379, 380, 408, 437
Lalibäla, church complex : 4, 29, 31, 33, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 54, 124, 176–178, 179, 182n, 205, 286, 313n, 323, 324, 325, 329, 330, 332–336, 337, 343, 357, 358, 359, 374n, 387n
Lalibala, king and saint : 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 41–42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51–53, 54, 55, 56, 178, 179, 206, 237, 279, 286, 288, 333, 334, 335, 357, 359, 374, 376, 377n;
Life of , 32n, 50, 280, 382
land tenure : see gwəlt; rəst
Langano, lake : 1, 95
Lasta, region : 1, 4, 24, 31, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 54, 64, 67, 204, 330, 333, 334, 461
late antiquity : 3, 14, 17, 125, 165, 175n, 189, 195, 197, 201, 204, 217, 218, 222, 228, 233, 268, 329, 331, 345, 397, 427, 428, 444. Aksum, kingdom of /Aksumite
leather :
furnishings , 310, 320;
in trade , 96;
in manuscript making , 285n, 291n, 295n, 296–300, 309n, 317;
production/producers of , 315–316, 402
Lebanon : 434
Lǝbnä Dǝngǝl, king : 21, 58, 101, 102, 182, 339, 355, 362, 363, 364, 376, 381n, 382, 388, 390, 391, 393, 414, 448, 457, 458, 459, 461–462, 473;
History/Chronicle of , 260n, 390, 420
lectern(s) : 310–312
legumes : 399–400
Libanos (a.k.a Mäṭaʿ), saint : 199, 343;
Life of , 51, 199n, 269, 270, 314n.
Däbrä Libanos of Šǝmäzana/Ham; Däbrä Libanos of Šäwa; Betä Libanos
library/-ies, medieval : 6, 32n, 184n, 199, 206n, 213n, 215n, 231–233, 245n, 289, 318–320, 347, 420
Life/Lives : see hagiography; individual saints’ names
Liqanos, saint : 200;
Life of , 280, 281n
Lives of the martyrs : see Gädla sämaʿǝtat
Lives of the Prophets : 224
Lives of the saints : see Gädlä qǝddusan
Lives of the saints and martyrs (Gädla sämaʿǝtat or Gädlä qǝddusan) : 351, 353, 354
Limoges, France : 364
linen : 70, 108, 417
liq (“chief, head”) : 28;
liqä Aqäytat , 46;
liqä Barya , 46;
liqä betä qaṭṭin , 46;
liqä ḫädar , 46,
liqä kahǝnat , 28, 46;
liqä mäkaso , 46,
liqä mäkwas , 402
liturgy :
of Betä Ǝsraʾel , 20;
of Aksumite era , 165–169, 224, 225, 226, 322;
Gǝʿǝz as language of , 5, 25, 284;
of medieval Ethiopian church , 12, 73, 162, 169–193, 202n, 214, 231, 254, 268, 277, 278, 331, 334, 368, 389, 394, 404, 407;
manuscripts in , 278, 305, 314, 318, 320;
monastic , 198, 438;
music – see chant ;
objects in , 124, 319, 324, 326, 355, 358–360, 362–3, 433, 439n ( altar; cross; icon; märäwəḥ );
texts of , 183–192, 230, 232, 233, 239, 247, 248, 252, 253–255, 261, 267–268, 270, 428
livestock : 42, 400, 401, 402. cattle, goat(s), sheep
Luḥayya, locality in Yemen : 152, 443
Maʿāfir, Yemeni tribe : 151
Mäbaʾa Ṣǝyon, monk/saint : 362;
Life of , 323
Macarius, saint, Egyptian monastery of : 364, 432
maḏhab (Islamic school) : 107, 153. Ḥanafī, Šāfiʿī
Mädḫǝn Zämäda, princess/official : 82, 389
madrasa : 151
maʾǝkälä baḥǝr, office : 46
Maʾǝkälä baḥǝr, region : 69
Maghreb : 100
Mahaggǝl, locality : 272
Mähari Amlak, court personage : 343, 344
Maḥfūẓ, imam/emir : 77, 104–105, 156, 157, 391
Mahiko, gärad of Hadiyya : 77, 78
Maḥmūl, locality in Yemen : 152
Maḫzūmī :
dynasty of Islamic Ethiopia , 94, 148, 208, 211, 388;
clan of Mecca , 148
Mäkanä Maryam, church : 392
Mäkanä Śǝllase, church : 339, 413n
Makǝdda, legendary queen : 59, 236, 257, 385–386. Queen of Sheba
mäkwännən (pl. mäkwanənt), office : 62, 150n, 212, 421;
mäkwännənä Adäl , 157.
Təgre-mäkwännən 81
mälhäzä, office : 46
Mali (West African state) : 284
malik, Islamic title : 91
Malik Ambar, slave-soldier in India : 449–450
mälkäna, office : 72
mälkəʾ, liturgical genre : 185n, 188n, 190, 253
Mamluk, dynasty of Egypt : 54, 92, 94, 102, 105, 110, 140, 150, 448, 452
“Manadelei,” locality : 414
mänbärä tabot : see altar
Manṣūr, sultan : 104
Manuel I, king of Portugal : 391, 466
manuscript forms :
accordion book (sənsul) , 295;
codex (mäṣḥaf, bəranna) , 3, 294–309;
liturgical folding fan (märäwəḥ) , 295, 362, 363;
scroll (kətab) , 118, 119n, 267n, 294–295, 315
manuscript features :
binding , 296–298;
covers , 295–302, 345;
layout , 307–308, 345, 355;
illuminations , 345–355;
textblock , 302–306, 345.
colophon(s); crafts/craftsmen; painter(s); scribe(s); subscriptions
manuscripts, Ethiopic :
as corpus organizers , 251;
multiple-text , 231, 232, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 278, 303;
polyglot , 292, 428;
pre-14th c. , 218–221, 225–226, 227n, 253, 286–289, 293, 345, 429n
Mänz, district : 75, 129, 133, 134, 140
Mäqälä, town : 34, 199, 327
Mäqdäla, sack of : 323
al-Maqrīzī, author : 76, 98, 100, 101, 104, 156, 422, 431, 432, 446
Märäb, river : 69, 79, 214
märäwǝḥ (liturgical folding fan) : 295, 362, 363
Märḥa Krǝstos, abbot/saint : 60, 191, 271;
Life of , 182, 271, 280, 391n, 405n, 406n
Märḥabete, district : 75
Mark, saint :
Acts of , 266;
anaphora of , 166;
manuscript portrait of , 345; see of, 237
market(s), marketplace(s) : 91, 372, 413–414
Märqorewos : see Brancaleon, Niccolò
Märqoryos, personage : 351
Marqos, officer : 84
marriage : 14, 379–383;
royal , 44–45, 77, 85, 382–383, 386;
and sanctity , 373–374
Märṭulä Maryam, church : 80, 339, 340, 392, 393
Mary, saint : xvii, 60, 181, 187, 254, 257, 295, 389, 392, 395;
anaphoras of , 186, 188n;
Ascension of Mary , 231;
chapel of Mary of Golgotha, in Jerusalem , 430;
Ethiopian chapel of, in Cairo , 431, 433;
church of Mary in the kätäma , 369, 376n;
Transitus of Mary , 233.
Miracles of Mary
Mäsal, Islamic site : 106, 151
Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār : see al-ʿUmarī
mäsänqo (musicians) : 46
mäṣḥaf : see manuscript forms
Mäṣḥafä baḥrəy : see Book of the substance
Mäṣḥafä bǝrhan : see Book of the light
Mäṣḥafä gänzät : see Book of the shroud
Mäṣḥäfä kidan : see Testament of Our Lord
Mäṣḥafä mǝśṭir : see Book of the mystery
Mäṣḥafä Qälemǝnṭos : see Book of Clement
Mäṣḥafä qändil : see Book of the lamp
Mäṣḥafä Säʿatat : see Hours; Säʿatat
Mäṣḥafä śǝrʿat : see Book of the regulation
Mäṣḥafä sǝddät (Book of the Persecution) : 102, 456n, 459
Mäṣhäfä ṭefut : 352–353
Mäsobä Wärq, princess : 385
Mäsqäl Kǝbra, queen/saint : 32, 44–45, 374;
Life of , 32n, 279–280, 374
Massawa, port : 1, 69, 77, 79, 89, 92, 93, 97, 215, 417, 445, 446, 451, 461, 468, 469
Mäṭaʿ, saint : see Libanos
Mäṭära, locality : 166
Mateus, ambassador : 391, 417n
May Kado Giyorgis, church : 180
Mecca : 22, 88, 90, 95, 100, 110, 148, 156n, 444, 446, 448
Medina : 3, 88, 146, 444
Mǝʿǝraf (common of the Divine Office) : 168
megalith, megalithic : 124–129, 130, 134, 137
Mǝhǝlla (supplication, rogation) : 168
Mehmad, ruler/gärad of Hadiyya : 77, 389
Melchite(s) : 243, 245, 249, 251
Melitius, bishop of Lykopolis : 198, 243, 249
Melitian(s), Melitian schism : 198, 226, 249
Mǝnilǝk [I], legendary king : 59, 63, 72, 257, 385
Mǝʿǝrafä Maryam, church : 392
merchant(s) : 97, 108, 109, 136, 151, 154–155, 372n, 375, 394, 414–418, 420, 422, 442, 446, 447, 448, 452–453
Mǝṣǝle, island : 353
Məsḥalä Maryam, church/megalithic site : 129, 133, 134
metropolitan(s), of Ethiopia-Eritrea :
ecclesiastical status and titles , 27, 28, 162–164, 195;
Egyptian community around , 55, 172, 174;
Egyptian origin/selection by Alexandrian patriarch , 37, 39, 163, 195, 214;
embassies surrounding , 39, 428;
and Ethiopian bishops , 45, 163;
Ethiopian seat of , 48, 174;
mosque construction by , 43;
opposition to Ethiopian practices , 173;
role in administration , 45, 71, 83–84, 195, 209, 211, 379n;
role in marriage ceremony , 380;
suspension in requests for/sending of , 39, 191;
ties to Egyptian monasteries , 235–236;
translations of , 183, 229, 236, 266;
wine produced for , 406.
Bärtälomewos, Danǝʾel, Gabrǝʾel, Mikaʾel I, Mikaʾel II, Sälama “the Translator,” Sawiros, Yǝsḥaq
Mikaʾel I, metropolitan : 35, 39–40, 55, 173–175, 235, 342
Mikaʾel II, metropolitan : 45, 174
Mikaʾel (or Zämikaʾel), the Egyptian : 236
Mikaʾel Amba, church : xvii, 28, 35, 40, 170, 174, 175, 176, 235n, 331, 342
military :
regiments , 64, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 77–79, 80, 82, 83, 85;
service : 62, 409.
army
Minas, king : 260n, 382n, 469, 471n
Minas, saint, Ethiopian monastery of, in Egypt : 431, 432, 433
mine(s), mining : 92, 395, 412, 424
Miracles of Mary (Gz. Täʾammerä Maryam) : 185, 186, 187, 233, 238–9, 254–255, 313n, 351, 352, 353, 355, 389
Monumentum Adulitanum : 222
Morara, royal ancestor : 41, 42, 44, 50, 51
mosque(s) :
in Ethiopia , 43, 96, 101, 106, 107, 112, 126n, 129, 131, 141, 148n, 151–152, 469;
of Damascus (Ethiopians at) , 153, 443;
of al-Azhar, Cairo (Ethiopians at) , 153, 443–444, 452;
Great Mosque of Ṣanʿāʾ , 285, 294n, 302n
Motälämi, title/name of ruler of Damot : 71, 80, 123–124, 139, 207, 415, 421
muʾaḏḏin (muezzin) : 152, 441
Muger, region : 75
Muhammad, the Prophet : xvi, 34, 88, 142, 145, 146, 148, 150, 281n, 322, 387, 445, 472
Muḥammad Abū ʿAbdallāh, šayḫ : 156
Muḥammad b. Azhar al-Dīn, sultan : 104, 105, 157, 158
Muḥammad b. Badlāy, sultan : 76, 78
Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm Gaša, imam : 465, 466
Muḥammad b. Nāṣir, sultan : 465
mule(s) : 66, 378, 379, 402, 418, 422
Mūrah, Islamic community : 95
Murara, royal ancestor : see Morara
al-Mursī, Abū al-ʿAbbās, Muslim mystic : 153n
music :
musical instruments , 185n, 198;
musical notation , 307;
royal songs , 66, 71, 422.
chant
Näʾakkweto Läʾab, king/saint : 32, 206;
Life of , 32, 50, 279, 280
nägad ras (head of caravans) : 414
nägadi (merchant) : 416. merchant(s)
Naǧāḥid, Ethiopian dynasty of Yemen/Dahlak Islands : 90–91, 445
Nägaš, locality : 88, 148n
nägaš, title : 71, 80. baḥǝr nägaš
nägś (hymns) : 190
Naʿod, king : 16n, 77, 80, 83, 182, 339, 357, 364, 390, 391
Naʿod Mogäsa, queen : 390, 392, 393
narthex : 166, 172, 344
Naǧāšī, al-Naǧāšī (Ethiopian king in Islamic tradition) : 88, 145–147
Naǧrān, locality in Ḥimyar (Yemen) :
Ethiopian building in , 53;
Ethiopian conquest of , 53, 269, 279, 280;
Martyrium of (Gz. Gädlä Nagran) , 231, 232;
massacre of Christians in , 257, 266, 269, 279
Nassābūn (Islamic genealogists) : 149
nazīl (Islamic trade-tax collector) : 421
Nazret, modern town in Šäwa : 95
Nazret, locality in Tǝgray : 237
Nazret Maryam, church, in Tǝgray : 35, 40, 55, 174, 175, 176
nǝburä ǝd, office : 28, 68, 81, 238, 240, 432n
nǝgǝśt, title : 28, 376, 382, 383
nǝguś, title : 28, 38
Nǝḥǝyo Bä-Krǝstos, personage : 343
Nicaea, council of : 162, 255, 257
niche(s), in church architecture : 173, 175, 176, 177
Nile, river :
archeology in Sudan along , 285n;
Ethiopian kings’ legendary ability to control , 22;
papyrus and , 291n;
route to Egypt along , 285n, 428–429;
town of al-Fuwwah in delta of , 151n.
Blue Nile : see Abbay
“Nine Saints” : 119–120, 199–200, 201, 224n, 262, 264, 273, 280
Nob, monk/prince : 339
nomocanon : 162n, 164
Nora :
Islamic site : 106, 111, 126n, 151, 404;
site of Christian church , 40
Nubia/Nubian : 3, 23, 36–37, 171, 178, 285n, 291n, 294n, 295n, 303n, 428, 444, 448, 468
nuns : 40, 174, 213n, 371- 373, 374, 394, 434n, 436–437
Nūr al-Dīn ʿAli, merchant : 416–417
Nūr b. Muǧāhid, emir : 157, 159, 464–465, 475
oil(s) : 400, 423;
in liturgical ceremonies , 167, 190, 191
Order concerning those who are baptized (Gz. Śǝrʿatä habt bäʾǝntä ǝllä yǝṭṭämmäqu) : 242–243, 247, 248, 251
Order of the Church (Gz. Śǝrʿatä betä krǝstiyan) : 242
Oromo, people : 16, 26, 83, 114, 115, 131, 157n, 159, 386, 454, 464, 465, 466, 470–476
Ottoman(s) :
province in Ethiopia , 6, 16, 130n, 454, 468–470;
coins in Ethiopia , 130;
conquest of Jerusalem , 430;
expansion into Red Sea region , 462, 468;
Portuguese rivalry with , 461–462;
role in Ethiopian Muslim-Christian wars , 462–463
Pachomius, saint : 199, 281;
Rule of , 165, 168, 202, 224, 232, 253;
Pachomian monks , 168
Páez, Pedro : 369, 380, 381, 392n, 468
page(s) (Gz. blatten, pl. blattenočč), office : 72, 73, 84–85
painter(s)/artist(s) : 181, 255, 314, 344, 349, 359–364, 432
paleography/paleographic : 220, 226, 283n, 288, 290, 313
Palestine : 107, 198n, 239, 350
palimpsest(s) : 25, 227, 429n
Ṗänṭälewon/Ṗänṭälewon zäṣomaʿt, saint : 200;
Life of , 231, 232, 266, 269–270, 279.
Ǝnda Abba Ṗänṭälewon
paper, as manuscript support : 310n;
in Christian Ethiopian manuscripts , 234–235, 288n, 292, 436n;
in Muslim manuscripts , 292, 295n
ṗaṗṗas, title : 27, 163, 195. patriarch; metropolitan; pope
papyrus : 291, 308n, 309n
parchment :
as main support for medieval Christian manuscripts in Ethiopia , 235, 291, 292;
production of , 291–292, 315–316, 317, 402;
use for Coptic manuscripts , 309;
use for Islamic scrolls , 295n;
use for medieval Nubian manuscripts , 285n;
use for pastedowns , 298;
use for thread , 296n;
use today , 285
Pastophorium/-a, in church architecture : 166, 167, 170n, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177
pastoralists, pastoralism : 401, 402, 471n, 475
patriarch(s), of Alexandria : 27, 37, 39, 105, 162, 163, 173, 214, 428, 429;
Abraham the Syrian , 176;
Athanasius – see Athanasius ;
Christodulos , 39;
Cyril I , 164, 165n, 188, 201, 202;
Cyril II , 43, 173;
Dioscorus , 164;
Gabriel II , 39, 176;
Gabriel V , 191, 380n;
Gabriel VII , 274;
John VI , 33, 39, 44, 47;
Macarius II , 39, 173;
Matthew I , 181;
Peter , 249;
Philotheos , 36, 172
patriarch, Catholic, for Ethiopia : 467
patriarch, of Constantinople : 257
patristic/patristics : 201, 224, 225, 226, 255, 258
Paul, apostle/saint : 245;
Acts of : 244n
Paul of Thebes, “the first hermit,” Life of : 202, 224
peasant(s)/peasantry : 106, 376, 381, 383, 397, 402, 404, 407–8, 409, 413, 422, 423, 452
pepper : 417
Periplus of the Erythrean Sea : 3, 222
Peter, apostle/saint :
Acts of , 244;
basilica of (Rome) , 438
Peter of Alexandria, bishop/patriarch, saint : 249;
Acts of , 227, 228, 266
Phileas, saint, Acts of : 266
Philo of Carpasia : 225
philology/philological : 8, 10, 11, 13, 19, 163, 202, 207n, 216, 218, 223, 260, 264;
methods of , 220–221
Physiologus : 224
pilgrim(s)/pilgrimage :
Ethiopian Christian , 181n, 332, 372, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 436, 438, 442n;
Latin , 430, 431, 434, 436, 445, 446;
Muslim , 88, 97, 147, 443
plough : 399, 400
pope(s) : 21, 27, 241n, 364, 438, 439;
Paul III , 438, 440, 467;
Sixtus IV , 21, 438
Portugal/Portuguese : 6, 21, 29, 93, 150, 192, 336n, 338, 366, 378, 391, 393, 402, 417, 446, 454, 452n, 461–462, 463, 466–468, 469, 470
Potken, Johannes : 438
poultry : 405
presbyterium, in church architecture : 166, 170, 178
priest(s) :
Christian Ethiopian , 28, 37, 39, 40, 46, 123, 164, 170, 174, 186, 191, 193, 211, 240, 246, 270, 316–317, 358, 364, 368n, 369, 379n, 380, 431, 437;
foreign , 20, 235, 242;
local-religious , 114–115, 123;
married , 368n, 369, 380, 381, 437;
priest-king , 60
printing :
in Ethiopia , 285;
of Gǝʿǝz works in 16th-c. Europe , 439, 440–441
prostitute(s) : 375–376
Prothesis, in liturgy : 167, 171, 182
Pseudo-apostolic (literature) : 232, 233, 246, 247, 379
qāḍī (Islamic judge) : 94, 150n, 152, 156
qalä-ḥaṣe, office : 73
Qälemǝnṭos : see Book of Clement
Qalāwūn, Mamluk sultan : 429
Qänqanit (Mikaʾel), church : 180
qaṣ, office : 74
Qawǝsṭos, saint, Life of : 272
qäysä gäbäzä Ṣǝyon, office : 46
al-Qazwīnī, author : 406
Qǝdǝmt, cemetery at Lalibäla : 335
Qerǝllos, text : 224
Qoḥayto, locality : 166
Qorqor Maryam, church : 335, 341n, 343
queen(s) :
Christian Ethiopian , 21, 28, 44–45, 47, 58n, 68, 77, 80, 339, 372n, 374, 376–379, 382–383, 385, 386–394;
non-Christian , 4, 36–37, 41 , 141, 172, 384 ( Gudit );
Muslim , 93, 102, 141, 388;
local religious , 386, 388
Queen of Sheba : 54, 55, 59, 257, 258, 385–386. Makǝdda
Quran : 108, 148, 152, 285n
Qurayš, Meccan clan : 148
Qūṣ (Gz. Qusqam), in Egypt : 90, 429, 430, 432, 433–434, 442n
radiocarbon analysis/dating : 10, 96, 106, 127, 128, 129n, 130n, 131, 132, 134, 135, 286, 288n, 308, 309n, 335, 345n
raq-masäre, office : 74
ras (chief), title for series of offices : 67, 74, 78, 83, 395, 409, 412n, 414
Rasūlid, dynasty of Yemen : 92, 102, 110, 154n, 415
Red Sea : 1, 2, 3, 6, 26, 34, 69, 79, 86, 89, 92, 96, 110, 152, 154, 197, 203, 266, 397, 401, 414, 416, 417, 418, 428, 444, 445, 454, 461, 462, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470
regents/regency : 21, 58n, 84, 85, 104, 383, 385, 388, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394
Rejoyce our sons! (Gz. Täfäśśǝḥu wǝludǝnä) : 242, 247
Rema Mädḫane ʿAläm, church : 339, 361
rǝst, land-right : 61, 381, 407–408, 410
Rest of the words of Baruch : 224
Roha, locality : 31, 333. Lalibäla
Rome/Roman : ancient, 17, 114, 164, 168, 197, 203, 217, 358, 389; church, 163, 191, 467; medieval, 292, 314n, 364, 426, 429, 435, 437–441, 451, 452 ; term(s) for Byzantine/Byzantium/Constantinople, 163n, 199, 245, 255, 257
Romna, royal concubine : 390, 391n, 392
Ros Näbyat, officer : 82
ribāṭ :151
Ṣäʿandǝwat, locality : 42
Säʿatat (liturgical Hours) : 185, 186, 188. Hours
Säblä Wängel, queen : 363, 378, 383, 387, 393, 394
Sabbath :
of the Christians (Sunday) , 179, 184, 256;
First Sabbath (Saturday) , 179, 184, 186, 187, 245, 254, 256
Ṣabr al-Dīn I, sultan : 66, 70, 387, 415
Ṣabr al-Dīn II, sultan : 76, 102, 104
Saʿd al-Dīn, military leader : 76, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108, 465, 466. Barr Saʿd al-Dīn
Šāḏiliyya, Sufi brotherhood : 107
Ṣadǝqan (“Righteous ones”), saints : 199;
Lives of , 199, 280
Ṣafī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin b. ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq al-Ḥanbalī al-Baġdādī, personage : 151n
Šāfiʿī, Islamic law school : 107, 151, 153
sägwa (royal ‘nickname’) : 52
ṣäḥafälam/ṣäḥafä lam/ṣäḥafe lam, office : 46, 48, 67, 74, 75, 80, 421
ṣäḥafe tǝʾǝzaz, office : 46
ṣāḥib, Islamic title : 91, 159
Ṣäḥma, saint, Life of : 280
Sälama, first bishop of Aksum : see Frumentius
Sälama “the Translator,” metropolitan : 183, 185, 192, 229, 230, 236, 266, 353n
Ṣällämt, region : 77
ṣalāt al-ġayb, Muslim prayer : 146
Ṣāliḥ, qāḍī : 150n, 156
Ṣälotä kidan/Prayer of the Covenant : 190
salt : 395, 419–420;
as currency : 419, 420
šamma (woven cloth) : 411, 420
Samuʾel of Däbrä Qwäyäṣa, saint : 215
Samuʾel of Däbrä Wägäg, saint, Life of : 122n, 276
Samuʾel of Waldǝbba, saint : 209, 275;
Life of , 209n, 275
Ṣanʿāʾ, locality in Yemen : 285, 294n, 302n
Santo Stefano, Ethiopian monastery in Rome : 292, 438–441
Särawe, region : 43, 81
al-Šarǧī, author : 442–443
Šarḫā, sultanate/Islamic region : 99, 419
Śärṣ́ä Dǝngǝl, king : 25, 423, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 476;
Chronicle of , 105, 260n, 459, 471
Sarzana Mikaʾel, church : 180
ṣasärge, office : 72, 84
“Sasu,” region/locality : 412
Šäwa, region/province : xvi, 24, 65, 68n, 70, 74–75, 76, 79, 80, 95, 105, 109, 119, 123, 129, 130, 132, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 154, 207, 211, 273, 338, 341, 351n, 388, 404, 414, 415, 421, 461, 475n, 476
Šawah, Islamic polity/sultanate(s) : xvi, 4, 65, 66, 70, 93–95, 97, 99, 106, 111, 139–140, 141, 148, 152, 211n, 388
Sawākin, Red Sea port : 428, 468, 469
ṣäware, office :
ṣäware narge mäsäräy , 46;
ṣäware ʿarat , 447n
Sawiros, metropolitan : 173
Säyfä Arʿad, king : 66, 70, 74, 75, 76, 80, 180, 212, 271, 350, 373, 430
šayḫ, Islamic title : 92, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153n, 156
scarification : 367, 368
scribe(s)/scribal : 14, 52, 252, 292, 303, 305, 307, 309–315, 316, 317, 318, 349, 391
scriptorium/-a : 208n, 241, 313, 347
scroll (Gz. kətab) : see manuscript forms
sǝmʿ (“martyrdom,” Acts), genre : xvii, 261. hagiography; individual saints’ names
Šǝmäzana, region : 34, 35, 44, 47, 65, 199. Däbrä Libanos of Šǝmäzana/Ham
Šǝmbǝrä Kwǝrǝ (Ar. Ṣambra Kūrā), locality/battle : 75, 459
Sǝmen, region : 77, 393, 401, 410, 462
Sǝmʿon, officer : 395, 409, 412n
Sǝmʿon, the Egyptian : 183, 235
Sǝnnar, region : 402, 412
Senodos/Synodicon : 188, 189, 190, 209, 225, 228, 232, 233, 242–243, 245n, 246, 247–248, 250, 353
sənsul : see manuscript forms
Ṣǝraʿ, region : 42, 43, 92n, 172, 175
ṣəraj-masäre, office : 72
Śǝrʿatä gǝbr/Order of the banquet : 60, 61, 376, 377, 404, 422
Śǝrʿatä mangǝśt/Order of the kingdom : 59, 63, 383
Śǝrʿatä qwǝrḥät : 60, 390
serpent(s), snake(s) : 119–121, 123
śəyyum (pl. śəyyuman), office : 62, 421
Shay, local-religious culture : 132–139, 140
Sheba, Queen of : see Queen of Sheba
sheep : 111, 138, 296, 402, 403, 418
Shenoute, saint (Egyptian) : 168, 281. White Monastery
Shepherd of Hermas : 223n, 224, 231n, 232
Sidaama : language, 26, 207; people, 37n, 384n, 386, 388
Sidamo, region : 127
Šihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Qādir (a.k.a ʿArab Faqīh) : see ʿArab Faqīh
silk : 70, 108, 378, 417
silver : 415;
coins , 33, 109, 110, 130, 223, 412, 418–419;
manuscript covers , 301;
mines – see mine(s)/mining ;
objects , 131, 135, 336, 357, 395, 433;
silversmiths , 315
Simon the Cananaean (Gz. Sǝmʿon qänänawi) : 242, 247
Sinai : 227n, 229, 266, 429, 434
sistrum (percussion instrument) : 169
slave(s)/slavery/enslaved : 15, 85, 90, 91, 92, 96, 97, 110, 140, 153n, 376, 387, 395, 398, 406n, 409–410, 416, 418, 421, 425, 426, 427, 441, 442, 444–450, 451, 452, 455, 458, 463n, 470
snakes : see serpent(s)
Socotra : 427
Soddo, region : 127
Solomon, biblical king : 4n, 5, 31, 54, 55, 59, 63, 68, 236, 257, 258, 385
Solomon/Sälomon, Ethiopian regnal name : 52, 55, 301n, 345, 356
“Solomonic” dynasty :
administration , 64, 67–85, 136;
appellation , 4, 31;
chronicles , 258–260;
coup/beginnings , 4, 31, 57, 119, 179, 205, 206, 275;
expansion , 12, 62, 64–67, 123;
ideology , 4–5, 31, 59–60, 63–64, 257, 258, 279, 281, 385–385, 386;
religious relations , 136, 208, 211, 275, 280;
succession practices , 57–58;
trade and , 415
Ṣomä Dǝggwa (Hymnary for Lent) : 185
Somali : language, 26, 455n, 456n; people, 103, 442, 456n, 460, 466, 469
Somalia/Somaliland/Somali coast : 1, 2, 99, 130, 401, 415, 418, 469
Sophia, saint, Acts of (with Ṗistis, Elpis and Agape) : 266
Sourré-Kabanawa, local-religious/archeological site : 131
spice(s) : 109, 416, 417
stela(e) :
Aksumite , 116n, 125n, 329;
Islamic , 42n, 89, 90–91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 415;
local-religious , 126–129, 141
Stephanite : see Ǝsṭifanosite
subscription(s) : 229, 235, 236, 241, 266. colophon(s)
Sudan/Sudanese : 1, 23, 160, 285n, 291n, 412n
Sūdān (Ar.), term for black Africans : 444
Sufi/(Islamic) mystical master/mystical brotherhood : 107, 149, 153, 155, 159, 160, 443
sugar : 404, 406
supplication(s) : 307, 316, 318; liturgical, 168
Synaxary/Synaxarion (Gz. Sǝnkǝssar ), 37, 183, 184, 235, 260, 267, 276, 278, 374n
Synodicon : see Senodos
Syria/Syrian : 90, 99, 107, 171, 176, 194, 197, 198n, 216, 224n, 239, 262, 434, 452n
Syriac :
language , 218, 223, 224n, 229, 243, 292n, 416n, 432n;
church , 164;
manuscripts , 306n, 325
Täʾammerä Maryam : see Miracles of Mary
Täʿaqǝbo mǝśṭir (Custody/Protection of the Mystery) : 189, 241
tabot : see altar tablet
al-Tabrīzī, Persian merchant : 452
Tädbabä Maryam, church : 181, 355
Tadewos of Däbrä Maryam, saint, Life of , 272
Tadewos of Däbrä Bartarwa, saint, Life of : 276
Tadīt bint Māyālāmā, female Islamic ruler : 388
ṭäǧǧ (mead) : 406
Tägulät, district : 75
Täklä Alfa, saint, Life of : 276
Täklä Haymanot, monk/saint : 123, 206, 207–209, 212, 273, 274, 275, 374;
Life of , 123, 139, 207, 213n, 273–274, 275, 280, 281, 371
Täklä Maryam, painter : 362
Täkle the Abyssinian, painter : 364, 432
Ṭana, lake :
Agäw speakers north of , 49;
battle near , 463;
Betä Ǝsraʾel near , 20;
craftsmen around , 341;
hagiographies related to , 276–277;
post-medieval Christian kingdom near , 7, 476;
region west of , 26, 117n;
religious centers in/near , 287, 339, 351, 353, 357, 360, 374n, 392;
saints at , 374
Ṭana Qirqos, church : 287
Ṭänṭäwǝdǝm, king : 32, 35, 38, 41–42, 43, 44, 45, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 92n, 172n, 345, 356, 407n
Taʾrīḫ al-mulūk (History of the Kings) : 459
Taʾrīḫ al-Walasmaʿ (History of the Walasmaʿ) : 98, 101
Täsfa Giyorgis, ʿaqqabe säʿat : 390
Täsfa Ṣǝyon, monk : 440–441, 451
Tätär Gur, local-religious site : 134
tax(es)/taxation : 53, 102, 103, 108, 111, 398, 400, 402, 407–408, 415, 420–421, 422, 423;
ḫarāǧ , 104, 108;
zakāt , 108.
tribute
Täzkar (memorial celebration) : 278, 408
teff : see cereals/grains
Tǝgray, region :
in Aksumite era , 117, 339;
art from , 353, 363;
battles in , 38, 67, 461, 462;
economy of , 1, 36, 109, 399, 402, 403, 412, 413n, 414, 423;
Islamic sites in , 24, 42–43, 87n, 88, 89, 91, 92, 111, 154n;
Jesuits in , 467;
Oromo expansion to , 476;
Ottomans in , 469–470;
in post-Aksumite era , 169–172, 329–330;
religious institutions of , xvii, 34–36, 40, 41, 42, 169–172, 178, 180, 225, 275, 324, 329–330, 339, 353;
saints in , 199, 275;
Tǝgrǝñña spoken in , 49;
Solomonic activity in , 67, 68;
texts produced/preserved in , 55, 119, 120, 238, 249, 258, 288n;
women in , 367, 369–370, 378;
Zagwa people in , 50;
Zagwe activity in , 24, 35, 41, 42, 334
Təgre-mäkwännən, office : 81. mäkwännən
Təhrəyännä Maryam, royal woman(?) : 343
Ṭəlq, locality : 60, 75, 101
Tǝmben, locality : 180
Tǝrdaʾ Gäbäz, reputed Aksumite princess : 384–385
Terraces, terracing : 106, 124, 402–403
Testament of Our Lord/Testamentum Domini (Gz. Mäṣḥäfä kidan) : 188, 189, 190, 225, 232, 246, 379
Tewoflos, saint, Acts of (with Ṗaṭroqya and Dämalis) : 266
Textile(s) : 411;
in manuscript production , 296, 317.
cotton; silk
Theodore the Oriental (Gz. Tewodros bänadlewos), saint, Acts of : 235
Theology, theological : 203, 215, 242, 253;
controversies , 187–188, 273;
texts , 60, 142, 189, 216, 224, 240, 243, 255–256
Tihāma, coastal region of Arabian peninsula : 89, 90, 107
Timbuktu : 284
Tiya, local-religious site : frontispiece, 127
Ṭobya, locality : 76
Toḵondaʿ, locality : 166
Ṭomarä tǝsbǝʾt : see Epistle of Humanity
trade : 15, 89–93, 97, 102, 108–111, 375, 413–421;
Aksumite-era , 2, 3, 34, 154n, 444;
Christians in long-distance , 110, 415, 417, 447;
local/regional , 92, 96–97, 111, 395, 413–414;
local-religious in , 77, 136, 138, 415–416, 448;
long-distance , 2, 34, 66, 89, 91, 96, 97, 108–109, 111, 395, 397, 401, 414–415, 423, 470;
Muslim prominence in long-distance , 6, 89–92, 103, 108–109, 111, 136, 416–417, 419, 446, 447, 448;
routes , 4, 36, 66, 71, 77, 89, 90, 91, 103, 109–110, 154, 200, 396, 398, 413, 415, 419, 421, 470;
royal involvement in , 102, 110, 415, 417, 421, 446;
trade goods , 96, 108, 109, 110, 136, 402, 415, 417–418, 420.
merchant(s)
translation(s) into Gǝʿǝz : 13, 38, 53n, 183, 186, 187, 191, 217–230, 233, 235–239, 241, 243–244, 246, 249, 250–251, 252–253, 254, 255, 256, 260, 261, 265–267, 268, 270, 350, 351;
Aksumite-era , 3, 165, 189, 201, 202–203, 217, 218, 219, 223–226, 227, 228, 234, 250, 251, 252, 265, 345;
and the Kǝbrä nägäśt , 5n, 54–55, 59, 68, 237–238, 256–258, 266
Treatise on the Antichrist by Hippolytus : 225
tribute : 5, 61, 70, 76, 77, 78, 82, 90, 99, 100, 104, 120, 121n, 408, 409, 411, 421–422, 423, 457. tax(es)
triumphal arch : 166, 170, 173, 175, 176, 178, 331, 343
tumulus/tumuli : 130–138, 141
Tuto Fela, local-religious site : 128
al-ʿUmarī, author : 66, 69, 70, 75, 98, 99, 100, 105, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112n, 140, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155n, 403, 405, 406, 418, 419, 422, 448
Umm Ayman, personage : 387
Umm Ḥabība bint Abī Sufyān, personage : 387
Umm Salmā bint Abī Umayya, personage : 387
ʿUra Mäsqäl, church : 35, 41, 43, 44, 225n, 282n, 330, 356, 407n
ʿUra Qirqos, church : 32, 35, 41
ʿurf, pre-Islamic practice : 144
Venice/Venetian :
craftsmen in Ethiopia , 349, 363;
currency of used in Ethiopia , 109;
Ethiopian embassy to , 21, 181;
lordship of Cyprus , 437
Wabi Šäbälle, river : 66, 476n
Wādī al-Naṭrūn : 428, 429, 431–432, 433
Wäf Argäf, locality : 330
Wafāt/Beri-Ifat, Islamic city : 106, 107, 404
Wag, region between Tǝgray and Lasta : 49
Wäǧ, polity/region in southern Šäwa : 388, 471
Wägda, district : 75
Wälamo, region : 79, 400. Wälaytta
Wäläqa, region : 420
Walasmaʿ (Gz. Wäläšma), Islamic dynasty : 65, 66, 75, 76, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100–101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 111, 139, 140, 148, 156, 157, 158n, 208, 211n, 415, 476
Wälaytta :
language , 26;
people , 127;
region/polity : 77, 401
Waldǝbba, region : 273, 275;
“Waldǝbba recension,” 207n, 273.
Samuʾel of Waldǝbba
Wale Iyäsus, church : 178n
Wālī ʾAsmaʿ, sultan : 94, 95, 99, 103
Wällo, region : 144n, 160, 204, 205, 206, 207, 402, 403, 413n
wänbäročč, offices : 72
war :
booty of , 53;
Christian-Betä Ǝsraʾel , 411n;
Christian-Muslim , 66, 71, 78, 100–101, 103, 106, 146, 156, 159, 321, 415, 454, 455–456, 457–463, 464, 465, 466;
civil , 58, 410, 457, 458;
enslaved in , 409, 446;
of “Gudit”/queen of the Banū l-Ham(u)wīya , 37, 141;
imports for , 417;
of the Oromo , 473, 475, 476;
women and , 14, 259, 393–394, 409
Wäräb, local-religious polity/district : 415
Wärwär, locality : 31, 46, 333. Lalibäla
Waša Mikaʾel, church : 177, 344
Wašlu, locality : 418
weapon(s) : 131, 134, 417, 473. firearms
weaver(s), weaving : 410, 411
Wǝddase Maryam (Praise of Mary), liturgical office : 186
Wədəm Räʿad, king : 156
weights and measurements : 413
Wǝqen Gäbrǝʾel, church : 180
Wǝqro, locality : 199
Wǝqro Mädḫäne ʿAläm, church : 180
Wǝqro Maryam, church : 177–178, 180
Wǝqro Qirqos, church : 175, 176, 330n, 342, 357
White Monastery of Egypt : 235, 428
wine :
absence from Ethiopian drinking culture , 406–407;
in the liturgy , 166, 167, 171, 177, 192;
sellers , 375
Wiz, locality : 420
women : 14, 28, 65, 97, 194, 213n, 257, 259, 313n, 365–394, 398, 409, 417, 426, 436, 445, 448, 450
wood/wooden :
branches, in burial , 127;
construction material , 170, 180, 329, 330, 331, 332, 336, 338;
objects , 127, 128, 177, 178, 335, 349, 357, 359, 360, 361, 362;
in household economy , 395, 409;
in bookmaking , 295, 296, 298, 309
World Heritage List/Site(s) : 127, 148n, 328, 332
Yädǝbba Maryam, church : 342
Yaʿəbikä Ǝgziʾ, officer : 68, 237–238, 258
Yafqǝrännä Ǝgziʾ, saint, Life of : 276
Yagba Ṣǝyon, king : 58n, 348, 429
Yäḥä, locality : 166
Yaḥyā Naṣrallāh, author : 149n
Yäläbäsa : see Ṭəlq
Yāqūt al-ʿAršī, Muʿīn al-Dīn, Ethiopian mystical master : 153
Yared, saint : 179, 183, 190, 275;
Life of , 275
Yǝkunno Amlak, king : 4, 5n, 7, 54, 55, 57, 73, 94, 99, 256, 275, 339n, 343
Yǝmʿata, saint : 269;
Life of , 280
Yemen/Yemeni :
Aksumite intervention in , 3, 53, 201, 257, 279, 427;
cultural contact with , 23, 97, 107, 137, 151n, 152, 160, 285;
Ethiopian diplomacy with , 22, 36, 92, 97, 442, 446;
Ethiopian migration to , 152, 426, 442–443, 451;
Ifat rebels’ refuge in , 76, 102, 103;
Ethiopian “slave dynasty” of , 91, 445;
Ottomans in , 130n, 462, 468, 470;
role in 16th-c jihad , 6, 159, 455n, 461;
suzerainty of Dahlak Islands , 90;
trade with , 23, 70, 89, 97, 108, 130n, 154n, 359, 402, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 420, 449
Yǝmrǝḥannä Ǝgziʾ, king : 354, 379
Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos, king/saint : 32;
church of , 177, 325, 329, 331, 336, 343;
Life of , 50, 279
Yǝsḥaq, author of Mäṣḥafä mǝśṭirä sämay wämǝdr : 241, 243n
Yǝsḥaq, baḥǝr nägaš : 461, 468, 469, 470
Yǝsḥaq, king : 21, 58n, 77, 101, 104, 236, 240, 339, 410, 411n, 416, 422
Yǝsḥaq, metropolitan : 244n
Yǝsḥaq, nǝburä ǝd of Aksum : 68, 237–238, 243n
Yǝsḥaq Tǝgray, author : 243, 245, 249, 251
Yoḥannəs, bishop of Aksum : 120
Yoḥannəs Məśraqawi (John the Oriental), saint, Life of : 264, 270
Yoḥannǝs zä-Qoṗros (of Cyprus), monk : 437, 441
Yoḥannǝs of Qänṭorare, monk : 314n, 441
Yoḥanni, saint : 199; church of Abba Yoḥanni, 180, 182n
Yūsuf ʾAsʾar Yaṯʾar (Ar. Ḏu Nuwās, Gz. Finḥas), Jewish Ḥimyarite king : 279
Zabīd, Yemen : 90, 91, 130n, 445, 462
Zäge, monastery : 276
Zagwe, dynasty : 4, 5, 12, 24, 25, 31–33, 38, 41–56, 64, 123, 139, 164, 204–205, 279n, 333, 356, 379, 384;
administration of , 45–47, 67, 69; era of, 7, 12, 16, 164, 172, 179, 356;
ethnic identity of , 31, 48–51;
territory of , 41–49, 67, 69, 111, 205–206, 207, 333–334;
sanctity of , 32, 55–56, 205, 374, 386;
overthrow of , 64, 111, 119, 205, 206, 208;
use of Aksumite traditions , 51–54, 205;
as “usurpers,” 5, 31, 54–56, 68, 237, 256–257, 385, 386
Zagʷa : 50, 237
Zä-Iyäsus, abbot/ʿaqqabe säʿat : 286, 349
zakāt : see tax(es)
Zamikaʾel Arägawi, saint : 200, 273;
Life of , 200n, 201, 270, 273
žan-masäre, office : 72
Žan Ḫayla, queen : 392
Žan Säyfa, queen : 390, 391
Žan Zela : see Ǝleni
Zanśǝyyum, royal ancestor : 41, 42, 44
Zar, spirit-possession cult : 115–116, 122n, 404n
Zäʾra Yaʿǝqob, king : 7, 182, 228, 240, 340, 360, 378;
administration of , 64, 69, 71–72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81–84, 122, 271, 389–90, 421;
battles of , 76, 77;
chronicle of , 98n, 104, 109, 181, 259, 376;
diplomacy of , 21, 443;
family relations , 58, 75, 77, 85, 377, 388, 389–90, 391, 392, 421;
religious policy , 122, 181, 184, 186–191, 214, 215, 216, 239, 254, 272, 357, 360, 368, 369–70, 379–80;
royal-dynastic legitimation and , 58, 60, 80–81, 392;
royal capital of , 75;
writings attributed to , 58, 122, 188, 189, 233, 239, 241, 255–256, 315n, 368
Zärema Giyorgis, church : 239, 330
zāwiya, Islamic institution : 151
Zayāliʿ/Zayāliʿa (sing. Zaylaʿī), term for Ethiopian Muslims : 107, 153, 416, 442, 443
al-Zaylaʿī, Ǧamāl al-Dīn, faqih : 151
al-Zaylaʿī, family settled in Yemen : 152, 443, 451
Zaylaʿ, port : 2, 4, 66, 76, 89, 96–97, 99, 101, 103, 107, 108, 109, 157, 405, 414, 417, 421, 442, 445, 446, 451, 460, 468, 469
Zäyoḥannǝs, saint, Life of : 276–277
zebu : 402
Zena Marqos, saint, Life of : 276
Zena Maryam, saint : 277, 372n, 374–375;
Life of , 277
Zena Däbrä Libanos (History of Däbrä Libanos) : 392n, 393n
Zenahu la-Galla (History of the Galla) : 471
Zir Ganela, princess/abbess : 351, 353, 373
Ziyādid, dynasty of Yemen : 90, 445
Zonaios, monk : 270
Zorzi, Alessandro, Venetian author/compiler : 109, 110, 388
Zoskales, Aksumite ruler : 222
Zoz Amba Giyorgis, church : 178n
Zway, lake : 1, 353
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Cover A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea
E-Book ISBN:
9789004419582
Publisher:
Brill
Print Publication Date:
08 Jan 2020
Front Matter
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Before the Solomonids: Crisis, Renaissance and the Emergence of the Zagwe Dynasty (Seventh–Thirteenth Centuries)
Chapter 3 Territorial Expansion and Administrative Evolution under the “Solomonic” Dynasty
Chapter 4 The Sultanates of Medieval Ethiopia
Chapter 5 Of Conversion and Conversation: Followers of Local Religions in Medieval Ethiopia
Chapter 6 Islamic Cultural Traditions of Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea
Chapter 7 The Medieval Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Its Liturgy
Chapter 8 The Ancient and Medieval History of Eritrean and Ethiopian Monasticism: An Outline
Chapter 9 Ethiopia and the Christian Ecumene: Cultural Transmission, Translation, and Reception
Chapter 10 Genres of Ethiopian-Eritrean Christian Literature with a Focus on Hagiography
Chapter 11 Christian Manuscript Culture of the Ethiopian-Eritrean Highlands: Some Analytical Insights
Chapter 12 Christian Visual Culture in Medieval Ethiopia: Overview, Trends and Issues
Chapter 13 Towards a History of Women in Medieval Ethiopia
Chapter 14 Medieval Ethiopian Economies: Subsistence, Global Trade and the Administration of Wealth
Chapter 15 Medieval Ethiopian Diasporas
Chapter 16 The Muslim-Christian Wars and the Oromo Expansion: Transformations at the End of the Middle Ages (ca. 1500–ca. 1560)
Back Matter

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