Index of Keywords
Abbasid(s)
14, 48, 52, 54–56, 62, 69, 78, 81, 88, 107, 107n3, 108, 116, 122, 125, 131, 154
(
Caliphate
)
adab
13, 64–66, 90, 117, 226, 383, 383n31, 413
afaqis
168, 179
Afghans
118, 156, 181, 204, 208, 220, 239, 295, 300, 302, 380
ahimsa
438
ahl al-dhimma
47–48
(
dhimma, dhimmis
)
ahl al-kitab
36
Ahl al-Sunna wa’l-Jamaʿa
399
(
Barelwi, Barelwis
)
Ahl-e Hadith
397–401, 412, 440–441, 483, 485–486, 493, 554, 559, 579n15, 586, 591, 595, 602, 610
Ahl-e Qurʾan
404, 485, 491
Ahmadiyya, Ahmadis
483–485, 488, 521, 521n, 550, 592
Ahrar Party (Sunni Majlis-e Ahrar, Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam)
452, 484, 521
ʿajam
16, 35, 116, 118, 186, 408, 631
ajlaf
140, 181–182, 182n9, 184, 517, 635
akhbar
61, 66, 200, 225, 340, 386
akhlaq(i)
14, 17, 64, 179, 217, 218, 222, 226, 403, 427–428
al-ghaiba al-kubra
130
al-ghaiba al-sughra
130
Aligarh movement
382, 405, 407, 446
All-India Muslim Majlis-e Mushawarat (AIMMM)
593
All-India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB)
593, 595–596
al-salaf al-salih
536
amsar (sg. misr)
35
anjuman(s)
363–364, 396, 412, 441, 441n18, 484
ansar
186
ʿaql
65
Arabic language
62, 122, 590
Arabisation
596
Arabs
13, 29n2, 33–35, 37, 37n23, 39–40, 43–44, 46, 50, 52, 55, 58, 75, 77, 95, 148, 161, 168, 186, 344, 421, 428, 430, 439, 491, 586, 630–631
ardhal
140, 179, 182, 185, 202, 233, 302n19, 306, 635
(
ridhalah
)
Articles 106, 260 and 20 (Constitution of Pakistan)
484, 485n3
Article 370 (Constitution of India)
635
Arya Samaj
435, 462, 487n8
asceticism, ascetic(s)
95, 144, 158, 196, 199, 233, 274, 288, 489n13, 669
Ashʿariyya
179
ashraf
84, 140, 162, 178–179, 181–182, 182n9, 184–185, 202, 208, 224, 233, 251, 262, 267, 296, 300, 301, 306, 309, 362, 396, 398, 401, 455, 517, 596, 608, 635
(
sharif
)
atheists
13, 53, 597n
avatar
15, 110, 185, 632
Awami League
517, 521, 523, 526–527, 527n24–25, 530–531
awliyaʾ
93, 277
(
wali
)
Baghdad Pact
522, 522n14
Bahmani Kingdom, Bahmanis
167, 169
baiʿa, baiʿat
87, 471
balance of power
309, 357, 451, 455
Barelwi, Barelwis
399–402, 412, 437, 441, 443, 483, 485, 520, 538, 549, 554, 562n, 567, 591–592, 595, 598, 602, 610
(
Ahl al-Sunna wa’l-Jamaʿat
)
Begum(s)
207, 397, 414, 440, 478
Bengali language
239, 241, 340, 383, 434, 516–517, 517n5, 529
Bengalis
434, 471, 517, 521, 523n15, 529
Bhadralok
309–310, 434
Bhagavad Gita
32, 248
bhakti
132
Bharatiyya Janata Party (BJP)
464–468, 594–595, 599–600, 602–604, 621, 627–628
bidʿa, bidʿah
253–254, 339, 397, 401, 488n, 551
Bohras
120n52, 131–132, 374, 525
boundaries
2, 8, 10–11, 22, 30n3, 37, 114, 172, 179, 210, 216, 218, 222, 261, 300, 305, 338, 521, 533, 535–536, 538–539, 587, 592, 603, 611, 614–615, 632
Brahma, Barhma
250
Brahman(s)
42, 73, 127, 142, 147, 149–150, 158, 182–183, 185, 232–233, 365, 461, 466n23
Brahmo Samaj
344
British
3, 4n7, 19, 22, 24, 29, 109, 134, 174, 232, 295, 297, 299, 304–312, 315–316, 328–335, 338–339, 342–345, 349, 358, 359n9, 360–372, 374–375, 380–382, 385, 385n1, 387, 389, 392, 402–405, 407, 409, 411–412, 414–415, 423, 429, 434–440, 443, 445–449, 452, 454, 458–461, 465, 471, 473–476, 478, 492, 502–504, 540, 596
Buddha
57
Buddhism
57, 177n69, 461
Buddhist(s)
13, 31, 41–42 45–47, 50, 57, 73, 182n9, 233, 446, 542–543, 585, 630
Byzantine(s)
29, 29n2, 34, 37–38
Caliphate, caliph(s)
29, 29n2, 34, 36, 42–43, 44n61, 47–48, 52–55, 69, 78n5, 81, 87, 97–98, 107–108, 111, 116, 122–123, 125, 129, 131, 154–155, 161–162, 189, 220, 299, 299n6, 336, 339, 357, 408, 413, 438–439, 441, 445–446, 470–471, 497, 503, 533, 537, 569, 616
(
Abbasids, Fatimids, Ottomans, Umayyads
)
capitalism
85, 299, 408, 467
Caste
7, 12, 17, 20, 32–33, 48–49, 65, 73, 85, 119, 123, 130–132, 162, 171, 180–187, 202, 218, 230, 232–234, 245, 262, 300, 346, 359–361, 365, 369, 371, 375, 406, 411, 454, 461–462, 466n23, 474, 487, 515n1, 518, 541, 584, 594, 599, 605, 608, 611, 613, 615, 620, 625–628
(
Vaishya
)
Chachnama
29n2, 44, 49, 49n78, 51, 77, 94
Chakki-nama
170, 192–193, 291
Charkha-nama
170, 192–195, 291
Cheras
32
(
Tamils
)
chillah
489
Chinese Empire
33
Chishtiyya, Chishti(s)
86, 89, 91–93, 93n53, 101, 116, 124–125, 136, 154, 160, 165, 165n29, 169, 188, 205, 209, 217, 224, 226–227, 233, 251, 263, 271–274, 344, 367, 400, 439
Cholas
32
(
Tamils
)
Christianity, Christians
37, 39, 40n37, 47, 70, 174, 177n69, 189, 199, 200–201, 245, 332–334, 336n24, 363, 349, 351, 411, 426, 446, 463n10, 475–476, 484, 489, 509, 519, 581, 606, 616, 627–628
Citizenship Amendment Act 2019
635
coinage, coins
109, 116, 131, 144n15, 154, 163, 166, 204, 212, 244, 246, 305, 324
colonialism
3, 12, 19, 21n, 65, 299, 301n13, 305, 332, 343, 357–358, 362, 414, 453, 533
colonisation
83n24, 118, 221
colonialisation
327, 358
Combined Opposition Party (COP)
526
communalisation
3, 17, 22, 371, 464, 497
communalism
8, 23, 25, 67, 133, 268n38, 309, 329, 361, 371n45, 404, 417, 446n32, 448, 461–464, 466–469, 471, 583, 594, 596, 598, 602, 607–608, 629n, 634,
Congress of Vienna
357
conversion, converts
7, 12–13, 17, 35, 35n16, 45–46, 48, 55, 76, 78, 92, 98, 98n9, 123, 131, 138, 178–179, 182, 182n9, 229–235, 337, 366, 485, 517, 627, 630
(
reconversion
)
Council Act
406, 411
currency
38, 178
Dabistan-e Madhahib
222, 242
Dakhanis
168, 179
Dalits
182, 182n9, 232, 411, 620, 626–627
dar al-harb
36, 264, 296, 333, 334n19, 338, 349–352, 442, 470
dar al-hijra
35
dar al-Islam
36, 82, 123, 334, 349–351, 493
dar al-Jihad
259
dar al-sulh
36
dargah(s)
14, 82, 86, 125, 155, 174, 176, 358
dars-e nizami
18, 174, 264–266, 268, 270, 297, 303, 375, 406, 524
daʿwa
53–55, 81, 230, 488–489, 496, 507–508, 559, 567
Daʿwat-e Islami
489n11, 567
Deobandi Islam
65, 160, 266, 398–402, 404, 409–410, 410n30, 412, 435, 437, 440–441, 443, 456, 483, 485, 487, 493, 497, 500, 507, 519, 540, 551, 554, 560, 562–563, 590–593, 595, 602, 610
dharma
84n25, 218
dhikr
86, 225, 274, 353–355, 488, 489
dhimma
35, 47–48
dhimmis
13, 48–49, 119n50, 121, 186, 189–190
diversity
1–3, 8–9, 128, 156n2, 218–219, 222, 228, 274, 337, 366, 445, 452n48, 469, 501, 507, 523, 603, 621
diwan
101, 279, 297, 377, 379n16
diwani
299
Dutch
213, 263, 304–305
East India Company (EIC)
19, 134, 287, 295, 305, 307, 315, 333
economy
2, 17, 19, 44, 56, 83, 121, 128, 132, 173, 207, 265n28, 271, 275, 277, 295, 304, 306–307, 309–310, 319, 328, 335, 345, 362, 372, 459, 462, 467, 492, 515, 517, 525, 530, 534, 549, 555, 564, 584, 608–609, 626, 635
education
19–21, 65, 81–82, 111, 172, 244, 265–266, 300, 315, 319, 332, 344, 362–364, 369, 373–375, 398, 400–403, 406–408, 414–415, 426, 428, 438, 447, 451, 468, 496, 502–503, 510, 530n27, 535, 542–543, 545, 552–554, 558, 560, 584, 586, 589, 590, 603–604, 609–610, 623, 633–634
endowments (religious)
6, 14, 19, 21, 25, 32, 81, 121, 179, 209, 226, 313–318, 375, 408, 437, 493, 523–524, 555, 562, 588,
(
waqf
)
English
7, 19, 198n12, 232, 240, 295, 304–305, 308, 328, 332, 334, 341n38, 343, 350, 362, 374, 381, 383–386, 390, 398, 401–403, 407, 409, 414, 442, 449, 454, 503n8, 510, 540, 542, 553, 575, 579, 589, 592, 618–619
Enlightenment (European)
4, 65, 292, 327–328, 342, 360
entanglement
2, 5, 11, 60, 111, 131, 175, 287, 331, 630
Europeans
3, 19, 176, 183, 199, 220, 299, 301, 304, 306–308, 310, 312, 327–328, 330–331, 334, 336, 341, 344, 357, 359, 361, 363, 368, 374, 405, 414, 422, 633
Faraʾidiyya, Faraʾidis
167, 343, 362n22
farangi, firingi
290, 335, 368
Farangi Mahall(is)
133, 163, 263, 264, 297, 303–304, 316, 338, 340, 364, 409, 441–442
farman(s)
62, 262, 264, 277, 290, 369
farr-e izadi
211
Fatimid(s)
14, 54, 108, 130
(
Caliphate
)
fatwa, fatawa
18, 260, 283, 333, 338, 339n29, 349, 352, 366, 385–386, 399–400, 441, 442, 470, 503, 531n30, 562n28, 576, 599
fiqh
9, 56, 66, 127, 136, 147, 179, 262, 283, 351–352, 399, 406, 563
(
Islamic law
)
Firdawsiyya, Firdawsis
92, 154
fitna
35–37, 43, 108, 262
Five Year Plans
523, 589
French
295, 299, 304, 306–307, 311–312, 330–331, 341–342, 381, 510
futuh
34–36, 69, 109, 168
ghair muqallid
397
ghar wapsi
604, 628
ghazal
136, 170, 378, 379n16, 380–381, 387, 393, 425
ghazi
73, 78, 78n7, 111, 113, 204, 367
Ghaznawid(s)
14, 77, 80, 88–89, 107–108, 110–113, 244
ghazwa, ghazwat
44, 50, 108, 110, 112, 204
Ghorids
14, 107, 111–112, 114
ghulam (status)
115, 118
Greeks
150
Green Revolution
525, 609
Governor-Generals (of British India)
183, 307–308, 310–311, 328, 331, 361, 364, 370
hadith, pl. ahadith
13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 50, 56–58, 61–62, 66, 83, 120, 129, 133, 136, 163, 198, 225, 225n, 251, 267–269, 283–285, 286n15, 313, 397–399, 404, 428, 431, 485–487, 490, 496, 524, 524n18, 551, 567, 579, 582, 630, 632, 634–635
hakimiyyat-e ilahi
494–495, 536
Harakat al-Ansar
599
Hanafi school of law, Hanafis,
Hanafiyya
13–14, 18, 21, 40, 44n61, 48, 112, 121, 158–159, 179, 186, 225, 260–262, 336, 339, 398, 400, 485–486, 631
Hanafisation
260
Hanbali school of law, Hanbalis
87, 179, 190
Hazara
635
heresy, heretics
71, 120, 123, 127, 140, 247, 263, 346, 521
hijra, hijrah, hijrat
34–35, 82, 212, 246–247, 334, 334n19, 338, 442, 470–471, 489, 491, 503, 514
Hijrat movement
443, 484, 503
Hindawi
76, 146, 377–378
Hindi
377, 381–384, 405, 411, 412n33, 426, 434, 589, 618–619, 621
Hindsa
149–150
Hindu tribes
42
(
Med, Jats
)
Hinduisation
55
Hindustani
322, 332, 362, 364, 377, 381, 621
hundi
127, 220
identity, identities
2–3, 8, 10–12, 15–17, 20, 22–24, 26, 34, 37–38, 40n37, 57, 61, 65, 67–68, 76, 78, 81–83, 86, 92, 98, 110, 114–116, 120, 124, 133, 153, 155, 158, 161, 172, 178, 182n9, 183, 203–204, 221, 223, 229–230, 257, 300–301, 313, 327–328, 335, 340, 344, 358, 360–361, 364, 368, 376, 382–384, 397, 401, 408, 409n27, 411, 413, 415–420, 436, 439, 442, 445–446, 451, 454, 461–464, 466n23, 467–468, 494, 494n22, 496–497, 499, 502, 510, 517, 519, 521, 529, 533–536, 542, 554, 557–558, 560, 563–564, 568, 575, 584, 586–587, 592, 594–595, 597, 601–603, 605, 607–608, 611–612, 614, 616, 620–621, 623, 626–627, 631–632
idolatry
49, 109
(
shirk
)
ijaza
87, 180
ijmaʿ
133, 261
ijtihad
133, 261–262, 267–269, 397, 450, 486, 536, 587, 587n14, 615, 631, 633
Imamate, Imams
53–54, 129–131, 142, 204, 219
Imperial Legislative Council
316, 411, 438
imperialism
6, 176, 222, 331, 372n49, 404, 405n22, 451, 509
Indian National Congress (INC)
134, 316, 409, 416, 436–437, 440–441, 446, 454, 484, 500–502, 617n
Indianisation
116, 123, 170, 403
Indus Culture
68, 543
industrialisation
372, 583, 613
iqtaʿ
14, 51, 79, 80, 84, 117–118, 120, 123, 125, 156, 179, 213
Iranians
168, 208, 393
islah
551
Islamic Democratic Alliance
556, 561
Islamic law
9, 14, 56, 58n114, 86, 91, 123, 127, 147, 260–261, 266, 267n35, 283, 317, 364, 387, 398, 404, 417n18, 486, 565, 587, 615, 631
(
fiqh, Hanbali, Hanafi, Maliki, Shafiʿi, sciences
)
Islamicate
2, 6, 12–14, 23, 26, 38, 46, 56, 64, 81, 83, 86, 105, 114, 153, 167, 176, 180, 202–203, 235, 241, 375, 377, 532, 568, 630–631
Islamicatisation
13, 15, 18, 83, 86, 88, 256, 611–612
Islamisation
3, 13, 15, 18, 25, 38, 50, 153, 162, 178, 230–232, 234, 255–156, 258, 258n7, 275, 415, 490, 495, 520, 530–531, 549, 551–557, 561–562, 564–565, 587, 611
Islamism, Islamists
24, 66, 418, 420, 493, 507, 518, 521, 532–533, 535–539, 557, 559, 562, 623
Ismaʿiliyya, Ismaʿilis
7, 13, 54–55, 59, 108, 112, 120–121, 130–132, 256, 437n9, 498, 525
isnad
62, 269, 496
Ithna ʿAsharis
7, 132, 336, 349
jagirs, jagirdars
179, 209, 219, 221, 258–259, 276, 324, 358, 364
jahiliyya, jahilis
37, 535
Jajmani-system
184
jamaʿa, jamaʿat
396, 487, 489, 496–497, 536
Jamaʿat-e Islami Hind (JIH)
590–591, 597, 602
Jamaʿat-e Islami
494, 520–521, 524–525, 527, 529–531, 533, 536, 551–552, 554, 579, 587, 590–591, 597, 601
Jamʿiyyat al-Ansar
440
Jamʿiyyat al-ʿUlamaʾ-ye Hind (JUH)
398, 441, 452, 456, 493, 500, 507, 519–520, 591–592, 596
Jamʿiyyat-e ʿUlamaʾ-ye Islam (JUI)
519–520, 525, 551, 560–562, 562n
Jamʿiyyat-e ʿUlamaʾ-ye Pakistan (JUP)
520, 525, 549–550
Jainism, Jain(s)
40, 156, 161, 163, 173, 209, 411, 585
janapadas
31
Jats
42–44, 44n61, 48–49, 276–277, 295, 302, 321
Jesuits
211
jihad, jihadis, jihadist
29n1, 35–37, 44, 108, 113–114, 123, 175, 198–200, 231, 234, 258–260, 299, 334, 338–339, 343–344, 349, 366–369, 386–387, 397, 404, 440, 442, 491, 511, 537, 557–558, 560, 562, 573, 604, 620, 622–623, 628
jital
144, 144n15
jizya
35, 48, 79, 119n50, 127, 160–161, 170, 212–213, 257, 277
(
taxes
)
Judaism, Jews
39, 40n37, 47, 70, 189, 487, 489, 500–501, 581
kalam
179, 265, 270, 407, 429
Khalajis
112, 120–121, 126, 173
khalifa(s), khalifat
86–87, 101, 122, 136, 159, 163, 166, 193, 224, 238n8, 337, 485, 494, 547n9
khalisa
79, 118, 221
khanaqah(s)
86, 101, 136, 155–156, 158, 164–165, 179, 233, 272, 314–315, 334, 352, 357–358, 499
Kharijites
53, 53n99, 129
Khilafat movement
22, 134, 344, 382, 407, 434, 438, 440, 443, 445–446, 449, 462, 470, 498, 540, 543, 607
khitat
51
Khoja(s)
120n52, 132, 134, 437, 437n9, 525
Khuda-ye Khidmatgar
452, 490–492, 518
Khurasanians
78
khutbas
55, 108, 156, 204, 207, 334, 439, 442, 623
kotwal
263
Krishna
217, 348
Kshatriya
182
Kubrawiyya, Kubrawis
86, 131, 157–158, 188
labbaik
23, 29, 29n1, 69, 538, 567, 583, 630
Lakshmi
116
Latin
215, 330
Lodhis
112, 128, 154, 156–157, 204, 206, 224
(
Sultanate of Delhi
)
Lucknow Pact
437
madad-e maʿash
219, 244, 296
madhhab, pl. madhahib
40, 186, 339, 397, 508
madrasa, pl. madaris
14, 25, 81–83, 85, 116, 122, 154, 156, 159, 164–165, 179, 217, 266, 314, 363, 398–399, 408, 445n27, 471, 509, 524, 530, 550, 552–555, 557–564, 588–590
(
education, Calcutta Madrasa, Madrasa Aliyya Kalkatta, Madrasa Firoziyya, Madrasa Ghazi al-Din, Madrasa Mazahir al-ʿUlum, Madrasa Nizamiyya
)
Mahabharata
32
Mahasabha
382, 446, 446n32, 448, 464
Mahdawiyya
17, 160, 169, 223
Mahdi
53, 54, 130, 160, 223, 247, 344, 483
Majlis-e Ahrar organisation
484, 521
maktubat
63, 165, 190, 224, 274
malfuzat
63, 92, 101, 136, 143, 182, 274
Maliki school of law, Malikis
283
Mamluks
117, 166, 168
manaqib
66
Mandal Commission
599
manqulat
15, 57–58, 111, 157, 180, 244, 338, 398
(
sciences
)
mansabdar-system
276
Manu Smriti
32
Mappila
175, 231, 343, 344, 443, 445
maʿqulat
15, 57, 111, 122, 157, 180, 264, 266
(
sciences
)
Maratha War
18, 258, 258n7, 276
Marathas
164, 168, 172, 257–260, 268, 276–277, 283, 295, 297, 306, 310, 324, 333, 349, 380
Marathi language
269
marjaʿ-e taqlid
511
marthiya
171, 378, 380, 394, 408
masjids
209n16, 314, 393–394
(
mosques
)
Mauryans
31
mawas
118, 120
mawali
35, 35n16, 186
Med
42–44
mercantilism
46, 57, 220, 630
merchants
19, 40, 42, 46, 48n72, 69, 82, 131–134, 154, 163, 173, 175, 182, 230, 256, 297, 305, 307, 311, 350, 443, 447, 518, 523n15, 526
millennial, millenarian, millennium
7, 17, 160, 210, 212, 221n48, 222–223, 225–226, 242, 246, 251, 256, 261, 303, 483, 491, 520, 544, 557, 606, 632
mleccha
49, 72, 181
modernisation
20, 21n, 24, 319, 359, 361, 365, 370, 412, 418, 468, 496, 523, 525, 534–535, 566, 569, 589, 634
Mongols
4, 14, 76, 88, 121–123, 148–149, 154, 157, 203
Montagu-Declaration
437
mosques
45, 50, 52, 70, 80, 94–96, 98, 104, 110, 121–122, 158, 161, 165–166, 173, 176, 179, 198, 201, 275, 288, 291–292, 296, 314, 319, 323, 333, 349, 388, 407, 439, 463, 465–466, 471, 485, 488, 499, 558, 561, 591, 599, 599n52, 601, 616
(
masjids, Babri Mosque
)
muftis
127, 261–262, 322
Mughals
7, 17–20, 32, 63–64, 77–78, 84, 87, 112, 119, 129, 132–133, 155, 157–160, 162, 164–167, 169–170, 172, 174, 174n59, 176, 179, 202–209, 211–213215, 217, 219–220, 222–224, 226–228, 236, 239, 242, 251, 255–260, 262, 264–266, 270, 272–277, 279, 283, 290, 295, 297–306, 307n26, 310–311, 314, 320, 322, 324, 327, 330–331, 333, 349, 358, 365, 367, 369–370, 378, 396, 399n7, 403, 413n4, 436, 439, 458, 599, 605, 608, 610, 632
muhajirun, muhajir(s)
35, 186, 383, 443, 470, 516–517, 521–522, 525, 529, 543
Muhammadan Path (Tariqah-ye Muhammadi)
269, 337–342, 367, 381, 398, 403
Muharram
133, 409, 602
muhtasib
84, 84n25, 263
Muʿizziya
116
(
madrasa
)
mujaddid
223, 483–484
Mujaddidiyya, Mujaddidis
226251, 315, 335, 338, 352–353, 355n20, 403,
mujahid, mujahidin
113, 175, 198, 200, 337–338, 440, 550, 558–559, 561n27, 562, 590
mujtahid
245, 511
muqallid
397
muqtaʿ
80, 115, 125
(
iqtaʿ
)
muraʿah al-khilaf
81
murid, muridin
86, 90, 132, 136
murshid
132, 162, 277, 548
mushaʿira
269, 269n40, 379
Muslim Brotherhood
66, 488, 493, 533
Muslim World League
586, 600
Maturidiyya
179
Muʿtazila/Muʿtaziliyya
81, 130, 179
mutiny
365, 368–370, 385, 408, 437
(
revolt 1857
)
muttahida qawmiyyat
441, 493, 500, 592
mysticism, mystics
9, 14–15, 17, 21, 58–59, 83–84, 86–88, 99, 124, 156, 170, 202, 211, 216, 233, 247–248, 267–268, 279, 287, 381, 404–405, 488n, 496, 536, 630
(
Sufism, Qadiriyya, Naqshbandiyya, Kubrawiyya, Suhrawardiyya, Chishtiyya
)
nabi
185, 597n47
nabobs
333, 414
Nadwat al-ʿUlamaʾ
66, 179, 398, 406–407, 409, 488, 586
Naqshbandiyya, Naqshbandis
86, 154–155, 160, 175, 188, 205, 221, 224, 226–227, 251, 260, 271–272, 272n45, 274, 335, 336n22, 338, 367, 403, 407, 439, 568
narrative
2–3, 5–6, 8, 11–13, 23, 25, 29, 33, 37, 44, 51, 60–61, 67, 94–95, 107, 109, 167, 170, 204, 227n66, 241, 338n28, 342, 361, 377–379, 461, 446, 464, 478, 483, 516, 527, 529, 584, 591, 596, 603, 607
nasab
129–130, 186
National Awami Party
526, 561
(
Pakistan National Party
)
Nationalism
8, 21, 67, 307, 340, 344, 370, 373, 375, 383, 404–405, 409, 411, 434–438, 441, 452, 456n55, 462–463, 466–468, 474–475, 477, 493–494, 497, 500–503, 507, 518, 523, 525–526, 536, 545, 561, 586, 592–594, 608, 620, 623, 627–628
nawaʾit
162, 172, 174
Nawwab(i)
133, 174, 297, 299, 379, 380, 396, 408, 465
Niʿmatullahiyya, Niʿmatullahis
131, 168
nizamat
174
Nomads
33, 37, 112
One Unit
522, 526–527, 540
Orient
4, 20, 84n30, 138, 327–331, 359–360, 360n16, 381, 449, 634
Orientalism
4n5, 6, 183, 329–330, 341, 360, 381
Ottomans
87, 169, 204, 220, 439, 445
Pakhtuns
181, 300, 303, 558, 561
Pakistan National Party (PNP)
526
(
National Awami Party
)
Pakistan People’s Party (PPP)
527, 549–550, 556, 566, 571
Pallava
32
Pandyas
32
(
Tamils
)
Parsis
39
Pashupata Shaivism
41
patronage
9, 14–15, 17–18, 61, 80n13, 81, 92, 109, 115, 122, 124, 156, 156n2, 160, 163, 165, 168, 171–172, 176, 203n4, 205–206, 224, 230–231, 258, 266–267, 272, 303–304, 314, 378–379, 392, 394, 397, 407–408, 504, 559, 565, 609–610, 631, 633
Pax Mughalica
17, 217, 228, 255, 274
Peace of Paris
307
peasants
37, 82, 179, 182, 184, 262, 308–309, 324, 337, 343, 358, 370, 443, 445, 490, 518, 527n24, 540, 608–609, 612
peasant-warriors
258
Permanent Settlement 1793
308–309, 358, 609
Persian (language)
14, 16, 62, 77–78, 88, 95, 131, 146, 150, 150n22, 156, 169, 180, 208n13, 213, 215–217, 227, 239–240, 260, 270, 302, 362, 377, 379, 381, 510, 631
Persians
37, 40n37, 77, 380, 406
Persianisation
17, 77–78
philosophy, philosophers
49, 57, 65, 67, 72, 123–124, 133, 147, 178, 212, 216–217, 246–248, 250, 265, 267–268, 279, 283, 317, 327, 343, 346, 362, 429–432, 449–450, 494, 509, 512, 536, 541–542,
pilgrimage
82, 85, 108–109, 156, 160, 163, 175, 221, 246, 288, 388, 397
piracy, pirates
29, 40–44, 69, 290
pluralism, plurality, religious
1, 9–13, 26, 40, 58n114, 59–60, 82, 218, 287, 308, 337, 346, 418, 462, 469, 481, 497, 500, 519, 560, 565, 567, 587n14, 585, 594–595, 610, 612, 630, 632
polytheism, polytheists
142–143, 190, 252, 581
Portuguese
170, 175–176, 182, 198–201, 213, 215, 344
proselytism
53, 81, 98, 131, 166, 178, 332, 408, 487–488, 496, 507–508, 533, 567, 587
(
Tablighi Jamaʿat
)
Punjab Muslim League
448, 450
Punjabi language
101, 269, 383, 252
purdah
186, 415–416
qadi
84, 123, 145, 159, 165, 190, 314, 351, 561, 578
Qadariyya
53
Qadiriyya, Qadiris
86, 154–156, 162, 170, 170n46, 175, 188, 205n7, 217, 227, 227n64, 256, 263, 274, 400, 439
qanun
81, 261, 263
Qarmatians
54–55
qasbah
6, 14, 19, 80, 83–85, 116, 118, 202, 220, 264, 296, 311, 336, 339, 361, 367, 371–372, 375, 396, 398, 401, 407, 429, 455, 515, 563, 584
qawm (qaum)
183, 454–455, 497, 498, 500–501, 526n21
qayyum
226, 256
Quran
8–9, 34, 34n13, 36, 48, 50, 56–58, 77, 114n24, 119n50, 133, 136, 138, 185, 215, 227, 241, 251–252, 279, 283, 286–289, 340, 348, 354–355, 381, 404, 417n18, 420, 428, 446, 474, 484–487, 491, 494–496, 509–510, 519, 524, 527n25, 531n30, 536, 551, 551n6, 579, 587, 635
Qutbshahi(s)
171–172
Raj
29, 250, 411, 515
Rajput rebellion
257
Rajput(s)
49, 112, 114, 116, 162, 163, 196, 204, 208–209, 212, 258, 276–277, 302, 365, 624
Rangnath Misra Commission
602
Rawshaniyya
17, 223, 242, 303
reconversion, reconverts
132, 230, 448, 462, 487, 604, 628
Regulating Act
308
Rekhta, Rekhti
170, 377–379
Renaissance
17, 204, 206, 213, 216, 309, 361, 503
revolt (1857)
20, 67, 337–338, 364–365, 367–370, 375, 385–387, 411
ridhalah
411
(
ardhal
)
Rishis
158
rites
142, 156, 199, 233, 267, 291, 362, 442, 545, 612–613
ritual, religious
7, 49, 73, 82, 170, 173, 183–185, 192, 212, 227, 229, 274n49, 301n14, 365, 370, 400, 520, 612, 634
Roman Empire
31
sabiqa
129, 186
Sabiriyya, Sabiri(s)
159–160, 224, 226, 344, 367
sabk-e hindi
209, 210n17
Sachar Committee
602, 626
sacred
7, 12, 16–17, 35, 57, 83, 86, 99, 124, 147, 155, 161, 174, 178, 204, 209, 211–212, 215, 220n40, 221n48, 222, 242–243, 255, 255n, 262, 268, 272, 274n49, 296, 302n18, 324, 417n52, 458, 465, 486, 560n24, 568, 576, 591n27, 596, 600, 618, 632–633
sadr al-sudur
84, 121, 211, 338–339
Safawid(s)
87, 128, 169–172, 204, 207–209, 213, 220, 271, 303
sain
196–198
saints
63, 66, 82, 89, 93, 100, 141n9–10, 156, 165n29, 190–191, 219, 226, 233–234, 237n3, 246, 256, 333, 342, 346, 400, 520, 572, 588, 612
Salafis
23, 408, 442–443, 470, 494, 499
Saljuqs
81, 107, 111
samaʿ
124, 124n68, 136, 139–140, 144, 225
Samashta Kerala Jamiyyatul Ulama
590
Sammitiyya school of thought
41, 57
sanad
180
Sanskrit
15–16, 55, 109, 116, 156n2, 178, 215, 227, 239, 287, 330, 383n91
Sassanian
62, 78, 119
satyagraha
438, 498
Sayyid
64–66, 88, 122, 143, 156–158, 160, 162, 188, 223, 239, 249, 277, 286–288, 290, 303, 336–339, 349, 397, 402–403, 406–407, 410, 412, 421, 426, 429, 450, 456, 493, 506, 510, 551n6, 586–587, 592, 598
(
Sultanate of Delhi
)
sciences
15–18, 21, 52, 57–58, 61, 72, 78, 81, 83, 111, 116, 120, 147–149, 157, 180, 216, 264, 268–269, 283–284, 304, 329–330, 338, 362, 398, 408, 426, 429, 431, 512, 548, 625, 630
(
ʿulamaʾ, manqulat, maʿqulat
)
secularism
418, 467–468, 489, 530, 536
sedentarisation
16, 19, 36, 42, 118, 178
Shafiʿi school of law, Shafiʿis
40, 139, 162, 171–172, 175, 179, 186, 198n12, 343,
Shahanshah
78
shahr-e ashob
303, 320–326, 370, 380, 392–395
shaikh
82, 86–88, 91–92, 98, 101, 108, 116, 122, 131, 136–137, 139, 143–145, 158, 162, 165, 188, 205, 223–225, 236, 246, 248–249, 352, 353n18, 458
shariʿa
9, 11, 17, 81, 81n16, 91, 114n24, 116, 121, 130, 141–142, 157–158, 160, 189, 211, 221–222, 224, 226, 234, 251–253, 260–261, 268, 289, 309, 318, 343, 385, 410, 417, 441, 470–471, 507, 511, 538–539, 559–560, 587, 613, 615, 631–632
sharif
396, 401, 411
(
ashraf
)
Sharqi(s)
159, 166
Shiʿi Islam, Shiʿa
7, 18, 53, 58, 128–130, 132, 134, 170, 219, 236, 297, 314, 322, 336, 343, 349, 397, 445, 452, 454, 497–499, 511, 551, 553n, 561, 604
shirk
49
(
idolatry
)
Shiva, Shivaji
116, 170, 258, 260, 464, 466n23, 594
shrines (dargah)
14, 77, 82, 85–86, 90, 99, 125, 155, 161, 174–176, 179, 233, 272n45, 296, 302n18, 314, 317, 343, 357–358, 368, 400, 412, 440, 445, 489, 499, 568, 588, 612
Shuddhi
462, 487
(
Arya Samaj
)
Shudras
182
shura
484, 488, 497, 535
Sikhism, Sikhs
92, 101, 182n9, 219, 276–277, 290–291, 295, 299, 302, 311, 338–339, 344, 367, 411, 435, 464, 490, 498, 585, 593n34
silsila
86–87, 226, 272n46, 353
Sindhi language
101, 269, 286, 383
sira(t), al-Sirat al-Mustaqim
341n38
slave kings
112, 115
(
Sultanate of Delhi, Khalajis, Tughluqs, Mamluks
)
slave soldiers
121
slavery, slaves
14–15, 35, 43n54, 44, 56, 71, 95, 97–98, 107–108, 112, 112n20, 114–115, 117–118, 120–123, 128, 144, 166, 190, 194, 463, 500–501
socialism
435, 491, 527, 530, 549–550, 586
Soviets
550, 559, 562, 601
subah
166, 297
Sufism, Sufis
13, 16, 18, 20–21, 23–25, 36, 39, 56, 59, 76–78, 86–91, 93, 98, 100–101, 111, 116–117, 123–125, 131, 133, 136, 143, 155, 158–160, 162–165, 168–169, 170n45, 173–182, 192, 196, 205, 224–226, 233–234, 248–253, 265n28, 266, 270–271, 283, 286–287, 290, 302–303, 314, 332, 342, 358, 397, 400, 402, 438, 440, 442, 491, 496, 499, 524, 526, 539, 548n, 568, 612, 631–632
Suhrawardiyya, Suhrawardis
86, 89–90–91, 131, 154, 205, 217, 233
sulh-e kull
218–219, 228, 256, 632
sultanate, sultans
7, 15, 84, 101, 125, 128, 167, 173, 204, 216, 314, 631
Sultanate of Bengal
128, 165
Sultanate of Bijapur
128
Sultanate of the Deccan
125, 128, 167, 173, 258
(
Bahmani Kingdom
)
Sultanate of Delhi
7, 14, 16, 50, 56, 76–77, 79, 91–93, 101, 112, 115, 117–119, 121–122, 126, 128, 132, 136, 140, 153–155, 156n2, 157, 160–161, 165, 202, 274, 543
Sultanate of Golconda
128
Sultanate of Gujarat
128
Sultanate of Jaunpur
128
Sultanate of Kashmir
128, 157
Sultanate of Malwa
128
sunna
18, 20, 56, 226, 253–254, 268–269, 337, 397, 401, 404, 420, 446, 485–487, 490, 496, 519, 524–525, 527n25, 535–536, 551, 567, 579, 633, 635
Sunni Islam, Sunnis
15, 58n114, 99, 107n3, 129–130, 132–135, 168, 336n24, 341, 399, 401, 409, 437, 445, 465, 497, 516, 531, 536, 553n, 563–564, 602, 611
Suris
207
swadesh
434–436, 449, 467
swaraj
434
Syrians
95
Tablighi Jamaʿat
462, 487–489, 493, 551, 586, 588, 602
(
Sufism
)
tadhkira
63–64, 380
tafsir, Quran commentary
162, 428, 582
tahdhib al-akhlaq
217, 403, 427–428
tajdid
489, 536
taʿalluq, taʿalluqdar
358, 365, 368, 401, 471
takhallus
269, 269n39
Taliban
559, 559n21, 561n27, 562, 574, 604
Tamilians, Tamil language
173
Taʿmir-e Millat
602
tanka
144, 144n16, 145
taqiyya
131–132, 336
taqlid
265, 267, 338, 397, 400–401, 511
taʾrikh, tarikh
61, 140, 165, 212, 244, 246, 511
tarikh-e alfi
212, 244
tariqa
86–87, 160, 251–252, 272n46, 273–274, 289, 304, 548
tasawwuf
56, 86, 198, 248–249, 401
(
mysticism, Sufism
)
taxes
46, 70, 91, 121, 128, 219, 223, 256, 262, 295, 306, 308–309, 315, 343, 358, 361, 393, 439, 517, 527n24, 551n4
tax-farmers
171
temples
41, 47, 50, 55, 70, 98, 110, 164, 173–174, 189, 221n49, 256, 257, 275, 309, 624
Timurids
204–205
tolerance
11, 48, 132, 136, 158, 163, 210, 231, 468–469, 560, 565, 587n14, 618
trade unions
452, 497
trade
2, 13, 19, 29, 31, 37–42, 45–46, 55–56, 80, 84, 92, 107n3, 111, 118, 119n50, 131, 145, 161, 163–164, 166, 169–171, 173–176, 178, 180, 198, 219–220, 223, 258n8, 259, 275–277, 290, 295, 299–300, 305–307, 310–312, 319, 325, 343–344, 361–362, 367–368, 370, 372, 410, 452, 455, 459, 477, 497, 516, 525, 554, 562, 584, 609
traders
2, 13, 17, 32, 39, 42n51, 46, 49, 56, 85, 88, 132, 161, 167, 170–171, 175–176, 179, 202, 221, 230, 268, 270, 275, 308, 310, 336, 343–344, 358, 361, 411, 460, 492, 516, 518, 573, 583, 609
(
merchants
)
tradition(s)
1–2, 6–8, 11, 13–14, 16–18, 20–24, 32, 37, 39, 41, 43n54, 44n62, 48, 50, 56–58, 61–62, 64–66, 68, 76, 81–82, 91–92, 98, 100, 109, 114, 125, 127, 129, 143, 153, 158, 163, 167, 171–172, 174, 178, 186, 192, 203–204, 210–212, 215–218, 219n40, 221–222, 224–227, 230, 234, 246, 255–256, 262–265, 269, 273, 287, 290, 301–302, 304, 307–308, 311, 330–331, 335–336, 342, 345, 362, 367, 370, 377–378, 380, 396, 398–403, 406, 410, 414, 418–420, 426, 428, 430–433, 440n15, 461, 461n2, 463–464, 468–469, 471, 475, 483, 485, 486, 490, 492, 494, 496, 499, 501–502, 515–518, 520, 529, 532–536, 537n6, 539, 543, 547, 551, 555, 559, 564, 566, 568–569, 571, 577, 592, 594, 597n, 610–613, 630–634
Treaty of Sevres
439
triple talaq
418, 597, 628
Tughluqs
112, 205
Turanis
213
Turks
55, 73, 93, 112–113, 116, 118, 126, 148, 406
Two Nation Theory
454, 467, 520
ʿulamaʾ
24, 63–64, 78, 92, 114, 123, 130, 133–134, 136–137, 139, 155, 158, 164, 166, 176, 179, 210–211, 256, 260, 262–263, 314, 316–318, 338, 366, 369, 386, 397–398, 402, 405–407, 409, 438, 440–441, 446, 484, 488, 510, 519–520, 525, 539, 551, 553, 556, 558, 560, 562–564, 566, 569, 576, 586, 591
(
sciences
)
ʿUmar’s pact
49
Umayyads
29n2, 36, 44, 44n61, 52–53
umma
34, 54, 301, 301n13, 450, 491, 500–501, 535, 581, 587, 623
untouchables
182, 232, 411
urbanisation
57, 121, 319, 606
urbanism
46
Urdu
21, 65, 83n24, 163, 170, 174, 269–270, 320, 330, 332, 338, 340–341, 353n18, 364, 367, 369, 377–384, 387, 398, 403–404, 406–407, 411, 412, 412n33, 415, 415n12, 421, 426, 429, 442, 449, 465, 478, 493, 507, 510, 516–517, 523n15, 556, 575, 579, 586, 595, 620–622, 624
ʿurf
260
ʿurs
82, 101, 196, 400
Vaishya
131, 182
(
caste
)
varna
182, 218, 300, 466n23
(
caste
)
varna-sankara
218, 369
Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie(VOC)
213
violence
11, 22, 24–25, 178, 243, 276, 283, 368n37, 435, 484, 490 530, 540, 549, 552, 559–560, 565–566, 574–575, 604, 615, 624–625, 629
Vishnu
55, 185, 250
Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP)
464, 466, 599–600, 628
wahdat al-shuhud
224–225, 338
wahdat al-wujud
159, 163, 216–217, 224–225, 338, 354
Wahhabiyya, Wahhabis
20, 341–342
waqf, awqaf
14, 19, 81, 84n27, 99, 213n28, 313–319, 375, 399, 408, 417, 437, 524, 552, 555
(
endowments, religious
)
warrior-Sufis
36, 234
wasaya
116, 118, 126n
watan
296–297, 361
wilayat, walayat, vilaya
87–88, 91, 120, 124, 132, 159, 165, 179, 209
women
13, 22, 29, 29n2, 43, 43n54, 50–51, 69, 75–76, 97, 117n46, 170, 173, 186, 192, 199, 201, 207, 209n15, 212, 212n22, 220n44, 236–237, 239, 243, 253, 323, 363, 386, 395, 409n29, 413–421, 463, 479, 479n, 489, 499, 508–509, 514, 531, 551, 567–568, 570, 573, 575–577, 592, 595, 597, 604, 613, 625, 628
World War I
416, 437–439, 471
World War II
455, 471, 588
wujudis
159, 223–224, 265
zabt-system
275
zakat
35n16, 313, 441, 551–555, 561, 563
zamindari revolts
219
zamindars
172, 219, 255, 259, 276, 296, 296n3, 308, 311
Zutts
42, 70
(
Jat
)