Open Access

Index

Abbasid court 19
ʿAbdallah, Amir of Transjordan 133
Abu Madi, Ilya 191
Abu Yusef, Daoud 241
Acre 255, 277–78, 279, 281
Afghanistan 133
Africa/African 23, 36, 121, 127, 139, 204, 205, 210, 213, 215, 234, 309
Ahmad, Ibrahim 68
al-Ahrām 134, 138
Ahro, Sharko 176, 181–86
Albania 55, 91, 96n62
Algeria(ns) 84, 298
Aleppo 21, 22, 30, 31, 32, 89, 291–93
Alevis 78
Alexandria 251, 291, 296
Ali’, Mullah 59
Aliyah, First 229, 233, 235, 237, 241
Second 228n1, 232
Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU) 23, 33, 202–203, 205, 207, 209, 212, 213–17, 218, 221, 223–24
Alqosh 12
Amadiya 61
America (United States of)/American 16, 31, 83, 90, 143, 154, 155, 163, 174, 176, 178, 181, 190–91, 207, 210, 211, 222, 255, 271, 309
American Joint Jewish Distribution Committee (JDC) 205n17, 205n19, 209n32, 210n33, 212, 222
American United Mission in Mesopotamia 149n20, 154
Amsterdam 37
amulet (texts) 12, 118n15
Anatolia 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 28, 31, 32, 38, 53, 95, 97, 103
Ancient Suryani Brotherhood (Süryani Kadim Kardesligi) 174
Anglican 174, 271, 275
Anglo-Jewish Association (AJA) 23, 33, 202, 205, 207, 209, 212, 216–17, 218–22, 223–24
Ankara 79, 95, 98–100, 104
anti-Judaism 138
anti-Semitism 138, 140, 141
Antioch 19
Patriarchate of 265, 266
Antonius, George 144
Apoyevmatini 98–99
Arab Revolt 131, 132, 133
Arabian Peninsula 132, 134–36
Arabic (language), Christian 19–20, 23, 167
Middle 19–20, 23, 147n11
Classical/Quranic 19, 23, 40, 66, 67, 130, 134, 136, 181, 153
vernacular/colloquial (ʿammiya) 4, 23, 116n13, 147, 229, 305
Standard(ized), fuṣḥa 6, 29, 30, 32–5, 38–9, 147, 305
Arabization 39, 66, 71, 166n76, 219n67, 266, 288
Aramaic 1–2, 11, 14, 23, 25, 30, 71, 116n13, 119, 144, 156, 164, 168, 171, 181, 269, 275
Neo/Modern (Northeastern Neo-Aramaic vernacular; NENA) 2, 10–12, 22–25, 33, 40, 64, 143–145, 152–154, 161, 167, 168
Aramean/Aramaic nationalism 40, 164
Armenian nationalism 2, 39
Armenian(s) 13, 16–17, 18, 26–28, 31–32, 38, 39, 54, 77–78, 8–81, 87–89, 93, 95–97, 99, 103, 104, 118, 144, 165, 181
Armenian language 10, 13, 24, 25, 29, 31, 39, 50, 64, 90–91, 93, 182, 289, 295
Armeno-Turkish (Armenian script) 16–18
Ashkenazi Jews 35, 205n19, 207, 229, 230, 231, 236, 237, 240, 242, 306
Ashkharhabar 13
Asia, Central 53
East 206, 210, 219
Minor 89
South 53
Assaf, Michael 136
Assyria Mission (American Protestant) 174
Assyrian(s) 2, 13, 32, 33, 38–40, 143–45, 151–57, 159, 162, 163, 167, 168, 171–74, 176, 178, 181–91
Assyrian Awakening 171–72, 179–80
Assyrian Church of the East (East Syriac) 22, 33, 143, 146, 151–53, 168
Assyrian Democratic Organization (ADO) 165n74
Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal) 79, 90
Athens 15n27, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 274
Audo, Thomas (Chaldean patriarch) 188
Austro-Hungarian Empire 96n62, 233
Aytěnean, Arsēn 13
Azerbaijan (Persian) 22
Baath/Baathist 33, 71
Baban dynasty 59
Badînan 60–61, 69, 72, 74
Badînî/Badînî language 60, 69, 72
Baghdad 34, 38, 61–64, 138n22, 147–50, 154–56, 158n52, 167, 201–24, 241, 296
Baku 251
Balkan(s) 53, 55, 64, 70, 89, 99
Balkan Pact 99
Balkan Wars 89
Baluchi 53
Banco di Roma 294, 296, 299
Bartallah 167
Baruh, Mr. 77
Barzinji, shaykh Mahmud 65
Basra 150
Bateyî, Mullah 58
Bechir, Emir 121
Beirut 21, 29–32, 112, 114, 121, 132, 179, 287, 288, 291, 292, 293n19, 297, 306, 307
Beit Jala 270, 271, 273
Beit Sahour 271, 273
bejtexhinj (bayt poets) 55
Bêkes, Fayîq 68
Benjamin of Tudela 203
Berber 23, 127
Besaranî 68
Bethlehem 40, 271, 273–274, 276
Beth Nahrin (journal) 176, 178, 181, 183, 186, 191
Bethnahrin (region; Mesopotamia) 182, 184–85, 189, 190, 192–93
Berber 23, 127
Beyazid 58
Bialystok 238
Bible/biblical 11, 12, 14, 17, 54, 160, 173, 179, 189
Bihnām, Paul 162
Bin Maimun Zirmati, Yaʿqub 241
Birgevi 59
Bnay Qyomo 115
Bombay 219
Bosnia 55, 90, 91
Brecon Beacons 171
Bretonneau, Henry 293
Brit Shalom 243
Britain, Great 23, 61
British 17, 27, 29, 33, 34, 36, 60–66, 70, 89, 147–48, 150, 178, 203, 206, 209–13, 216–17, 219, 220–24, 231, 248, 249, 257, 261, 263, 265, 272–273, 278, 280–81, 288, 295, 299
British (Empire) 34
British India Office 211
Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre 247, 248, 249, 253, 261, 263, 264, 266, 271–74, 276, 278, 279, 281, 282
Bruyère, La 125
Bulgarian (language) 10, 14, 25, 54, 90, 264
Bulgarian renaissance 14
Bulgarians 27
Bursa 86
al-Busṭānī, Buṭrus 21, 29, 150, 159–60, 179–80, 254
Byblos 121, 125
Cairo 132, 251, 287, 296
Cairo Agreement (1994) 238
Cairo Conference (1921) 63
Canaanite(s) 112, 114, 115, 116n13
Cantemir, Dimitrie 54
Capuchin(s) 293
Carmelite(s) 293, 295
Castilian 127
Catalan 50
catechism(s) 14, 56, 294
(Roman) Catholicism/Catholic movement 22–23, 35–6, 38–9, 127n41
(Roman) Catholic Church 22, 24, 39, 291, 300, 303
(Roman) Catholic missions/missionaries 13, 20–1, 23, 24, 32, 36, 292, 298
(Roman) Catholic(s) 35–36, 38, 55, 113, 143–44, 146, 152–53, 158–59, 161, 162, 167, 171, 183, 188, 271, 273, 275, 287, 291–94, 296, 304
Catholicization 39
Çelebi, Evliya 55, 61
Cénacle Libanais 113, 114
Cekki, Hanna Sirri 174
Cezîrî, Milayê 58
Chalcedon, Fourth Ecumenical Council 261
Chaldean (Catholic) Church 22, 143, 146, 152, 153, 157–62, 167, 188
Chaldeans 28, 32–33, 143, 157–62, 163, 166, 167–68, 173, 183, 188, 190
Cheikho, Father Louis 288
China 206n23, 305
Chiha, Michel 112–14, 116n13
Chilendarsky, Paisij 14
Crédit Lyonnais 294, 296
chronotope 30, 134
Chrysanthos, Patriarch 270–71
Circassian 81, 85, 87, 234
Cizre 61
Cleopas, Bishop 278–79
colophon 12
Constantinople 13, 17, 100, 164–65, 249n6, 251, 265, 266, 270
Patriarchate of 265, 267
Copts 19, 20, 144, 146
Corm, Charles 114–124
cosmopolitan 7, 9–10, 17, 24, 25–26, 37–38, 50, 52–54
cosmopolitanism 7, 9, 113–14, 124, 289
cosmopolitanization 9
Cumhuriyet 77, 79, 90–91, 98
Damascus 22, 133, 253
Damascus Affair 205, 213
damascenes, the 14
Damianos, Anastas 257
Damianos, Patriarch 253, 258–59, 278–79
Danish 10
Danube 87
diaspora 5, 40, 163, 191, 203–4, 206–7, 209, 224, 254–56, 264, 298, 308–9
diaspora politics 5
Diyarbakir 11, 22, 58, 61, 73, 173–77, 181, 186
Dominican (priests/missionaries, seminary) 32, 161, 287
Dositheos, Patriarch 270–71, 277
Duhok 72
Duhokî, Hama Saʿîd 69
al-Dujaylī, Kāẓim 149
Dutch 10, 17
Écoles d’Orient 298
Edessa/Edessene (Urfa) 164, 171
Edmonds, C.J. 60, 64
Egypt/Egyptian 19, 134, 135, 138, 251, 273, 294, 298, 299, 304
English 205, 209, 217, 294
English language 2, 4n8, 9, 23–24, 32, 34–35, 38–9, 40n78, 64, 96, 118, 133, 153, 154, 163, 171, 191, 202, 208, 210n34, 211, 212, 215–18, 220–22, 223, 257, 273, 274, 275, 289, 296, 298, 306
Englishman/men 115, 174
Enlightenment 55, 181, 187
European 204, 206
Arab ( nahḍa ) 304
Jewish (Haskala) 204, 206
Epstein, Eliahu 121
Epstein, Yitzhak 243
Erbil 66, 72, 73
Erdelan court 11, 57, 59
Eşref, Ruşen 98
Europe, European 1, 10, 24, 25, 37, 52, 54–55, 60, 70, 81, 95, 113, 126–27, 137, 138, 139, 140, 149, 182, 201, 204–8, 210, 213, 222–23, 229, 230, 236, 241, 243, 244, 290, 304, 305, 309
Ezekiel, Tomb of 218
Faisal, King 63, 133, 157–60, 166
Faiq, Naum (Naʿʿūm Fāʾiq) 32n67, 171–198
Fakreddin 121
Fellinger, Bishop 294
Ferdowsi 53
Fichte (Johann Gottlieb) 65
Filasṭīn 267
Frakulla, Nezim 55
France/French 23, 70, 82, 84, 91, 98, 113, 117–18, 122, 124, 125, 133, 161, 205, 208, 209, 210–217, 221, 223, 274, 294, 296, 298
Franciscan(s) 36, 276, 287–301
Francophone 29, 96, 112, 124, 215, 217, 223
French language 2, 9, 23–24, 29–35, 38–9, 50, 67, 70, 79, 82, 115–117, 120, 123, 124, 125, 149, 161, 202, 208, 215–17, 220–21, 223, 253, 274, 275, 289, 290, 292–94, 296, 305–6
fuṣḥa see Standard(ized) Arabic
Galata 93
Garshuni (Karshuni; Syro-Arabic, Syro-Turkish ) 19, 22, 146–147, 177, 180
Gavriil III, Patriarch 270
Gaza 270, 279
genocide (Syriac-Sayfo/Armenian) 18n38, 31, 32, 77, 103–4, 145, 181, 185
Genoese 24
George, St., Anglican School 271
Georgia/Georgian 90, 138n22, 247
Georgios, Priest 279
German(s) 13, 65, 84, 213, 298
German language 2, 34, 39, 96, 253, 289, 294
Germanos, Patriarch 277
Ghazi, King 133, 157
Ghazir 118
Gibran, Khalil 191
Glickson, Miriam 235
Goran, Abdullah 68
Gorani see Hawrami
governmentalization 28, 38, 50–74
Grabar (Hrabar, Classical Armenian) 10, 13, 50, 54
grammar/grammatical studies 1, 11–13, 16–17, 23, 33, 51–52, 56, 59, 62, 67, 69, 70, 92, 136, 174, 180, 190, 291n15
Greco-Turkish 17
Greece 18, 35, 89, 99, 126, 251, 254, 255, 257
Greek(s) 14, 27–28, 35, 54, 78, 89, 94, 97–100, 124, 126, 247–58, 261–82
Greek alphabet 126
Greek Club (Jerusalem) 248, 251, 252, 256–57, 274
Greek Colony (Jerusalem) 264
Greek language 10, 15, 17–18, 20, 35, 50, 54, 79, 90–91, 93, 98, 118, 247–58, 261–82, 289, 290, 295
Greek Orthodox Church ( Rum ) 15, 27, 30, 144, 247–58, 261–82
Greek script 15, 17, 19
Guido, Fr. 291
Hafez 53
hagiography/saints’ lives 12, 14
Haifa 278–79
Hakkari 11, 12, 38, 58, 152, 153
Halabja 71
Ḥalamī, Ibrāhīm 150
Hallac, Simon 294
Hashemites 131, 133, 201
Ha-Shomer Ha-Tsaʿir (Young Guard) 231–32, 234–35
Haviv, Zerubavel 237–38, 241
Hawrami (Gorani) 11, 57–59, 68, 71, 74
Hebrew (person) 190, 234, 238–40, 294
Hebrew labour 35, 232, 235
Hebrew (language) 1, 11–12, 17, 23–24, 34, 50–51, 127, 202, 215, 228, 229, 241, 243, 247, 257, 289, 294, 306
Modern H. 34, 39, 40n78, 202
Hebrew script 10, 11, 17, 19, 23, 26n56, 148, 202
Hebrew University 229
Hejar 68
Hejaz 30, 132–34
Hellenization movement (Pan-Hellenic) 16
Hierotheos 271
Hilendarski, Paisii 14, 54
Hindu Kush 171
Hiram 121
Histadrut 236
Holy Land 204, 251, 254, 256, 269, 287, 288–89, 291–93, 298, 299
Holy Sepulchre ( Brotherhood ) 275, 276, 292
Homs 22
Hong Kong 34, 216, 219
Hugo, Victor 120
Hussein, Saddam 71
Hussein (Husain), Sherif 132–33
al-Husseini family 253
al-Husrî, Satiʿ 6, 38, 65, 67
Huyodo 191
Hyacinthe (Dominican priest) 161
hymns 12, 14, 181, 184–86
İdare 101
India/Indian 7, 34, 63, 143, 153, 163, 206, 216, 217, 305, 309
Indian subcontinent 7, 50, 210, 219
Indonesia 305
al-Intibāh (society) 175–76, 180–81
al-Intibāh (journal) 175
Iran, Iranian see Persia/Persian
Iraq 11, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 50–74, 133, 135, 143–68, 201–24, 297, 305–7
Islam/Islamic 4, 6, 19–20, 53, 67, 78, 83, 130, 134, 140, 141, 159, 160, 165, 168, 229, 251
Islamicization 18
Islamist(s) 73, 131
Ismailia 297
Istanbul ( Constantinople ) 15, 16–17, 37, 55, 59, 77–105, 251
Istanbul 98
Italy/Italian 36, 89, 294, 298–300
Italian language 24, 34, 36, 50, 96, 117, 118, 127, 288–92, 298–300
Italianization 298
Izmir 79, 89
Jacobian/Serughian metre 177, 182, 186, 188, 189
Jabotinsky, Vladimir 232
Jacob, St. (Mar Yaʿqub), Church, Jerusalem 248n3, 250, 254, 276
Jaffa 132, 237, 241–42, 271, 279
Jami 53
Jawhariyyeh, Wasif 248, 252–53
Jerusalem 19, 32, 36, 165n73, 204, 229, 230, 241–42, 247–58, 261–82, 287–301
Jesuit(s) 287, 294, 298
Jesus Christ/Messiah 125, 140, 178, 187
Jibrī, bishop Istifān 159
Jîn 59
John Chrysostom 275
Jordan 131, 133, 134, 240, 251
Jordan River 251–52
journal(s) (magazines/periodicals) 16, 18, 57, 59, 61–62, 68, 101, 112, 120, 132, 148–49, 157–59, 161–62, 167, 175–76, 178, 180–81, 183, 191, 222, 237, 288, 296, 298
journalism 3, 62, 148, 205
journalists 79, 80, 88
Judaism 204, 213
Judeo-Arabic 19, 23, 202
Judeo-Baghdadi 202
Jurjani 59
Kadoori family 34, 208, 216, 219
Kadoori, Horace 216
Kadoori, Laura (Girls’ School) 216
Kadoori, Sir Elly Silas 219, 221
Kakais 71
Kamberi, Hasan Zyko 55
Kannada 50
Karam, Youssef 121
Karaman 15
Karamanlidika 15, 17
al-Karmilī, Anastās 149
al-Karmil 267
Katharevousa (Greek) 10
Kathimerini 99
Kaya, Şükrü 83, 85–90, 100
Kawkab Madenḥo 175, 183
de Kelaita, Joseph 151–55
Kerak 270
Kerbela 66
Kfar Masaryk 231–32
Khalid Naqshbandi, Mawlana 58–59, 61, 68
Khalqatînî, Yûnus 56
Khartoum 132
al-Khatib, Fuʾad 30, 130–41
Kirkuk 60n21, 64, 71, 159
Kokhba (The Star) 175–76
Korais, Adamantios 54
Kos (Istanköy) 89
Koyî, Haci Qadir 58, 59, 68
Kurdî 59, 68
Kurdish language 2, 10, 11, 12, 14, 25, 28, 33, 50–74, 81, 93, 306
Kurdistan 11, 22–23, 38, 50–74
Kurdistan 23, 38, 58–59, 61, 63, 65, 69, 71
Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) 72
Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) 72
Kurds/Kurdish 28, 37, 50–74, 78, 87, 91, 304, 305
Kurmanji (Kurdish), Northern 11, 56–63, 68–69, 72, 74
Ladino 17, 79, 229, 289
Lamartine, Alphonse de 120
Latin alphabet 18, 28, 73–74, 155, 178
Latin (Catholic) communities 35, 247n1, 271, 292
Latin language 24, 50, 54, 116n13, 127, 291–92
Latin rite 292
Layard, Henry 174
Laz 78, 87
Lazarist(s) 292, 298
Lazarus 178, 187
League of Nations 18, 61–63, 66, 150
Lebanon/Lebanese 21, 29–32, 38, 111–27, 132, 133, 134, 143n1, 144, 254, 294, 298, 306
Mount L. 37
Lebanese language 30, 111–127
lingua franca 16, 130, 289, 303
Lisān al-Mashriq 162–167
literarization 7, 9, 11, 13–14, 25, 26, 33
literization 7, 9, 11, 14, 25, 37
liturgy/liturgical 12, 21, 30, 40, 51, 118n15, 145, 161, 202, 247, 250, 262, 270, 275–56, 281
liturgical language 3, 14, 17, 19, 20, 37, 50, 202, 275–6
Local Languages Law (1931) 33, 63, 69
London 62–63, 118, 218, 220, 279
Lughat al-ʿArab 149
Luria, Isaac 213–14
Lutheran Dabbagha School 253
Lyon 297
Maalouf, Amin 124–27
Maccabees 235
Macedonia(n) 65, 90
Maghrebi (Jewish) 207, 234
Malek Yonan, Isaac 176
Mandaic 1
Mansoura 297
manuscripts 12, 21n45, 37, 146–7, 162, 165–66, 168, 177–78, 184–85
Mapai (Jewish Workers Party of Palestine) 231, 236
Mardin 22
Marianne 124
Maronites/Maronite Church 12n20, 21–22, 30, 118n15, 143n1, 144, 150n23, 171, 179, 183
al-Mashriq (Mosul) 162–167
al-Mashriq (Beirut) 162n65, 288
Maqdisi Elyas, Ghattas 165n74, 166n76
Maximos 266
Maximos, Dimitrios 98–99
Maysalun, Battle of 133
Mecca 132, 139
Mehwî 59, 68
Mekhitar (Mxit‘ar) of Sebaste 13
Mekhitarist (Armenian Catholic) Order 13
Meliton, Bishop of Madava 280
Mesopotamia 12, 149, 154, 176, 216, 219
Mewlewî 59, 68
milla/millet 85, 86, 163, 264–65, 307
millet system 3, 265, 280
Mizrahi 240
Moisiodax, Iosipos 54
monasticism/monastic 14, 172, 179, 249, 250, 261, 265, 271, 275
Montefiore, Claude 221
Montefiore, Moses 205
Morocco 214
Mortara Affair 205
Mosul 22, 32, 60n21, 61, 63–64, 69, 71, 143, 147–48, 150, 153–55, 158–59, 161–63, 166–67, 174, 211
Muçizade 55
Mufīd, al 132
Muhammad, Prophet 134, 159
Muks 61
multilingualism ( polyglossia ) 40–1, 117, 230, 306
Mussolini 299
Naccache, Albert 123
Nahḍa 21, 133, 146, 147, 148, 167, 172, 179–81, 288, 304, 309
Nahum, Ibrahim 216
Nahum, Levi 294
Nadi, Yunus 79
Najaf 66
al-Najm 157–162, 163, 166, 168
Nâlî 59, 68
Napoleon 84, 272
Naqshband(i) 58
Narsai 164
al-Nashashibi family 253
Nazareth/Nazarene 255, 273, 274, 277–79, 297
Nea Sion 274
Nectarios, Patriarch 277
Neophytos of Cyprus 266, 271
Nerwa 11
Nes Ziona 238–39
Nestorians 152n30, 174, 183
Nestorius 164
Netherlands 1
New York 178, 186, 189–91, 196–98
Nice 221
Nineveh (Ninawa) 38, 71, 164, 174, 178, 186, 188, 189–91, 196
Nizami 53
Nodê, Qadirî shaykh Maʿrûf 58–59
Noel, major 62
Nor Huys 88
novel(s) 15, 17–18, 62, 68, 124, 126
Omayyad court 19
Palestine 31, 32, 34–5, 38, 40, 134, 138–40, 205, 207, 209, 219, 228–44, 255–56, 261, 263, 271, 273, 274, 279, 280, 289, 294, 297, 299, 300, 306, 308
Palestine Post 121
pan-Arab/-ic/-ism 4n8, 6, 29, 30, 132, 133, 134, 144, 304–5
Paris 91, 118, 202, 213, 214, 215, 291, 297
Pashto 53
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) 72
Pera 93
Persia/Persian (Empire) 2, 11–13, 28; 57, 81n13, 136, 152–53, 172, 176, 182
Persian language 2; 10–12, 15n26, 22, 25, 28–29, 38, 50, 52–54, 57–61, 90, 92–93, 172, 305
Persianate 53, 55
Pêshkewtî(n) (Progress) 57, 62
Petah Tikva 229–30, 232, 239, 241
Petahiah of Regensburg 203
Petzala 270
philology 52
Phoenician language/dialect 30, 115, 116
Phoenicianism 30, 111–27
Pîremerd 68
poetry/poets 11–12, 33, 41, 52, 53, 55–57, 59, 61, 68, 112, 114, 116–17, 120, 122, 123, 130–41, 165n74, 166n76, 171–98
polyglossia 113, 115, 117, 289, 293, 299
population exchange, 1923 (Greek/Turkish) 18, 28, 100
population exchange (Bulgaria) 89
Port Said 251, 297
Portuguese 10
printing 13, 14, 16, 21, 23, 31, 32, 36, 37, 51, 54, 59, 61, 67, 101, 135, 136, 141, 153, 154, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167, 174, 177, 206, 267, 276, 287–301
Prokopios 266
Protestantism 39
Protestant(s) 55, 132, 152, 154, 155, 156, 174, 183, 271
Protestant missions/missionaries 13, 16, 21, 24, 71, 149n20, 150n23, 155–56, 174, 271, 304
Prussian 70
Qamar, George 251
Qarabash, malfono 189
qawm/qawmiyya 140, 159, 304–6, 308
Qibla, al 132
al-Quds 267
Quzhayya 21
Raab, Yehuda 230, 241
Rabelais 125
Rabin, Yitzhak 238
Racine 125
Ramallah 270, 271, 273
Rashi script 23
Refet Bey 86–88, 90
Rehovot 229, 232
religiolect 8
Renan, Ernest 124, 125
Republic of Letters 20, 33, 38–9, 134
Revue de Liban, La 120
Revue Phénicienne 121
Richelieu, Cardinal de 125
Rihani, Amin 122–23, 191
Rishon LeZion 229, 232, 233, 237, 238
Rivlin, Reuven 229
Rojî Kurd 59
Roman Catholic see Catholic
Romanian (Romanian, Wallachian) 10, 54, 99, 247
Romance languages 50
Rome 21, 118, 291, 303
Rome, New 249n6
Ronsard 125
Rosenfeld, Herman Tzvi 213
Rosh Pinna 229–30
Rum Orthodox/Rums ( Greek ) 15, 18, 19, 20–22, 27, 30, 35, 77–81, 82, 89, 93, 98–100, 104, 247–49, 264–66
Rumi 53
Russia(n) 11, 13, 24, 37, 70, 213, 233, 237, 242, 248, 262, 269, 274–75
Russian Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society 271, 274, 275
Russian language 18, 24, 247, 274–75, 289, 290, 305
Russian Orthodox Church 20
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 70
Rüştü, Tevfik 98–99
Saadi 61
sacred language 24, 50
Saʿdiyya 253
Safed 204, 230, 241
Ṣāʾigh, Sulaymān 148n14, 157–58
Sajjadi 68
Saint Joseph University 288
Saint Petersburg 262
al-Sakakini, Khalil 253, 267, 307
Saleh, Menahem Daniel 208
Salesians 294
Sâlim 59
Samaritan 1
Sanskrit 7, 50, 54
Sassoon family 34, 208, 219–20
Sassoon, Albert (Boys’ School) 215, 221
Sassoon, D. 218
Sassoon, Silas E. 218
Saʿud, King Ibn 133
Saudi Arabia 133, 136
Schroeder, Iohann Ioachim 13
Semitic (Studies, languages, identity) 1, 116n13, 136, 228
Senneh (Sanandaj) 11
Sephardic 93n48, 205, 207, 229, 231, 237, 240
Serbian (language) 10, 54, 90, 247
Shabak 71–72
Shaheen, Yacoub 40–1
Shamash, Benjamin 221
Shamash School 210n34, 221–22
Shamiram 188
Shanghai 34, 216, 219
Shapira, Avraham (Sheikh Ibraham Mikha) 230, 238, 239–42
Shawqi, Ahmad 135
Shemtob, Joseph 214
Shertok, Moshe (Sharett) 235–36
Shhim 132–133
Shiite 30, 66
Shohat, Yisrael 235
Shohat-Vilbushevitz, Manya 234–35
Shouf 30, 132
ash-Shuwayr 21
Sidon 121, 126
Sidqi, Saʿid 67, 70
Simele (massacre of) 152, 155, 157
Slavic (languages) 54, 55, 81, 90
Slavonic, Old Church (language) 14, 50
Smilansky, Moshe 234, 239
Smith, Lionel 220–21, 223
Smyrna 13
Soane, Major Ely Banister 62–63
Somekh, David 214
Somekh, Rabbi Abdallah 218, 133
Sophronios, Patriarch 277
Sorani (Central Sulaimaniyah dialect) 11, 33, 57–62, 64, 67–74
Sorbonne 89
Sormanji 72
Soviet Armenia 18
Soviet Union 71, 305
status quo (agreement) 261, 269, 276, 279
Studites, Damaskinos 14
Sudan 132, 134
Suez (Qantara) 251, 255
Suez Canal 255
Sulaimani(ya) 11, 58–64, 66, 69, 73
Sulaymān al-Ṣāʾigh 157–8
Sunni Muslim/Arab 30, 64–66, 78, 132
surname(s) 28–29, 77–105, 250–51
Swiss Civil Code (1926) 83
Sykes-Picot agreement 147
Syria 22, 20, 30–32, 38, 74, 133–34, 165n74, 166n76, 171, 179, 274, 275, 297, 299, 308
Syriac (Sureth/Surayt, Neo-Syriac) vernacular language ( Aramaic ) 2, 12, 22, 32–3, 39, 117–19, 143–68
Syriac Catholic (Church) 22, 143n1, 161, 183
Syriac, Classical 1–2, 12, 22, 30, 32, 39, 41, 50, 115, 143–68, 171–98, 275, 289, 303, 306
Syriac Christians/communities 2, 16, 22, 26, 28, 32–33, 36–38, 143–68, 171–98
Syriac Churches 1–2, 12, 143–68, 171–98
Syriac Orthodox Church (West Syriac) 22, 32–33, 41. 161; SO Christians, 38, 40, 143, 146, 152, 158, 162–68, 171–98
Syriac script(s) 1, 10, 19, 146, 148, 153, 155, 161
Syrian Protestant College (American University of Beirut) 132
Syro-Arabic ( Garshuni ) 19, 22, 26
Syro-Turkish/Ottoman ( Garshuni ) 16–17, 26
ṭāʾifa 158–59, 161–63, 166, 168
Takadienne, Khalil 123
Talât Pacha 79
Talabanî, Shaykh Riza 68
Tanzimat 27, 264, 287
Targumim 11
Tawuq 71
Taybeh 270
Têgeyishtinî Rastî 57, 62
Tehran 251
Tekinalp (Moiz Kohen) 88
Telkepe 12
Telugu 50
Temple Mount 139
Teremaxî, Elî 56, 58, 59
Tetouan 214
theatre 31
(theatre) plays , 33
Thomas, Augustine 188
Thrace 81n16, 89, 99, 103
Tleel, John 248, 250, 251
Transjordan 133, 271, 273, 274
Tripolitania 298–99
Tsaldaris, Panagis 100
Tūmā, ʿAbd al-Aḥad 167
Tur ʿAbdin (Ṭur ʿAbdīn) 32, 178
Turcoman (community/language) 66, 71
Turkey (Republic) 18, 22, 28, 31, 60, 64, 77–105
Turkish language 2, 9, 15–19, 20, 25–29, 31, 33, 37, 38, 55, 60–61, 64, 66, 77–105, 118, 127, 174, 177, 180, 153, 305, 306
Turkish, Ottoman 9–10, 14–15, 17–18, 24, 25, 26, 28, 50, 52–56, 61, 163, 175, 177, 303
Turkification 18, 28, 77–105, 138, 148
Tyane, Élie 119–120
Tyre 121, 126
umma 140, 158–59, 163–66, 168
umtho/umthonoyutho 145, 159, 165
Ukraine 239, 242
Urmia 2, 12, 152, 153, 172, 174–176, 188
Van 22
Vankaya 88
Vatikiotis, Panayiotis 248, 255–56
Venice 13, 37, 297
vernacularization 7, 9–14, 25–6, 28, 37–8, 50–74, 130, 303
Vienna/Viennese 13, 21, 24, 37, 297
Vracanski, Sofronij 54
Wahby, Tawfîq 64, 67, 70
waṭan/waṭaniyya 140, 149, 158, 159, 160, 166, 168, 254, 307–8
Wilson, A.N. 63
Wilson, Woodrow 63
World War I (First World War) 3, 18, 27, 28, 59, 60, 131, 132, 134, 146–148, 150, 152, 162, 167, 168, 182, 215, 216, 219, 229, 238, 272, 294, 304
World War II 68, 131, 133, 222, 240, 301
Xalqatînî, Mullah Yûnus 58
Xanî, Ehmedê 56, 58, 59, 68
Yalovsky, Avraham 238–39, 240
al-Yāzijī, Ibrāhīm 179, 180–81
Yehoash (Solomon Blumgarten) 233–34
Yiddish 34, 39, 228, 229, 233
Yishuv 231, 234, 238, 242, 306, 307
Yonan, Khendo H. 155n43, 156n44–46
Young Turk(s) 18, 62, 79, 81, 89, 132, 134, 137–38, 267, 272
Zab river 60
al-Zahawi, Jamil Sidqi 135
Zakho 11
Zakî, Muhammad Amîn 69, 73
Zanzibar 309
Zaza 74
Zikhron Yaakov 229, 243
Zionist(s) 2, 34, 39, 121, 140, 228–44
Zionism 228, 230, 231, 239, 267
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Arabic and its Alternatives

Religious Minorities and their Languages in the Emerging Nation States of the Middle East (1920-1950)

Series:  Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies, Volume: 5

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