Index
Abbasid court
19
ʿAbdallah, Amir of Transjordan
133
Abu Madi, Ilya
191
Abu Yusef, Daoud
241
Acre
255, 277–78, 279, 281
Afghanistan
133
Africa/African
23, 36, 121, 127, 139, 204, 205, 210, 213, 215, 234, 309
Ahmad, Ibrahim
68
al-Ahrām
134, 138
Ahro, Sharko
176, 181–86
Albania
55, 91, 96n62
Algeria(ns)
84, 298
Aleppo
21, 22, 30, 31, 32, 89, 291–93
Alevis
78
Alexandria
251, 291, 296
Ali’, Mullah
59
Aliyah, First
229, 233, 235, 237, 241
Second
228n1, 232
Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU)
23, 33, 202–203, 205, 207, 209, 212, 213–17, 218, 221, 223–24
Alqosh
12
Amadiya
61
America (United States of)/American
16, 31, 83, 90, 143, 154, 155, 163, 174, 176, 178, 181, 190–91, 207, 210, 211, 222, 255, 271, 309
American Joint Jewish Distribution Committee (JDC)
205n17, 205n19, 209n32, 210n33, 212, 222
American United Mission in Mesopotamia
149n20, 154
Amsterdam
37
amulet (texts)
12, 118n15
Anatolia
13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 28, 31, 32, 38, 53, 95, 97, 103
Ancient Suryani Brotherhood (Süryani Kadim Kardesligi)
174
Anglican
174, 271, 275
Anglo-Jewish Association (AJA)
23, 33, 202, 205, 207, 209, 212, 216–17, 218–22, 223–24
Ankara
79, 95, 98–100, 104
anti-Judaism
138
anti-Semitism
138, 140, 141
Antioch
19
Patriarchate of
265, 266
Antonius, George
144
Apoyevmatini
98–99
Arab Revolt
131, 132, 133
Arabian Peninsula
132, 134–36
Arabic (language), Christian
19–20, 23, 167
Middle
19–20, 23, 147n11
Classical/Quranic
19, 23, 40, 66, 67, 130, 134, 136, 181, 153
vernacular/colloquial (ʿammiya)
4, 23, 116n13, 147, 229, 305
Standard(ized), fuṣḥa
6, 29, 30, 32–5, 38–9, 147, 305
Arabization
39, 66, 71, 166n76, 219n67, 266, 288
Aramaic
1–2, 11, 14, 23, 25, 30, 71, 116n13, 119, 144, 156, 164, 168, 171, 181, 269, 275
Neo/Modern (Northeastern Neo-Aramaic vernacular; NENA)
2, 10–12, 22–25, 33, 40, 64, 143–145, 152–154, 161, 167, 168
Aramean/Aramaic nationalism
40, 164
Armenian nationalism
2, 39
Armenian(s)
13, 16–17, 18, 26–28, 31–32, 38, 39, 54, 77–78, 8–81, 87–89, 93, 95–97, 99, 103, 104, 118, 144, 165, 181
Armenian language
10, 13, 24, 25, 29, 31, 39, 50, 64, 90–91, 93, 182, 289, 295
Armeno-Turkish (Armenian script)
16–18
Ashkenazi Jews
35, 205n19, 207, 229, 230, 231, 236, 237, 240, 242, 306
Ashkharhabar
13
Asia, Central
53
East
206, 210, 219
Minor
89
South
53
Assaf, Michael
136
Assyria Mission (American Protestant)
174
Assyrian(s)
2, 13, 32, 33, 38–40, 143–45, 151–57, 159, 162, 163, 167, 168, 171–74, 176, 178, 181–91
Assyrian Awakening
171–72, 179–80
Assyrian Church of the East (East Syriac)
22, 33, 143, 146, 151–53, 168
Assyrian Democratic Organization (ADO)
165n74
Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal)
79, 90
Athens
15n27, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 274
Audo, Thomas (Chaldean patriarch)
188
Austro-Hungarian Empire
96n62, 233
Aytěnean, Arsēn
13
Azerbaijan (Persian)
22
Baath/Baathist
33, 71
Baban dynasty
59
Badînan
60–61, 69, 72, 74
Badînî/Badînî language
60, 69, 72
Baghdad
34, 38, 61–64, 138n22, 147–50, 154–56, 158n52, 167, 201–24, 241, 296
Baku
251
Balkan(s)
53, 55, 64, 70, 89, 99
Balkan Pact
99
Balkan Wars
89
Baluchi
53
Banco di Roma
294, 296, 299
Bartallah
167
Baruh, Mr.
77
Barzinji, shaykh Mahmud
65
Basra
150
Bateyî, Mullah
58
Bechir, Emir
121
Beirut
21, 29–32, 112, 114, 121, 132, 179, 287, 288, 291, 292, 293n19, 297, 306, 307
Beit Jala
270, 271, 273
Beit Sahour
271, 273
bejtexhinj (bayt poets)
55
Bêkes, Fayîq
68
Benjamin of Tudela
203
Berber
23, 127
Besaranî
68
Bethlehem
40, 271, 273–274, 276
Beth Nahrin (journal)
176, 178, 181, 183, 186, 191
Bethnahrin (region; Mesopotamia)
182, 184–85, 189, 190, 192–93
Berber
23, 127
Beyazid
58
Bialystok
238
Bible/biblical
11, 12, 14, 17, 54, 160, 173, 179, 189
Bihnām, Paul
162
Bin Maimun Zirmati, Yaʿqub
241
Birgevi
59
Bnay Qyomo
115
Bombay
219
Bosnia
55, 90, 91
Brecon Beacons
171
Bretonneau, Henry
293
Brit Shalom
243
Britain, Great
23, 61
British
17, 27, 29, 33, 34, 36, 60–66, 70, 89, 147–48, 150, 178, 203, 206, 209–13, 216–17, 219, 220–24, 231, 248, 249, 257, 261, 263, 265, 272–273, 278, 280–81, 288, 295, 299
British (Empire)
34
British India Office
211
Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre
247, 248, 249, 253, 261, 263, 264, 266, 271–74, 276, 278, 279, 281, 282
Bruyère, La
125
Bulgarian (language)
10, 14, 25, 54, 90, 264
Bulgarian renaissance
14
Bulgarians
27
Bursa
86
al-Busṭānī, Buṭrus
21, 29, 150, 159–60, 179–80, 254
Byblos
121, 125
Cairo
132, 251, 287, 296
Cairo Agreement (1994)
238
Cairo Conference (1921)
63
Canaanite(s)
112, 114, 115, 116n13
Cantemir, Dimitrie
54
Capuchin(s)
293
Carmelite(s)
293, 295
Castilian
127
Catalan
50
catechism(s)
14, 56, 294
(Roman) Catholicism/Catholic movement
22–23, 35–6, 38–9, 127n41
(Roman) Catholic Church
22, 24, 39, 291, 300, 303
(Roman) Catholic missions/missionaries
13, 20–1, 23, 24, 32, 36, 292, 298
(Roman) Catholic(s)
35–36, 38, 55, 113, 143–44, 146, 152–53, 158–59, 161, 162, 167, 171, 183, 188, 271, 273, 275, 287, 291–94, 296, 304
Catholicization
39
Çelebi, Evliya
55, 61
Cénacle Libanais
113, 114
Cekki, Hanna Sirri
174
Cezîrî, Milayê
58
Chalcedon, Fourth Ecumenical Council
261
Chaldean (Catholic) Church
22, 143, 146, 152, 153, 157–62, 167, 188
Chaldeans
28, 32–33, 143, 157–62, 163, 166, 167–68, 173, 183, 188, 190
Cheikho, Father Louis
288
China
206n23, 305
Chiha, Michel
112–14, 116n13
Chilendarsky, Paisij
14
Crédit Lyonnais
294, 296
chronotope
30, 134
Chrysanthos, Patriarch
270–71
Circassian
81, 85, 87, 234
Cizre
61
Cleopas, Bishop
278–79
colophon
12
Constantinople
13, 17, 100, 164–65, 249n6, 251, 265, 266, 270
Patriarchate of
265, 267
Copts
19, 20, 144, 146
Corm, Charles
114–124
cosmopolitan
7, 9–10, 17, 24, 25–26, 37–38, 50, 52–54
cosmopolitanism
7, 9, 113–14, 124, 289
cosmopolitanization
9
Cumhuriyet
77, 79, 90–91, 98
Damascus
22, 133, 253
Damascus Affair
205, 213
damascenes, the
14
Damianos, Anastas
257
Damianos, Patriarch
253, 258–59, 278–79
Danish
10
Danube
87
diaspora
5, 40, 163, 191, 203–4, 206–7, 209, 224, 254–56, 264, 298, 308–9
diaspora politics
5
Diyarbakir
11, 22, 58, 61, 73, 173–77, 181, 186
Dominican (priests/missionaries, seminary)
32, 161, 287
Dositheos, Patriarch
270–71, 277
Duhok
72
Duhokî, Hama Saʿîd
69
al-Dujaylī, Kāẓim
149
Dutch
10, 17
Écoles d’Orient
298
Edessa/Edessene (Urfa)
164, 171
Edmonds, C.J.
60, 64
Egypt/Egyptian
19, 134, 135, 138, 251, 273, 294, 298, 299, 304
English
205, 209, 217, 294
English language
2, 4n8, 9, 23–24, 32, 34–35, 38–9, 40n78, 64, 96, 118, 133, 153, 154, 163, 171, 191, 202, 208, 210n34, 211, 212, 215–18, 220–22, 223, 257, 273, 274, 275, 289, 296, 298, 306
Englishman/men
115, 174
Enlightenment
55, 181, 187
European
204, 206
Arab
(
nahḍa
) 304
Jewish (Haskala)
204, 206
Epstein, Eliahu
121
Epstein, Yitzhak
243
Erbil
66, 72, 73
Erdelan court
11, 57, 59
Eşref, Ruşen
98
Europe, European
1, 10, 24, 25, 37, 52, 54–55, 60, 70, 81, 95, 113, 126–27, 137, 138, 139, 140, 149, 182, 201, 204–8, 210, 213, 222–23, 229, 230, 236, 241, 243, 244, 290, 304, 305, 309
Ezekiel, Tomb of
218
Faisal, King
63, 133, 157–60, 166
Faiq, Naum (Naʿʿūm Fāʾiq)
32n67, 171–198
Fakreddin
121
Fellinger, Bishop
294
Ferdowsi
53
Fichte (Johann Gottlieb)
65
Filasṭīn
267
Frakulla, Nezim
55
France/French
23, 70, 82, 84, 91, 98, 113, 117–18, 122, 124, 125, 133, 161, 205, 208, 209, 210–217, 221, 223, 274, 294, 296, 298
Franciscan(s)
36, 276, 287–301
Francophone
29, 96, 112, 124, 215, 217, 223
French language
2, 9, 23–24, 29–35, 38–9, 50, 67, 70, 79, 82, 115–117, 120, 123, 124, 125, 149, 161, 202, 208, 215–17, 220–21, 223, 253, 274, 275, 289, 290, 292–94, 296, 305–6
fuṣḥa see Standard(ized) Arabic
Galata
93
Garshuni
(Karshuni;
Syro-Arabic, Syro-Turkish
) 19, 22, 146–147, 177, 180
Gavriil III, Patriarch
270
Gaza
270, 279
genocide (Syriac-Sayfo/Armenian)
18n38, 31, 32, 77, 103–4, 145, 181, 185
Genoese
24
George, St., Anglican School
271
Georgia/Georgian
90, 138n22, 247
Georgios, Priest
279
German(s)
13, 65, 84, 213, 298
German language
2, 34, 39, 96, 253, 289, 294
Germanos, Patriarch
277
Ghazi, King
133, 157
Ghazir
118
Gibran, Khalil
191
Glickson, Miriam
235
Goran, Abdullah
68
Gorani see Hawrami
governmentalization
28, 38, 50–74
Grabar (Hrabar, Classical Armenian)
10, 13, 50, 54
grammar/grammatical studies
1, 11–13, 16–17, 23, 33, 51–52, 56, 59, 62, 67, 69, 70, 92, 136, 174, 180, 190, 291n15
Greco-Turkish
17
Greece
18, 35, 89, 99, 126, 251, 254, 255, 257
Greek(s)
14, 27–28, 35, 54, 78, 89, 94, 97–100, 124, 126, 247–58, 261–82
Greek alphabet
126
Greek Club (Jerusalem)
248, 251, 252, 256–57, 274
Greek Colony (Jerusalem)
264
Greek language
10, 15, 17–18, 20, 35, 50, 54, 79, 90–91, 93, 98, 118, 247–58, 261–82, 289, 290, 295
Greek Orthodox Church
(
Rum
) 15, 27, 30, 144, 247–58, 261–82
Greek script
15, 17, 19
Guido, Fr.
291
Hafez
53
hagiography/saints’ lives
12, 14
Haifa
278–79
Hakkari
11, 12, 38, 58, 152, 153
Halabja
71
Ḥalamī, Ibrāhīm
150
Hallac, Simon
294
Hashemites
131, 133, 201
Ha-Shomer Ha-Tsaʿir (Young Guard)
231–32, 234–35
Haviv, Zerubavel
237–38, 241
Hawrami (Gorani)
11, 57–59, 68, 71, 74
Hebrew (person)
190, 234, 238–40, 294
Hebrew labour
35, 232, 235
Hebrew (language)
1, 11–12, 17, 23–24, 34, 50–51, 127, 202, 215, 228, 229, 241, 243, 247, 257, 289, 294, 306
Modern H.
34, 39, 40n78, 202
Hebrew script
10, 11, 17, 19, 23, 26n56, 148, 202
Hebrew University
229
Hejar
68
Hejaz
30, 132–34
Hellenization movement (Pan-Hellenic)
16
Hierotheos
271
Hilendarski, Paisii
14, 54
Hindu Kush
171
Hiram
121
Histadrut
236
Holy Land
204, 251, 254, 256, 269, 287, 288–89, 291–93, 298, 299
Holy Sepulchre
(
Brotherhood
) 275, 276, 292
Homs
22
Hong Kong
34, 216, 219
Hugo, Victor
120
Hussein, Saddam
71
Hussein (Husain), Sherif
132–33
al-Husseini family
253
al-Husrî, Satiʿ
6, 38, 65, 67
Huyodo
191
Hyacinthe (Dominican priest)
161
hymns
12, 14, 181, 184–86
İdare
101
India/Indian
7, 34, 63, 143, 153, 163, 206, 216, 217, 305, 309
Indian subcontinent
7, 50, 210, 219
Indonesia
305
al-Intibāh (society)
175–76, 180–81
al-Intibāh (journal)
175
Iran, Iranian see Persia/Persian
Iraq
11, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 50–74, 133, 135, 143–68, 201–24, 297, 305–7
Islam/Islamic
4, 6, 19–20, 53, 67, 78, 83, 130, 134, 140, 141, 159, 160, 165, 168, 229, 251
Islamicization
18
Islamist(s)
73, 131
Ismailia
297
Istanbul
(
Constantinople
) 15, 16–17, 37, 55, 59, 77–105, 251
Istanbul
98
Italy/Italian
36, 89, 294, 298–300
Italian language
24, 34, 36, 50, 96, 117, 118, 127, 288–92, 298–300
Italianization
298
Izmir
79, 89
Jacobian/Serughian metre
177, 182, 186, 188, 189
Jabotinsky, Vladimir
232
Jacob, St. (Mar Yaʿqub), Church, Jerusalem
248n3, 250, 254, 276
Jaffa
132, 237, 241–42, 271, 279
Jami
53
Jawhariyyeh, Wasif
248, 252–53
Jerusalem
19, 32, 36, 165n73, 204, 229, 230, 241–42, 247–58, 261–82, 287–301
Jesuit(s)
287, 294, 298
Jesus Christ/Messiah
125, 140, 178, 187
Jibrī, bishop Istifān
159
Jîn
59
John Chrysostom
275
Jordan
131, 133, 134, 240, 251
Jordan River
251–52
journal(s) (magazines/periodicals)
16, 18, 57, 59, 61–62, 68, 101, 112, 120, 132, 148–49, 157–59, 161–62, 167, 175–76, 178, 180–81, 183, 191, 222, 237, 288, 296, 298
journalism
3, 62, 148, 205
journalists
79, 80, 88
Judaism
204, 213
Judeo-Arabic
19, 23, 202
Judeo-Baghdadi
202
Jurjani
59
Kadoori family
34, 208, 216, 219
Kadoori, Horace
216
Kadoori, Laura (Girls’ School)
216
Kadoori, Sir Elly Silas
219, 221
Kakais
71
Kamberi, Hasan Zyko
55
Kannada
50
Karam, Youssef
121
Karaman
15
Karamanlidika
15, 17
al-Karmilī, Anastās
149
al-Karmil
267
Katharevousa (Greek)
10
Kathimerini
99
Kaya, Şükrü
83, 85–90, 100
Kawkab Madenḥo
175, 183
de Kelaita, Joseph
151–55
Kerak
270
Kerbela
66
Kfar Masaryk
231–32
Khalid Naqshbandi, Mawlana
58–59, 61, 68
Khalqatînî, Yûnus
56
Khartoum
132
al-Khatib, Fuʾad
30, 130–41
Kirkuk
60n21, 64, 71, 159
Kokhba (The Star)
175–76
Korais, Adamantios
54
Kos (Istanköy)
89
Koyî, Haci Qadir
58, 59, 68
Kurdî
59, 68
Kurdish language
2, 10, 11, 12, 14, 25, 28, 33, 50–74, 81, 93, 306
Kurdistan
11, 22–23, 38, 50–74
Kurdistan
23, 38, 58–59, 61, 63, 65, 69, 71
Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP)
72
Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK)
72
Kurds/Kurdish
28, 37, 50–74, 78, 87, 91, 304, 305
Kurmanji (Kurdish), Northern
11, 56–63, 68–69, 72, 74
Ladino
17, 79, 229, 289
Lamartine, Alphonse de
120
Latin alphabet
18, 28, 73–74, 155, 178
Latin (Catholic) communities
35, 247n1, 271, 292
Latin language
24, 50, 54, 116n13, 127, 291–92
Latin rite
292
Layard, Henry
174
Laz
78, 87
Lazarist(s)
292, 298
Lazarus
178, 187
League of Nations
18, 61–63, 66, 150
Lebanon/Lebanese
21, 29–32, 38, 111–27, 132, 133, 134, 143n1, 144, 254, 294, 298, 306
Mount L.
37
Lebanese language
30, 111–127
lingua franca
16, 130, 289, 303
Lisān al-Mashriq
162–167
literarization
7, 9, 11, 13–14, 25, 26, 33
literization
7, 9, 11, 14, 25, 37
liturgy/liturgical
12, 21, 30, 40, 51, 118n15, 145, 161, 202, 247, 250, 262, 270, 275–56, 281
liturgical language
3, 14, 17, 19, 20, 37, 50, 202, 275–6
Local Languages Law (1931)
33, 63, 69
London
62–63, 118, 218, 220, 279
Lughat al-ʿArab
149
Luria, Isaac
213–14
Lutheran Dabbagha School
253
Lyon
297
Maalouf, Amin
124–27
Maccabees
235
Macedonia(n)
65, 90
Maghrebi (Jewish)
207, 234
Malek Yonan, Isaac
176
Mandaic
1
Mansoura
297
manuscripts
12, 21n45, 37, 146–7, 162, 165–66, 168, 177–78, 184–85
Mapai (Jewish Workers Party of Palestine)
231, 236
Mardin
22
Marianne
124
Maronites/Maronite Church
12n20, 21–22, 30, 118n15, 143n1, 144, 150n23, 171, 179, 183
al-Mashriq (Mosul)
162–167
al-Mashriq (Beirut)
162n65, 288
Maqdisi Elyas, Ghattas
165n74, 166n76
Maximos
266
Maximos, Dimitrios
98–99
Maysalun, Battle of
133
Mecca
132, 139
Mehwî
59, 68
Mekhitar (Mxit‘ar) of Sebaste
13
Mekhitarist (Armenian Catholic) Order
13
Meliton, Bishop of Madava
280
Mesopotamia
12, 149, 154, 176, 216, 219
Mewlewî
59, 68
milla/millet
85, 86, 163, 264–65, 307
millet system
3, 265, 280
Mizrahi
240
Moisiodax, Iosipos
54
monasticism/monastic
14, 172, 179, 249, 250, 261, 265, 271, 275
Montefiore, Claude
221
Montefiore, Moses
205
Morocco
214
Mortara Affair
205
Mosul
22, 32, 60n21, 61, 63–64, 69, 71, 143, 147–48, 150, 153–55, 158–59, 161–63, 166–67, 174, 211
Muçizade
55
Mufīd, al
132
Muhammad, Prophet
134, 159
Muks
61
multilingualism
(
polyglossia
) 40–1, 117, 230, 306
Mussolini
299
Naccache, Albert
123
Nahḍa
21, 133, 146, 147, 148, 167, 172, 179–81, 288, 304, 309
Nahum, Ibrahim
216
Nahum, Levi
294
Nadi, Yunus
79
Najaf
66
al-Najm
157–162, 163, 166, 168
Nâlî
59, 68
Napoleon
84, 272
Naqshband(i)
58
Narsai
164
al-Nashashibi family
253
Nazareth/Nazarene
255, 273, 274, 277–79, 297
Nea Sion
274
Nectarios, Patriarch
277
Neophytos of Cyprus
266, 271
Nerwa
11
Nes Ziona
238–39
Nestorians
152n30, 174, 183
Nestorius
164
Netherlands
1
New York
178, 186, 189–91, 196–98
Nice
221
Nineveh (Ninawa)
38, 71, 164, 174, 178, 186, 188, 189–91, 196
Nizami
53
Nodê, Qadirî shaykh Maʿrûf
58–59
Noel, major
62
Nor Huys
88
novel(s)
15, 17–18, 62, 68, 124, 126
Omayyad court
19
Palestine
31, 32, 34–5, 38, 40, 134, 138–40, 205, 207, 209, 219, 228–44, 255–56, 261, 263, 271, 273, 274, 279, 280, 289, 294, 297, 299, 300, 306, 308
Palestine Post
121
pan-Arab/-ic/-ism
4n8, 6, 29, 30, 132, 133, 134, 144, 304–5
Paris
91, 118, 202, 213, 214, 215, 291, 297
Pashto
53
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK)
72
Pera
93
Persia/Persian (Empire)
2, 11–13, 28; 57, 81n13, 136, 152–53, 172, 176, 182
Persian language
2; 10–12, 15n26, 22, 25, 28–29, 38, 50, 52–54, 57–61, 90, 92–93, 172, 305
Persianate
53, 55
Pêshkewtî(n) (Progress)
57, 62
Petah Tikva
229–30, 232, 239, 241
Petahiah of Regensburg
203
Petzala
270
philology
52
Phoenician language/dialect
30, 115, 116
Phoenicianism
30, 111–27
Pîremerd
68
poetry/poets
11–12, 33, 41, 52, 53, 55–57, 59, 61, 68, 112, 114, 116–17, 120, 122, 123, 130–41, 165n74, 166n76, 171–98
polyglossia
113, 115, 117, 289, 293, 299
population exchange, 1923 (Greek/Turkish)
18, 28, 100
population exchange (Bulgaria)
89
Port Said
251, 297
Portuguese
10
printing
13, 14, 16, 21, 23, 31, 32, 36, 37, 51, 54, 59, 61, 67, 101, 135, 136, 141, 153, 154, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167, 174, 177, 206, 267, 276, 287–301
Prokopios
266
Protestantism
39
Protestant(s)
55, 132, 152, 154, 155, 156, 174, 183, 271
Protestant missions/missionaries
13, 16, 21, 24, 71, 149n20, 150n23, 155–56, 174, 271, 304
Prussian
70
Qamar, George
251
Qarabash, malfono
189
qawm/qawmiyya
140, 159, 304–6, 308
Qibla, al
132
al-Quds
267
Quzhayya
21
Raab, Yehuda
230, 241
Rabelais
125
Rabin, Yitzhak
238
Racine
125
Ramallah
270, 271, 273
Rashi script
23
Refet Bey
86–88, 90
Rehovot
229, 232
religiolect
8
Renan, Ernest
124, 125
Republic of Letters
20, 33, 38–9, 134
Revue de Liban, La
120
Revue Phénicienne
121
Richelieu, Cardinal de
125
Rihani, Amin
122–23, 191
Rishon LeZion
229, 232, 233, 237, 238
Rivlin, Reuven
229
Rojî Kurd
59
Roman Catholic see Catholic
Romanian (Romanian, Wallachian)
10, 54, 99, 247
Romance languages
50
Rome
21, 118, 291, 303
Rome, New
249n6
Ronsard
125
Rosenfeld, Herman Tzvi
213
Rosh Pinna
229–30
Rum Orthodox/Rums
(
Greek
) 15, 18, 19, 20–22, 27, 30, 35, 77–81, 82, 89, 93, 98–100, 104, 247–49, 264–66
Rumi
53
Russia(n)
11, 13, 24, 37, 70, 213, 233, 237, 242, 248, 262, 269, 274–75
Russian Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society
271, 274, 275
Russian language
18, 24, 247, 274–75, 289, 290, 305
Russian Orthodox Church
20
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
70
Rüştü, Tevfik
98–99
Saadi
61
sacred language
24, 50
Saʿdiyya
253
Safed
204, 230, 241
Ṣāʾigh, Sulaymān
148n14, 157–58
Sajjadi
68
Saint Joseph University
288
Saint Petersburg
262
al-Sakakini, Khalil
253, 267, 307
Saleh, Menahem Daniel
208
Salesians
294
Sâlim
59
Samaritan
1
Sanskrit
7, 50, 54
Sassoon family
34, 208, 219–20
Sassoon, Albert (Boys’ School)
215, 221
Sassoon, D.
218
Sassoon, Silas E.
218
Saʿud, King Ibn
133
Saudi Arabia
133, 136
Schroeder, Iohann Ioachim
13
Semitic (Studies, languages, identity)
1, 116n13, 136, 228
Senneh (Sanandaj)
11
Sephardic
93n48, 205, 207, 229, 231, 237, 240
Serbian (language)
10, 54, 90, 247
Shabak
71–72
Shaheen, Yacoub
40–1
Shamash, Benjamin
221
Shamash School
210n34, 221–22
Shamiram
188
Shanghai
34, 216, 219
Shapira, Avraham (Sheikh Ibraham Mikha)
230, 238, 239–42
Shawqi, Ahmad
135
Shemtob, Joseph
214
Shertok, Moshe (Sharett)
235–36
Shhim
132–133
Shiite
30, 66
Shohat, Yisrael
235
Shohat-Vilbushevitz, Manya
234–35
Shouf
30, 132
ash-Shuwayr
21
Sidon
121, 126
Sidqi, Saʿid
67, 70
Simele (massacre of)
152, 155, 157
Slavic (languages)
54, 55, 81, 90
Slavonic, Old Church (language)
14, 50
Smilansky, Moshe
234, 239
Smith, Lionel
220–21, 223
Smyrna
13
Soane, Major Ely Banister
62–63
Somekh, David
214
Somekh, Rabbi Abdallah
218, 133
Sophronios, Patriarch
277
Sorani (Central Sulaimaniyah dialect)
11, 33, 57–62, 64, 67–74
Sorbonne
89
Sormanji
72
Soviet Armenia
18
Soviet Union
71, 305
status quo (agreement)
261, 269, 276, 279
Studites, Damaskinos
14
Sudan
132, 134
Suez (Qantara)
251, 255
Suez Canal
255
Sulaimani(ya)
11, 58–64, 66, 69, 73
Sulaymān al-Ṣāʾigh
157–8
Sunni Muslim/Arab
30, 64–66, 78, 132
surname(s)
28–29, 77–105, 250–51
Swiss Civil Code (1926)
83
Sykes-Picot agreement
147
Syria
22, 20, 30–32, 38, 74, 133–34, 165n74, 166n76, 171, 179, 274, 275, 297, 299, 308
Syriac (Sureth/Surayt, Neo-Syriac) vernacular language
(
Aramaic
) 2, 12, 22, 32–3, 39, 117–19, 143–68
Syriac Catholic (Church)
22, 143n1, 161, 183
Syriac, Classical
1–2, 12, 22, 30, 32, 39, 41, 50, 115, 143–68, 171–98, 275, 289, 303, 306
Syriac Christians/communities
2, 16, 22, 26, 28, 32–33, 36–38, 143–68, 171–98
Syriac Churches
1–2, 12, 143–68, 171–98
Syriac Orthodox Church (West Syriac)
22, 32–33, 41. 161; SO Christians, 38, 40, 143, 146, 152, 158, 162–68, 171–98
Syriac script(s)
1, 10, 19, 146, 148, 153, 155, 161
Syrian Protestant College (American University of Beirut)
132
Syro-Arabic
(
Garshuni
) 19, 22, 26
Syro-Turkish/Ottoman
(
Garshuni
) 16–17, 26
ṭāʾifa
158–59, 161–63, 166, 168
Takadienne, Khalil
123
Talât Pacha
79
Talabanî, Shaykh Riza
68
Tanzimat
27, 264, 287
Targumim
11
Tawuq
71
Taybeh
270
Têgeyishtinî Rastî
57, 62
Tehran
251
Tekinalp (Moiz Kohen)
88
Telkepe
12
Telugu
50
Temple Mount
139
Teremaxî, Elî
56, 58, 59
Tetouan
214
theatre
31
(theatre) plays
, 33
Thomas, Augustine
188
Thrace
81n16, 89, 99, 103
Tleel, John
248, 250, 251
Transjordan
133, 271, 273, 274
Tripolitania
298–99
Tsaldaris, Panagis
100
Tūmā, ʿAbd al-Aḥad
167
Tur ʿAbdin (Ṭur ʿAbdīn)
32, 178
Turcoman (community/language)
66, 71
Turkey (Republic)
18, 22, 28, 31, 60, 64, 77–105
Turkish language
2, 9, 15–19, 20, 25–29, 31, 33, 37, 38, 55, 60–61, 64, 66, 77–105, 118, 127, 174, 177, 180, 153, 305, 306
Turkish, Ottoman
9–10, 14–15, 17–18, 24, 25, 26, 28, 50, 52–56, 61, 163, 175, 177, 303
Turkification
18, 28, 77–105, 138, 148
Tyane, Élie
119–120
Tyre
121, 126
umma
140, 158–59, 163–66, 168
umtho/umthonoyutho
145, 159, 165
Ukraine
239, 242
Urmia
2, 12, 152, 153, 172, 174–176, 188
Van
22
Vankaya
88
Vatikiotis, Panayiotis
248, 255–56
Venice
13, 37, 297
vernacularization
7, 9–14, 25–6, 28, 37–8, 50–74, 130, 303
Vienna/Viennese
13, 21, 24, 37, 297
Vracanski, Sofronij
54
Wahby, Tawfîq
64, 67, 70
waṭan/waṭaniyya
140, 149, 158, 159, 160, 166, 168, 254, 307–8
Wilson, A.N.
63
Wilson, Woodrow
63
World War I (First World War)
3, 18, 27, 28, 59, 60, 131, 132, 134, 146–148, 150, 152, 162, 167, 168, 182, 215, 216, 219, 229, 238, 272, 294, 304
World War II
68, 131, 133, 222, 240, 301
Xalqatînî, Mullah Yûnus
58
Xanî, Ehmedê
56, 58, 59, 68
Yalovsky, Avraham
238–39, 240
al-Yāzijī, Ibrāhīm
179, 180–81
Yehoash (Solomon Blumgarten)
233–34
Yiddish
34, 39, 228, 229, 233
Yishuv
231, 234, 238, 242, 306, 307
Yonan, Khendo H.
155n43, 156n44–46
Young Turk(s)
18, 62, 79, 81, 89, 132, 134, 137–38, 267, 272
Zab river
60
al-Zahawi, Jamil Sidqi
135
Zakho
11
Zakî, Muhammad Amîn
69, 73
Zanzibar
309
Zaza
74
Zikhron Yaakov
229, 243
Zionist(s)
2, 34, 39, 121, 140, 228–44
Zionism
228, 230, 231, 239, 267