Notes on Translation and Transliteration
For Arabic and Persian names and terms, I adopt a modified transliteration system as used in the third edition of The Encyclopedia of Islam (Fleet et al. 2018). When transliterated from Russian and Tatar, these words are also shown in brackets after their Russian/Tatar-based transcription, as given in the quoted source. Thus, I generally use jihād, but transliterate it as dzhikhad [jihād] when quoting from, for example, a Russian text where the word is mentioned. Titles of newspapers and names of parties and organisations, such as “Ittifak” (Unity), which contain Arabic or Persian words, are given only in their Russian transliteration and English translation.
For transliterations from Russian, a simplified version of the Library of Congress transliteration system is used, except where there is a widely accepted standard English spelling (e.g., Moscow, not Moskva). For Tatar and Kräshen texts written in Cyrillic, I follow the transliteration tables given in Nationalities of the Soviet East: Publications and Writing Systems (1971) by Edward Allworth.
All translations from languages other than English are mine unless indicated otherwise or quoted from a published translation.
The Qurʾān and Bible Translations
Unless stated otherwise:
- – English quotations from the Qurʾān follow the translation by Muhammad A.S. Abdel Haleem (2005b);
- – For Russian translations of the Qurʾān, specific references are provided for individual translations;
- – English quotations of the Bible are taken from the English Standard Version (2016);
- – Russian quotations of the Bible are from the Russian Synodal Bible (2014).