Index
Page references in bold type indicate a more in-depth treatment of the subject.
Aaron
244
Abbasid period/Abbasids (750–1258, 1261–1517)
72, 134, 140, 181, 232, 253, 255, 390
ʿAbbās I (Safavid Shah of Iran, r. 1587–1629)
295, 296, 298, 299, 301, 303–305, 303n164, 305n173, 306n178, 307, 406n71
ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq b. Qāsim Shīrāzī (Amānat Khān, d. 1644–1645)
118
ʿAbd al-Jabbār b. Aḥmad al-Hamadhānī (d. 1024)
133n185
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Bisṭāmī see [al-]Bisṭāmī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
ʿAbd al-Raḥman b. ʿAwf (Companion of the Prophet, d. c. 654)
540
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī
268
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Jawbarī see [al-]Jawbarī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
al-Abharī, Athīr al-Dīn (d. 1264)
622–623
Abraham b. Ezra (d. 1165)
99n112
Abraham/Ibrahīm
282–283n74
as lettrist/relation with letters
241, 244
magic squares and
241, 242
millennium and planet of
235, 236
references on talismans/amulets to
540, 552
Abrahamic faiths
213
see also Ḥanīfs
philosophies/religions denying prophethood vs.
209, 210, 213, 215
Abrahamic prophets
110
references on talismans/amulets to
538, 541n34, 552, 552n77, 578
revelation and
213, 215, 246
Abū al-ʿAbbās
328
Abū ʿAbdallāh al-Maghribī see [al-]Maghribī, Abū ʿAbdallāh
Abū ʿAbdallāh al-Kūmī see [al-]Kūmī, Abū ʿAbdallāh
Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā al-Māhānī see al-Māhānī, Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā
Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Sulamī see al-Sulamī, Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham see Ibn al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan
Abū ʿAlī al-Muḥassin b. Ibrāhīm b. Hilāl al-Ṣābiʾ (d. 1010)
107, 131
Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī (Eyüp, Companion of the Prophet, d. 674)
441, 574
Abū Bakr (1st Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, r. 632–634)
477, 488, 499, 505
Abū Bakr al-Rāzī see al-Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Zakariyyāʾ
Abū Dhāṭīs see Anūdāṭish
Abū l-Faḍl Muḥammad al-Ṭabasī see al-Ṭabasī, Abū l-Faḍl Muḥammad
Abū l-Fatḥ ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Khāzinī see [al-]Khāzinī, Abū l-Fatḥ ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī see al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid
Abū l-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-Masʿūdī see al-Masʿūdī, Abū l-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī
Abū l-Ḥasan (kunya)
131, 133n185
Abū l-Ḥasan Thābit b. Ibrāhīm b. Zahrūn (d. 976 or 980)
133, 133n185, 134n186
Abū l-Ḥasan Thābit b. Sinān (d. 976)
133
Abū Ḥātim al-Muẓaffar al-Isfizārī see al-Isfizārī, Abū Ḥātim al-Muẓaffar
Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī
169n22, 194
Abū Hurayra (Companion of the Prophet, d. 680)
432
Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. Hilāl al-Ṣābiʾ (d. 994)
134–136, 134n187, 135n188
Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-Ṭabarī see [al-]Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. Jarīr
Abū l-Khaṭṭāb al-Mufaḍḍal al-Ḥarrānī (d. before 978–979)
124tab., 131–142, 132fig., 132–133n184, 134–135n188, 143
Abū l-Maḥāsin Muḥammad b. Saʿd b. Muḥammad al-Nakhjuvānī see Ibn Sāvajī
Abū Maʿshar al-Balkhī (d. 787)
105n121, 207, 351
Maqāla fī l-aʿdād al-mutaḥābba (“Discourse on Amicable Numbers”)
351
Abū l-Muẓaffar Barkiyāruq (Sultan of the Seljuk Empire, r. 1094–1105)
124tab.
Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī (d. 950)
607
Abū Naṣr Manṣūr b. ʿAlī b. ʿIrāq
130n180
Abū Nuwās (poet, d. c. 813–815)
329
Abū l-Qāsim Aḥmad al-Sīmāwī see al-Sīmāwī, Abū l-Qāsim Aḥmad
Abū l-Qāsim al-Ḥijāzī
138, 141
Abū l-Qāsim, Amīr (marshall of sayyids of Nishapur)
281
Abū Saʿd Jarrāḥ (Khwārazmshāh prince)
124–125tab.
Abū Sahl al-Kūhī (d. c. 995)
135
Abū Saʿīd Mīrzā (Sultan of the Timurid Empire, r. 1451–1469)
269, 405
Abū Sālim ʿAbd Allāh al-ʿAyyāshī see al-ʿAyyāshī, Abū Sālim ʿAbd Allāh
Abū Sulaymān al-Sijistānī (d. 985)
135n188
Abū ʿUthmān ʿAmr b. Bahr al-Jāḥiẓ see al-Jāḥiẓ, Abū ʿUthmān ʿAmr b. Baḥr
Abū l-Wafāʾ al-Būzjānī see [al-]Būzjānī, Abū l-Wafāʾ
Abū l-Wafāʾ Ibn ʿAqīl see Ibn ʿAqīl, Abū l-Wafāʾ
Abū Yaḥyā Zakariyyāʾ al-Qazwīnī see al-Qazwīnī, Abū Yaḥyā Zakariyya
Abū Yaʿqūb ibn ʾIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī see al-Kindī, Abū Yaʿqūb ibn ʾIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ
Aceh-Dutch War (1873–1914)
446–447
action
46
categories of (Ibn Sīnā)
44–45
observation vs.
608
Adam
181, 185
creation of
239, 243
Hebrew occult texts attributed to
240
knowledge of occult sciences
3
as lettrist/relation with letters
237, 238–240, 241, 336
magic squares and
110
millennium and planet of
235, 236
references on talismans/amulets to
540
Adelard of Bath
27, 49
ʿAḍud al-Dawla (Buyid Amir of Iraq, r. 978–983)
60, 111tab., 124tab., 131, 135, 143
Agathodaimon
195, 210, 212, 240, 245
Agrippa, Henry Cornelius, De occulta philosophia
52
Ahl al-Bayt (“People of the House”)
devotion to/veneration of
307, 444
divinatory/intercessory powers and healing capabilities
273, 448
references on talismans/amulets to
30, 270, 421, 427, 430, 441, 444, 445, 466n58, 477
Aḥmed Paşa b. Ḫıżır Beğ (d. 1521), Müfti
409
letter of congratulation (tehniyetnāme) to Selīm I
408, 412
ʿĀʾisha bt. Abī Bakr (d. 678)
541–542
ʿajāʾib (“wonders, marvels, natural curiosities”), equation with gharāʾib
616–617
Ajian Macan Putih (“Incantation of the White Tiger,” practice)
485
Akbar (Mughal Emperor, r. 1556–1605)
437
al-Akhlāṭī, Sayyid Ḥusayn (d. 1397)
197, 299, 396, 401
on lettrism
277
talismanic operations by
300, 301, 303
works
256, 272, 292, 397
AKP (Justice and Development Party, Turkey)
31, 573
Aksel, Malik
456
alchemy (kīmiyā)
12, 614
aim of
44
as corporeal science
45, 46–48
definition/term
43, 273–274
foundations of
45
magic and
27, 192
material ingredients in alchemical recipes
46–47
parallels with sīmiyāʾ
337–338
purification of
21n70
role of planets in
47–48
spirits and souls in
47–48
Aleppo, sack of
235, 257–258, 261, 262
Alexander, David G.
438
Alexander the Great (King of Macedon, r. 336–323 BC)
241, 425
Aristotle and
3, 182–183, 327
algorithms
58, 105
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (4th Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, first Imam, r. 656–661)
232, 238, 271, 425, 439
see also Dhū l-Fiqār; Lion of ʿAlī calligrams
alchemy and
272
devotion to
444, 446, 448, 477
heroic qualities of
462, 464, 477
intercessory powers of
441
al-Jafr wa-l-jāmiʿa (“Comprehensive Prognosticon”)
251, 386
as lettrist/relation with lettrism
249–252, 262, 273, 399
as “Lion/Tiger of God”
456, 462, 464, 500
magic squares and
111n138, 251–252, 256
predictions by
259
references/invocations on talismans/amulets to
30, 427, 428, 430, 441, 444, 445, 488, 499, 538–539, 555
as successor to the Prophet
236n17, 463–464
tomb of
446
use of talismanic weaponry
421
ʿAlī ʿĀdil Shāh I (Sultan of Bijapur, r. 1558–1579)
634
ʿAlidism/ʿAlids
28, 250, 268, 269, 271, 307
references on talismans/amulets to
25, 445, 477, 555
alif (letter)
242, 243, 259, 346
al-ʿAlīm (name of God)
244, 259
ʿAlī Qulī Khān Shāmlū (Safavid military commander, d. 1624–1625)
296
ʿAlī al-Riḍā (8th Shiʿi Imam)
al-Ṣaḥīfa al-riḍawiyya
270, 271
shrine of
271, 303, 303n164, 304–305, 305n173,n175, 305–306n176
ʿAlī Ṣafī, Fakhr al-Dīn (d. 1532–1533)
267, 307
see also Tuḥfa-yi khānī
Ḥirz al-amān min fitan al-zamān (“The Amulet of Protection from the Vicissitudes of Fate”)
268n5, 292
ʿAlīshīr Navāʾī, Mīr (d. 1501)
267–268n4, 269, 271, 285
Majālis al-nafāʾis
289
Allāh
see also divine names
references/invocations on talismans/amulets to
428, 430–431, 438
value of name in lettrism
244
Allāh Vīrdī Khān (Safavid military commander, d. 1613)
296, 299
ALM (letter combination), in Qurʾan verses
386n21, 403, 405n70
alphabets
237, 354
Arabic alphabet
4, 237
cryptographic
334, 353–354
origins of
238
al-Alūsī, Shihāb al-Dīn Maḥmūd (d. 1854)
389
Amahraspands (divine entities, Zoroastrianism)
629
Amasya, Treaty of (1555)
445
amicable numbers
109, 109n133, 351
see also awfāq (magic squares)
ʿĀmilī, Shaykh ʿAlī Minshār (d. 1576)
297
Amīr b. Khiḍr Mālī
70n38
amīr (title)
281–282
amulets
see also talismans
amuletic gadgets vs. devotional objects
527–528
Arabic script amulets
601–602
commercialization of
572, 586n26, 593, 595, 599, 600–602
as encouragement for ethical behavior
584
“Islamized”
600–602, 600ill., 601ill.
making of
28, 564
popularity of
572
protection in commercial life
583–584
in Turkey see blessing cards; eye beads
Ananda (Prince of Anxi, enthroned 1282)
66
ʿAnāq (monstrous daughter of Eve)
336
Anatolia
286, 288n97, 390, 412, 539
al-Andalus
125, 191, 259
al-Andalusī, Ṣaʿīd
113tab.
angelicity/angelic forms, reception of angelic forms after death
174
“angel of illumination” (angel of inspired knowledge and names of God)
234–235
angels
173
see also archangels; spirits/spiritual powers
animal fights (Malay peninsula)
497–500, 498ill.
animals
attracting animals by magic
167, 183
composite
464, 485
depiction of
473, 503
Ankara
574
aṅkayantra (numerical tantric diagrams, northern India)
69, 75
al-Anṣārī, Muḥammad b. Abī Ṭālib (d. 1336–1337), Kitāb al-Siyāsa fī ʿilm al-firāsa (“Book of Politics of the Science of Physiognomy”)
332–333
al-Anṭākī, Abū l-Qāsim ʿAlī (d. 987)
130
Kitāb tafsīr al-Arithmāṭīqī (“Commentary on the Arithmetical”)
111tab., 131, 140
al-Anṭākī, Dāwūd (d. 1599), Tadhkirat ūlī l-albāb (“Memorandum for Men of Intelligence”)
344
anthropomorphic scripts
458
Antichrist
241, 253, 261
see also Timūr
Antinoupolis, letter square from
63
anti-occultist rhetoric
6, 7, 19n62, 263, 396, 402
see also Ibn Khaldūn
Anūdāṭīsh (Abū Dhāṭīs)
Kitāb Muṣḥaf zuḥal (“Book of the codex of Saturn”)
325
Muṣḥaf al-qamar
340
Anwār al-jawāhir wa-l-laʾāliʾ fī asrār manāzil al-maʿdan al-ʿālī (“The Glow of Jewels and Pearls over the Secrets of the Stations of the Sublime Metal,” Anonymous)
194
Anxi, Prince of, palace
66
apocryphal magic
353
Apollonius of Tyana (d. c. 100)
78, 79, 80n63, 110, 274, 349
apotropaic devices see amulets; talismans
Aqquyunlu Empire (tribal confederation)
29, 396, 403
lettrist imperialism/universalist claims
404
Timurid Empire vs.
403–406
Aqsām al-ʿulūm al-ʿaqliyya (“Division of the Intellectual Sciences,” Ibn Sīnā)
3–4, 43–44
aqṭāb (“Poles”), mujaddidūn as
236, 254
Arabica (journal)
15–16
Arabic language and script
239
see also calligrams
lettrism and
238
as tool for legalizing of dubious activities
31
translation of occult works into
240, 255, 279
Arabo-Persian occult sciences, scholarship and
381, 401, 403
Aratus
195
Arberry, Arthur J.
325
archangels, references on talismans/amulets to
499, 508, 548, 552
Archimedes/Arshimīdis (d. 212 BCE)
110, 111n138, 128, 248–249
Ardabil
286, 287
Ardabīlī, Shaykh Ṣadr al-Dīn Mūsā (d. 1391–1392)
286
Aristotelianism
5, 81, 135n188, 187, 195
Aristotle
195, 325, 628
see also pseudo-Aristotle
Alexander the Great and
3, 182–183, 241, 327
Brethren of Purity and theology of
177
Kitāb Kunūz al-muʿazzimīn fī asrār al-ḥurūf […] (“The book of treasures of the conjurers”)
320
Kitāb al-Siyāsa fī aḥkām al-riʾāsa (“Book of politics concerning the rules of government”)
320
natural philosophy of
81
Arithmetical Introduction (Nichomachus of Gerasa)
62, 138, 140
arms and armor
25
see also body armor; daggers; swords; talismanic weaponry
definition
420
talismanic nature of
29–30, 420–421
Arsūmāmandarūs
335
artefacts
20–21, 22
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (Washington), Falnama: The Book of Omens (exhibition, 2009–2010)
9
artificial trickery (siḥr ṣināʿī)
see also illicit magic
true magic (siḥr ḥaqq) vs.
178–179
ascent
planetary
210–211, 224
of the soul
177
asceticism
223, 225, 226, 227, 277
Aṣḥāb al-Kahf (“People of the Cave,” “Seven Sleepers of Ephesus”)
462n38
protection in seafaring and trade by
554ill., 554n85
references on talismans/amulets to
421, 434, 438–439, 448, 462
on blessing cards/magnets
575, 580
in calligrams
471, 478, 507, 553–554, 554ill., 555n87
on stamped talismans
548, 553–554, 554ill.
Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology (University of Oxford)
20–21
Islamic Occultism in Theory and Practice (conference, 2017)
1, 2
Power and Protection (exhibition, 2016–2017)
9–10, 23n76, 455–456
Ashmole, Elias
20–21
Asian Civilisations Museum (Singapore)
488, 492n165
al-asmāʾ al-ḥusnā (“most beautiful Names of God”)
432–434, 502, 536, 538, 548, 575, 583
see also divine names
Asrār-i qāsimī (“Qāsimian secrets,” Kāshifī)
28, 268, 342
additions/interpolations in Safavid period
293–298, 307
dating/authorship
298–306
Bombay lithograph editions
293, 293n120
cipher
291
circulation
291, 293
identity of “Qāsim”/patron
274, 280–291
manuscripts
274n32, 279n52, 293, 293n119
scope of
273–278
simplified version see Tuḥfa-yi khānī
sources of inspiration
278–280, 285–286, 296
Astarābādī, Faḍlallāh (d. 1394)
243, 278
astral idolatry see planetary idols
astral magic (hīmiyā)
28, 183, 274, 293, 294n125, 341–342, 345, 384
see also planets; [al-]Sirr al-maktūm
Sabian
207–227
astral-prophetic cycles
232, 234, 235, 236, 249–250, 261, 262
astral rituals
meditation and
226
Sabians
208–209, 213–214, 215, 216, 223–224
astral vital agents
172–173
astrology
168
see also astral magic
astral influences and magic squares
81–84, 86, 90, 91–94, 95, 96, 98, 99–102, 108, 108n130, 143, 302
astrological conditions for making talismans
50, 83–84, 98
elective/electional
50, 91, 98, 141, 167, 182, 267
eschatological meaning of
174, 176–177
as foundation of talismanry
174
institutionalization at courts
380, 385, 404, 412, 412n89
interrogational
54, 54n29
judicial
628
lettrism and
403, 406, 412, 412n89
as magic
171–174, 183
mathematics and
172, 411
scholarship on
381
as science
3, 46, 53
works on
351
astronomical observations
127, 143
astronomical tables (zīj)
127, 135, 143, 351
astronomy/astronomers
45, 177
mathematical
125, 126, 128, 135–136, 143, 302n161, 411
al-Aṭʿānī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad (d. 1405)
236n17, 254, 262
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal (d. 1938)
584, 598n52
Atlagh, Ridha
13
ʿAṭūfī (d. 1541)
409n84
Aubin, Jean
287
Avesta (primary collection of religious Zoroastrian texts)
629, 629n62
Avicenna see Ibn Sīnā
Avicennism
210, 215, 222
Sabianism and
210
awfāq literature
27, 59–60, 268
see also Diwān al-ʿadad al-wafq
from Buyid Baghdad
60, 86, 111tab., 124tab., 131–132, 143
early awfāq literature (pre-7th/13th c.)
105n121, 114–126
earliest author of
131, 132–136
overview of authors
111–113tab., 124–125tab.
manuscripts
British Library, Add. MS 7713 (Anon. Pers. BL)
105n121, 114
British Library, Delhi Arabic 110
116–126, 123ill.
Princeton University Library, Third Series, no. 591
118
mathematical texts
70, 71, 87–94, 105–106
medical texts
71–86, 87, 92
Psalms in
75, 78, 80, 101
rise of
106–114
from Seljuk Isfahan and Marw
60, 72, 113tab., 124–125tab., 126–128, 130, 131, 143
talismanic texts
71
awfāq (magic squares)
27
see also awfāq literature; lettrism; sīmiyāʾ
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib and
251–252, 256
astral influences/astrological principles
81–84, 86, 90, 91–94, 95, 96, 98, 99–102, 108, 108n130, 143, 302
construction (techniques)
96, 302
balanced mixture (al-mizāj al-muʿtadil, construction technique)
137
definition
57–58
failure/possible limited potential of
80–84
harmonious relationship between numbers and figure
91–94
healing power of
80, 102, 143, 241
history/origins
59–70, 109–111, 137, 140, 142–143, 241, 242, 252
“Indian letters”
346–350
Islamicate
70–106, 74ill, 75ill., 114
hubs of awfāq activity
126–128, 131–132
Jewish
99n112
letters in/letter squares/relation with lettrism
71, 83, 89n81, 101, 102, 106, 114, 144
magic constant
88n80, 89, 95, 109n134, 122, 139
mathematics of
27, 58–59, 70, 71, 105–106, 105n121, 120
see also awfāq literature; Dīwān al-ʿadad al-wafq
Moon’s influence on
90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 100–102, 108n130, 301, 350
music and
91, 94
Neopythagoreanism and
62, 79, 140
occult properties (khawāṣṣ) of
80, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88–89, 88n81, 95, 103, 105, 114, 120, 143
orders and types of
58n2, 86, 92, 96, 99
3 × 3 wafq
58n2, 61, 62, 63, 63–65, 65, 68–69, 71–105, 74–75ill., 77ill., 79ill., 82–83ill., 87–88ill., 90–91ill., 97–98ill., 100–101ill., 103ill., 110, 122, 138, 140, 142, 348–350
4 × 4 wafq
58n2, 61, 65, 68, 122, 138, 300, 301
5 × 5 wafq
58n2, 122, 299
6 × 6 wafq
66–67, 67ill., 67n27, 138, 241, 299n145
7 × 7 wafq
122
9 × 9 wafq
65, 92
10 × 10 wafq
65, 99
19 × 19 wafq
137n195
28 × 28 wafq
122
100 × 100 wafq
109n134, 110, 110n137–138, 111n138, 241, 248, 251, 256
adorned wafq
137
bordered wafq
136, 138
of mixed composition
137
other forms/shapes
114
unique/rare bordered wafq
136
planets associated with
86, 92, 96, 98n108, 99, 102, 108, 108n130
pre-Islamic
China
61, 63–67, 67ill., 67n27, 70, 71
Greece
62–63, 79–80, 109–110, 252
India
61, 68–69, 70, 71
references from Holy Scripture in
75–76
talismanic use of
59, 61, 71, 114, 120, 143
bladder problems of horses
76–78, 77ill.
for childbirth (eutotic wafq)
68–69, 71–76, 74–75ill., 79–105, 79ill., 82–83ill., 85ill., 90–91ill., 97ill., 98ill., 100–101ill., 103–104ill., 348–350
for destruction and depopulation
96n89, 97ill., 98ill.
determining proportions of ingredients
68
multiple talismanic functions
96, 101
release of prisoners
100ill., 101, 101ill.
seafaring
100ill., 101, 101ill.
for winning favors of kings
96n89, 97ill., 98ill.
Awrangzīb (ʿĀlamgīr, Mughal emperor, r. 1658–1707)
118
awṣiyāʾ (“delegates,” s. waṣī)
see also mujaddidūn
assignment of millennia to
235, 236, 236n17, 249, 252
āyat al-kursī (Throne Verse)
431, 435, 438, 580, 582, 599, 600ill., 601
Aydın, Hilmi
590
ʿAyna, Queen (demon)
636, 636n82, 637ill.
al-ʿAyyāshī, Abū Sālim ʿAbd Allāh (d. 1679)
390n31
Riḥla (“Travelogue”)
389–393
Azhār al-afkār fī jawāhir al-aḥjār (“The Blooms of Thoughts on Precious Stones,” al-Tīfāshō)
30, 422–423
Azimat Singa (“Talisman of the lion”)
498ill., 499
Azrael/ʿIzrāʾīl (archangel)
499, 508
Baʿalbakī, Risāla-yi khavāṣṣ al-ḥurūf (“Treatise on the Properties of Letters”)
280
Babad Talaga, Majalengka (“Chronicle of Talaga, Majalengka”)
490–492, 492ill.
Babad tanah Sunda/Babad Cirebon (“Chronicle of the land of Sunda/Cirebon”)
480
Bāb al-Tibn Observatory (Baghdad)
111tab., 124tab., 135
Bâburî, Sâqib
105n121
Babylon
184
Babylonian knowledge/scholars
195, 273n27, 340, 635n79
Badr, Battle of
251, 550
Badr al-Dīn, Shaykh (Bedreddīn, d. 1420)
397, 397n44
Wāridāt (“Inspirations”)
397n44
Baffioni, Carmela
162
Baghdad
awfāq literature from Buyid
60, 86, 111tab., 124tab., 131–132, 143
fall of
65, 67, 446
Harranian Sabian community in
131–134, 132fig., 140, 141, 141n209, 142
Bahāʾ al-Dawla (Buyid Amir of Iraq, r. 988–1012)
134
Bahāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad, Shaykh (Shaykh Bahāʾī, d. 1621)
295, 295n130, 296, 297, 298–300, 298n136–137, 303–306, 306n179
Bahāʾ al-Dīn Naqshband (d. 1389)
287, 288n97
Baḥīrā (Christian monk)
587
Bain, Alexandra
562
Balkans
539
calligrams in
456, 466
Balkh
113tab., 124tab., 125tab., 127, 305
banners
Cirebon banner
482–487, 483ill., 490, 503, 507
curative powers of sacred
486–487
functions of
484, 486
talismanic motifs/symbols on
441, 442ill., 446–447
al-Bāqī, Maḥmūd ʿAbd (d. 1600), Divān
442, 443ill.
barābī, alphabet of the
354
baraka (blessing power), Prophetic
582, 584, 585–595
Barbarossa, Khayreddīn/Ḥayreddīn (Ottoman admiral, d. 1546)
441, 445
barong (type of sword)
446
Bashir, Shahzad
230, 231
Basım, Kabe
588, 589ill.
basmala (“In the name of God […]”)
326, 582
references on talismans/amulets to
601
on blessing cards/magnets
575, 580, 581ill., 582
in calligrams
483, 511
Basra
112tab., 124tab.
Batara Gana see Gaṇesá
batik
446, 471, 482–483, 483ill., 509ill.
bāṭin (“the hidden”), ẓahir (“the manifest”) vs.
459, 610–611
Battle of Badr
251, 550
Battle of Chaldiran (1514)
381, 385, 394, 408
battlefields, (semi-)precious stones/metals used on
423
Battle of Karbala
271, 290
Battle of Kaybar (628)
464
Battle of Marj Dābiq (1516)
393n33
Battle of Muş (1467)
405
Battle of Otlukbeli (1473)
405, 409
Battle of Raydāniyya
388–389
Battle of the Trench (627)
421
Battle of Uḥud (625)
439, 496
Bausani, Alessandro, L’enciclopedia dei Fratelli della Purità
162
Bāyezīd II (Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, r. 1481–1512)
110, 380–381, 404, 405, 406n70, 411–412
Bayhaq
268
al-Bayhaqī, Ẓahīr al-Dīn (d. 1169)
127
Bayram (national holiday)
579
Bāysunghur b. Shāhrukh (d. 1434)
402n56
Bedreddīn see Shaykh Badr al-Dīn
Bektāshī Sufi (crypto-Shiʿi order)
444, 445
Lion of ʿAlī calligrams in
466, 467ill., 490
references on talismans/amulets to
549ill., 551, 552ill., 553
Bengal
470
Bennett, James
473, 490
benzoin, smoking of sacred objects with
478, 502
bereket kartelası see blessing cards
bewitchment
186
bewitchment of reason see sīmiyāʾ
Beyoğlu (neighbourhood, Istanbul)
580–584
Bidlīsī, Idrīs (d. 1520)
403, 404, 406, 407, 408, 412
Hasht bihisht (“Eight Paradises”)
404–406, 412
Biggs, Norman L.
63
“The Roots of Combinatorics”
62
Bijapur
634, 635
Binbaş, Evrim
256
al-Bīrūnī, Abū l-Rayḥān (d. c. 1048)
130n180
Kitāb al-ʿAjāʾib al-ṭabīʿiyya wa-l-gharāʾib al-ṣināʿiyya (“Book of Natural Wonders and Amazing Arts”)
618
Kitāb al-jamāhir fī maʿrifat al-jawāhir (“Book of Collections on the Knowledge on Precious Stones”)
29–30, 422–423, 425
on mandal
630
Maqāla fī istikhrāj al-awtār fī l-dāʾira (“Treatise on the Derivation of the Chords in a Circle”)
107–108
bissu (gender-transcendent priests)
510
al-Bisṭāmī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (d. 1454)
29, 106, 197–198, 231–233, 397–398, 407n73–74, 410, 412–413
see also Naẓm al-sulūk fī musāmarat al-mulūk
Durrat tāj al-rasāʾil (“The Crown Jewel of the Epistles”)
197, 406
lettrism in lifetime of
252–260, 262
Miftāḥ al-jafr al-jāmiʿ (“Key to the Comprehensive Prognosticon”)
398, 399
Shams al-āfāq fī ʿilm al-ḥurūf wa-l-awfāq (“The Sun of Horizons on the Science of Letters and Magic Squares”)
197–198, 233, 240, 248, 252, 256, 258, 262, 331
Bisṭamiyya Sufi order
254, 257
bladder problems, magic squares for horses’
76–78
blessing cards (bereket kartelası, Turkey)
31, 572, 575, 576ill., 577ill., 581ill., 586ill., 589ill.
accumulation for optimal talismanic effect
580–584, 581ill.
contents/depictions on
575–578, 580, 585–595
format
575
as gifts of celebration of religious festivities
579–580
origins of
575, 577, 579
as “radiant document” of the Prophet
577–578, 577ill., 585
rise in production
585
use in commercial life
583–584
in restaurants
580–584, 581ill.
use in everyday life
578–580
blessing power (baraka), Prophetic
582, 584, 585–595
blessings, from sacred objects and sites (tabarruk)
562
Blochmann, Henry Ferdinand
115–116, 115n154
body
see also nīranjāt; talismans
operation of body on body
43, 45, 53
operation of body on spirit
43, 53
body armor
420
mail shirts
429ill., 430–434, 433ill.
orientation of talismanic motifs on
428–434, 429ill., 433ill.
quranic verses and divine names on
430–434, 433ill.
reference to Dhū l-Fiqār on shirts
444
talismanic shirts (under mail shirts) as extra protection
444
Boné (South Sulawesi)
508
botany
21n69
Brahma Tirta Sari (batik studio, Yogyakarta)
509ill.
Brahmins
209, 219
Brethren of Purity (Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ)
234, 277–278, 334, 395n39
see also Epistle of Magic; New Brethren of Purity; Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ
esotericism of
168, 170, 175, 180, 184
identity and self-image of
86, 185, 194–195
Neopythagorean cyclical theory of history
401n55
Bright Hall (Mingtang, palace of Zhou dynasty emperors)
64
British Museum
22n73, 538
Buddhism
631
calligrams in
472–473
tiger imagery in
474, 475
Buddhist rituals
630
Buddhist Tai communities
475, 508
Budong-Budong (West Sulawesi)
486
Buhlūl (“the madman of Kufa”)
340
Bukhara
467, 631
al-Bukhārī (hadith compiler, d. 870)
587
bull- and buffalo-fighting
478, 497–500, 498ill., 507
Bulletin d’ études orientales, “Sciences Occultes et Islam”
13
al-Bulqīnī (d. 1403), Sirāj al-Dīn
254, 257n92
Būnīan corpus, on awfāq (magic squares)
59–60, 336, 350
al-Būnī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad (d. c. 1225)
111n138, 196
see also Shams al-maʿārif wa-laṭāʾif al-ʿawārif
on divine names
249, 538
Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt (“The Secret of Signs”)
193, 234, 239
lettrism of
106, 144, 231, 232, 243, 250, 340, 390n31, 397, 398
Sirr al-ḥikam wa-jawāmiʿ al-kilam (“The Secret of Judgments and the Compilation of the Sentences”)
325
as source of inspiration/influence of
16, 59–60, 71, 194, 197, 198, 232, 233, 299, 410, 459
Burma see Myanmar
Burnett, Charles
12, 27
Bursa
28, 233, 408
al-Būṣīrī, Qaṣidat al-burda (“The Mantle Ode”)
561
al-Bustānī
349–350
Buton (sultanate)
507–508
Buyid period/Buyids (934–1062)
169n22
awfāq literature from
60, 86, 111tab., 124tab., 131–132, 143
al-Būzjānī, Abū l-Wafāʾ
124tab., 130n180, 135
Kitāb fī tartīb al-ʿadad al-wafq fī l-murabbaʿāt (“Book on the Arrangement of the Harmonious Number in Squares”)
111tab., 131, 137, 139
Byzantium/Byzantines
359, 369, 382, 405–406n70
Cairo
256, 257, 277, 389, 403, 406, 407, 497
awfāq literature from
112tab., 124tab.
conquest of (1517)
380, 386, 386–393, 394, 398, 399, 407, 408n77, 412
see also Kemālpaşazāde Aḥmed
as occult-scientific capital of the Islamicate world
385, 393, 395, 396, 411
Cai Yuanding
64
calendars
calendrical reform
127, 235
Jalālī calendar
127
reconciliation of
235
Rejang divinatory calendar
474
caliphate (khilāfa), intellectual magic of
180–182
caliphs
see also Rightly Guided Caliphs
cursing of
445
Callataÿ, Godefroid de
164, 168n19, 191, 196
calligrams
24, 454–456
see also Lion of ʿAlī calligrams; Macan Ali calligrams
as alternative for depicting living beings
457–459
in Buddhism
472–473
dating of
465, 468–469, 472
definition
454
functions and meanings
455, 461
images/shapes/forms
455, 461, 462
human body and face
466n58
Seven Sleepers/ship-shaped
471, 478, 507, 553–554, 554ill., 555n87
textual content vs. gestalt
463
language/script
454, 472, 481, 502
lettrism and
459–460
local adaptation of
473
media used
454, 480
pre- and non-Islamic
472
on stamped talismans
553–555, 554ill.
Sufi doctrine and
455, 459
talismanic properties/magical properties of
455, 457, 459–463
calligraphy
455n2, 464, 471
see also calligrams; ḥilya; Lion of ʿAlī calligram
figural
459, 468, 472, 473, 479, 480, 513–514
zoomorphic
456, 457, 458, 471n79, 472, 480
Canaan, Tewfik
11, 19n64, 543n41, 564n119
Candi Jago (Java), Hindu-Buddhist temple
474
Cangking (West Sumatra)
471
carnelian (precious stone)
422–423
categorization of magic see classification/categorization of magic
causality, volitional
172, 192, 199
Çelebi, Evliyā (d. after 1685)
563
Seyāḥat-nāme (“Book of Travels”)
435
Çelebi, Kâtip see Ḥājjī Khalīfa
celestial powers
see also planets; spirits/spiritual powers
in earthly objects vs. own person
223–224
celestial spheres
see also planets
mimesis of
218
production of letters and
231n4
celestial spirits/intermediaries see spirits/spiritual powers
celestial-sublunary connections
208
celestial world, governance/authority of sublunary and terrestrial world
173, 211, 216–217, 221
Central Asia
65, 115, 118, 456, 466n57, 631, 632
Centre National de la recherche scientifique (CNRS, Paris)
8n19
centuries, epicycles of religious and civilizational renewal
232, 234, 236, 249–250, 261
Chagatai khanate
66
Chaghatay (Timurid princes and military elite)
289
chains of transmission
270, 270n15
Chaldeans
222
Chaldiran, Battle of (1514)
381, 385, 394, 408
charlatanism
7, 276
childbirth, eutotic wafq (magic squares) for facilitating
68–69, 71–76, 74–75ill., 79–105, 79ill., 82–83ill., 85ill., 90–91ill., 100–101ill., 103–104ill., 348–350
China
324
calligrams in
454, 468
magic squares in
61, 63–67, 67ill., 67n27, 70, 71
production of eye beads in
598, 599
Chinese lion imagery
482
Chittick, William
260n104
Christianity/Christians
575, 626
esoteric writings
610
Islam vs.
22n71, 587
mandal and
638–639
occult/occult sciences and
6, 324, 382, 384, 385, 439
Philippines
508
Christy, Henry
22n73
Cirebon (Java)
480, 490
calligrams in
457, 468, 471, 472, 480–482, 481ill.
Cirebon banner
446, 482–487, 483ill., 490, 493, 507
Macan Ali (“Tiger of ʿAlī”) calligrams
476, 480, 481ill., 482, 483, 483ill., 485–486, 487, 488, 489ill., 490–491, 492ill., 493ill., 494–495, 495n174, 513
in manuscripts
490–492, 491–492ill.
Masjid Agung (“Great Mosque”) Sang Cipta Rasa
478, 492–495, 493ill.
wood panels
480, 481–482, 481ill., 487–490, 489ill., 492–495, 493ill.
civilizational renewal, epicycles of
232, 234, 236, 249–250, 261
civilizational transformation
28
Classic of Changes (Yijing)
64, 65
classification/categorization of magic
31, 608–610, 614–615
classification of knowledge
607–608
classification of (occult) sciences
3–4, 26, 26n80, 31, 53, 171, 273, 273n27, 407n73–74, 408n79, 410n86, 608, 610, 615
history
406–407
semantics
609–619
classification of strange/extraordinary (gharīb) phenomena
620–623
Clement IV (pope, 1265–1268)
45
CNRS (Centre National de la recherche scientifique, Paris)
8n19
Codex Vindobonensis (collection of Viennese paintings of Ottoman officials)
445
coins/coin-shaped amulets
425–426, 426ill.
colonialism, European
411
colonialist outlook on occult sciences/practices
22, 31, 382, 394, 609
combinatorics
58
commercialization of talismanic objects/amulets
572, 586n26, 593, 595, 599, 600–602
see also blessing cards; eye beads
communal transformation/reform
28
Companions of the Prophet, reference on talismans/amulets to
441, 540, 558
composite animals
464, 485
concoction
186, 194
magical concoctions for attracting animals
167, 188
organic
170
Conjunction, Lord of the (ṣāḥib-qirān, astrological title)
403, 405, 408
conjurations
164–168
conjuring, science of (rīmiyā)
28, 274, 278, 279, 293, 294n124, 305n173, 342, 633
see also Asrār-i qāsimī
definition/term
275–276, 276n38
Constantinople, conquest of
260, 263, 441, 574
Constitutional Revolution (Iran, 1905–1911)
6
conversion to Islam
479, 480, 626
Copernican Revolution
411
copper
47, 49
Córdoba
113tab., 189, 367
Coromandel Coast (India)
470
corporeal action
44
corrupt magic see illicit magic
cosmic diagrams
630, 631–632
cosmic superiority of rulers see lettrist imperialism
cosmos, parameters of
237
Coulon, Jean-Charles
19n63, 28, 193, 336
La magie en terre d’ Islam au Moyen Age
16–17
cows, artificial generation of
353
Crucq, Karel Christiaan
482, 488
cryptographic alphabets
334, 353–354
cycles see epicycles
cypresses, on stamped talismans
548, 549ill.
daggers, talismanic motifs and precious stones/metals on
423, 427–428
Dai De, Record of Rites by Dai the Elder
64
Damascus, conquest of
394, 398, 400, 407
dangerous magic see illicit magic
al-Dashtakī, Sayyid Ṣadr al-Dīn
297n135
Davānī, Jalāl al-Dīn (d. 1502)
403, 405, 406, 412
Yazdī vs.
403–404
Dawlatshāh b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla Bakhtīshāh al-Ghāzī al-Samarqandī, Tadhkirat al-shuʿarāʾ
288–289
Day of Judgment
253
references on talismans/amulets to
549ill., 551
days
230, 236–237
see also time
end of days of the world
259–260
De aluminibus et salibus (pseudo-Rāzī)
46–47
De anima in arte alchemica (pseudo-Avicenna)
48
Dee, John (d. 1609)
385
De imaginibus (Thābit b. Qurra)
27, 108
Delhi
60, 69, 115
Delhi Collection see Dīwān al-ʿadad al-wafq
Deliverer from Error (al-Munqidh min al-ḍalāl wa-l-muwaṣṣil ilā dhī l-ʿizza wa-l-jalāl, al-Ghazālī), on awfāq (magic squares)
102–106
Delos, altar of
111n138
Demak Sultanate (Java)
480
demons
614
duʿāʾ (“supplication”)/summoning
542–545, 614
mandal for protection against/expulsion of
633
Dēnkard (“Acts of Religion,” Encyclopedia of Mazdaism)
628, 629
De occulta philosophia (Agrippa)
52
depiction of living beings
457–459, 473, 478, 494, 503, 513–514
descendants of the Prophet see Ahl al-Bayt; sayyids
destructive magic
192
see also illicit magic; prohibited magic
devils
167
see also demons; jinn; Satan/Iblīs
devotion
merger with magic
528, 542–545, 549–550, 563–564, 574–575, 584–585
see also eye beads; stamped talismans
vernacular forms of/popular Islamic devotion
574, 575, 585, 597
devotional objects
563–565
see also prayer manuals; relics; sacred seals
amuletic gadgets vs.
527–528
role of Sufism in development of
563
Dhū l-Fiqār (mythical bifurcated sword of ʿAlī)
421
association with ʿAlī
439–441
healing power of
486–487
as intercultural/interreligious symbol of solidarity
447, 448–449
on merchandise
495, 495n174
name
439
references on talismans/amulets to
30, 438, 439, 441–447, 443ill., 477
appearance in conjunction with Lion of ʿAlī
446, 470, 476, 483–484, 486–487, 495, 511
on arms and armor
421, 427, 434, 436ill., 438, 440ill., 444, 446
on banners
441–442, 442ill., 446–447
on stamped talismans
549ill., 550–551
Dhū l-Qarnayn
241
diamonds, in talismanic weaponry
424ill., 425, 426ill.
al-Dimashqī, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-Lakhmī al-Ishbīlī al-Maghribī (d. after 1517), al-Durr al-muṣān fī sīrat al-muzẓaffar Salīm Khān (“The Preserved Pearl: On the Career of the Victorious King Selīm”)
408n77
Dioscorides
237
al-Dayrabī, Aḥmad, Kitāb al-Mujarrabāt
545n57
disconnected letters
250–251
divination
167, 170
science of
63
in state administration and military matters
182
as type of magic
174
divine inspiration
246–247
divine law see sharīʿa
divine names
231, 239, 243, 307
al-asmāʾ al-ḥusnā (“most beautiful Names of God”)
432–434, 502, 536, 538, 548, 575, 583
hadith on
432–433
ḥisāb al-jummal (numerical values of prophet’s names and correlations with divine names)
232, 234, 235, 243–245, 256, 259, 386, 392
lettrism and
234–235
manipulation of
268
references on talismans/amulets to
441, 444
on blessing cards/magnets
575, 581ill., 582–583
in calligrams
502
on stamped talismans
536, 538, 550
on talismanic weaponry
432–434, 433ill., 446
divine sciences
175
divine speech/sayings
relation with manifest existence
230
see also lettrism
on stamped talismans
536, 538
divine throne, day of the
236–237
divinity, delusion of
216–218, 219
Dīwān al-ʿadad al-wafq (“Collection of the Harmonious Number”)
60–61, 115, 116, 123ill., 131, 143
see also Abū l-Khaṭṭāb al-Mufaḍḍal al-Ḥarrānī
authorship
128–130
description, provenance and date
117–119
structure
121–122, 129
text
120–126
authors of awfāq treaties mentioned in
124–125tab., 136
Donaldson, Bess Allen
11
Doutté, Edmond
11, 527
Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne
327
Duʿāʾ Kumayl
251
duʿāʾ (protective prayer, supplication), on stamped talismans
540–541, 540n33, 542–544
Dunhuang caves (Silk Road)
631
Durmish Khān Shāmlū (Qizilbash commander)
291, 291n111–112
al-Durr al-muṣān fī sīrat al-muzẓaffar Salīm Khān (“The Preserved Pearl: On the Career of the Victorious King Selīm,” al-Dimashqī)
408n77
Durrat tāj al-rasāʾil (“The Crown Jewel of the Epistles,” al-Bisṭāmī)
197, 406
dynastic cycling
401–402
edged weapons
420, 424
see also daggers; swords
talismanic motifs on
427
Egypt
125, 392
lettrist imperialism in
412
lion imagery in
464–465
magical papyri from
461
Ottoman conquest of
29, 381, 383, 385, 386–393, 389n26, 394, 398, 399, 407, 412
see also Fetḥ-i Mıṣır ḥaķķında īmā ve işārāt
talismanry in
246
writing tablet from
63
Egyptian knowledge
195
Egyptian religion, ancient
245–246, 626
Ekhtiar, Maryam
23, 29
El-Bizri, Nader, The Occult Sciences in Pre-Modern Islamic Cultures
17
elective/electional astrology
50, 91, 98, 141, 167, 182, 267
elephants, in calligrams
485, 487–490, 489ill., 502
elixers, science of creating see alchemy
Elizabeth I (Queen of England and Ireland, r. 1558–1603)
385
emancipation of the soul (al-tajrīd, occult science)
3
emerald, in talismanic weaponry
424ill., 425–426, 426ill., 448
Emmanuel the Dayān
73n44
enchantment of reason see sīmiyāʾ
end of time and history
232, 235, 249, 253, 259–260
Enlightenment/post-Enlightenment mindset
5, 6, 10, 19n62, 21
Enoch
240
envy
595–596
Epicureanism
195
epicycles, of religious and civilizational renewal
232, 234, 236, 249–250, 261
Epistle on Magic (52b, Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ, Brethren of Purity)
162, 273n27, 334
see also magic
on astrology/astrological theory in
171–174, 187
authorship
190, 191
fable of ailing king and vizier in
174–176, 184
influence on and parallels with other works
189–198
manuscripts
Istanbul, Süleymaniye, Atif Efendi 1681
164n10, 168–169, 169, 187
Istanbul, Süleymaniye, Esad Efendi 3638
166tab., 169, 170
Istanbul, Süleymaniye, Feyzullah 2131
166tab., 169
Istanbul, Süleymaniye, Köprülü 870
167tab., 170
Istanbul, Süleymaniye, Ragip Pasha 839
165n10, 166tab.
Istanbul, Süleymaniye, Ragip Pasha 840
165n10, 166tab.
London, British Library, Or. 2359
164n10
London, British Library, Or. 4518
165n10
London, Sotheby’s Lot 27, p. 26, Sotheby’s Arts of the Islamic World
165n10, 167tab., 169
Oxford, Bodleian, Laud Or. 260
169
Oxford, Bodleian, Marsh 189
167tab., 169
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 6.647–6.648
166tab., 170
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Arabe 2303
167tab., 169
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Arabe 2304
167tab., 170
scholarship and (un)critical editions
162–164
Beirut (1957)
163, 164, 170, 186
Bombay (1887–1889)
163
Cairo (1928)
163
shorter version (52a) vs.
154, 164, 165n10, 168–169, 168n19, 170, 187–188, 198–199
sources of inspiration
335
structure of
163
title
164, 165tab.
Epistles of the Brethren of Purity see Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ
era see millennia
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip
602
Erginbaş, Vefa
444
eschatological narratives, fable of ailing king and vizier (Epistle on Magic, Brethren of Purity)
174–176, 184
eschatology
eschatological predictions
241
meaning of astrology in
176–177
meaning of magic in
174–176, 184
esoteric, categorization of
609, 610–611
esoteric exegesis, of Qurʾan
175–176, 307
esotericism
25
of Brethren of Purity
168, 170, 175, 180, 184
Islamic
5, 7, 78, 250, 252, 254, 271, 513, 610
Western
2, 6, 19, 19n62, 610, 611
ethics
267, 607, 608, 623
encouragement of ethical behavior
584
Ettinghausen, Richard
463
Euclid
128, 138
Elements
141
Europe
27, 394, 411, 468
awfāq (magic squares) in
61, 62
European colonialism
22, 31, 383, 394, 411, 609
European scholarship
7–8, 61, 328
see also Western scholarship
Eusebius of Caesarea
79
eutotic wafq see childbirth
Eve
336
evil eye
187, 220, 573
see also eye beads
hadith on
596–597
Qurʾān verses on
536, 580, 582, 596
execution, talismans for protection from
300–301
exegesis, esoteric
175–176, 307
exhibitions
9–10, 23n76, 420, 455–456
extraordinary (gharīb) phenomena, classification of
620–623
eye beads (nazar boncuğu)
31, 572–573, 580, 581ill., 595–600, 596ill., 600ill.
see also evil eye
boom in
573
“Islamized”
599–600, 600ill.
(mass) production of
598–599
as souvenirs
595, 599
Turkish variety
597–598
Eyüp (Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī, d. 674)
441, 574
Eyüp (city, Turkey)
574
Eyüp tomb complex (Istanbul)
572, 573ill., 574–575, 576ill., 588, 591–592
Ezekiel, as lettrist/relation with letters
242
fables
ailing king and vizier (Epistle on Magic, Brethren of Purity)
174–176, 184
of the physician (Epistle 44, Brethren of Purity)
185
Faḍlallāh Astarābādī (d. 1394)
243, 278
Fahd, Toufic
13
Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad
118, 119
fāʾ (letter)
244
Falnama: The Book of Omens (exhibition, 2009–2010, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery)
9
al-Fāsī, Muḥammad al-Ḥajwī al-Thaʿālibī (d. 1956), al-Fikr al-sāmī fī taʾrīkh al-fiqh al-islāmī (“High Intellection: on the History of Islamic Jurisprudence”)
389
fatalism, Muslim
261
Fatḥ-nāma-yi humāyūn (Yazdī)
401n52
Fatḥ-nāma-yi ṣāḥib-qirānī (Yazdī)
401n52
Fatih (district, Istanbul)
593
Fāṭima bt. Muḥammad
477
references on talismans/amulets to
in awfāq (magic squares)
85, 86
on banners
445
“hand of Fāṭima” (khamsa)
30, 441, 444, 548–550, 549ill., 552ill.
in Lion of ʿAlī calligrams
510–511
on stamped talismans
555
Fatimids
254
Fazlıoğlu, İhsan
384
felines see lion imagery; tiger imagery
female occultists
317, 324, 331n43
see also Sharāsīm/Ishrāsīm al-Hindiyya
fengshui (form of geomancy)
63, 63–64n15
Fereydūn (Persian mythical king)
110, 137
fermentations (taʿāfīn)
194
Fetḥ-i Mıṣır ḥaķķında īmā ve işārāt (“Allusions as to the Conquest of Egypt,” Kemālpaşazāde Aḥmed)
380, 383–384, 400, 407, 411, 412, 413
analysis of Q 21:105
29, 383, 386
lettrist arguments for conquest in
29, 385–393, 412
manuscripts, Konya, MS Mevlana Müzesi 2315
385
scholarship on
383
Fī ʿadād al-wafq (“On the Numbers of Harmony,” Ibn al-Haytham)
112tab.
Fierro, Maribel
169n22, 191
figural calligraphy
459, 468, 472, 473, 479, 480, 513–514
figurines, nīranjāt and
51
al-Filāḥa al-nabaṭiyya (“The Nabatean Agriculture,” Ibn Waḥshiyya)
191
Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq (Delhi sultan, r. 1351–1388)
68n30
flags
484, 486
see also banners
Lion of ʿAlī on state flags
502–504, 508–511, 509ill.
sacred
510–511
Fleischer, Cornell
261, 383, 384, 398
Flügel, Gustav
190
Fodor, Alexander
240
foot- and sandalprints (of the Prophet), on talismanic objects
585, 588, 589ill., 590–594, 592ill.
Forbes, Andrew
472–473
form
combination of number and
87–89
harmonious relationships
91–94
Foucault, Michel
461
Four Seasons and Five Elements (Chinese philosophy)
64
Franks, Arthur W.
22n73
Frères de la Purité, pythagoriciens de l’Islam, Les (Marquet)
163, 181, 188
fumigation/suffumigation
194, 208, 216, 275, 332, 344, 345, 347, 352–353, 361, 365, 632, 634, 636
sense-altering
171
of talismans and sacred objects
48, 50, 478, 502, 564n119
awfāq (magic squares)
96, 98
futuvvat orders
271
Gabriel/Jibrāʾīl (archangel)
282, 282–283n74, 499, 508
Galata Tower (Istanbul)
600
Galenic medicine
628, 629
Galen of Pergamon (d. 210)
99n112, 142, 186, 274, 617–618
Gallop, Annabel
496
Gaņesá (Batara Gana, elephant-headed Hindu god)
identification of
490
Lion of ʿAlī and
487–490, 489ill.
Gardiner, Noah
15, 19n63, 26n80, 28, 71n40, 297, 385
garlic
583, 583–584n22, 585
gematria
232, 244, 386, 392
see also ḥisāb al-jummal
geomancy (science)
54, 63, 63–64n15, 64, 302
geometry
45, 87, 89n81, 94, 95, 106, 135, 136, 409
see also awfāq (magic squares)
combination of numbers and form
87–89, 91
Gereformeerde Zendingsbond
509n216
Gezi uprisings (Turkey, 2013)
583, 602
Ghadīr Khumm
169n22
“ghāmiḍa” (“obscure”)
2, 615, 615n24
gharāʾib, equation with ʿajāʾib (“wonders, marvels, natural curiosities”)
616–617
al-gharība, al-ʿulūm (the unusual, rare, or difficult sciences)
2, 2n2, 615–616, 615n23–24, 621
gharīb (adjective)
classification of
620–623
term/definition
619–620
equation between “occult” and
615–616
Ghassemi, Shawn
456
Ghāyat al-ḥakīm (“The Goal of the Sage,” al-Qurṭubī)
27, 53, 196, 328, 352
authorship
190, 191, 196
on awfāq (magic squares)
84, 86, 94–96, 348, 350
on conjuring astral spirits
634n76
on divisions of magic
43, 55
influence of and parallels with Epistle on Magic (Brethren of Purity)
189–192, 197, 198, 199
on nīranjāt
51, 52
on scorpions
549–550
on “seal of Solomon”
550
on sīmiyāʾ
339, 341, 342, 343
sources of inspiration
334
ghayb (“the unseen”), equation between ʿilm al-ghayb and occult sciences
610
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid (d. 1111)
14, 236n17, 253, 623
al-Munqidh min al-ḍalāl (“Deliverer from Error”)
102–106
Tahāfut al-falāsifa (“The Incoherence of the Philosophers”)
4
al-Jīlanī, Qandīl Nūranī Sayyid Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Qādir (d. 1166)
537ill., 539
on stamped talismans
549ill., 551, 552, 552ill.
glass-paintings, Lion of ʿAlī calligrams in
511–512
gnōsis, parallels between ʿirfān (wisdom) and
611
gnosticism, categorization of
611
God, worship through intermediaries/mediation
210, 216–217
God’s Beautiful Names see [al-]asmāʾ al-ḥusnā
Golconda (India)
470
gold
44, 47, 67n27, 127, 241, 299, 300
Golem
242
Goncingngé/Gontjang-e (“The scissors”) flag (Luwuq)
510
Gonzalez, Valérie
461n34
good deeds, on blessing cards/magnets
575
Great Mosque (Surakarta, Central Java)
494
Great Resurrection (qiyāma)
177
Greece, awfāq (magic squares) in
62–63, 79–80, 252
Greek knowledge/sciences
273n27
transmission into Islamic domain
8, 16, 195, 628
Greek philosophers, awfāq (magic squares) and
109–110, 248, 249
Greek religion, ancient
626
Greeks
245
astral idolatry of
223n47
Gril, Denis
231n4
Gruber, Christiane
31, 428n29
guilds, seal-makers’
563, 563n115–116
Gujarat
470
Günther, Sebastian, Die Geheimnisse der oberen und der unteren Welt
17–19
Hacı Bayram mosque complex (Ankara)
574
hadith
270
on divine names
432–433
on evil eye
596–597
on final hour
260
on gharīb
616
on ḥilya
541–542, 579
on imbuing body with apotropaic blessings
434
on magic
184
on mujaddidūn
252–253
on spiritual beings/angels
221
on stamped talismans (ḥadīth qudsī)
536
Hādūs
3
Hagar
555
“hajj goods” shops (Turkey)
572, 591
Ḥājjī Khalīfa
Kashf al-ẓunūn ʿan asāmī l-kutub wa-l-funūn (“Removing Uncertainty as to the Titles of Books and Disciplines”)
43, 298n141, 322, 327, 410
al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh (Fatimid caliph, r. 996–1021)
112tab., 124tab.
al-Ḥalabī, Buṭrus b. Diʾb (Pierre Dipy)
323
hāʾ (letter)
243
Halflants, Bruno
164
Ḥall al-mushkilāt (“The resolution of difficulties,” Ibn Sāvajī
294–296
Hallum, Bink
26n80, 27, 57
Halūk Perk Müzesi Museum (Istanbul)
455, 531ill.
Hamdani, Abbas
162
Hamès, Constant, Coran et talismans
15
Hammond, Timur
574
al-Ḥamūya/Ḥamūʾī, Hibatallāh b. Yūsuf b. Ibrāhīm
270n15
al-Ḥamūya, Ṣadr al-Din Abū l-Majāmiʿ Ibrāhīm (d. 1322)
270n15
Hanafi Sunnism
268, 269
“hand of Fāṭima”/“hand of ʿAbbās” (khamsa), references on talismans/amulets on
30, 441, 444, 548–550, 549ill., 552ill.
Ḥanīfs, Sabians vs.
216–218, 226
al-Ḥarālī (master of al-Būnī, d. 1240)
340–341
Haravī, Mīr ʿAlī (d. 1544–1545)
467
Haris, Tawalinuddin
484, 494
harmonious numbers
109, 109n134, 139
see also awfāq (magic squares)
harmonious relationships between numbers and forms
91–94
Harranians
188, 195, 273n27
Harranian/Sabian community (Baghdad)
131–134, 132fig., 140, 141, 141n209, 142
al-Ḥarrānī, al-Mufaḍḍal b. Thābit see Abū l-Khaṭṭāb al-Mufaḍḍal al-Ḥarrānī
Hārūn al-Rashīd (Abbasid caliph, r. 786–809)
340, 328–329, 334, 338, 354
in Arabic magical literature
329
servants of
328–329, 338
Hārūt and Mārūt
175–176, 184, 336, 340
Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī
86, 441
see also Ahl al-Bayt
references on talismans/amulets referring to
444, 445, 555
Hasht bihisht (“Eight Paradises”, Bidlīsī)
404–406, 412
Hathaway, Jane
447
ḥawqala (“There is no power nor strength except by Allah”), in calligrams
483, 488
Ḥaydar Mīrzā (Safavid prince, d. 1595)
442, 443ill.
headgear, on stamped talismans
552
healing/healing power
10
awfāq (magic squares) and
80, 102, 142, 241
Dhū l-Fiqār and
486–487
illusory magic (wahm) and
169
Lion of ʿAlī calligrams/tiger spirit and
475, 478, 483ill., 486–487
Qurʾan verses and
496, 548, 575, 581
sandals
591
sayyids and
273
stamped talismans and
553, 563
stones and
631
helmets, talismanic motifs on
428
Herat
268–269, 270, 286, 286n88, 287, 287n96, 289, 292
Safavid takeover of
291, 291n111, 307
Herbelot, Barthélémi d’ (d. 1695)
322, 324
Hermann of Carinthia (fl. 1138–1143)
27, 53
Hermes Trismegistus
182, 195, 210, 212, 237, 274, 294, 327, 335, 351
Idrīs-Hermes-(Enoch) identification with Idrīs
240, 245, 246
al-Kitāb al-maknūn fī asrār al-ʿulūm al-khafiyya (“The Well Guarded Book on the Secrets of the Occult Sciences”)
3, 335
on perfected inner nature
246
Hermetica (pseudo-Aristotle)
3, 108, 182, 187–188, 191, 193, 194, 197
heterodoxy
5
the hidden (bāṭin), the manifest (ẓāhir) vs.
459, 610–611
Hijaz
238, 392, 393n33, 562
hijra (Prophet’s emigration to Medina)
496
Hikayat Muhammad Hanafiah (“The Tale of Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya”)
470
ḥilye/ḥilya (physical description of the Prophet)
458, 572, 587n29
hadith on
541–542, 579
prophylactic power of
579
on talismanic objects
541–542, 578
blessing cards/magnets
575, 577–579, 582, 585
hīmiyā see astral magic
Hindu rituals
630, 636, 636n82
Hindus, conversion to Islam
479, 480
hippiatric treatises
76, 76n57, 87
Ḥirz al-amān min fitan al-zamān (“Amulet of Protection from the Vicissitudes of Fate,” ʿAlī Ṣafī)
268n5, 292
ḥirz Marjāna/ḥirz al-ghāsila (“Marjāna’s/washerwoman’s talisman”)
329
ḥisāb al-jummal (numerical values of prophet’s names and correlations with divine names)
232, 234, 235, 243–245, 256, 259, 386, 392
historiography, Neopythagorean
400–408, 410, 412
history
as (occult) science
401, 406–407
as revelation
261
History of the Royal Society of London (Sprat)
21n70
Hoca, Cübbeli Ahmet (Turkish Muslim preacher)
593
Hodgson, Marshall
612, 626, 627
Hogendijk, Jan
108
Holmyard, Eric John
190
Holy Scripture, references in awfāq (magic squares)
75–76
holy sites, destruction of
562
horoscopes, pairing with lettrist analysis of names and events
403, 405
horses, awfāq (magic squares) for bladder problems
76–78, 77ill.
Hūd (prophet)
111n138
Ḥulal-i muṭarraz dar fann-i muʿammā va lughaz (Yazdī)
272n20
human beings
see also soul, human
noetic connection with spiritual beings
208, 212–213, 223–224, 225, 226, 227
human civilization, evolution and progress
21
humanity, definition
214
Hū (name of God)
243
Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq (d. 873)
141, 142, 352
Ḥurūfiyya movement
243, 278, 286
Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī (d. 680)
86, 242, 441
see also Ahl al-Bayt
martyrdom of
307
references on talismans/amulets to
444, 445
cloak
290–291
on stamped talismans
555
works
271, 272, 273
hydrostatics/hydrostatic balance
127–128
hypnotic states see illusions
Iamblichus
62, 109n133, 140
Iberia, lettrism/kabbalah in
413
Iblīs/Satan
181, 636, 636n82
Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, Muḥammad (d. 1792), Kitāb al-tawḥīd
5, 561
Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa (d. 1270), ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbāʾ (“The Sources of Information about the Generations of Physicians”)
351
Ibn al-Ādamī (c. 9th/10th c.)
351
Ibn Akhī Ḥizām, The Book of Horsemanship and Horses’ Marks
76–78, 87, 94
Ibn ʿAqīl, Abū l-Wafāʾ (d. 1119)
633
Ibn ʿArabī, Muḥyī l-Dīn (d. 1240)
60, 196, 237, 400n50, 402
al-Insān al-kāmil (“the Perfect Man”)
399
on divine names
244
al-Futūḥāt al-makkiyya (“The Meccan revelations”)
230, 234, 259, 341
Kitāb al-ʿiqd al-manẓūm fī khawāṣṣ al-ḥurūf (“Book of the Arranged Necklace on the Properties of Letters”)
320
Kitāb Tashnīf al-asmāʿ fī taʿrīf al-ibdāʿ (“Book of the Ear Pendants of the Auditions on the Knowledge of the Creation”)
320
lettrism of
71, 144, 232, 233, 250, 260, 261, 289, 390n31, 394, 394n35, 397, 398, 399–400, 409, 412, 459
Neoplatonic-quranic mystical philosophy of
394n35
patron saint of Ottoman Empire
398, 407
Quṭb al-aqṭāb (“Pole of the Poles”)
399
on recitation of God’s names
239
on sīmiyāʾ
341
on time
230, 231
Ibn ʿAṭāʾ (d. 922)
239
Ibn al-Athīr
233
on mujaddidūn
253
Ibn Barrajān
259
Ibn Daqīq al-ʿId (d. 1302)
236n17, 253
Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī (d. 1449), Nukhbat al-fikr fī muṣṭalaḥ ahl al-athar (“Selection of Thoughts Concerning the Traditionists’ Terminology”)
116
Ibn al-Ḥajj al-Tilimsānī (d. 1524), Shumūs al-anwār (“The Suns of Light”)
278, 329
Ibn Ḥallāj
278–279
Ibn al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan (d. 1039)
124tab., 125, 130
Fīʿadad al-wafq (“On the Numbers of Harmony”)
112tab.
Ibn Kamāl see Kemālpaşazāde, Aḥmed
Ibn Kathīr
253
Ibn Khaldūn (d. 1406)
14, 19
see also Muqaddīma
“science of civilization”/dynastic cycling
401–402
Yazdī vs.
401–402, 411
Ibn al-Khaṭīb, Lisān al-Dīn (d. 1375)
343
Ibn al-Nadīm (d. c. 995), Kitāb al-Fihrist (“The Repertory”)
107, 141, 334, 351, 614
Ibn al-Qifṭī (d. 1248)
107, 131
Kitāb Ikhbār al-ʿulamāʾ bi-akhbār al-ḥukamāʾ/Tāʾrīkh al-ḥukamāʾ (“The Storybook on Scholars with the Anecdotes of the Sages”)
107n126, 351
Ibn Rabban al-Ṭabari see al-Ṭabarī, ʿAlī b. Sahl
Ibn Sabʿīn (d. 1269)
191
Ibn Sāvajī (Abū l-Maḥāsin Muḥammad b. Saʿd b. Muḥammad al-Nakhjuvānī)
295–296n131–132, 296
Ḥall al-mushkilāt
295–296
Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna, d. 1037)
27, 207, 220, 607
De anima in arte alchemica (pseudo-Avicenna)
48
Aqsām al-ʿulūm al-ʿaqliyya (“Division of the Intellectual Sciences”)
3–4, 43–44
al-Ishārāt wa-l-tanbīhāt (“Pointers and Reminders”)
213, 621–623
Metaphysics
44
Risāla fī al-fiʿl wa al-infiʿāl (“On Action and Passion”)
44–45, 52
theory of imaginational prophethood
213, 225, 227
Ibn al-Tāj, Shaykh Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad
389–390, 390n31
Ibn Ṭalha (d. 1254)
259
Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1318)
5, 194–196, 197
Bayān talbīs al-jahmiyya
195
al-Nubuwwāt (“Prophecy”)
195
Ibn Tūmart (d. 1130), Kanz al-ʿulūm wa-l-durr al-manẓūm […] (“The Treasure of Science of the Well Arranged Pearls […]”)
342
Ibn Turka (d. 1432)
272, 272n21, 277, 282n71, 292, 394n35, 399, 400, 410n86, 412, 412n89
attempt on Shāhrukh’s life
287
lettrist oeuvre
397–398, 397n44
Munāẓara-yi bazm u razm (“Debate of Feast and Fight”)
402n56
Risāla-yi ḥurūf
284n82
Suʾl al-mulūk (“Query of Kings”)
403
see also New Brethren of Purity
Ibn Waḥshiyya
16
al-Filāḥa al-nabaṭiyya (“The Nabatean Agriculture”)
191
Shawq al-mustahām fī maʿrifat rumūz al-aqlām (“The Desire of the Distraught: the Knowledge of the Symbols of the Alphabets”)
353–354
Ibn al-Zarqālluh
61, 125, 143
Maqāla fī ḥarakāt al-kawākib al-sayyāra (“Treatise on the Movements of the Wandering Stars”)
96–98, 99, 101, 105, 113tab.
Ibrāhīm ʿĀdilshāh II (Deccani ruler, r. 1579–1629)
437, 438n67
al-Īḍāḥ fī asrār al-nikāḥ (al-Tabrīzī)
325
ʿĪd al-Fiṭr (“Feast of Breaking the Fast”)
579–580
idiotētes arrētoi (indescribable properties), medicine and
617–618
idiotētes (physical qualities/properties influencing other forms of matter)
617
idolatry
Indians/Indian religion
219
planetary idols (of Sabians)
195, 216–217, 222–223, 227
Idrīs
Idrīs-Hermes-(Enoch) identification
240, 245, 246
Kanz al-asrār wa-dhakhāʾir al-abrār fī ʿilm al-ḥurūf
240
as lettrist/relation with letters
240, 241
millennium and planet of
235, 236
on perfected inner nature
246
İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin
107
ijāza (authorization to transmit)
270
Ikhtiyārāt al-nujūm/Lavāyiḥ al-qamar (work on elective astrology, al-Kāshifī)
267
Ikhwān al-Ṣafā see Brethren of Purity
Īlkhānid Khanate/Īlkhānid period
65–66, 255, 295, 396
illicit magic
175, 184, 192, 528n4, 584, 614, 620, 622–623
Illuminationist philosophy
248, 294, 394n35, 398
illusionism (ʿilm-i khayālāt)
28, 275
illusions/illusory magic (wahm)
168, 170, 186–187, 225
healing power of
169
in Indian religion
168–169, 209, 219–220
soul-enabled magic vs.
187
ʿilm al-ghayb (knowledge of the unseen)
610
ʿilm-i khayālāt see illusionism
imaginal entities, science of see sīmiyāʾ
imaginational prophethood
213, 225, 227
imamate, intellectual magic of
180–181
Imamism, occult sciences and
271, 272
Imamophilia
25, 28
Imams
270
see also mujaddidūn
assignment of millennia to
235, 236, 236n17, 249, 252
as privileged repositories of occult knowledge
307
Shiʿi
5, 444
imperial ambitions, use of lettrism for see lettrist imperialism
imperial historiography
401
imperialism
see also lettrist imperialism
kabbalist scientific
385
occult-scientific
380, 381, 394, 396
post-Mongol
410
in Quran verses
386
imprisonment, talismans for protection from
300–301
incantations, (science of) see nīranjāt
incense see fumigation/suffumigation
India/Indians
6, 219, 324, 392
astral rituals and meditation
226
authors
331
see also Kanakana/Kankah al-Hindī; Ṣaṣah al-Hindī; Sharāsīm/Ishrāsīm al-Hindiyya; Ṭumṭum al-Hindī
talismanic objects/symbols
awfāq (magic squares) and “Indian letters”
61, 68–69, 70, 71, 72, 346–350
calligrams
468, 470, 473, 490
Dhū l-Fiqār
441
talismanic weaponry
420, 421, 424ill., 426ill., 427, 428, 429ill., 433ill., 436ill., 438n69, 448
“Indian letters” (numbers)
346–350
see also awfāq (magic squares)
Indian occult knowledge
8, 28
Indian Ocean
Ottoman-Portuguese rivalry
447
transregional network
470, 471
Indian religion
al-Shahrastānī on
218–220
illusions/illusory magic (wahm)
168–169, 209, 219–220
Indian subcontinent
539
Indic cultures
208, 209
Indic religions
626, 636–637
Indic vocabulary
631
Indonesia
448
artistic interconnections between Ottoman Empire and
447
Dutch occupation of
446–447, 486
talismanic motifs in
441, 446
(Lion of ʿAlī) calligrams
468, 471
ingredients, mixing and processing see nīranjāt/nīranj
inscriptions, textual content vs. gestalt
463
Institut du Monde Arabe (Paris), Un art secret (exhibition, 2013)
9
Intellect
172, 177, 179, 196, 215
intellectual magic (siḥr ʿaqlī)
of caliphate
180–182
soul-enabled magic vs.
179–180, 182, 185–186, 195
intercession (tawaṣṣul)
of ʿAlī/Ahl al-Bayt
441, 448
of the Prophet and his relics
31, 541, 588, 594
of spirits
211, 212–213, 227
of talismans/amulets
460, 539, 553, 560, 562, 588, 594
interrogational astrology
54, 54n29
Intikhāb-i Ḥall al-mushkilāt (“Selections from The resolution of difficulties”)
295
Introduction to the History of Science (Sarton)
62, 62n9
Introduction to the Thought of the Brethren of Purity (Netton)
162
Iran
118, 125, 267, 412
Islamic reform
6
Safavids in
286, 307, 404, 445
talismanic motifs/symbols in
441, 465
arms and armor
420, 421, 424ill., 426ill., 427, 428, 430, 436ill., 438n69, 448
(Lion of ʿAlī) calligrams
454, 456, 466–468, 466n57, 468n65, 473
Iranian vocabulary
631
Iraq
125, 191, 292
conquest of
390–391, 446
al-ʿIrāqī see [al-]Sīmāwī, Abū l-Qāsim Aḥmad
ʿirfān (wisdom), parallels between gnōsis and
611
iron
47, 66, 67fig., 67n27, 80, 420, 429fig., 430, 436, 500, 620.
Irwin, Robert
402n59
Isfahan
298, 305
awfāq literature from Seljuk
60, 113tab., 124–125tab., 126–128, 131, 143
Iṣfahānī, Fażl Allāh Khunjī see Khunjī Iṣfahānī, Fażl Allāh
Iṣfahānī, Ṣāʾin al-Dīn Turka see Ibn Turka
al-Isfarāʾīnī (d. 1027–1028) see al-Isfizārī
al-Isfizārī, Abū Ḥātim al-Muẓaffar
113tab., 124tab., 126–128, 130, 253
Isḥāq b. Ḥunayn (d. c. 910)
141, 141–142
al-Ishārāt wa-l-tanbīhāt (“Pointers and Reminders,” Ibn Sīnā)
213, 621–623
Ishtar
330–331, 331n42
Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae
43
Iskandar Beg, Tārīkh-i ʿālamārā-yi ʿabbāsī
306n178
Iskender (pseud. for restaurant holder)
583–584
Islam
Christianity vs.
22n71, 587
Islam proper vs. non-authentic Islam
613, 625–627
mystification and orientalization
382
purification of
561, 594, 625–627
reform/rationalization
5–7, 560–561, 625–627
Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur)
505, 506ill.
Al-Tibb (exhibition, 2018)
10
Islamicate occult sciences see occult sciences
“Islamicate” (term)
612–613
Islamic esotericism
5, 7, 78, 250, 252, 254, 271, 513, 610
see also Brethren of Purity
Islamic learning/scholarship
609–610, 628
“Islamic Occultism in Theory and Practice” (conference, 2017, University of Oxford)
1, 2
Islamic reform
5–7, 560–561, 625–627
“Islamic” (term), “Islamicate” vs.
613
Ismāʿīl I (Safavid shah, r. 1501–1524)
296, 297n135
Ismail (Kelantan sultan, r. 1920–1944)
503–504
Ismail (prophet)
555
Isou, Isidore (d. 2007)
396n42
Istanbul
110, 442
blessing cards in restaurant
580–584, 581ill.
Eyüp tomb complex
572, 573ill., 574–575, 576ill., 586ill., 588, 589ill., 591–592, 592ill.
Naqshbandiyya order in
561
souvenir shops in
572, 591, 600, 601ill.
tourism in
602
Izmir
598
Jābir b. Ḥayyān (d. c. 815)
16, 78, 196, 272, 274, 347
Jābirian Corpus
87, 91, 94
Kitāb al-khawāṣṣ al-kabīr (“Great Book of Occult Properties”)
81–84, 86
Kitāb al-mawāzīn al-ṣaghīr (“Small Book of Balances”)
78–80, 99n112, 109–110, 347, 349
Kitāb al-nukhab (“Book of Selections”)
84–86, 95
Kitāb ikhrāj mā fī l-quwwa ilā l-fiʿl (“Book of the Passage of Potentiality into Actuality”)
80–81
Jacobs, Adam
269n12
jade, in talismanic weaponry
423, 424, 436ill., 438n69
Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq (6th Shiʿi Imam, d. 765)
272, 399, 425
Jafr khāfiya
272
jafr see letter divination
Jafr-i abyaḍ (work)
272
Jafr-i aḥmar (work)
272
Jahāngīr (Mughal Emperor, r. 1605–1627)
430n34, 437
al-Jāḥiẓ, Abū ʿUthmān ʿAmr b. Baḥr (d. 868–869)
Kitāb al-awfāq wa-l-riyāḍāt (“Book of Awfāq and Mathematics”)
106–107, 106n124, 142
Kitāb al-tarbīʿ wa-l-tadwīr (“Book of Circling and Squaring”)
106
Jainism
69, 630
Jakarta
446
Jalāl al-Din ʿAlī b. Naṣīr see Qāsim-i Anvār
Jalālī calendar
127
Jalāl Munajjim Bāshī (Jalāl al-Din ʿAlī b. Munajjim Yazdī, court astrologer, d. 1619–1620)
301–306
Tārīkh-i ʿabbāsī yā Rūz-nāma-yi Mullā Jalāl
305
Tuḥfat al-munajjimīn (“The Gift of the Astrologers”)
302
James Reinish Gallery (New York), Divine Protection: Talismanic Art of Islamic Cultures (exhibition, 2019)
456
Jāmiʿa (“Compendium”)
272–273
Jāmī, Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, Nafaḥāt al-uns
288n97–98, 294n124
Jāmiʿ al-ʿulūm (al-Rāzī)
632
Janissary corps (elite corps of Ottoman infantry)
444, 445
jargon, as linguistic strategy to affirm scientific authority
613
jasad see body
jasper
423
jātaka tales (Buddhism)
474
Java
457, 468
see also Cirebon
shahāda in
479
Javāhir al-tafsīr li-tuḥfat al-Amīr (“The Jewels of Qurʾan Exegesis Presented as a Gift to the Amir,” al-Kāshifī)
267, 285
al-Jawbarī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (d. 1222)
639
al-Mukhtār fī kashf al-asrār (“The Selected Pieces on the Unveiling of Secrets”)
330–331, 334, 340
al-Ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm fī ʿilm al-rūḥāniyya wa-ṣināʿat al-tanjīm (“The Right Way in the Science of Spiritual [Forces] and the Art of Astrology”)
330
al-Jazūlī, Dalāʾil al-khayrāt (“Guides to Happiness”)
557
Jeremiah, as lettrist/relation with letters
242
Jerusalem
259, 389
Jesus/ʿĪṣā
259
as lettrist/relation with letters
242, 244
millennium and planet of
235, 236
Jewish writings/literature
99n112, 610
Jews
245, 252, 626
mandal
638–639
al-Jīlanī, Qandīl Nūranī Sayyid Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Qādir (d. 1166)
537ill., 539
on stamped talismans
549ill., 551, 552, 552ill.
al-Jildakī, ʿIzz al-Dīn Aydamir (fl. 14th c.)
274
Kitāb Durrat al-ghawwāṣ […] (“Book of the Pearl of the Diver […]”)
328–329
al-Jīlī, Kitāb ʿUyūn al-ḥaqāʾiq […] (“Book of True Sources […]”)
324–325
jinn
167, 614
duʿāʾ (“supplication”)/summoning
542–545, 614
mandal for protection against/expulsion of
633
jism see body
John of Seville
49
John Tradescant the Elder
20n67
Johor (Malaysia)
513–514
Jonah/Yūnus, relation with letters
244
Joseph/Yūsuf
241
relation with letters
244
Judgment, Day of
253
references on talismans/amulets to
549ill., 551
judicial astrology
628
Jupiter
223n47
assignment to Idrīs
235
Justice and Development Party (AKP, Turkey)
31, 573
al-Juwaynī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn (Ilkhanid statesman, d. 1283)
620n38
jyotiṣa (Hindu tradition of astral science)
636
Kaʿba
240, 540
references on talismans/amulets to
535ill., 555–556, 556ill., 578
Kabbalah
29, 242, 381, 384, 385, 396n42, 413, 459
Kad kalacan Singa Baruang Dwajalullah (“The Singa Barong is the Emblem of the Flag of God”)
485
Kajen (Central Java)
494
Kamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Yūnus (d. 1242)
70n38
Kamāl b. Jalāl (son of Jalāl Munajjim), Zubdat al-tavārīkh
306n178
Kamummuqé/Kamoemoe-e (“The purple one”) flag (Luwuq)
510, 511
Kanakana/Kankah al-Hindī
331, 350–352, 354
Kitāb Asrār al-mawālīd (“Book of Secrets of Nativities”)
351
Kitāb fī l-ṭibb (“Book on Medicine”)
351
Kitāb al-Namūdār fī l-aʿmār (“Book of the Namūdār for the Ages”)
351
Kitāb al-Qirānāt al-kabīr (“The Great Book of Conjunctions”)
351
Kitāb al-Qirānāt al-ṣaghīr (“The Small Book of Conjunctions”)
351
Kangjeng Kyai Paré Anom (“The green and yellow one,” banner)
487
Kangjeng Kyai Tunggul Wulung (“The blue-black banner,” royal banner of Yogyakarta)
487
Kanz al-asrār wa-dhakhāʾir al-abrār fī ʿilm al-ḥurūf (Idrīs)
240
Kanz al-asrār wa-lawāqiḥ al-afkār (“The Treasure of Secrets and Fertile Ideas,” al-Ṣanhājī)
341
al-Kanz al-bāhir fī sharḥ ḥurūf al-malik al-Ẓāhir (al-Kūmī)
251, 256
Kanz al-ʿulūm wa-l-durr al-manẓūm […] (“The Treasure of Science of the Well Arranged Pearls […],” Ibn Tūmart)
342
Karbala
446
Battle of
271, 290
Kashan
301
Kashf ḥaqāʾiq al-asrār […] (“Revelation of the Truths […]”, al-Tustarī)
75n54, 105n121, 110, 114
Kashf al-ẓunūn (Ḥājjī Khalīfa)
4n7, 43, 298n141, 322, 327, 410n86
Kāshgharī, Mawlāna Mīrzā Jān (unidentified)
301
Kāshgharī, Saʿd al-Dīn (Naqshbandī Sufi master, d. 1456)
268, 286n88
al-Kāshifī, Fakhr al-Dīn ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn Wāʿiẓ see ʿAlī Ṣafī, Fakhr al-Dīn
al-Kāshifī, Kamāl al-Dīn Ḥusayn Wāʿiẓ (d. 1504–1505)
267, 284, 291, 298, 307, 342
see also ʿAlī Ṣafī, Fakhr al-Dīn; Asrār-i qāsimi
confession
268–271, 307
Futuvvat-nāma-yi sulṭānī
271, 289n104, 290
Ikhtiyārāt al-nujūm/Lavāyiḥ al-qamar (work on elective astrology)
267
Javāhir al-tafsīr li-tuḥfat al-Amīr (“The Jewels of Qurʾan Exegesis Presented as a Gift to the Amir”)
267, 285
Marṣad al-asnā fī istikhrāj al-asmāʾ al-ḥusnā (treatise on manipulation of Divine Names)
267–268
Mavāhib-i ʿaliyya (“Gifts presented to ʿAlī”)
268n4, 285–286, 307
Rawḍat al-shuhadāʾ (“The Garden of the Martyrs”)
268, 269n12, 271, 272, 307
al-Risāla al-ʿaliyya
286
Risāla dar ʿilm-i aʿdād (treatise on numerology and magic squares)
268
Sabʿa-yi kāshifiyya (septet on astrology)
267
Tuḥfa-yi ʿaliyya (treatise on lettrism)
268, 292
al-Kāshī, Ḥājjī b. Jamāl al-Kātib
118
Kashmir
488
al-Kashnāwī, Muḥammad al-Fullānī
633n76
Kaywān see Saturn/Kaywān
Kedah (Malaysia)
513
Kelantan (peninsular Malaysia)
468, 471, 472n80, 485, 496–497
Lion of ʿAlī calligrams from
497–506, 504ill., 506ill.
Kemālpaşazāde, Aḥmed (d. 1534)
29, 380, 391–393, 398, 405, 406, 407, 411, 413
court appointment in Istanbul
383, 383n9, 386
as imperialist Neopythagorean historian
408–409
lettrist call for conquest of Cairo see Fetḥ-i Miṣir ḥaķķinda īmā ve işārāt
scholarship on
384
works
409
Risāla fī l-Ṭāʿūn (plague treatise)
409, 409n81
Tevārīḫ-i āl-i ʿOsmān
400, 406, 409
treatise on talismans and astral magic
384, 409
Kepler, Johannes (d. 1630)
411
“khafiyya” (“hidden”)
615
Khafrī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad (d. 1535)
297n136
Khaĭretdinova, N.
108n130
Khalīfa, Ḥājjī, Kashf al-ẓunūn
298n141, 322, 327
Khalili Collection (London)
532ill.
see also stamped talisman (Khalili collection)
Khāliṣa (servant of Hārūn al-Rashīd)
329–330
Khaljī dynasty (1290–1320)
69
Khalvatiyya Sufi order
287
Khalvatī, Ẓahīr al-Dīn
287n96
khamsa see “hand of Fāṭima”/“hand of ʿAbbās”
Khānaqāh-i Jadīdī
287n96
al-Kharaqī, Jamāl al-Zamān (d. 1138–1139), Talkhīṣ fī l-ʿadad al-wafq (“Epitome on the Harmonious Number”)
113tab., 130
Kharjird-i Jām
289
khawāṣṣ (occult properties, mysterious forces)
169
of awfāq (magic squares)
80, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 88n81, 95, 103, 105, 114, 120, 143
equation of term with idiotētes
617
Khaybar, Battle of (628)
464
al-Khayyāmī al Nīsābūrī, ʿUmar b. Ibrāhīm (d. c. 1123)
125tab., 126–128
al-Khāzinī, Abū l-Fatḥ ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (d. after 1130–1131)
125tab., 126–129, 139, 142
Kitāb Mīzān al-ḥikma (“Book of the Balance of Wisdom”)
127–128
Zīj for Sanjar (al-Zīj al-muʿtabar al-Sanjarī)
129
al-Khiḍr (patron of the Sufis)
241, 245, 251, 477
khilāfa see caliphate
Khunjī Iṣfahānī, Fażl Allāh (d. 1521)
403, 405, 407, 412
Tārīkh-i ʿālam-ārā-yi amīnī (“Aminian World-Adorning History”)
404
Khurasan
104, 125, 286, 287, 292, 458
al-Khuttulī, Abū Yūsuf Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb b. Akhī Ḥizām see Ibn Akhī Ḥizām
Khūzānī, Faḍlī Beg, Afḍal al-tavārīkh
305n173
Khvāfī, Majd al-Dīn Muḥammad (Timurid vizier)
267n3
Khvāja ʿUbaydallāh Aḥrār
288n96–97
Khwāndamīr, Ghiyāth al-Din (d. 1535)
634
Kılıç, Mustafa
383, 385
kīmiyā see alchemy
al-Kindī, Abū Yaʿqūb ibn ʾIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ (d. c. 873)
16
On the rays/The Book of Magical Theory
54
Kipchak (Golden Horde) Khanate
65–66
al-Kirmānī, Tāj al-Dīn ʿAlī b. ʿUmar al-Turka
270n15
Kitāb ʿAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt wa-gharāʾib al-mawjūdāt (“The Wonders of All Creation and the Rarities of All Existence,” al-Qazwīnī)
619–624
categories for strange phenomena in
620–621, 622, 623
circulation of
624
on gharīb
619
Kitāb al-Akhbār al-dākhila (“Book of Internal Reports”)
141
Kitāb al-Iʿdād fī wafq al-aʿdād (“Book of Numeration on the Harmony of Numbers,” Anon.)
112tab., 114
Kitāb al-Ishārāt wa-l-maqālāt fī ʿilm al-sīmiyāʾ (“The Book of Clues and Speeches in the Science of Sīmiyāʾ”)
344
Kitab al-Khawāṣṣ al-kabīr (“Great Book of Occult Properties,” Jābirian Corpus)
81–84, 86
Kitāb al-Mawāzīn al-ṣaghīr (“Small Book of Balances,” Jābirian Corpus)
78–80, 99n112, 109–110, 347, 349
Kitāb al-Milal wa-l-niḥal (“The Book of Religions and Sects,” al-Shahrastānī)
27, 208
on delusion of divinity
216–218, 219
on idolatry
216–217, 222
on imitation of spiritual beings/mimesis
213–214, 215
on Indians/Indian religion
218–220
on meditation
219–220
on perfection of the soul
214
on Sabians
209–218, 226, 227
Kitāb al-Namūdār fī l-aʿmār (“Book of the Namūdār for the Ages”)
351
Kitāb al-Nukhab (“Book of Selections,” Jābirian Corpus)
84–86, 95
Kitāb Asrār al-mawālīd (“Book of Secrets of Nativities”)
351
Kitāb Firdaws al-ḥikma (“Book of the Paradise of Wisdom,” al-Ṭabarī)
71–76, 80, 87, 88n81, 91, 94, 101, 142, 348–349
Kitāb al-Qirānāt al-kabīr (“The Great Book of Conjunctions”)
351
Kitāb al-Qirānāt al-ṣaghīr (“The Small Book of Conjunctions”)
351
Kitāb Sharāsīm al-Hindiyya (“Book of Sharāsīm the Indian,” Sharāsīm al-Hindiyya)
28–29, 194, 317, 327, 331
associations with Kitāb al-Uṣṭūṭās
327, 331, 335, 353
conclusion (text)
364–371
on cryptographic alphabets
334, 353–354
dating
334–335
full-text of introduction
356–363
on fumigations
353
manuscripts
354
Cambridge, University Library, Or. 25
321–322, 326, 356, 364, 372–373tab.
Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, 4353
325–326, 332, 372–373tab.
Istanbul, Hacı Beşir Aǧa 659
319–321, 326, 356, 364, 372–373tab.
Istanbul, Hamidiye 189
317–319, 326, 356, 364, 372–373tab.
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Arabe 2577
353
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Arabe 2595
324–325, 326, 332, 339–340, 364, 372–373tab.
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Arabe 2634
322–323, 372–373tab.
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Arabe 2635
323–324, 372–373tab.
tables of contents of
372–373tab.
overview of discourses (maqāla) in
345
parallels with ʿUyūn al-ḥaqāʾiq
332
on properties of letters and numbers (“Indian letters”)
346–350
on sīmiyāʾ
336–354
as source for Medieval Arabic texts
330–334, 354
sources of inspiration
345–354
Kitāb Sirr al-asrār (unidentified)
280
knowledge (ʿilm)
8
classification of
607–608
ʿilm al-ghayb (knowledge of the unseen)
610
occult
28, 220–221, 255
production of
640
propaedeutic
171, 175, 344–345
rational vs. irrational
5
of the stars see astrology; astronomy
theoretical vs. practical
31, 607–608
Kraton Kanoman (“Junior Palace”)
495
Kraton Kasepuhan (“Senior Palace,” Cirebon)
481, 481ill., 485, 488, 489, 489ill., 493
Kraus, Paul
12
Kuala Besut (Terengganu)
505
Kuala Lumpur
497
Kufic script
547
al-Kūmī, Abū ʿAbdallāh (d. early 15th c.)
al-Kanz al-bāhir fī sharḥ ḥurūf al-malik al-Ẓāhir
251, 256
Risālat al-Hū
243
Kurdistan
17
Kusodono (Indonesian artist)
495, 495n171
labor see childbirth
La Galigo Museum (Makassar)
511n222
lām-alif ligature
242–243
Lane, Edward
11, 639
languages
lettrism and
237–238
origins of
238
Lārī, Muḥyī al-Dīn, Futūḥ al-ḥaramayn (“Revelations of the Two Sanctuaries”)
557
al-Laṭīf (name of God)
244
Latin-European occult sciences, scholarship on
381–382
leadership, use of magic for
180–184
Lemay, Richard
13, 16
Leoni, Francesca
1, 20n66, 23, 30, 456, 624–625
Lesser Sunda Islands
457, 468
letter divination (jafr)
251, 271, 272–273, 386, 390n31, 398
letter magic see lettrism
letters/letter combinations
alif
243
ALM
386n21, 403, 405n70
Arabic
346
association with lunar mansions
346–348
disconnected letters
250–251
distribution of
347
fāʾ
244
hāʾ
243
“Indian letters”
346–350
lām-alif
242, 243
muqattaʾāt (unique letter combinations)
259
nūn
259
power of see lettrism
properties (hot, cold, wet, dry) of
346–347
qāf
259
lettrism (science of letters, ʿilm al-ḥurūf)
4–5, 28, 59, 88–89n81, 196, 230, 232, 243, 271, 307
see also awfāq (magic squares); [al-]Bisṭāmī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān; [al-]Būnī, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad; Fetḥ-i Miṣir ḥaķķinda īmā ve işārāt; ḥisāb al-jummal; Ibn ʿArabī, Muḥyī l-Dīn; lettrist imperialism; sīmiyāʾ
astrology and
403, 406, 412, 412n89
in al-Bisṭāmī’s life time
252–260, 262
calligrams and
459–460
definition
275, 459–460
languages and
237–238
Neopythagoreanism and
4, 29, 384, 395, 399, 410n87
opponents of see Ibn Khaldūn
origins, history and rise of
71, 71n40, 238–240, 242, 243, 396
for political and military purposes see lettrist imperialism
production of letters
231n4
Prophets and the
238–245
quranic prognostication and lettrist analysis
386–393
relation with awfāq
71, 83, 89n81, 101, 102, 114, 144
scholarship on
234n10
as science of saints
289, 341
talismanic motifs and
446, 547–548, 547ill.
temporality and
231–233, 260
ummat al-ḥukamāʾ (sages, philosophers) and
242, 245–249
Western
396–397, 396n42
works on
240, 267, 267–268n4, 292
lettrist imperialism
25, 29, 385, 393, 396, 401n55, 403, 412
Aqquyunlu
404
fusion of astrology and lettrism
403, 406, 412n89
Mamluk
255–257, 398
Mughal
413
Ottoman
397, 398, 405, 407
Safavids
406n71
Timurid
397, 398, 403
Lettrist International
396, 396n42
Leverhulme Trust
20n66
Levi, Eliphas
2
Liber Theysolius
53
licit magic (siḥr ḥalāl)
178, 179, 184, 584, 614, 622–623
ligatures
242–243
līmiyā see talismans, science of
linguistic strategies, jargon used by scholars
613
Lion of ʿAlī calligrams
24, 30, 454, 463–468, 467ill.
from Cirebon
478, 480–495, 489ill., 492ill., 493ill., 503, 513
composed of shahāda
457, 478, 479–495, 496, 505, 507, 511
composed of Sūrat al-Ṣaff (Q 61:13)
30, 457, 476, 478, 495–512
dating of
465, 468–469
disconnection with ʿAlī in Southeast Asian context
457, 476–477
from Rote/Roti (Lesser Sunda Islands)
506–508
function and use of
477–478
for bull- and buffalo-fighting
478, 497–500, 498ill., 507
for healing
475, 478, 483ill., 486–487
protection against misfortune
500–502, 501ill.
identity of animal (lion vs. tiger)
30, 457, 473–476, 499, 500, 503, 509, 511–512, 513
see also Macan Ali; Sima Ngali
from Kelantan (peninsular Malaysia)
496, 498ill., 501ill., 506ill.
language/script
481, 488
from Luwuq (Sulawesi)
508–511, 509ill.
origins of
465–466, 469
from Patani (southern Thailand)
497, 500, 501ill., 502, 505, 506ill.
in present times
495
smoking of
478, 502
text
462–463
transmission into Southeast Asia
24, 30, 468–473, 469ill.
ways of appearance/media used
456, 477–478
in conjunction with Dhū l-Fiqār
446, 470, 476, 483–484, 486–487, 495, 511
in conjunction with Gaṇeśa
487–490, 489ill.
on flags and banners
482–487, 483ill., 490, 502–504, 507, 508–511, 509ill.
in glass-paintings
511–512
on Meḥmed II scroll (1458)
457, 465–466
on merchandise
495, 495n174
in mosques
478, 492–495, 493ill.
over doorways/on doorway hangings
505–506, 506ill.
paired mirror forms
504–506, 504ill., 506ill.
in Qurʾan
490, 491ill., 494
on talismanic shirts
506–508
variations in iconography, motif and style
462, 475–476, 490–492
on wood panels
480, 481–482, 481ill., 487–490, 489ill., 492n165, 504–505, 504ill.
from Turkey
467ill.
from Yogyakarta
468, 479, 511–512
lion imagery
462, 464–465, 467ill., 474, 484, 513, 558
Chinese lion
482
European coats of arms
504
tiger vs. lions (in calligrams)
473–476, 484, 499, 500, 513
Lisān al-Dīn b. al-Khaṭīb see Ibn al-Khaṭīb
living beings, depiction of
457–459, 473, 478, 494, 503, 513–514
Lombok
494
Lord of the Conjunction (ṣāḥib-qirān, astrological title)
403, 405, 408
Lory, Pierre
13, 164, 298n143
lunar mansions
168, 169, 193–194, 198, 335
association of letters with
346–348
talismans of
187, 189, 192
Luo River Chart (Luoshu)
64
Luwuq (Bugis kingdom, Sulawesi)
468, 485
flag of
508–511, 509ill.
Macan Ali (“Tiger of ʿAlī”) calligrams
476, 480, 481ill., 482, 483, 483ill., 485–486, 487, 488, 489ill., 490–491, 492ill., 493ill., 494–495, 495n174, 513
see also Lion of ʿAlī calligrams
Macangngé/Matjang-e (“The tiger”) flag (Luwuq)
508–511, 509ill.
MacDonald, Duncan Black (d. 1943)
625
McDonald, Peta
461–462
Macrocosmic Man
180
madrasas
621, 624
mages
186, 196, 197
Maghrib
392, 539
lettrism/kabbalah in
413
al-Maghribī, Abū ʿAbdallāh
278, 279, 282, 294
Siḥr al-ʿuyūn (“The Bewitchment of the Eyes”)
278, 282, 284–285
al-Maghribī, Aḥmad b. ʿIwaḍ, Qaṭf al-azhār fī khaṣāʾiṣ al-maʿādin wa-l-aḥjār […] (“The Picking of Flowers on the Properties of Minerals and Stones […]”)
333–334
magical formulas
combination with pious/religious texts
528
see also stamped talismans
magical images, performative vs. talismanic
461–463
magical papyri, Greek
461–462, 462n40
magical scripts/writing
194, 275, 460, 547
see also calligrams; lettrism
Magic and Divination in Early Islam (Savage-Smith)
15, 14n43
magicians, saints vs.
527–528
“Magic and the Occult in Islam and Beyond” (conference, 2017)
8n19
magic (siḥr)
16
see also Epistle on Magic (Brethren of Purity); sīmiyāʾ
apocryphal magic
353
astral magic
28, 183, 207–227, 274, 294, 294n125, 341–342, 345, 384
astrology as
171–174, 183
classification/categorization of
31, 608–610, 614–615
colonialist outlook on occult sciences and
31, 382, 394, 609
definitions/different meanings
170–171, 174, 178, 189, 198–199, 207n2
disciplines unrelated to
341–342
divisions of
27, 43, 53
eschatological meaning of
174–176, 184
illusory magic
168, 186–187, 225
intellectual vs. soul-enabled magic
179–180, 182, 185–186, 195
letter magic see lettrism
licit vs. illicit magic
178, 179, 184, 528n4, 584, 614, 622–623
as medicine
184–186
merger with devotion
528, 542–545, 549–550, 563–564, 574–575, 584–585
see also eye beads; stamped talismans
modern scholarship on
609, 631
naturalization of
621, 622
place in religious and legal discourse
18, 19
polemicization of
19, 19n62
political implications of
180–184
prohibited magic
188–189
of prophets vs. sages
178–180, 182, 186, 195
relevance to medieval physics and metaphysics
27
as salvation
174–178, 184
term/etymology
630
women at origin of
336
magic squares see awfāq (magic squares)
Magic Squares in the Tenth Century (Sesiano)
58–59, 111–113tab.
magnets, amuletic
580, 581ill., 582, 601ill.
Mahābhārata
479
al-Māhānī, Abū ʿAbdallāh Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā (d. 888)
139, 141
Mahdī, coming of the
253, 259
mail shirts (armor) see body armor
Majālis al-muʾminīn (Shushtarī)
298
Majālis al-nafāʾis (ʿAlīshīr Navāʾī)
289
Majd al-Dīn al-Amīr b. Abī Naṣr Manṣūr b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī (d. early 12th c.)
124tab., 129–130n180
al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir (d. 1699)
425
al-Majrītī, Maslama (d. 1007)
190, 191, 196, 274
makara (sea monster)
494
al-Mālaqī, Abū al-Walīd (d. 1135)
125, 143
The Treatise on the Existence of the Cause of Amicable Numbers and Square Figures with Numerical Planes […]
99–102, 105, 111
Malay literature
470, 474
Malay peninsula, Lion of ʿAlī calligrams in
457, 468
Malay society
tiger spirit in
474–475
veneration of sacred figures from other traditions
477
al-Malik al-Ashraf (d. 1296), Kitāb al-Tabṣira fī ʿilm al-nujūm
192–193
al-Malik al-Masʿūd (Arṭuqid ruler, r. 1222–1232)
330
al-Malik (name of God)
244
Malikshāh I (Jalāl al-Dīn Malikshāh, Great Seljuk sultan, r. 1073–1092)
60, 113tab., 124–125tab., 127, 143
al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Barqūq (Mamluk sultan, r. 1382–1389/1390–1399)
255–257, 395–396, 402, 412
Mamluk Empire/Mamluks
29, 262
see also Egypt
lettrist imperialism
398
al-Maʾmūn (Abbasid caliph, r. 813–833)
241, 254–255, 257
mandal/máṇḍala (“[sorcerer’s] circle”)
637ill.
Arabic and Persian writings on/use of
630, 632, 635
attraction of deities and spirits
631, 636–637
creation and directions of use
631–632, 633–634, 635–636
expulsion of jinn
633
history/origins
631–632, 636–637, 636n82, 638
in incantations/nīranj
630, 632
in Indic religions
630, 631, 636–637
Qurʾan verses in
636
Sogdian writings
631
term/etymology
628, 630, 638–639
Mangkunegaran (Central Javanese princedom)
486–487, 487n149
Mangkunegaran Palace (Surakarta, Java)
505–506
Mangqala (Prince of Anxi, enthroned 1272)
66
the manifest (ẓahir), the hidden (bāṭin) vs.
610–611
al-Manṣūr (Abbasid caliph, r. 754–775)
351
manuscripts
Cambridge University Library, Or. 25
321–322, 326, 356, 364, 372–373tab.
Dublin, Chester Beatty, 4353
325–326, 332, 372–373tab.
Dublin, Chester Beatty, IN2
634, 634n77, 636n81, 637ill.
Dublin, Chester Beatty, IN54
634, 634n77
Epistle on Magic (Brethren of Purity)
164, 165–167tab., 168
Istanbul, Haci Beşir Aǧa 659
319–321, 326, 356, 364, 372–373tab.
Istanbul, Hamidiye 189
317–319, 326, 356, 364, 372–373tab.
Istanbul, MS Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi E. 4796
408
Konya, MS Mevlana Müzesi, 2315
385
Kuala Lumpur, Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia, MSS 2778
500–502, 501ill.
Kuala Lumpur, private collection
497–500, 498ill.
Leiden, University Library, CB 141
490–492, 492ill.
London, British Library, Add. MS 7713 (Anon. Pers. BL)
105n121, 114
London, British Library, Delhi Arabic 110
116–126, 123ill.
see also Dīwān al-ʿadad al-wafq
London, British Library, Delhi Collection
115–116
London, Nasser D. Khalili Collection, MSS 1179
529ill., 533–534, 535ill., 537ill., 547ill., 549ill., 552ill., 554ill., 556ill., 557ill.
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Arabe 2577
335, 353
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Arabe 2595
324–325, 332, 339–340, 364, 372–373tab.
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Arabe 2596
193–194
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Arabe 2634
322–323, 372–373tab.
Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Arabe 2635
323–324, 372–373tab.
Princeton University Library, Third Series, no. 591
118
Sumedang, Prabu Geusan Ulun Museum, no. I2
490, 491ill., 494
Surakarta, Mangkunegaran Palace, MS Reksa Pustaka I 8
505–506
Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi, MS 1597
233
Maqāla fī l-aʿdād al-mutaḥābba (“Discourse on Amicable Numbers,” Abū Maʿshar)
351
Maqāla fī ḥarakāt al-kawākib al-sayyāra (“Treatise on the Movements of the Wandering Stars,” Ibn al-Zarqālluh)
96–98, 99, 101, 105, 113tab.
Maqāla fī istikhrāj al-awtār fī l-dāʾira (“Treatise on the Derivation of the Chords in a Circle,” al-Bīrūnī)
107–108
Maqāla fī wujūd ʿillat al-aʿdād al-mutahābba […] (“The Treatise on the Existence of the Cause of Amicable Numbers and Square Figures […],” al-Mālaqī)
99–102, 105, 111
Maqālāt (“Statements,” al-Suhravardī)
280
Maqālāt-i sīzdahgāna (“The Thirteen Chapters,” al-Rāzī)
280
al-Maqrīzī, Taqī l-Dīn (d. 1442)
402
marcasite
333
Maritime Museum (Istanbul), silk banners in
441
Marjāna (legendary servant of Hārūn al-Rashīd)
329, 330
Marj Dābiq, Battle of (1516)
393n33
Markiewicz, Christopher
401
Marquet, Yves
164
Les Frères de la Purité, pythagoriciens de l’ Islam
163, 181, 188
La philosophie des alchimistes et l’ alchimie des philosophes
163
La philosophie des Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ
163, 179–180
Mars
67n27, 170, 223n47, 224
alchemy and
47
assignment to Noah
235
Marṣad al-asnā fī istikhrāj al-asmāʾ al-ḥusnā (treatise on manipulation of divine names, al-Kāshifī)
267–268
Martin Hernández, Raquel
461
Marw, awfāq literature from
60, 72, 113tab., 125tab., 126–128, 130, 131, 143
Maryam (mother of Jesus)
85, 86
Mary the Jewess
331, 331n43
Masjid Agung (“Great Mosque”) Sang Cipta Rasa (Cirebon)
478, 492–495, 493ill.
Masjid al-Ḥarām (Sacred Mosque, Mecca), on stamped talismans
535ill., 540, 555–556, 556ill.
al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet’s Mosque, Medina)
588, 589ill.
Mashhad
268, 271, 303, 305n175
al-Masʿūdī, Abū l-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī, Murūj al-dhahab (“The Fields of Gold”)
195
al-Maṭālib al-ilāhiyya fī mawḍūʿāt al-ʿulūm al-lughawiyya (encyclopedia on linguistic sciences, Mollā Lüṭfī)
405, 408
material culture, intellectual history and
23, 25–26
mathematical astronomy
125, 126, 128, 135–136, 143, 302n161, 411
mathematics
58, 59
see also awfāq literature; awfāq (magic squares)
astrology and
172, 411
mathematics of awfāq (magic squares)
27, 58–59, 70, 71, 105–106, 105n121, 120
matter
212, 215
Mauchamp, Émile, La sorcellerie au Maroc
16
Mavāhib-i ʿaliyya (“Gifts presented to ʿAlī”, al-Kā̄shifī)
268n4, 285–286, 307
Mazdaism see Zoroastrianism/Zoroastrians
Māzyār b. Qārīn (governor of Tabaristan)
72
Mecca
111n138, 303, 389, 463, 471, 497
awfāq (magic squares)
241
representations of
557
mediation
210
see also intercession
medical treatises, awfāq literature
71–86, 87, 92
medicine
3, 46, 53
Galenic
628, 629
idiotētes arrētoi (indescribable properties) and
617–618
spiritual medicine/magic as
184–186, 344
works on
72, 617
Medina
389, 390, 463, 471, 497
Prophet’s migration to
496
Prophet’s Mosque in
588, 589ill.
representations of
557
meditation (fikr)
209, 219–220, 226
Meḥmed II (Fātiḥ Meḥmed, Ottoman sultan, r. 1444–1446)
110, 405, 405n70
Meḥmed scroll (1458)
457, 465–466
Melville, Charles
304
Melvin-Koushki, Matthew
1, 15, 26n80, 29, 71n40, 274–275, 287, 292, 302n161
merchandise
see also blessing cards; eye beads
amulet-inspired
572, 586n26, 593, 595, 599, 600–602
Dhū l-Fiqār on
495, 495n174
Lion of ʿAlī calligrams on
495, 495n174
Mercury
223n47, 247, 248, 359
alchemy and
47
assignment to Jesus
235
Mesopotamia
207, 628
messiah
259
see also Jesus/ʾĪṣā; Mahdi
metals, magical/esoteric/medicinal properties of
422
metaphysics, relevance of magic to medieval
27
Metaphysics (Ibn Sīnā)
44
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York)
29
Iznik ceramic vessel in
445
Power and Piety (exhibition, 2016–2017)
9, 420
silk banners in
441, 442ill.
talismanic weaponry in
424–427, 424ill.
barong (type of sword)
446
helmets
428
mail shirts
429ill., 430–434, 433ill.
patch boxes
439
swords in
424–427, 424ill., 426ill., 436ill.
M.I.A. (British rapper)
607
Michael/Mikāʾīl (archangel)
499, 508
Michot, Yahya
194
micrography (ghubār)
455n2, 458
Middle East, lion imagery in
464
Miftāḥ al-jafr al-jāmiʿ (“Key to the Comprehensive Prognosticon,” al-Bisṭāmī)
398, 399
Miftāḥ al-saʿāda wa-miṣbāḥ al-siyāda (“Key to Felicity and Lamp to Mastery,” Ṭashköprüzāde)
4n7, 410n86
Mihailović, Konstantin (d. c. 1501)
445
military matters
see also talismanic weaponry
use of occult sciences/magic/divination in
182, 380, 381
millennia
see also astral-prophetic cycles; mujaddidūn
ruling planets/major prophets for earth’s seven
232, 235–236
mimesis
213–214, 215, 227
miniature painting
458
miracles, see also licit magic
miracles, Prophetic
225, 284n79
see also Kitāb ʿAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt wa-gharāʾib al-mawjūdāt
juxtaposition with magic
4, 163, 178, 185, 186, 195, 241, 527, 620, 623, 627
naturalization of
327, 621, 622
Mīr Dāmād (d. 1631)
413
mirror writing
455n2, 458, 466, 502, 552
modernists
6, 625–626
modern scholarship
on lettrism
231, 232
on magic
609, 631
Mollā Lüṭfī (d. 1494)
409–410, 410n84, 411
al-Maṭālib al-ilāhiyya fī mawḍūʿāt al-ʿulūm al-lughawiyya (encyclopedia on linguistic sciences)
405, 408
Risālat Taḍʿīf al- (“On the Doubling of the Altar”)
110, 409n84
Mongol Empire/Mongols
65–67, 255
Mongol invasions
65, 390–391
monotheism
216
pure vs. compromised
222
Moon
186, 223n47, 303, 635n80
alchemy and
47
assignment to the Prophet
235
influence on magical squares
90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 100–102, 108n130, 301, 350
lettrism and
348
twenty-eight mansions of
335, 346, 365
Morgan, David
463
Morimoto, Kazuo
273
Moschopoulos, Manuel
63
Moses/Mūsā
lettrism of/relation with letters
241, 244
millennium and planet of
235, 236, 252
references on talismans/amulets to
425, 540, 548
Mosque of Jamhuriah (Kuala Besut, Terengganu)
505
Mosque of Kajen (Central Java)
494
mosques
Ayl al-Bayt imagery in Ottoman imperial
445
Lion of ʿAlī calligrams in
478, 492–495, 493ill.
Moureau, Sébastien
191, 196
al-Mufaḍḍal b. Thābit al-Ḥarrānī see Abū l-Khaṭṭāb al-Mufaḍḍal al-Ḥarrānī
al-Mufaḍḍal b. Thābit b. Qurra
131
Mughal Empire/Mughals
29, 393, 396
lettrist imperialism
413
Mughal Imperial Library (Delhi)
115, 118, 119
al-Muhallabī, Abū Muḥammad (vizier, d. 963)
124tab., 134, 136, 141
Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb see Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb
Muḥammad al-Bāqir (5th Shiʿi Imam, d. 732)
236n17, 254
Muḥammad Beg Māklū
301
Muhammad II (Sultan of Kelantan, 1838–1886)
497n183
Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-Nadīm see Ibn al-Nadīm
Muhammad IV (Sultan of Kelantan, r. 1899–1920)
502–503, 504
Muḥammad al-Mahdī (12th Shiʿi Imam, occ. 874)
441
Muḥammad (the Prophet, d. 632)
66, 238, 250, 405n70
awfāq (magic squares) and
103
blessing power (baraka) of
582, 584, 585–595
descendants of see Ahl al-Bayt; sayyids
Dhū l-Fiqār and
439, 470, 549ill., 550–551
intercessory powers of
31, 541, 561–562, 588, 594
as lettrist/relation with letters
242, 243, 250, 252, 262, 273
migration to Medina
496
millennium and planet of
235, 236, 236n17
physical description of (ḥilya)
541–542, 545, 572, 575, 577–579, 580, 585, 587n29
prognosticative powers of
252, 260
references/invocations on talismans/amulets to
31, 427
on arms and armor
428, 430, 434, 441, 444
on blessing cards/magnets
577–579, 577ill., 581ill., 582, 585–594
in calligrams
456
foot- and sandalprints
561, 582, 585, 588, 589ill., 590–594, 592ill.
“seal of prophecy” and “noble seal”
458, 563, 572, 577ill., 578, 585–587, 586ill., 586n26, 588
on stamped talismans
538, 540, 549ill., 552, 552ill.
relics
541n37, 561–562, 563, 572, 585, 588
(semi-)precious stones and
422–423, 425
use of talismanic weaponry
421
Muḥyī l-Dīn
398
Muʿizz al-Dawla (Buyid amir, r. 945–967)
124tab., 134
mujaddidūn (renewers [of religion])
in epicycles of religious and civilizational renewal
236, 236n17, 238, 249–250
hadith on
252–253
nature and identity of
253–254
ruler-mujaddid vs. scholar-mujaddid
253–260
ruler’s status as
404
see also lettrist imperialism
al-Mukhtār fī kashf al-asrār (“The Selected Pieces on the Unveiling of Secrets,” al-Jawbarī)
330–331, 334, 340
Müller, Friedrich Max
607
al-Munāẓarāt (al-Rāzī)
209
Munāẓara-yi bazm u razm (“Debate of Feast and Fight,” Ibn Turka)
402n56
al-Munqidh min al-ḍalāl wa-l-muwaṣṣil ilā dhī l-ʿizza wa-l-jalāl (“Deliverer from Error”, al-Ghazālī)
102–106
Muqaddīma (“Prolegomena,” Ibn Khaldūn)
54, 263, 276, 390n31, 396
on evil eye
597
influences of and parallels with Epistles on Magic (Brethren of Purity)
196–197, 198
on “lion seals”
465
on rīmiyā
276n38
on sīmiyāʾ
275n34, 336, 343–344
Muqaddima (Yazdī)
401n52
muqaṭṭaʿāt (disconnected quranic letters)
259, 307
Murād V (Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, r. 1876), sword of
424, 424ill.
Murshid Qulī Khān Ustajlū (Safavid military commander, 1632)
296
Murūj al-dhahab (“The Fields of Gold,” al-Masʿūdī)
195
Muş, Battle of (1467)
405
Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory (Darwin)
509ill.
Museum of Asian Arts (Kuala Lumpur)
504–505, 504ill.
museum exhibitions
9–10, 23n76, 420, 455–456
Museum Nasional Indonesia (Jakarta)
506
Museum of National History (Oxford)
21
Museum Tekstil (Jakarta)
446, 482, 483ill.
Muṣḥaf-i Fāṭima (“The codex of Fatima”)
272
Muṣḥaf al-qamar (Anūdāṭīsh)
340
music, magical squares and
91, 94
Muslim fatalism
261
Muslim scholarship
609–610, 628
al-Muṣṭafā
242
al-Muʿtaṣim (Abbasid caliph, r. 833–642)
72
al-Mutawakkil (Abbasid caliph, r. 847–861)
72
Muʿtazilīs
254
al-Muṭīʿ (Abbasid caliph, r. 946–974)
134
Myanmar
calligrams in
472
tiger imagery in
475
mysticism, categorization of
611
mythical creatures, depiction of
494
nād-i ʿAlī
30, 466–468
Nafaḥāt al-uns (“Fragrances of Intimacy,” Jāmī)
288n97–98, 294n124
nafs (soul, psyche)
44
see also soul, human
nāga serpent
494
Najaf
446
names of God see divine names
names of prophets, numerical values and correlations with divine names
232, 234, 235, 243–245, 256, 259, 386, 392
Naqshbandiyya Sufi order
268, 287, 288n96, 561
Nārāyaṇa Paṇḍita, Gaṇitakaumudī
69
Naṣāʾiḥ-i shārukhī (“Advice for Shāhrukh,” Jalāl al-Dīn al-Qāyinī)
270–271
al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qalāwūn (Mamluk sultan, r. 1294, 1299–1309, 1309–1340)
255–256
naturalistic psychology
213
natural magic (siḥr ṭabīʿī) see soul-enabled magic
natural philosophy
17, 27, 71n40, 72, 81, 226, 227, 619, 621, 623
natural sciences
3–4, 43, 45, 341, 354, 410n86
al-Nawbakhtī, al-Ḥasan b. Mūsā (d. between 912 and 922)
139, 141
Nawbakht (Persian astrologer, fl. 8th c.)
141
Nazarköy (“village of eye beads,” Turkey)
598–599
naẓar (term)
639
Naẓm al-sulūk fī musāmarat al-mulūk (“Regulation of Conduct: On the Edification of Kings,” al-Bisṭamī)
28, 232–233, 262–263
contents and style
233–234
on divine names
244–245
introduction
234–238
on lettrism and ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib
249–252
on lettrism in al-Bisṭāmī’s lifetime
252–260, 262
on lettrism and the prophets
238–245
on lettrism and the ummat al-ḥukamāʾ (sages, philosophers)
245–249
on nature and identity of mujaddidūn
253–260
sources of inspiration
231–232, 234, 237, 248, 253
Near East
65, 539
lion imagery in
464
necromancy
53, 189
neo-Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ see New Brethren of Purity
neo-Ottomanism
573, 594–595
Neopythagorean cosmology
408, 410n87, 411
Neopythagoreanism
see also Brethren of Purity; New Brethren of Purity
awfāq (magic squares) and
62, 79, 140
Islamic (occultist)
395n39, 401, 409n84, 413
lettrism and
4, 29, 384, 395, 399, 410n87
naturalized lettrist
410n87
renaissance of
407n74, 408n79, 413
Neopythagorean(-occultist) historiography
400–408, 410, 412
see also Kemālpaşazāde, Aḥmed
Nepal
488
nērang see nīranjāt
Nestorianism
631
Netherlands, occupation of Indonesia
446–447, 486
Netton, Ian, Introduction to the Thought of the Brethren of Purity
162
New Age practices
7
New Brethren of Purity
197, 198, 256, 395–399, 397n44, 400, 406
see also [al-]Akhlāṭī, Sayyid Ḥusayn; [al-]Bisṭāmī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān; Ibn Turka; Yazdī, Sharaf al-Dīn ʿAlī
Newton, Isaac (d. 1727)
411
Nichomachus of Gerasa
352n105
Arithmetical Introduction
62, 138, 140
Niʿmatallāhiyya Sufi order
287
Nimrod
218, 283n74
Nine Directions of space (Chinese philosophy)
64
“nine-palace diagram” (jiugong tu, 3 × 3 magic square)
64
nīranj/nīranjāt (incantation/ritual formula/magical procedures)
27, 50–52, 54, 170, 188, 620, 621
see also fumigation/suffumigation
aim of (science of)
44, 52, 632
body vs. spirit in
44, 45, 52, 54
categorization of
628–630
figurines
51
for making rulers favorable
51–52
mandal and
630, 632
procedures being
51–52
term/definition
43, 52, 628–630
in Zoroastrianism (nērang)
628–630
Nishapur
268, 281
Njoto, Hélène
494
Noah
222
as lettrist
240–241
millennium and planet of
235, 236
reference on talismans/amulets to
540
Noble, Michael
27
“noble seal” see sacred seals
noetics, noetic connection between human and spiritual beings
212–213, 223–224, 225, 226, 227
North Africa
15, 54, 539
North America
8
al-Nubuwwāt (“Prophecy,” Ibn Taymiyya)
195
Nujūm al-ʿulūm (“The Stars of the Sciences,” Persian encyclopedia)
634–637, 634n77, 636n81, 637ill.
Nukhbat al-fikr fī muṣṭalaḥ ahl al-athar (“Selection of Thoughts Concerning the Traditionists’ Terminology,” Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī)
116
numbers
see also awfāq (magic squares)
amicable
109, 109n133, 351
combination of number and form/figure
87–89
harmonious relationships
91–94
harmonious
109, 109n134, 139
“Indian letters”
346–350
properties of
348–350
numerology
268, 351
nūn (letter)
259
observation
608–609
action vs.
608
“the occult,” definition
610
occultism
2, 7, 394, 396, 401, 410
“occultist” (adjective)
2, 60, 144, 189, 193, 197, 231, 256, 271–272, 276, 278, 281, 286–292, 296, 298, 307, 381, 384, 385 395–396, 400, 402, 406, 409–412, 425, 621, 623, 639
occult knowledge
220–221
occult learning see occult sciences
occult objects
exoticization and vilification of
22
functioning of
22–23, 24
occult properties (khawāṣṣ)
29, 59, 78, 241, 292, 318, 320, 321, 329, 341, 427, 431, 591, 617
of awfāq (magic squares)
80, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88–89, 88n81, 95, 103, 105, 114, 120, 143
occult sciences
408
ambiguity and uncertainty in prominence and acceptance
2, 5, 25, 28, 624–627
beneficiaries of
292
classification/categorization of
3–4, 26, 26n80, 28, 31, 53, 273, 273n27, 407n73–74, 408n79, 410n86, 608–610, 615
semantics
609–619
colonialist outlook on
31, 382, 394, 609
definition/term
2, 273
history/origins
273n27, 628, 638
interpolations of works on
297–298, 381, 383–385
manuals on, see also Asrār-i qāsimī
material dimensions
19–20, 21, 23, 28, 29
meaning in Islamicate context
3–7
social dimensions
25
suppression/marginalization/denunciation of
5–6, 11, 15, 21, 196, 197
theory vs. practice in
31, 607–608
visual dimensions
19–20
Occult Sciences in Pre-Modern Islamic Cultures, The (El-Bizri and Orthmann)
17
occult-scientific imperialism
8, 380, 381, 394, 396
occult soteriology
207, 208, 209
see also salvation
Oe Laba (settlement, Rote)
507
Ohrmazd (Supreme Lord, Zoroastrianism)
629
On the rays/The Book of Magical Theory (al-Kindī)
54
orientalism/orientalists
11, 14, 16, 261, 322, 382, 625–627, 639
Orthmann, Eva
18
The Occult Sciences in Pre-Modern Islamic Cultures
17
Osman, Hafez (d. 1698)
541
Osman, Mohd. Taib
477
Otlukbeli, Battle of (1473)
405, 409
Otto, Bernd-Christian
18, 19
Ottoman culture
arabicization and mediterraneanization of
393–394
revival of
573, 594–595, 602
Ottoman Empire/Ottomans
260, 262, 396, 468
conquest of Egypt/Cairo
29, 381, 383, 385, 386–393, 389n26, 394, 398, 399, 407, 412
imperialism/imperial ideology
29, 381, 401, 407, 410, 412
lettrist imperialism
397, 398, 405, 407, 408, 412
occult scholarship at court
381, 383–385, 404
Persian historiography of
400, 404–406
relations with Southeast Asia
447, 470–472
Safavids vs.
381, 444, 445
talismans from
471, 532ill.
Turkish historiography of
406
Ottoman scholarship
381, 383–385, 404, 410n86
pagan cultures
see also Sabians
learned
207, 209
Pajajaran (Hindu kingdom, 1482–1579)
480, 485
Pakistan
468, 490
Pañcatantra (“Five Topics/Books,” India)
474
Papus (Gérard Encausse)
2
papyri, Greek
461–462, 462n40
paranormal causation
621
Parikh, Rachel
23, 29
Patani region (Malay peninsula, now Thailand)
472n80, 496–497
calligrams in
468, 471, 472–473, 478
Lion of ʿAlī calligrams from
497, 500, 501ill., 502, 505, 506ill.
patch boxes, Solomonic/talismanic motifs on
438, 439
Pazarlama, Semazen
593
pearls, in talismanic weaponry
424–425, 424ill.
pedestal/divine footstool, day of the
236–237
People of the Cave see Aṣḥāb al-Kahf
Pepela (settlement, Rote)
507
performative images, talismanic vs.
461–463
perfume, awfāq (magic squares) to determine proportions of ingredients
68
Peripatetic philosophy
45, 394n35, 397–398
see also Aristotelianism
Perk, Halûk
534n15
Persianate scholarship
410, 410n86
Persian culture, influence on Southeast Asian societies
469–470
Persian language
454
translation of occult-scientific works into
279
see also Asrār-i qāsimī
Persian Neopythagorean-occultist historiography
400
Persian occult knowledge
8
Persians
238, 246, 357, 359
personal transformation, occult sciences for
28
Peta Naṣr (“Drawing of Naṣr”)
499–500
Peter the Great (Tsar of Russia, r. 1682–1725)
382
Pharaoh
244
divine pretentions and tyranny of
216, 217–218, 217n30, 219
Philippines
441, 446
talismanic motifs in
441
philosophers
see also sages; scholars/scholarship
lettrism and
242, 245–249
(soul-enabled) magic of
178–180, 182, 185–186, 195
Philosophie des alchimistes et l’ alchimie des philosophes, La (Marquet)
163
Philosophie des Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʿ, La (Marquet)
163, 179–180
philosophy
102–103
classification of philosophical sciences
3–4
prophecy and
178, 621
physical action
44
physicians, magic and
185, 186
physiognomomy (firāsa)
332
Picatrix see Ghāyat al-ḥakīm
picture-poems (mudabbajāt)
458
Pielow, Dorothee
18
Die Geheimnisse der oberen und der unteren Welt
17–19
piety
superstition vs.
527–528, 574–575, 584–585, 594
see also eye beads
pilgrimage
305, 392, 560, 574
Pingree, David
12, 16, 188, 351
pious texts
combination with magic formulas
528
see also stamped talismans
Pitt Rivers Museum (Oxford)
21
planetary ascent
210, 223–224
planetary idols
195, 216–217, 222–223, 227
see also Sabians
planetary spheres, days of
236–237
planets
see also Sabians
association of awfāq (magic squares) with
86, 92, 96, 98n108, 99, 102, 108, 108n130
astral rituals to imitate
213–214
influence on microcosm
173
power of the
274
role in alchemy
47–48
ruling planets for earth’s seven millennia
232, 235–236
worship of (Sabians)
195, 216–217, 219, 222–223, 227
Plato
109, 248, 249, 274, 354, 628
see also pseudo-Plato
Timaeus
53
“Platonic Orientalism”
247–248, 249, 262
Platonism
195
Plessner, Martin
189–190
Plotinus, Enneads
176–177
pneuma
186
see also soul, human
pneumatic magic see illusory magic
political predictions
in Qurʾan
403
see also Qurʾan verses, 30 (al-Rūm)
political theory
occult-scientific modes of sovereignty
395–396
post vs. pre-Mongol
394
politics
occult sciences and
380, 381
political implications of magic
180–184
popular/vernacular forms of devotion
574, 575, 585, 597
Porter, Venetia
23, 538, 554n85
post-Enlightenment see Enlightenment/post-Enlightenment mindset
potions
91, 92, 93, 185, 275, 276, 292
pottery, for talismans
74, 75, 79, 90
power
see also blessing power; healing/healing power; rulers
influence of magic on exercising
180
talismans for achieving and maintaining
48–49, 255, 295, 299, 305n175, 307
Power and Piety (exhibition, 2016–2017, Metropolitan Museum of Art)
9, 420
Power and Protection (exhibition, 2016–2017, Ashmolean Museum)
9–10, 23n76, 455–456
practical knowledge, theoretical knowledge vs.
31, 607–608
prayer manuals
562–563
prayers
on blessing cards/magnets
575, 580
protective prayers see duʿāʾ
talismans and
48, 49, 50
precious stones see stones, precious and semi-precious
predictions
259–260
lettrism and
259–260
political
403
see also Qurʾan verses, 30 (al-Rūm)
Preserved Tablet
260
prestidigitation (shuʿbada)
28, 189, 275
primitivism, non-European
22, 609
prisoners
awfāq (magic squares) for release of
100ill., 101, 101ill.
talismans for protection from imprisonment
300–301
prohibited magic
188–189
see also illicit magic
propaedeutic sciences/knowledge
171, 175, 344–345
prophecy
see also licit magic
magic vs.
195
philosophy and
178, 621
prophetic(-astrological) cycles
232, 234, 235, 236, 249–250, 252, 261, 262
al-Rūm prophecy (Q 30)
386, 403, 405, 405–406n70
prophethood
denial of
209, 210, 215
imaginational
213, 225, 227
“seal of prophethood”
458
prophetic(-astrological) cycles
232, 234, 235, 236, 249–250, 252, 261, 262
prophetic revelation (waḥy) see revelation
prophetic traditions see hadith
prophets
see also Abrahamic prophets; Muḥammed (the Prophet)
encounters with prophets of the past
245
inheritance of sanctity from
244–245
(intellectual) magic of
178–180, 185, 186
see also licit magic
lettrism and the
238–245
major prophets for earth’s seven millennia
232, 235–236
miracles of
4, 163, 178, 185, 186, 195, 225, 241, 284n79, 527, 620, 621, 623, 627
monopoly of prophecy/knowledge of unseen world
210, 215
names of
232, 234, 235, 243–245, 256, 259, 386, 392
overviews of
238
Sabian divines’ vs. prophets’ procedure for revelation
210, 213, 215
sages/philosophers/scholars vs.
178–180, 182, 186, 195
prophylactic devices see talismans
protective commodities/objects see talismans
protective prayers see duʿāʾ
Psalms, in awfāq literature
75, 78, 80, 101
pseudo-Aristotle
Hermetica
3, 108, 182, 187–188, 191, 193, 194, 197
Kitāb al-Isṭimākhīs
183, 331
Kitāb al-Ustūṭās/Ashnūṭās
182–183, 187–188, 193, 327, 331, 335, 353
Kitāb al-Hādīṭūsh
331
Kitāb al-Malāṭīs
331
Kitāb al-Siyāsa fī tadbīr al-riyāsa (“The Book of Governance on Managing Leadership”)
183
Theology of Aristotle
177, 178, 180
pseudo-Avicenna, De anima in arte alchemica
48
pseudo-Plato, Kitāb al-Nawāmīs (“The book of laws”)
280, 335, 352–353, 354
pseudo-Rāzī, De aluminibus et salibus
46–47
Ptolemy
628
punishment, talismans for protection from
303–304
purification of Islam
561, 594, 625–627
Pythagoras
109n133, 194, 248, 410n87
Pythagoreanism
195
see also Neopythagoreanism
Qābūs b. Wushmgīr (Ziyārid ruler, r. 978–1012)
135
Qādiriyya Sufi order
539
qāf (letter)
259
Qajar period (1789–1925), calligrams in
456, 468
Qalfaṭīr alphabet (Filaqṭīr)
354
Qānṣūh al-Gawrī (Sultan of Egypt, r. 1501–1516)
390–393, 393n33
Qarmatian revolts
254
Qaṣidat al-burda (“The Mantle Ode,” al-Būṣīrī)
561
Qāsim, Amīr Sayyid (commissioner of Asrār-i qāsimī), identity of
274, 280–291
Qāsim b. Ḥasan (d. 680)
290
Qāsim-i Anvār (Jalāl al-Dīn ʿAlī b. Naṣīr, d. 1433)
267, 281, 283n74–75, 283–284n75–77, 285, 286–291, 289n104, 289–290n106
Divān
288
qāsimī (Sufi garment with torn collar)
290–291
Qaṭf al-azhār fī khaṣāʾiṣ al-maʿādin wa-l-aḥjār [...] (“The Picking of Flowers on the Properties of Minerals and Stones [...],” al-Maghribī)
333–334
al-Qawī (name of God)
244
al-Qāyinī, Jalāl al-Dīn (d. 1434–1435)
270, 270n15, 271
Naṣāʾiḥ-i shārukhī (advice to Shāhrukh)
270–271
al-Qāyinī, Nūr al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Muḥammad
271
al-Qayyūm (name of God)
244
Qāzān Khān (Khan of the Chagatai Khanate, r. 1343–1346)
255
Qazvin
299
al-Qazwīnī, Abū Yaḥyā Zakariyyāʾ b. Muḥammad (d. 1283)
110
Kitāb ʿAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt wa-gharāʾib al-mawjūdāt (“The Wonders of All Creation and the Rarities of All Existence”)
619–624
Qiṭmīr (dog of Aṣḥāb al-Kahf/Seven Sleepers)
438, 462, 462n38, 548
Qizilbāsh (Shiʿi militant groups)
404
Quantum Mysticism
7
Qubilai Qaghan (Khan of the Mongol Empire, r. 1260–1294)
66
Queen ʿAyna (demon)
636, 636n82, 637ill.
Queen of Sheba
437
Qūnavī, Ṣadr al-Dīn (d. 1274)
398
Qurʾan
Lion of ʿAlī calligrams in
490, 491ill., 494
predictions in
259
see also Qurʾan verses, 30 (al-Rūm)
quranic prognostication, lettrist analysis and
386–393
Qurʾan verses
259
1 (al-Fātiḥa, “The Opening”), 1:102
184
2 (al-Baqara, “The Cow”)
431, 539
2:20
539–540
2:30
180–181
2:102
336, 340
2:255 (Throne Verse)
431, 435n63, 580, 580n14, 582, 599, 600ill.
3 (Āl ʿImrān, “The House of Imran”), 3:119
277
5 (al-Māʾida, “The Table”), 5:21
387
6 (al-Anʿām, “Cattle”)
562n107
6:38
391
6:103
484
7 (al-Aʿrāf, “The Battlements”)
7:127
387
7:137
387
7:180
538
11 (Hūd), 11:88
548
12 (Yūsuf, “Joseph”)
12:55
387
12:56
387
12:80
388
13 (al-Raʿd, “Thunder”), 13:61
548
17 (al-Isrāʾ, “The Night Journey”), 17:82
548, 581
18 (al-Kahf, “The Cave”)
438–439, 490
18:1–8
490
18:9–26
438–439, 553n81
20 (Ṭāʾ Ḥāʾ), 20:105–107
397n44
21 (al-Anbiyāʾ, “The Prophets”), 21:105
29, 383, 386, 391–392
24 (al-Nūr, “The Light”), 24:44
277
27 (al-Naml, “The Ant”)
435, 437
27:18–19
434n54, 437n64
27:29–31
437n65
28 (al-Qaṣaṣ, “The Story”)
28:5
387
28:6
387
28:19
388
30 (al-Rūm, “The Greeks”)
386, 403, 405, 405–406n70, 408, 409
30:1–4
406n70
30:1–5
403
33 (al-Aḥzāb, “The Confederates”), 33:38
393
36 (Yāʾ Sīn)
488
40 (Ghāfir, “The Forgiver”), 40:36–37
217
41 (Fuṣṣilat, “Distinguished”), 41:53
260
48 (al-Fatḥ, “Victory”)
435
48:1
551, 555
48:3
405n70
48:7–11
435n61
55 (al-Raḥmān, “The All-merciful”)
424
55:21–22
424n16
61 (al-Ṣaff, “The Ranks”)
431, 432, 435, 457, 496
61:13
30, 431n41, 435n62, 457, 476, 478, 484, 495–512, 555
68 (al-Qalam, “The Pen”)
536
68:51
536, 580, 582, 596
79 (al-Nāziʿāt, “The Pluckers”), 79:24
217n30
83 (al-Muṭaffifīn, “The Stinters”), 83:26
162
85 (al-Burūj, “The Constellations”)
543
85:10
543
109 (al-Kāfirūn, “The Unbelievers”)
430–431, 432
109:1–3
431n36
110 (al-Naṣr, “Help” “The Conquest”)
431, 432
110:1–3
431n40
112 (al-Ikhlāṣ, “Sincerity”)
430, 432, 434, 484
112:1–4
430n35
113 (al-Falaq, “Daybreak”)
431, 432, 434
113:1–5
431n41
114 (al-Nās, “Mankind”)
431, 432, 434
114:3–6
431n39
esoteric exegesis of
175–176, 307
on evil eye
536, 580, 582, 596
healing power and
496, 548, 575, 581
on imperialism
386
lettrist analysis of prophecies in
386
references on talismans/amulets to
on blessing cards/magnets
575, 580–582, 581ill.
in calligrams
495–512, 513
on eye beads
599–600, 600ill.
in mandal
636
on stamped talismans
536, 538, 539–540, 543, 545, 548, 551, 552ill., 553, 554
talismanic weaponry
430–432, 435–437, 496
Qurra family
131, 132fig.
al-Qurṭubī, Maslama b. Qāsim (d. 964)
16, 191, 196, 634n76
see also Ghāyat al-ḥakīm; Rutbat al-ḥakīm
Qūshjī, ʿAlī (d. 1474)
110, 409, 410n84, 411
al-Raḥīm (name of God)
244
rainmaking ceremonies, mandal for
631
Ramadan festivities
579–580, 590
Raphael/Isrāfīl (archangel)
499, 508
Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ (“Epistles of the Brethren of Purity”)
3, 27, 131, 334, 395n39
see also Epistle on Magic
authorship
46, 190, 191–192, 196
on awfāq (magic squares)
86–87, 86–94, 94, 101, 105, 349–350
dating of
334
Epistle on Geometry
87–94, 94, 95, 136
Epistle on Music
91, 92, 94, 350
Epistle on Talismans and Incantations
90, 92
on medicine
53
on monotheism
619
on prophetical cycles
235–236
as source of inspiration for al-Bisṭāmī’s Naẓm
231–232, 234, 237, 238, 253
Rastika (Indonesian artist, d. 2014)
495, 495n172
rationalization of religion
21–22
Islam
5–7, 626
Rawḍat al-shuhadāʾ (“The Garden of the Martyrs,” al-Kāshifī)
268–272, 307
Raydāniyya, Battle of
388–389
al-Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Zakariyyāʾ (Rhazes, d. 925 or 932)
280, 280n61, 618
Maqālāt-i sīzdahgāna (“The Thirteen Chapters”)
280
al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Din (d. 1210)
236n17, 253, 407n74, 615
see also al-Sirr al-maktūm
on classification of gharīb
621–622
Jāmiʿ al-ʿulūm
632
al-Munāẓarāt
209
on science of incantations
632
reason
enchantment of see sīmiyāʾ
magic operating by see intellectual magic
superstition vs.
5, 11, 22
recipes
320, 323, 632, 635
alchemical
46–47
for fumigations
332, 353
for natural amulets
188
Record of Rites by Dai the Elder (Dai De)
64
reform, Islamic
5–7, 560–561, 625–627
regalia, Luwuq
509–510
Regourd, Annick (Anne)
13
Rejang divinatory calendar
474
relics, Prophet’s
541n37
on blessing cards/magnets/amulets
572, 585, 588, 589ill.
intercessory power of
588, 594
religion
5–7, 21–22, 575, 578, 591, 593, 596, 609, 613, 626, 627
see also devotion
religiosity see piety
religious innovation
see also mujaddidūn
unwarranted
236, 253
religious life, vernacular forms of
574, 575, 585, 597
religious renewal
see also mujaddidūn
epicycles of
232, 234, 236, 249–250, 261
religious texts
combination with magical formulas
528
see also stamped talismans
Renaissance
of Islam, awfāq (magic squares) in
131, 143
Latinate
29, 302n161, 384, 394
of Neopythagoreanism
407n74, 408n79, 413
occult
610
Renaudot, Eusèbe
324
renewal (tajdīd) of Islam see Islamic reform; religious renewal
renewers of religion see mujaddidūn
research see scholars/scholarship
restaurants (Turkey), blessing cards in
580–584, 581ill.
revelation
by Abrahamic prophets
213, 215, 246
history as
261
Sabian divines’ vs. prophets’ procedure for
210, 213, 215
Rhazes see [al-]Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Zakariyyāʾ
Riḍā, Rashīd
5
Rifāʿī, Sayyid Aḥmad (d. 1181)
537ill., 539, 552
references to Rifāʿī and tomb on stamped talismans
535ill., 545, 549ill., 551, 552–553, 552ill., 557–560, 558
Rifāʿiyya order
539, 545, 552
on stamped talismans
549ill., 551, 552ill.
Rightly Guided Caliphs
439, 463
references on talismans/amulets to
441–442, 442ill., 445, 476–477, 488, 499, 502, 505, 538
rīḥānī alphabet
354
Riḥla (“Travelogue,” al-ʿAyyāshī)
389–393
rīmiyā see conjuring, science of
al-Risāla al-ʿaliyya (al-Kāshifī)
286
Risāla dar ʿilm-i aʿdād (treatise on numerology and magic squares, al-Kāshifī)
268
Risāla fī al-fiʿl wa al-infiʿāl (“On Action and Passion,” Ibn Sīnā)
44–45, 52
Risāla fī l-Ṭāʿūn (plague treatise, Kemālpaşazāde)
409, 409n81
Risālat al-Hū (al-Kūmī)
243
Risāla-yi kanz al-tuḥaf dar mūsīqā (“Treatise of the Treasure of Gifts Concerning Music”)
70n38
Risālat Taḍʿīf al-madhbaḥ (“On the Doubling of the Altar,” Mollā Lüṭfī)
110, 409n84
Risāla-yikhavāṣṣal-ḥurūf (“Treatise on the Properties of Letters,” Baʿalbakī)
280
Risāla-yi ḥurūf (Ibn Turka)
284n82
Ritter, Helmut
189–190
rituals
see also nīranjāt
astral
208–209, 213–214, 215, 216, 223–224
planetary ascent ritual
210, 224
preparatory diets
136, 208, 212, 220, 223
violating moral and social taboos
224
Roberts, Alexandra M.
136
Roger Bacon
27
Opus maius
45
Rome
259
“Roots of Combinatorics, The” (Biggs)
63
Rosenfeld, Boris A.
107–108
roses, on blessing cards/magnets
578
Rote/Roti (Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia)
468
talismanic shirt from
506–508
Royal Society (London)
21
Rudolf II (Holy Roman Emperor, r. 1576–1612)
382
rūḥāniyya/rūḥāniyyāt see spirits/spiritual powers
rulers
see also lettrist imperialism
as mujaddid
253–260, 404
nīranj for making rulers favorable
51–52
occult-philosopher rulers
381–382
see also Selim I
talismans and awfāq (magic squares) of/for
48–49, 255, 295, 299, 305n175, 307
Rum
288n97
Ruqiyā/Rūqiyāʾīl (name/term)
328
Rutbat al-ḥakīm (“The Rank of the Sage,” al-Qurṭubī)
45, 194, 196, 199
authorship
191, 196
influence of and parallels with Epistle on Magic (Brethren of Purity)
190–192
on sīmiyāʾ and alchemy
337–339
Saadetüʾd-Dareyn
594
sabers see swords
Sabians, Sabeans (astrolatrous religious group)
136, 207–227, 238, 240, 245, 246, 273n27
on ascent
210–211
Avicennism and
210
belief and practice
210–214
angelo-astrolatrous belief
210
denial of prophethood
209, 210, 215
naturalistic psychology
210, 213
delusion of divinity
210, 216–218
Ḥanīfs vs.
216–218, 226
Harranian-Sabian community (Baghdad)
131–134, 132fig., 140, 141, 141n209, 142
magic and rituals of
188, 195
astral/planetary ascent rituals
208–209, 210, 213–214, 215, 216, 223–225
noetic connection between human and spiritual beings
212–213, 223–224, 225, 227
on perfection and angelic nature of soul
214, 215, 221, 222
al-Rāzī on
220–227
al-Shahrastānī on
209–218, 226, 227
worship of planets/planetary idols
195, 216–217, 219, 222–223, 227
Sabzavar (town, Bayhaq)
268
sacred images, interaction with
556–557
Sacred Mosque (Mecca) see Masjid al-Ḥarām
sacred seals
on blessing cards
572, 577ill., 578, 585–587, 586ill., 588
“seal of the eye upon God”
563
“seal of the Great Name of God”
563
“seal of Prophecy”/“noble seal”
458, 563, 572, 577ill., 578, 585–587, 586ill., 588, 586n26
“seal/ring of Solomon”
435, 438, 441, 446, 448, 483, 486, 550
on stamped talismans
50, 550
Saʿd Allāh b. Ṣadr al-Dīn
111n138
Saʿd b. Waqqāṣ (Companion of the Prophet, d. 674)
540
Safari, Achmad Opan
485
Safavid Empire/Safavids (1501–1736)
30, 267, 287, 393, 396, 404
see also Asrār-i qāsimī
calligrams in
456, 466
lettrist imperialism
406n71
occult sciences in
292
see also Tuḥfa-yi khānī
Ottomans vs.
381, 444, 445
Persian historiographies
406n71
Ṣafaviyya Sufi order
286
Ṣafī al-Dīn, Shaykh (d. 1334)
286
sages
see also philosophers; scholars; ummat al-ḥukamāʾ
lettrism and
242, 245–249
prophetic status of ancient
249
prophets vs.
178–180, 182, 195
(soul-enabled) magic of
178–180, 182, 185–186, 195
Said, Edward
627
Saʿīd b. Yazīd (Companion of the Prophet)
540
Saif, Liana
1, 23, 27, 624–625
Saint Germain des Prés (monastry and library)
324
saints
see also Sufi saints/sainthood
encounters with saints from the past
245
in epicycles of religious and civilizational renewal
232, 234, 236, 249–250
inheritance of sanctity from prophets
244–245
magicians vs.
527–528
wonders
620
al-Sakkākī, Sirāj al-Dīn Abū Yaʿqūb (d. 1229)
634–635, 634n78
al-Shāmil fī l-baḥr al-kāmil (“The Comprehensive Compendium on the Entire Ocean")
635
see also al-Ṭabasī
Salafism
5, 594
Ṣāliḥ (Prophet)
243–244
Salleh, Nik Mohamed Nik Mohd.
497, 498ill.
salvation
see also soteriology
magic as
174–178, 184
Samarqand, Samarkand
110, 411, 631
Samarkand Observatory
411
Samarra
72
Sām Mīrzā (Safavid prince, d. 1566)
291n111
al-Samnūdī, Shaykh Ibrāhīm (d. 1897), Kitāb Saʿādat al-dārayn […] (“The Bliss of the two Abodes […]”)
594
Ṣamṣām al-Dawla (Buyid amir, r. 983–987)
124tab., 135
sanctity
see also saints; Sufi saints/sainthood
inheritance of
244–245
of writing
476
sanctuaries, on stamped talismans
540, 555–556, 556ill., 557ill.
sandalprints (of the Prophet), on talismanic objects
582, 585, 588, 589ill., 590–594, 592ill.
al-Ṣanhājī, Azammūr ʿAbd al-Raḥmāb b. Saʿīd (d. 1392), Kanz al-asrār wa-lawāqiḥ al-afkār (“The Treasure of Secrets and Fertile Ideas”)
341
Sanjar (Great Seljuk sultan, r. 1118–1157)
60, 113tab., 125tab., 127, 129
Sanskrit literature/writings
351
on awfāq (magic squares)
61, 68, 69, 72, 75
on mandal making
631
Sanskrit terms
474, 628, 629, 630, 636
Sarandīb (Sri Lanka)
175
Sarton, George, Introduction to the History of Science
62, 62n9
Ṣaṣah al-Hindī
331, 331n45
Satan/Iblīs
181, 636, 636n82
Saturn/Kaywān
223n47
alchemy and
47
assignment to Adam
235
influence on magical squares
96, 98, 108n130
Savage-Smith, Emilie
19n64, 23, 528n4
Magic and Divination in Early Islam
14–15, 14n43
Savory, Roger
287
Sayf Khān (Mughal officer)
430n34
sayyids (descendants of the Prophet)
270, 271, 272, 273, 281–282, 289
see also Qāsim-i Anvār
scholars/scholarship
7–19
see also philosophers; sages
Arabo-Persian
381, 401, 403, 410, 410n86
Babylonian
195, 273n27, 340, 635n79
change in scholarship
13, 14, 26
international mobility of scholar-occultists
396
modern scholarship on magic and lettrism
231, 232, 609, 631, 640
Muslim
609–610, 628
Ottoman
381, 383–385, 404, 410n86
(soul-enabled) magic of scholars
178–180, 182, 185–186, 187, 195
Western/European
7–8, 14, 61, 328, 410, 609–610, 611, 625
science of cosmic cycles, lettrism and
231n4
science of heavenly bodies, lettrism and
231n4
science of letters see lettrism
science of properties
345
sciences, classification of see classification of (occult) sciences
scientific authority, through use of jargon
613
scorpions, on stamped talismans
549–550
seafaring, awfāq (magic squares) for
100ill., 101, 101ill.
seal-makers (guild)
563, 563n115–116
seals (as talismanic motifs/symbols) see sacred seals
seals (tool)
see also stamped talismans
for application of stamps on talismans
532–533, 532ill., 533ill., 534–536, 535ill., 538
secret of nature see sīmiyāʾ
secret of wisdom see sīmiyāʾ
Sefer ha-razim (“Book of Secrets”)
240
self-transformation
174, 209
fable of ailing king and vizier (Epistle on Magic, Brethren of Purity)
174–176, 184
Selīm I (“the Grim,” Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, r. 1512–1520), see also Kemālpaşade, Aḥmed; lettrist imperialism
Selīm I (“the Grim”, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, r. 1512–1520)
382n5, 404, 408, 411, 425
astrology and lettrism at court of
29, 380–381, 385, 412, 413
conquest of Cairo
381, 383, 386–393, 389n26, 394, 398, 399, 400, 407, 412
conquest of Damascus/Syria
385, 390–391, 394, 398, 400, 407
defeat of Safavids at Chaldiran
381, 385, 394, 408
reliance on occult scientists for strategic purposes
381–382, 385, 391
Selimiye mosque (Edirne)
445
Seljuk Empire, awfāq literature from
60, 113tab., 124–125tab., 126–128, 131, 143
semantics, categorization and conceptualization of (occult) learning and
609–624
semi-precious stones see stones, precious and semi-precious
Şen, Ahmet Tunç
384
serpents, on stamped talismans
558, 559
Sesiano, Jacques
60, 63, 109, 114, 125, 130, 131
Magic Squares in the Tenth Century
58–59, 111–113tab.
“Une Compilation Arabe”
113tab., 130
Seth/Shīth
identification with Agathodaimon
240, 245
identification with Zoroaster
246
as lettrist/relation with letters
240, 241
Sifr Shīth
240
seven planets
see also planets
association of awfāq (magic squares) with
86, 92, 96, 99, 102, 108, 108n130
in Islamicate literature
86
operation of the
299–300
spiritual essence (rūḥāniyya) and enslavement (istikhdāmi-hā) of
345, 361
Seven Sleepers of Ephesus see Aṣḥāb al-Kahf
Seyāḥat-nāme (“Book of Travels”, Evliyā Çelebi)
43
Sezgin, Fuat, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums
11–12
Shaanxi History Museum (Xi’an)
66n25
shadow puppets (wayang kulit)
459n22, 461, 475–476, 503
al-Shāfiʿī (jurist, d. 820)
236n17, 253
shahāda (“There is no god but God. Muḥammad is the messenger of God”)
30
references on talismans/amulets to
on blessing cards
587
in Lion of ʿAlī calligrams
476, 478, 479–495, 496, 505, 507, 511
on stamped talismans
548, 552, 553–554
special powers of
479, 487
Shāh Jahān (Mughal emperor, r. 1628–1658)
60, 118, 119, 430
Shāh Maḥmūd Nishāpūrī album (c. 1560)
467
al-Shahrastānī, Muḥammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm (d. 1153)
27, 208, 209–220
see also Kitāb al-Milal wa-l-niḥal
Shāhrukh b. Temür/Tīmūr (Timurid ruler, r. 1405–1447)
270, 278, 286, 287, 401n52, 403
shāh (title)
282
al-Shajara al-nuʿmāniyya fī l-dawla al-ʿUthmāniyya (“The Crimson Tree: On Ottoman Glory,” cryptic jafrī text)
398, 399
Shāmil-i akbar (“The Great Comprehensive Book”)
280
al-Shāmil fī̄ l-baḥr al-kāmil (“The Comprehensive Compendium on the Entire Ocean,” al-Sakkākī/al-Ṭabasī)
623, 632, 634–635
Shams al-āfāq fī ʿilm al-ḥurūf wa-l-awfāq (“The Sun of Horizons on the Science of Letters and Magic Squares,” al-Bisṭāmī)
197–198, 233, 240, 248, 252, 256, 258, 262, 331
Shams al-maʿārif al-kubrā see Shams al-maʿārif wa-laṭāʾif al-ʿawārif
Shams al-maʿārif wa-laṭāʾif al-ʿawārif (“The Sun of Knowledge and the Secrets of Gnosis,” [pseudo-]al-Būnī)
290n107, 328
authorship
19n63, 102, 193n128, 297
lunar mansion list
193, 198
Shani, Raya
456
Sharaf al-Dawla (Buyid amir, r. 983–988/9)
111tab., 124tab.
Shaʿrānī, Āyatallāh Ḥājj Shaykh Abū l-Ḥasan
269–270
Sharāsīm/Ishrāsīm al-Hindiyya
317
see also Kitāb Sharāsīm al-Hindiyya
identity and status
328–330, 333, 334, 338, 354
importance in medieval Arabic texts/occult sciences
330–334
name
327–328
sharīʿa
102, 240, 561
Shaṭṭāriyya Sufi order
490
Shawq al-mustahām fī maʿrifat rumūz al-aqlām (“The Desire of the Distraught: The Knowledge of the Symbols of the Alphabets,” Ibn Waḥshiyya)
353–354
Sheba, Queen of
437
Shïbani Khan (Uzbek leader, r. 1500–1512)
404
Shick, İrvin Cemil
458
Shiʿi imagery, in Sunni talismanic objects
444–445, 447, 448
Shiʿi Imams
5, 444
see also Imams
Shiʿism/Shiʿis
269–270
mitigation of boundaries between other denominations
182n82
position of ʿAlī among
463
Shiʿi-Sunni divide see Sunni-Shiʿi divide
Shīrāzī, Maḥmūd Dihdār (fl. 1576)
297
Shīrāzī, Mīr Ghiyāth al-Dīn Manṣūr al-Dashtakī (d. 1542)
296–297
Shīrāzī, Mīrzā Muḥammad
207n2
shirts, talismanic
Dhū l-Fiqār on
444
Lion of ʿAlī calligrams on
506–508
shops of devotional goods (Turkey)
572, 591
shrines
see also Eyüp tomb complex (Turkey)
on stamped talismans
540, 555–560, 556ill., 557ill.
Shumūs al-anwār (“The Suns of Light,” Ibn al-Ḥajj al-Tilimsānī)
278, 329
Shushtarī, Qāḍī Nūrallāh (d. 1610–1611), Majālis al-muʾminīn
298
Sifr Ādam
240
siḥr see magic
Siḥr al-ʿuyūn (“The Bewitchment of the Eyes,” al-Maghribī)
278, 282, 284–285
Siliwangi, Prabu (King of Pajajaran, West Java, r. 1482–1521)
485
silver
44, 47, 101–102, 127
Sima Ngali (“Tiger of ʿAlī”) calligram
476, 511–512
al-Sīmāwī, Abū l-Qāsim Aḥmad (al-ʿIrāqī)
279, 291, 294, 324
see also Asrār-i qāsimī
ʿUyūn al-ḥaqāʾiq wa-īḍāḥ al-ṭarāʾiq (“The Sources of Truths and the Exposition of the Methods”)/Kitāb Ibn Ḥallāj
278, 282, 284–285, 291, 325, 326, 332, 344
sīmiyāʾ (classical occult science)
28, 29, 274–280, 293, 298, 305n173, 321, 322, 328–331, 325, 336–345, 354, 363
see also Asrār-i qāsimī; Kitāb Sharāsīm al-Hindiyya; lettrism
condemnation of
276, 343–344
definitions/term
336–345, 354
“enchantment/bewitchment of reason”
29, 336, 337, 339
enhanced type of illusionism
275, 278
magic related to knowledge of Qurʾān
340–341
“science of imaginal entities”
274
“science of magical letters and squares”
343
“secret of nature”
336, 337, 338, 341
“secret of wisdom”
336, 337
identification of/association with
lettrism
274–275, 275n34, 277–278, 340, 342–344
Sufis
343–344
talismanic art
343
a woman
336
operations and formulas
275
origins
279
parallels with alchemy (kīmiyāʾ)
337–338
parallels with conjuring (rīmiyā)
276
practitioners of
276–277
as propaedeutic science
344–345
spiritual vs. terrestrial sīmiyāʾ
340
talismans as means of action of
29, 338–339
works on
278–279
Sinān (imperial architect, d. 1588)
445
Sind
351
singa barong/singhabarwang (elephant/lion/eagle composite animal)
485
sīn (letter)
244
al-Ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm fī ʿilm al-rūḥāniyya wa-ṣināʿat al-tanjīm (“The Right Way in the Science of Spiritual [Forces] and the Art of Astrology,” al-Jawbarī)
330
Sirr al-asrār (“The Secret of Secrets,” dialog between Aristotle and Alexander the Great)
327
Sirr al-ḥikam wa-jawāmiʿ al-kilam (“The Secret of Judgments and the Compilation of the Sentences,” al-Būnī)
325
al-Sirr al-maktūm (“The Hidden Secret,” al-Rāzī)
27, 207–227, 274, 621–622
on creating talismanic idols
224
on illusions (wahm)
220, 225
on Indians/Indian religion
226–227
on noetic connection with spiritual beings
213, 223–224, 225
on occult knowledge
220–221
on planetary ascent ritual
210, 223–224
on Sabians
220–227
sources of inspiration
207, 209
on talismanic magic
224–225
Siyāqī Niẓam (d. 1603), Futūḥāt-i humāyūn (“Imperial Conquests”)
406n71
Sloane, Sir Hans
22n73
Smaradahana (“Burning of Smara,” Old Javanese poem)
484–485
Smith, J. Kristen
462n40
Smith, Marian B.
19n64
Smith, Wilfred Cantwell
627
smoking of sacred objects see fumigation/suffumigation
Socrates
50
Sogdania
631
Sogdian literature, on mandal construction
631
Solomon
184, 434–435
prophetic mastery over jinn
633
“seal/ring of”
435, 438, 441, 446, 448, 483, 486, 550
Solomonic motifs on talismanic weaponry
421, 434–439, 436ill., 448
Umm Ṣubyān and
542, 543n44
Sorcellerie au Maroc, La (Mauchamp)
16
sorcerer’s circle see mandal/maņḍala
sorcery/sorcerers
196, 197
Quraʾnic denunciation of
184
soteriology, occult
207, 208, 209
soul-enabled magic (sīḥr nafsī)
illusory magic vs.
187
intellectual magic vs.
179–180, 182, 185–186, 195
in state administration
182–183
soul, human
see also spirits/spiritual powers
ascent of
177, 210–211
illnesses of the
185
intellectual potential of
215
perfection and angelic nature of
214, 215, 221, 222
science of emancipation of (al-tajrīd)
3
training for mediation with God
210
transformation of the
180
South Asia
454, 456
Southeast Asia
influence of Persian culture on
469–470
integration with rest of Islamicate world
513
relations with Ottoman Empire
447, 470–472
smoking of sacred objects in
478, 502
Sunnism
476–477
talismanic motifs
448, 472
see also Lion of ʿAlī calligrams
on arms and armor
420
calligrams
454, 461, 473–478
Dhū l-Fiqār in
441, 446
souvenirs
talismanic items as
572, 600–602
see also blessing cards; eye beads
Spat, Claas
510
Speculum astronomiae
54n29
Spiritism
7
spirits/spiritual powers (rūḥāniyya/rūḥāniyyāt)
54–55
see also nīranjat/nīranj; planets
in alchemy
47–48
astral vital agents
172–173
authority over/governance of/interaction with sublunary/terrestrial world
173–174, 211–212, 216–217, 221
celestial powers
223–224
conjuring/summoning/invocation of spirits
633–634
with mandal
631, 636–637
eschatological return
214
hierarchy of spiritual beings
211
imitation of/mimesis
213–214, 215
intercessory power
210, 211, 212–213, 227
noetic connection of humans with spirits
212–213, 223–224, 225, 227
operation of spirit on body
43, 53
operation of spirit in/on spirit (niranj)
43, 52, 54
references to archangels in talismans/amulets
499, 508, 548, 552
terrestrial spirits vs. celestial spirits
337
spiritual beings see spirits/spiritual powers
spiritual discipline see asceticism
spiritual medicine/magic as medicine
184–186, 344
Sprat, Thomas, History of the Royal Society of London
21n70
stamped talisman (Khalili collection, London)
23, 30, 528–533, 529ill.
analysis of contents
533–536, 560
impressions with calligrams
553–555, 554ill.
impressions combining letters and numbers
547–548, 547ill.
impressions combining text and images
548–553, 549ill., 552ill.
impressions with sanctuaries and shrines
540, 555–560, 556ill., 557ill.
impressions with text only
536–547, 537ill.
context of appearance
560–565
dating of
530, 530n8, 560
efficacy of
560
nature, producers, application and use of
545–547
production and media used
533–534
seal marks
534–536, 535ill.
Sufi content in
564
stamped talismans
430, 432–434, 433ill., 528, 529ill., 530–533, 531ill.
see also stamped talisman (Khalili collection)
healing power of
553, 563
protective signs
548–550, 549ill., 551, 552ill.
seals/stamps
532–533, 532ill., 533ill., 534–536, 535ill., 538
Stapleton, H.E.
62
stars, knowledge of the see astrology
star worshippers
246
state administration, use of magic and divination in
182–183
statues, vivification of
53
Steingass, Francis Joseph
327
Stern, S.M.
191
stones, precious and semi-precious
magical, healing and protective properties of
29, 333, 422, 423–424, 424ill., 448, 631
in talismanic weaponry
423, 424–427, 424ill., 426ill., 448
strange (gharīb) phenomena, classification of
620–623
sublunary world
see also terrestrial world
authority/governance of spiritual beings over
173, 211, 216–217, 221
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay
382
Subtelny, Maria
28
suffumigation see fumigation/suffumigation
Sufi saints/sainthood
25, 104, 289, 552, 553
depiction of saints
489–490
(invisible) hierarchy of
236, 236n17, 250, 254
Sufis/Sufism
see also lettrism
association with lettrism
343–344
guilds
563, 563n115–116
in Ottoman Empire
30, 445
position of ʿAlī among
464
references on talismans/amulets to
calligrams
455, 459
on stamped talismans
539, 553
role in realization of devotional products
563
al-Suhravardī, Shihāb al-Dīn (d. 1191)
248, 280, 293–294, 294n124
Maqālāt (“Statements”)
280
al-Sulamī, Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (d. 1021)
236n17, 242
Sulawesi
457, 468
Sulaymān I (Safavid shah, r. 1666–1694)
437, 437n67
Suleman, Fahmida
456
Suléngkaé (“The kitchen tripod”) flag (Luwuq)
510
Süleymān I (Ottoman sultan, r. 1520–1566)
381, 398, 411, 425, 437, 437n67, 438, 441
astrology and lettrism at court of
412
Süleymaniye complex (Istanbul)
445
Suʾl al-mulūk (“Query of Kings,” Ibn Turka)
403
Sultān-Ḥusayn-i Bayqara (Timurid sultan, r. 1469–1506)
269, 271
Sumatra
471
Sumedang (Java)
468, 490, 494
Sun
223n47
alchemy and
47
assignment to Abraham
235, 236
association with awfāq (magic squares)
67n27, 108n130
talisman of the (ʿamal-i shams)
299
Sunan Abī Dawūd (hadith)
252
Sunan Gunung Jati (Syarif Hidayatullah, Sufi saint, d. 1570)
446, 479, 480
Sunni-Shiʿi divide
25, 28, 270, 444
blurring of
30, 476–477
talismanic motifs/iconography and
30, 421, 444–445, 448
Sunnism/Sunnis
269–270, 271, 444
Hanafi
268, 269
on mujaddidūn
236, 250
Ottoman
444, 445
pro-amulet position
593, 594, 595
in Safavid period
307
in Southeast Asia
476–477
talismanic motifs
imagery evoking Dhū l-Fiqār
441
Shiʿi imagery in talismanic objects
444–445
superstition
categorization of
608–610
piety vs.
527–528, 574–575, 584–585, 594
see also eye beads
reason vs.
5, 11, 22
Supplementary History (al-Taʾrīkh al-mulḥaq)
141
supplications see duʿāʾ
Surakarta (Java)
468
suras see Qurʾan verses
Sür, Mahmut
598–599, 600
Sürūrī Musliḥaddīn Muṣtafā (d. 1562)
624n50
Suter, Heinrich
108
al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn
543n41
Sweeney, Amin
460n25
swords
of Murād V
424, 424ill., 426ill.
talismanic motifs/symbols on
427–428
Dhū l-Fiqār
438, 440ill., 446
Quranic inscriptions
435–437
(semi-)precious stones/metals
423, 424ill., 426ill.
Solomonic symbols/inscriptions
435–437, 436ill., 448
Syria
255, 262, 286
Ottoman conquest of
385, 390–391, 394, 400, 407
Syriac language/script
133, 237, 239, 323, 324, 349, 367
Syriac texts
74, 80, 141, 183, 349
al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. Jarīr (d. 923), Taʾrīkh al-rusul wa-l-mulūk (“The Annals of the Prophets and Kings”)
464
al-Ṭabarī, ʿAlī b. Sahl (d. 850)
71–72, 78, 80, 233, 236n17, 254
Kitāb Firdaws al-ḥikma (“Book of the Paradise of Wisdom”)
71–76, 80, 87, 88n81, 91, 94, 101, 142, 348–349
al-Ṭabarī, Rabban Sahl (father of ʿAlī b. Sahl al-Ṭabarī)
72
Ṭabaristan
72
tabarruk (obtaining blessings from sacred objects and sites)
562
al-Ṭabasī, Abū l-Faḍl Muḥammad (d. 1089), al-Shāmil fī l-baḥr al-kāmil (“The Comprehensive Compendium on the Entire Ocean”)
280n58, 623, 632, 634–635
al-Ṭabasī, Tāj al-Dīn Ibrāhīm b. ʿUmar al-Qaṣṣāʿ
270n15
Tabriz
73n44, 272, 286, 305n175, 396, 404
al-Tabrīzī, Jalāl al-Dīn Abū l-Najīb ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Naṣr b. ʿAbdallāh al-Shirāzī, al-Īḍāḥ fī asrār al-nikāḥ
325
Tadhkirat al-shuʿarāʾ (Dawlatshāh)
288–289
Tadhkirat ūlī l-albāb (“Memorandum for Men of Intelligence,” al-Anṭākī)
344
Tahāfut al-falāsifa (“The Incoherence of the Philosophers,” al-Ghazālī)
4
Tahānsarī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Shams-i, Tarjuma-yi kitāb-i Barāhī
68n30
Tahmāsp I (Safavid shah, r. 1524–1576)
296, 297n135, 297n137, 445
Taj Mahal
118, 410n87
al-tajrīd (science of emancipation of the soul)
3, 215, 273n27
Taksim Square (Istanbul)
583
taksīr al-ḥurūf
89n81, 298, 298n141, 386
Talḥa b. ʿUbaydallāh (Companion of the Prophet, d. c. 657)
540
talismanic arts/operations/practices
15, 185, 302–303, 345
association of sīmiyāʾ with
343
boom in
573
clients/targets of
courtiers and power elite
299, 300–301
rulers (achieving/maintaining power)
48–49, 255, 295, 299, 305n175, 307
wider audience
295
talismanic garments
444, 506–508
talismanic magic theory (al-Rāzī)
225
talismanic scrolls
531ill.
talismanic weaponry
23, 29–30, 420, 420–421
see also body armor
coins in
425–426, 426ill.
history/origins
421–422
invoking Allāh/Prophet/pious figures
427, 428, 430
materials used
421, 422–427
motifs/symbols/references on
Ahl al-Bayt imagery
445
ʿAlīd references on
445
orientation/placement of protective inscriptions/motifs
421, 427–434, 447–448
Quran verses
424, 430–432, 435–437, 496
Solomonic symbols
434–439, 436ill., 448
physical and metaphysical protection of
421–422
(semi-)precious stones in
423, 424–427, 424ill., 426ill., 448
talismans (ṭilasm)
see also (awfāq) magic squares; blessing cards; calligrams; eye beads; stamped talismans; talismanic weaponry
aim of
44
body vs. spirit in
48, 49, 50
commercialization of
572, 586n26, 593, 595, 599, 600–602
construction of
24, 48–50, 92, 93, 96, 167, 185, 187, 224, 564, 564n119
astrological conditions
50, 83–84, 98
materials used
74, 75, 79, 90, 101–102, 421, 422–427
efficacy of
560, 563
formulas and motifs
30–31, 49
individual interventions and interaction
23, 27
letter and number symbolism in
114, 275
lions in
465
orientation of motifs
427–434, 447–448
performative vs. talismanic images
461–463
talismanic vocabulary
30, 421, 447
history/origins/foundation
28, 174, 273n27, 293
intercessory power of
539, 553, 560, 562, 588, 594
invoking Allāh/Prophet/pious figures
427, 428, 430
for love and friendship
48, 49–50
of lunar mansions
187, 189, 192
as means of action of sīmiyāʾ
29, 338–339
prayer and
48, 49, 50
printed talismans
478, 502, 527–565, 529ill., 531ill., 574–595, 576ill., 577ill., 581ill., 586ill., 589ill. see also blessing cards
prohibition of use
594
protective properties
427, 449
protection at battlefield see talismanic weaponry
science of (līmiyā)
44, 294–296, 342
categorization of
27, 46, 621
socio-political/cultural/religious significance
444–446, 448, 449
survived talismans
24
talisman of the sun (ʿamal-i shams)
299
term
43, 628
vivification of
53
for women’s spells
328–329
Talkhīṣ fī l-ʿadad al-wafq (“Epitome on the Harmonious Number,” al-Kharaqī)
113tab., 130
Tamil region (India)
488
Tan, Huism
505
Tankalūshā al-Bābilī (Teucros)
331–333, 635n79
Tanman, M. Baha
557
tantra/tantric traditions (India)
69, 632, 637
Taşköprīzāde/Taşköprüzāde, Aḥmed b. Muṣṭafā (d. 1561)
4n7, 89n81, 405n70, 407n73, 408n76, 410n86
Miftāḥ al-saʿāda wa-miṣbāḥ al-siyāda (“Key to Felicity and Lamp to Mastery”)
4n7, 89n81, 410n86
tawaṣṣul see intercession
taʿwīz (using images for talismanic and auspicious purposes)
562, 564
taxonomy see classification of (occult) sciences
temporality
230, 231–232
lettrism and
260
Tengku Bongsu Bachok bin Tengku Temenggung Long Tan (d. 1887)
497n183
Terengganu (peninsular Malaysia)
468, 505
terrestrial world, governance by celestial world
173, 211
Tevārīḫ-i āl-i ʿOs̱mān (“Annals of the Ottoman House”, Kemālpaşazāde)
400, 406, 409
textiles, talismanic motifs/symbols on
441, 442ill., 444, 446, 447, 471, 475, 477–478, 482–487, 483ill., 495, 502–511, 506ill., 509ill.
Thābit b. Qurra (Abū l-Ḥasan Thābit b. Qurra al-Ḥarrānī, d. 901)
48, 53, 107, 109, 131, 132fig., 133, 133n185, 134, 134n186, 139, 140, 142, 352n105
Book on Amicable Numbers (Kitāb al-aʿdād al-mutaḥābba)
109
De imaginibus
27, 108
Epistle on the Harmonious Number (Risāla fī lʿadad al-wafq)
107–108
Thai culture, influence of
497
Thailand
calligrams in
468, 472, 478
tiger imagery in
475
Ṭhakkura Pherū, Gaṇitasārakaumudī
69
Thales of Miletus
109, 109n134, 111n138, 137
awfāq (magic squares) and
248–249
lettrism and
248–249
thaumaturgy/thaumaturgical power
209, 225, 226
Theology of Aristotle
177, 178, 180
Theon of Smyrna
62
theoretical knowledge, practical vs.
31, 607–608
Third Way (anti-sectarian religio-political reform, Brethren of Purity)
182n82
“three” books (Qurʾan, human soul and world)
260–261, 263
Throne Verse (āyāt al-kursī, Q:255)
431, 435, 435n63, 438, 580, 580n14, 582, 599, 600ill.
Al-Tibb (exhibition, 2018, Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia)
10
al-Tīfāshī (d. 1253), Azhār al-afkār fī jawāhir al-aḥjār (“The Blooms of Thoughts on Precious Stones”)
30, 422–423
al-Tiflīsī, Rabbi Yosef
72n44
tiger imagery
see also Macan Ali, Sima Ngali and “Tiger of God” calligrams
on banners and flags
484, 485, 487, 503, 509, 510
divination and power of tigers
474–475
lion vs. tigers (in calligrams)
30, 473–476, 484, 499, 500, 513
magical associations with tigers
30, 474–475
as talismanic designs
475
white tiger
485, 487
time (dahr)
see also days
Ibn ʿArabī on
230, 231
Islamic
230–231
Timurid Empire/Timurids
28, 29, 396
Aqquyunlu Empire vs.
403–406
lettrist imperialism/universalist claims
397, 398, 401, 403
occult sciences in
267
see also Asrār-i qāsimī
princes and military elite (Chaghatay)
289
Tīmūr/Temür (founder of the Timurid Empire, r. 1370–1405)
235, 257–258, 261, 262, 287n96, 401, 401n52, 405, 406n70
al-Tirmidhī (hadith scholar, d. 892)
433, 587, 587n29
Tokat
405n70
Toledo
113tab.
Topkapı Palace
233, 234n12, 408, 444, 457n11, 465n53, 562n105, 587n29, 590, 592
traces of the Prophet see foot- and sandalprints
transformation
external
174
self-
174
of the soul
180
transmission chains
270, 270n15
Transoxania
209, 287n96
Treatise on the Existence of the Cause of Amicable Numbers and Square Figures with Numerical Planes […], The (al-Mālaqī)
99–102, 105, 111
Treaty of Amasya (1555)
445
Trench, Battle of the (627)
421
trickery
181, 189, 275–276
see also illicit magic; necromancy; prestidigitation
true magic vs. artificial
178–179
true magic (siḥr ḥaqq), articifical trickery vs.
178–179
Tughluq dynasty (1320–1413)
69
tughrā (official signature of Ottoman sultans), as talismanic motif
471
Tuḥfa-yi ʿaliyya (treatise on lettrism, al-Kāshifī)
268, 292
Tuḥfa-yī khānī (“A Gift for the Khān”, ʿAlī Ṣafī)
274, 281
see also Asrār-i qāsimī
manuscripts
292n115
patron/dedicatee
291–292
Tuḥfat al-munajjimīn (“The Gift of the Astrologers,” Jalāl Munajjim)
302
Ṭumṭum al-Hindī
219n35, 226, 274, 295, 296, 299–300, 331, 332
Kitāb Ṭumṭum
325
Tunis
256
Tunisia
15
al-Ṭūqātī, Luṭfullāh see Mollā Lüṭfī
turbans
301, 438n67, 490, 552
turban hats (kufis)
592–593, 592ill.
Turco-Muslim culture
588
Turkey
7n17, 31, 462n38, 572
see also blessing cards; eye beads
basmala in present day
582
imagery evoking Dhū l-Fiqār from
441, 442ill., 443ill.
islamization of public sphere
573, 602
production of eye beads
598–599
talismans from
527–565, 529ill., 531ill.
calligrams
454, 456, 466, 466n57, 467ill., 473
talismanic weaponry
420, 421, 424ill., 426ill., 427, 428, 436ill., 438n69, 440ill.
Turkish language/vocabulary
454, 631
Turko-Persianate imperial lettrist historiography
407
al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Muẓaffar, Risāla fīʿilm al-wafq (“Treatise on the Science of Harmony”)
57, 57n1
al-Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn (d. 1274)
70n38, 196
al-Ṭūsī, Shams al-Din Muḥammad (d. 1166), Kitāb ʾAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt wagharāʾib al-mawjūdāt (“The wonders of all creation and the rarities of all existence”)
617, 618–619
al-Ṭūsī, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Muẓaffar b. Muḥammad (d. 1213)
57n1
al-Tustarī, Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī al-Karam (fl. 14th c.), Kashf ḥaqāʾiq al-asrār […] (“Revelation of the Truths […]”)
75n54, 105n121, 110, 114
Twelver Shiʿism
28, 268, 269, 307, 413, 441
tyranny
226–227
of Pharaoh
216, 217–218, 217n30, 219
ʿUbayd Allāh b. al-Jarrāh (Companion of the Prophet, d. 639)
540
ʿUbayd Allāh Khan (Uzbek ruler, r. 1534–1539)
404
Ūghrī ʿAbbās (demon), on stamped talismans
537ill., 543–544, 543n47
Uğur (glassmaker)
599
Uḥud, Battle of (625)
421, 439, 496
Ujjain (India)
68, 68n29
Ullmann, Manfred
19n63, 328–329
Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam
11, 162, 325
Ulugh Beg observatory (Samarkand)
110, 411
Ulugh Beg (Timurid Sultan and scientist, r. 1409–1449)
411
al-ʿulūm al-gharība (occult sciences)
2, 2n2, 31, 615–616, 615n23–24
equation with occult sciences
615–616
synonyms
615
al-ʿulūm al-khafiyya (occult sciences)
2, 2n2, 3
Ūmahris
195
al-ʿulūm al-nāmūsiyya wa-l-sharʿiyya (Part IV of the Rasāʾil concerned with divine and legal laws)
171
ʿUmar b. al-Khāṭṭāb (2nd Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, r. 634–644)
110, 477, 488, 499, 505
ʿUmar II (8th Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, r. 717–720)
253
ʿUmar Khayyām see [al-]Khayyāmī al Nīsābūrī, ʿUmar b. Ibrāhīm
ummat al-ḥukamāʾ (sages, philosophers)
232, 238
lettrism and
242, 245–249
Umm Ṣubyān (female demon, “child-witch”), on stamped talismans
537ill., 542–543, 545, 545n57
al-umūr al-gharība (“strange phenomena”) see strange phenomena
Un art secret (exhibition, 2013, Institut du Monde Arabe)
9
“Une Compilation Arabe” (Sesiano)
113tab., 130
UNESCO
598
universalist imperialism
398–399
see also lettrist imperialism
Universal Soul
173, 179
universe, governance by volitional causality
172, 192, 199
Université Catholique de Louvain, “Speculum Arabicum Project”
8n19
University of Exeter
8n19
University of London
8n19
University of Oxford
1, 9–10
University of South Carolina
8n19
ʿUthmān b. Affān (3rd Rashidun caliph, r. 644–656)
477, 488, 499
ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbāʾ (“The Sources of Information about the Generations of Physicians”, Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa)
351
ʿUyūn al-haqāʾiq wa-īḍāḥ al-ṭarāʾiq (“The Sources of Truths and the Exposition of Methods,” al-Sīmāwī)
278, 282, 284–285, 291, 325, 326, 332, 344
see also Asrār-i qāsimī
parallels with Kitāb Sharāsīm
332
Uzbeks
305, 305n173, 393, 404
Uzun Ḥasan (ruler of Aqquyunlu Empire, r. 1457–1478)
403–404, 405, 405n70
Valī, Shāh Niʿmatallāh (d. 1431)
272, 287, 287n96
Vaṛāhamihira (Indian astronomer), Great Compilation (Bṛhatsaṁhitā)
68
Venus
70n38, 223n47, 224, 331n42, 348
alchemy and
47
assignment to Moses
235
vernacular forms of devotion
574, 575, 585, 597
victory, (semi-)precious stones/metals securing
423
Vinel, Nicolas
62–63, 140
volitional causality, universe governed by
172, 192, 199
Vṛnda (Indian physician)
91
Siddhayoga (Sanskrit Ayurvedic medical compendium)
68, 69, 75
wafq
see also awfāq (magic squares)
term
94
Wahhabi Islam/Wahhabism
5, 561–562, 594, 595
wahm see illusions/illusory magic
waḥy (prophetic revelation) see revelation
walāya/wilāya, intellectual magic of
180–181, 182n82
Walbridge, John
247–248
Walker, Paul E.
169
Wallace Collection (London), talismanic weaponry in
438, 440ill.
Warburg Institute (London)
8n19
warfare see arms and armor; lettrist imperialism; talismanic weaponry
Wāridāt (“Inspirations,” Badr al-Dīn)
397n44
waṣī (“delegate”) see awṣiyā; mujaddidūn
Wasit
622
al-Wāthiq (ʾAbbāsid caliph, r. 842–847)
72
Wawacan Sunan Gunung Jati (“Narrative poem of Sunan Gunung Jati”)
479
wāw (letter)
244, 346, 472
weapons see arms and armor; talismanic weaponry
West Africa
15, 17, 454
Western early modernity, historiography of
411
Western esotericism
2, 6, 19, 19n62, 611
Westernization of occult sciences
7
Western magic
18, 19
Western occultism
2, 2n3, 7, 410–411n87
Western scholarship
7–8, 14, 61, 328, 410, 609–610, 611, 625
white tiger imagery
485
Wicca
7
Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress (Amman), Ya Hafeth Ya Ameen (exhibition, 2016)
10
wisdom, classification of
3–4
women occultists
317, 324, 331n43
see also Sharāsīm/Ishrāsīm al-Hindiyya
women’s magic
186, 187, 336
women’s spells, talismans used for
329–330
wonders see miracles
wood panels, Lion of ʿAlī on
480, 481–482, 481ill., 487–490, 489ill., 492n165, 493ill., 504–505, 504ill.
writing, sanctity of
476
Xi’an (Shaanxi Province, China)
66
Xugu zhaiqi suanfa (“Continuation of Ancient Mathematical Methods for Elucidating the Strange,” Yang Hui)
65, 67, 67n27
Xu Yue, Memoir on Some Traditions of the Mathematical Art (Shushu jiyi)
64
Yaḥyā b. al-Biṭrīq
183
Yahya, Farouk
1, 24, 30
yāʾ (letter)
244, 346
Ya Hafeth Ya Ameen (exhibition, 2016, Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress)
10
Yale University
8n19
Yang Hui, Continuation of Ancient Mathematical Methods for Elucidating the Strange (Xugu zhaiqi suanfa)
65, 67, 67n27
Yasūf b. Aḥmad Ḥallāj
278–279, 280n62
Yazdegird III (Sassanid Shah, r. 632–651)
110
Yazdī, Jalāl al-Dīn Munajjim see Jalāl Munajjim Bāshī
Yazdī, Sharaf al-Dīn ʿAlī (d. 1454)
197, 272, 277, 287, 397n44, 400–403, 401n55, 407, 412, 412n89
cyclical theory of history
401–402
Davānī vs.
403–404
Fatḥ-nāma-yi humāyūn
401n52
Fatḥ-nāma-yi ṣāḥib-qirāni
401n52
on history as an (occult) science
401–403
Ḥulal-i muṭarraz dar fann-i muʿammā va lughaz
272n20
Ibn Khaldūn vs.
401–402, 411
Muqaddima
401n52
Second Maqāla
401n52
Ẓafarnāma (“Book of Conquest”)
401, 403, 404
yellow amber
333
Yemen
15, 238, 392
Yin and Yang
64
yoga
637, 638n85
Yogyakarta (Java)
Brahma Tirta Sari batik studio
509ill.
glass-painting
511–512
Lion of ʿAlī calligrams from
468, 479, 511–512
sacred royal banner of
487
Yudhiṣṭhira (character in Mahābhārata)
479
Yürekli, Zeynep
444, 445
Zadeh, Travis
8n19, 31
Ẓafarnāma (“Book of Conquest”, Yazdī)
401, 403, 404
Ẓāhirī Revolt (1386)
256
ẓāhir (“the manifest”), bāṭin (“the hidden”) vs.
459, 610–611
Zahrūn family
131, 132fig., 133
Zamzam Well (Mecca)
555n88
Zarcone, Thierry
456
Zhou dynasty (1046–771 BCE)
64
zīj (astronomical tables)
127, 135, 143, 351
Zīj-i Malikshāhī (astronomical observations of al-Isfizārī and al-Khayyāmī)
127
al-Zīj al-muʿtabar al-Sanjarī (“Zīj for Sanjar,” al-Khāzinī)
129
Zīj al-Sindhind
68n29, 351
zoomorphic calligraphy
456, 457, 458, 471n79, 472, 480
see also calligrams; Lion of ʿAlī calligrams
Zoroaster/Zarādasht
240, 246, 248
identification with Seth
246
Zoroastrianism/Zoroastrians
618, 631
nērang in
628–630
Zosimos
331n43
Zubayr b. al-ʿAwām (Companion of the Prophet, d. 656)
540
Zubdat al-tavārīkh (Kamāl b. Jalāl)
306n178
Zwemer, Samuel Marinus (d. 1952)
625, 626n55