Figures
- 1Figures of a Guinean man, a woman, and children – woodcuts by Hans Burgkmair. Source: Baltasar Springer, Die Merfart und erfarung nüwer Schiffung und Wege zu viln onerkanten Inseln und Kunigreichen, Oppenheim 1509. Reproduced with kind permission of the Austrian National Library. 318
- 2A Portuguese dignitary surrounded by his suite – the center part of an ivory saltcellar sculpted in Sierra Leone (once attributed to Benin art), end of the 15th to early 16th century. Source: F. von Luschan, Die Altertümer von Benin, Bd. 1–3, Berlin 1919, plate 116 (lower left). Reproduced with kind permission of the University of Wrocław Library (as are figures 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, and 18). 319
- 3Portuguese musketeer. On the base of the sculpture are shown a pair of pistols, a crossbow, and two figures with muskets. Benin bronze sculpture, 16th century. Source: Antique Works of Art from Benin, collected by A.H.L. Pitt-Rivers, London: 1900, plate XIV, fig. 85, from the author’s collection (as are figures 5, 6, 7, 8, and 13). 320
- 4Portuguese crossbowman. Benin bronze sculpted plate from the 16th century. Source: F. von Luschan, Die Altertümer von Benin, Bd. 1–3, Berlin: 1919, plate 1. 321
- 5Portuguese knight with a small portable cannon. Benin bronze sculpted plate dating most probably from the 16th century. Source: Antique Works of Art from Benin, collected by A.H.L. Pitt-Rivers, London: 1900, plate XLVI, fig. 361. 322
- 6Portuguese knight with a linstock to fire cannons. Benin bronze sculpted plate from the 16th century. Source: Antique Works of Art from Benin, collected by A.H.L. Pitt-Rivers, London: 1900, plate XXXII, fig. 247. 322
- 7Mounted Portuguese knight with a linstock to fire cannons. Benin bronze sculpted plate from the 16th to 17th century. Source: Antique Works of Art from Benin, collected by A.H.L. Pitt-Rivers, London: 1900, plate XXII, fig. 129. 323
- 8Portuguese merchant holding a manilha. Benin bronze sculpted plate from the 16th century. Source: Antique Works of Art from Benin, collected by A.H.L. Pitt-Rivers, London: 1900, plate XLVI, fig. 360. 323
- 9Portuguese merchant and two of his servants. Benin bronze sculpted plate probably from the first half of the 16th century. Source: F. von Luschan, Die Altertümer von Benin, Bd. 1–3, Berlin: 1919, plate 6 (lower right). 324
- 10Ordinary crew member of a Portuguese caravel holding a manilha. Part of the middle of an ivory saltcellar. Sierra Leone sculpture (formerly attributed to
Benin art), end of the 15th to early 16th century. Source: F. von Luschan, Die Altertümer von Benin, Bd. 1–3, Berlin: 1919, plate 119 (upper right). 325 - 11A manilha (brass ring), one of the main goods brought by the Portuguese to West Africa in the last decades of the 15th century. Source: F. von Luschan, Die Altertümer von Benin, Bd. 1–3, Berlin: 1919, plate 104 (upper left). 325
- 12A clergyman in prayer. Part of a sculpted elephant tusk. Sierra Leone, end of the 15th or beginning of the 16th century. Source: F. von Luschan, Die Altertümer von Benin, Bd. 1–3, Berlin: 1919, plate 116 (left side). 326
- 13Figure of a Benin dignitary surrounded by his suite, with the heads of two Portuguese knights in the background. Benin bronze plate from the 16th or 17th century. Source: Antique Works of Art from Benin, collected by A.H.L. Pitt-Rivers, London: 1900, plate I, fig 4. 327
- 14Caravel at anchor. Sculpture crowning an ivory decorative saltcellar. Sierra Leone, end of the 15th or beginning of the 16th century. © The Trustees of the British Museum. 328
- 15African women whose bodies are covered with scarifications. Sierra Leone, ivory saltcellar, end of the 15th or beginning of the 16th century. © The Trustees of the British Museum. 329
- 16Three naked male figures covered with tattoos and scarifications. Benin sculpted plate from the 16th or 17th century. Source: F. von Luschan, Die Altertümer von Benin, Bd. 1–3, Berlin: 1919, plate 42. 330
- 17Women in erotic poses. Sierra Leone, ivory saltcellar sculpted toward the end of the 15th or in the beginning of the 16th century. © Museo Civico Medievale, Bologna, Italy. 331
- 18Two Portuguese men drinking (presumably alcohol), presented in the background of a Benin court scene showing the ruler and his servants. Benin sculpted plate, presumably from the 16th century. Source: F. von Luschan, Die Altertümer von Benin, Bd. 1–3, Berlin: 1919, plate 23. 332
- 19Katherina, a 20-year old black slave in the service of João Brandão, the Portuguese king’s envoy in Antwerp. Drawing by Albrecht Dürer from 1521. Source: http//www.pinterest.com/pin/447404544210763268 (accessed on 15 October 2015). 333
- 20Contemporary view of the castle in Elmina [a – from the outside; b – inside the courtyard showing the oldest part of the castle]. Photos taken by the author. 334
- 21Sketch showing the evolution of the castle of São Jorge da Mina in the 15th and 17th centuries. Source: After A. van Dantzig, Forts and Castles of Ghana, Accra: 1980, p. 4, fig. 2, with modifications. 335
- 22Trade on the West African coast. Copperplate engraving in the work by Olfert Dapper. Source: O. Dapper, Description de l’Afrique contenant les noms, la
situation et les confins de toutes ses parties…, traduite du Flamand, Amsterdam: 1686, p. 237. Reproduced with the kind permission of the University of Warsaw Library, Old Prints Department. 336 - 23Market on the Mina Coast. Copperplate engraving in the work by Pieter de Marees. Source: P. de Marees, Description et récit historial du riche Royaume d’Or de Guinea, Amsterdam: 1605, Chapter 15, table 4, from the author’s collection. 337
Maps
- 1West African coast during the early Portuguese expansion in the 15th century. Author of the map: Michał Tymowski. 338
- 2The Senegambia in the 15th century. Author of the map: Michał Tymowski. 339