Illustrations and Tables
- 1.1 Soldiers escorting wounded men from a war damaged building. Painting (1916) by Fortinuno Matania (Wellcome Collection) 10
- 2.1 The horrors of the flame thrower. Drawing (1916/1930) by Arthur Stadler. (Ernsting. Der Große Krieg in Kleinformat) 21
- 2.2 (Aerial) bombardment. Drawing (1919) by Hans Slavos. (Ernsting. Der Große Krieg in Kleinformat) 24
- 3.1 Courtesy of Dr Tara Tappert and the Combat Paper Project 42
- 3.2 Summerdown Needlework Guild (The Sphere, 27 January 1917) 50
- 3.3 “Embroidered by wounded men in the Pensions Hospital, Bath, 1923”. (British Red Cross collection) 51
- 3.4 “Embroidered by wounded men in the Pensions Hospital, Bath, 1923”. (British Red Cross collection) 52
- 3.5 Four disabled veterans working in reconstruction section, Walter Reed Hospital. Washington D.C. (Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division) 53
- 3.6 Mrs Coolidge at Walter Reed, 1923. (Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division) 53
- 3.7 Mrs Dwight F. Davis and daughter at Walter Reed. Harris and Ewing, photographer 1927. (Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division) 54
- 4.1 German soldiers enjoying their beer. (Wikimedia.org) 79
- 4.2 ‘Le Salut au Pinard’. French soldier saluting a barrel of wine. Drawing by R. Serrey. (Wikimedia.org) 81
- 5.1 ‘Die Verwundeten’. (The Wounded). Drawing (1921) by Friedrich Strüver. (Ernsting, Der Große Krieg in Kleinformat) 94
- 6.1 Soldier with war neurosis. (Wellcome Collection) 104
- 7.1 Psychiatrist Julius Wagner Ritter von Jauregg. (Sammlungen der Medizinischen Universität Wien – Josephinum, Bildarchiv) 128
- 7.2 The painful ‘Kaufmann-cure’ or Überrumpelungsmethode (quick-cure). An Austrian Cartoon (no date) of Arthur Stadler. The depicted military doctor wears a uniform of the K.u.k. Army. (Magnus Hirschfeld, Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges) 132
- 7.3 Arrivals area of Grinzing Barrack Hospital in Vienna 1917 (IEGTM, Münster) 136
- 7.4 Hungarian psychiatrist Viktor Gonda checking analgesic reactions of a soldier suspected of malingering (1916). Pain insensitivity was considered a sign of hysteria. (ÖStA-KA, KM 1916, Präs. 15–25/155) 139
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8.1 Hospital Guislain in Ghent (Archives Ghent, MA_SCMS_FO_2070) 149 - 9.1 Exhibition for the care for War Wounded and Sick at Magdeburg, June 1915 (Wikimedia) 185
- 9.2 Postcard ‘Ausstellung für Kriegsfürsorge. Industrie Abteilung’ (Exhibition for Medical War Assistance. Cologne 1916) 186
- 9.3 Recycling the disabled (Friedrich, Krieg den Kriege) 189
- 10.1 ‘Nurse looking after the doctor’. (Magnus Hirschfeld, Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges) 200
- 10.2 What’s on a soldier’s mind. (Magnus Hirschfeld, Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges) 203
- 10.3 Estimation of German VD-infections. (Magnus Hirschfeld, Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges) 208
- 10.4 The ‘Prick parade’. Drawing (no date) by L. Gedö. (Magnus Hirschfeld, Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges) 209
- 10.5 The brothel. Carving (no date) by Rüdiger Berlit. (Magnus Hirschfeld, Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges) 211
- 10.6 Urgent need. Going to the Brothel. Belgian postcard. (Magnus Hirschfeld, Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges) 212
- 11.1 Three pandemic waves. Weekly combined influenza and pneumonia mortality, United Kingdom, 1918–1919. (Morens, Taubenberger et al., ‘1918 Influenza’) 219
- 11.2 Attack rate of Spanish Flu (red) compared to mortality rate (black). (Shanks, Brundage, ‘Pathogenic responses’) 220
- 11.3 Warning sign posted at a Philadelphia Naval property in 1918. (U.S. Naval Historical Center) 223
- 11.4 Spanish Flu patients receiving nursing care. (Army Nurse Corps e.anca.org/History/Topics-in-ANC-History) 230
- 12.1 Vive la Geurre! Drawing (1932) by Robert Fuzier. (Vive la Guerre !-Hoch Krieg!, Paris 1932) 240
- 13.1 Nurses dressing wounds. (Wellcome Collection) 259
- 13.2 Nurses taking care of a soldier following an operation. (Wellcome Collection) 260
- 13.3 Transport of wounded. (Wellcome Collection) 266
- 13.4 A typical morning in a nursing home. Process print (no date) by W.P. Hasselden (Wellcome Collection) 267
- 13.5 A ward in the Endell Street Hospital which was entirely run by women. (Wellcome Collection) 269
- 14.1 Thomas Salmon’s ‘Career of (American) disabled returned soldiers’, 1917. 283
- 15.1 In the eyes of many chaplains, a strong and resilient soldier was a good Christian first. (Doehring, Ein feste Burg, p. 55) 307
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15.2 ‘Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life’. (Doehring, Ein feste Burg, p. 129) 309 - 15.3 ‘The Lord is near’. (Doehring, Ein feste Burg, p. 364) 312
- 15.4 German Field Service. (Wikimedia.org) 315
- 15.5 A spark of treu religion: deep in his heart, a soldier could prove a Christian after all. (Doehring, Ein feste Burg, p. 184) 321
- 16.1 ‘Self-inflicted wounds’, circa 1917–1918. Photo from the Muniment Collection. (Wellcome Collection) 322
- 16.2 ‘Passé par les armes’, death certificate of Michel Seguin. (Database Mémoire des Hommes) 325
- 16.3 Postcard depicting the grounds and castle of Elverdinghe. (Collection In Flanders Fields Museum, Ypres) 326
- 16.4 Heroic representation of one of the 3rd Lahore Division’s attacks against the ‘Great Command Redoubt’, Pilkem, 26 April 1915. (Collection In Flanders Fields Museum, Ypres) 330
- 16.5 Gassed cases outside North Midland Field Ambulance, Hazebrouck, June 1915. (Imperial War Museum, London) 332
- 16.6 Cover of Eric Hiscock’s The Bells of Hell Go Ting-a-Ling-a-Ling. (Arlington Books Publishers Ltd, 1976) 335
- 16.7 Gas. Drawing (1919) by Hans Slavos. (Ernsting. Der Große Krieg in Kleinformat) 338
- 16.8 Gueule cassée 1914–1918. (Collection In Flanders Fields Museum, Ypres) 340
- 16.9 ‘Cured! And of to the Front again’. (Collection In Flanders Fields Museum, Ypres) 341
- 16.10 Two doctors anaesthetising an injured patient. Western front, 1914–1918. (Collection In Flanders Fields Museum, Ypres) 343
- 17.1 The Hospital. Drawing (1916) by Otto Wirsching. (Ernsting. Der Große Krieg in Kleinformat) 347
- 17.2 Two stretcher bearers removing a wounded man whilst under fire. Wash painting (1916). Painter unknown. (Wellcome Collection) 348
- 17.3 Kate Luard. (Stevens, Unknown Warriors) 350
- 17.4 A ward in the London Hospital in which a nurse tends a soldier’s arm. Painting (1915) by J. Lavery. (Wellcome Collection) 359
- 17.5 Bandaging on the battlefield. Private Fynn V.C., S.W. Borderers. Oil painting (1916) by Ugo Matania. (Wellcome Collection) 362
- 17.6 Royal Army Medical Corps on active service. Painting (1918) by Haydn Reynolds Mackey. (Wellcome Collection) 368
- 17.7 Carrying the wounded at Buire sans Corbie. Painting (no date) by Walter E. Spradbery. (Wellcome Collection) 370
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18.1 Detail of ‘The doctor’, one of the four ‘Acts of Mercy’ paintings (1915–1920) by Frederick Cayley Robinson. (Wellcome Collection) 374 - 19.1 War 1914–1918. Missouri, St Louis. Motor Corps volunteers picking up victims of the influenza epidemic in response to the appeal of the Red Cross. (ICRC audiovisual archives, September 1918, V-P-HIST-03511-12) 382
- 19.2 ‘Rettungszug zur Abfahrt fertig’ (Red Cross ambulance ready to take off). (ICRC audiovisual archives, Austrian Red Cross, V-P-HIST-03038-24) 384
- 19.3 The Red Cross shows the true nature of America. French Propaganda poster (no date). Artist unknown. (Hans Magnus Hirschfeld, Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges) 385
- 19.4 Germany, Western front, Red Cross ambulance train. (ICRC audiovisual archives, V-P-HIST-01146-38) 393
- 19.5 Geneva, Rath Museum, International agency for prisoners of war. Tracing service for the missing. (ICRC audiovisual archives, V-P-HIST-00577-17) 396
- 20.1 ‘Association Internationale des Médicins Contre la Guerre’ (International Medical Association against War). Conference poster of the French section, 1933. (T.M. Ruprecht, C. Jenssen, Äskulap oder Mars?) 416
- 20.2 “De Taak van het Roode Kruis: Opgelapt en weer naar het front”. (The task of the Red Cross: patch up and back to the front). Drawing (1931) by Willem van Schaik for the Dutch pacifist magazine Oorlog of Vrede. (War or Peace) 419
- 20.3 ‘Het Roode Kruis en Militarisme zijn één’ (The Red Cross and Militarism are One). Propaganda poster (1931) Jongeren Vredesactie. (Youth Peace Action) 419
- 20.4 Ärzte gegen den Krieg. Irrenärzte an die Staatsmänner (Physicians against War. Psychiatrists to the Politicians). Letter (1935) from the Dutch Committee for War Prophylaxis. (Ruprecht, Jenssen, Äskulap oder Mars?) 420
- 20.5 “Atom bedroht die Welt!”(Nuclear threatens the world). Front page of a book (1957) of the Kampfbund gegen Atomschaden (cursiveren aub) (Association against Nuclear Damage) (Ruprecht, Jensen, Äskulap oder Mars) 422
- 21.1 Chinese labourer. Drawing (no date) by E. Burnand. (Musée de la Légion d’Honneur, Paris) 425
- 21.2 A wounded Senegalese at the hospital. Drawing (no date) by J. Simont. (Hans Magnus Hirschfeld, Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges) 426
- 21.3 Two members of the Chinese Labour Corps near Contalmaison, 23 March 1918. (Imperial War Museum, London) 429
- 21.4 ‘Winter in Flandern. Farbiger Engländer auf Vorposten’ (Winter in Flanders. Coloured Englishmen at the front). Drawing (no date). Artist unknown. (Hardt, Die Deutschen Schützengraben- und Soldatenzeitungen) 435
- 21.5 Wounded Sikh-soldiers being looked after. (Wellcome Collection) 437
- 21.6 Indian stretcher bearers at work. (Wellcome Collection) 437
- 21.7 A Chinese labourer in the ruins of the churchyard of Dikkebus near Ypres, 1919. (In Flanders Fields Museum) 440
- 22.1 The War is Over. Drawing (1918) by B. Robinson. (Craig Yoe, The Great Anti-War Cartoons) 445
- 22.2 Canadian memorial ‘Brooding Soldier’ at Sint-Juliaan, Belgium. (Illustration: Leo van Bergen) 453
- 22.3 Canadian National Memorial Vimy Ridge. (Wikimedia.org) 454
- 22.4 Käthe Kollwitz’ Grieving parents at the Vladslo German War Cemetery. (Illustration: Leo van Bergen) 455
- 22.5 Emil Krieger’s Four Statues at the German War Cemetery at Langemarck. (Illustration: Leo van Bergen) 458
- 22.6 Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery. (Illustration: Leo van Bergen) 459
Tables
- 10.1 VD in the armies comparing 1895 to 1915–16 197
- 19.1 Books transmitted to prisoners of war camps through the Danish Red Cross 387
- 19.2 Figures of the International Agency for Prisoners of War in Geneva 395