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Julian M. Lehmann
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Index

access to asylum 6 , 16 , 216 , 224
actors of persecution
non-state actor persecution and refugee definition 50; 95ff , 104
Qualification Directive requirements 12 , 75 , 86 , 99
relation to actors of protection 124 , 131–132
in echr cases 84 , 111–112
in the ipa 144 , 155 , 156
actors of protection
link to actors of persecution 74 , 78 , 79 , 82
and inclusion criteria 74 , 77–83
in human rights law non-return cases 83–85
non-state actors of protection, 122 , 124–132 , 134–137 , 139 , 185–187 , 192–194 , 243–246
acts of persecution
in Qualification Directive 64
human rights approach to definition 66–68
relation to protection 74 , 78 , 79 , 82 , 105–106
link to Convention ground 80
serious harm distinguished 64–65
Ad Hoc Committee on Refugees and Stateless Persons, 42 , 53 , 55 , 264–265
adequate standard of living. See subsistence, means of
Afghanistan 82 , 180 , 184 ,
allocation of responsibility for refugee protection 225–226 , 229 , 247–248
analysis of protection against harm
as ipa criterion 156–157 , 178–179
burden of proof 87 , 118 , 153
due diligence contrasted, 99 100 , 105–106 , 111 , 119 , 157 ,
durability of protection 74 , 85–86 , 89 , 91 , 105 , 121 , 127 , 157 , 186 , 187
factual approach to gauging effectiveness 124 , 126–129 , 131 , 133 , 140 , 156 , 177
practice in member states 119 , 135–139 , 188–189
Relation to refugee definition 74 , 78 , 79 , 82 , 105–106
Articles on State Responsibility (ilc) 221–222
causal nexus (of refugee definition). See Convention ground
Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, 35 , 38 , 174 , 210 , 266
content of international protection, 28–29 , 207 , 248
Convention against Torture (uncat) 15 , 44 , 84
Convention ground, 76–82 , 93 , 149 , 154 , 174 , 193 , 196
Court of Justice of the European Union 12 , 14 , 17 , 19 , 32 , 37 , 48 , 64–65 , 77 , 83 , 87 , 89–90 , 106. 110 , 112 , 124 , 135 , 157 , 201 , 207 , 211
declaratory nature of refugee status. See refugee status
diplomatic protection, 43–44 , 53 , 56 , 62–63 , 72 , 241 , 262 , 270
domestic protection
link to ‘international protection’ 2 , 47–48
meaning of protection in refugee definition 24 , 51 , 53–71
lack of domestic protection as a condition for refugee status 2 , 50 , 68–69 , 79 , 104 , 119
Dublin regulation 20 , 198–201 , 213 , 234
employment, access to 29 , 31 , 33 , 39 , 166 , 167 , 225 , 236
EU-Turkey Statement, 6–7 , 197 , 200 , 211 , 227 , 264 , 273
European Charter of Fundamental Rights 14 , 38 , 64–66
European Convention on Human Rights (echr)
Article 3 substantive requirements 65 , 107–109 , 112
Article 3 and serious harm distinguished 66 , 84 , 106
as relevant yardstick/relation to EU asylum law 13
as relevant for ipa 152 , 160 , 166–167 , 169 , 179–183
as standard for protection elsewhere 220 , 224
evidentiary assessment in non-return cases 176–178
relation to EU Fundamental Rights Charter 14
positive obligations 101
socio-economic rights, deprivation of 166–167
European Court of Human Rights, 15 , 20 , 36–39 , 100–102 , 105 , 107–112 , 133–134 , 151 , 159–160 , 176–177 , 181 , 183–184 , 191 , 219–220 , 223–224
European Safe Third Countries 199 , 214 , 235
exclusion
ipa as an unwritten exclusion clause 150 , 152 , 170–176 , 184 , 191 , 193 , 197
first country of asylum, 3 , 23 , 72 , 198 , 200 , 206–209 , 220 , 235 , 237 , 243 , 245
France 7 , 81 , 100 , 115 , 153 , 168 , 194
gender-based violence 52 , 232 , 250
generalized violence 13 , 128
Germany 57 , 81 , 96 , 98 , 119 , 135 , 153 , 156 , 162 , 164 , 187 , 190
Global Compact on Refugees 8 , 248
healthcare, access to 29 , 183 , 209 , 210 , 220 , 227 , 238 , 245
housing, access to 21 , 223 , 238 , 245
human rights
as relevant for the ipa, 152 , 160 , 166–167 , 169 , 170–176 , 179–183
influencing the Refugee Conventions ‘protection clause’ 62 , 68–69 , 70
influencing ‘international protection’ 41–47
non-return obligations, 107 , 119 , 132–133 , 139 , 192 , 195 , 221 , 224 , 238 , 243–245 , 248
refugee rights distinguished 34–35 , 45–46 , 71 , 250
positive obligations 36 , 101
human rights approach to defining persecution 66–68
Human Rights Committee, 34–37 , 46 , 68 , 70 , 83 , 102 , 107–108 , 178 , 269–270
Internal Protection Alternative
ability to settle/requirements beyond safety 160–176 , 180–184
access to ipa/safe and legal access 158–160 , 179–180
burden of proof, evidentiary assessment 153 , 176 ,
non-state actor controlling ipa 185–193
treaty basis in Refugee Convention 143–150
treaty basis in human rights law 151–152
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 15 , 34 , 36 , 46 , 67 , 70 , 108 , 178
international legal liability
incurred for returns 107–108 , 222 ;
complicity principle of international law 221
International Refugee Organization 58 , 59–60
interpretation
EU law interpretative principles 24
evolutionary interpretation 37 , 46 , 52 , 248
subsequent practice as interpretative tool 35
jurisdiction
as a level of attachment in the Refugee Convention 30 , 31 , 34 , 220
Kosovo 120 , 122 , 123 , 127 , 130 , 137 , 188
Kurdistan, Iraqi Kurdistan 138 , 177 , 182 , 187 , 235
Michigan Guidelines on Protection Elsewhere 204 , 219 , 220 , 227
Michigan Guidelines on the Internal Protection Alternative 170 , 171 , 172, 188
minimum subsistence level 97 , 100
Netherlands 81 , 108 , 134 , 136 , 146 , 168 , 194
non-refoulement
indirect refoulement 152 , 181 , 184 , 201
obligations under human rights law 107 , 119 , 132–133 , 139 , 192 , 195 , 221 , 224 , 238 , 243–245 ,
scope of obligations under Refugee Convention 216
persecution. See acts of persecution
protection clause 48 , 62 , 63 , 68–70 , 77 , 78 , 81–84 , 92 , 131–132 , 140 , 170 , 202 , 241
protection elsewhere
first country of asylum, 3 , 23 , 72 , 198 , 200 , 206–209 , 220 , 235 , 237 , 243 , 245
ipa distinguished 196 , 211 , 226 , 230
protection against harm distinguished 214 , 215 , 220 , 222 , 225–226
as limited by human rights non-return obligations 218–219
non-state actor controlled areas 231–234
Refugee Convention ratification requirement 227–230
Refugee Convention treaty basis 202–206
In member states’ practice
real risk
echr standard of probability 176–177
well-founded fear distinguished 92 , 95
Refugee Convention
as benchmark for EU asylum law 10–13
object and purpose 70 , 78 , 82 , 130 , 131 , 202 , 204 , 220 , 225
drafting 42 , 52 , 55 , 91 , 232
evolutionary interpretation 37 , 46 , 52 , 248
ratification requirement for protection elsewehere 227–230
persecution. See acts of persecution
protection clause. See protection clause
safe third country
first country of asylum distinguished 198 , 206–207
substantive and procedural requirements 210–227
and non-state actor controlled areas 231
social security 29 , 31
socio-economic rights 162 , 166 , 170 , 174 , 182 , 195 , 235
Somalia 112 , 128 , 134 , 138 , 166 , 180 , 182 , 187 , 244
subsidiary protection
Article 3 and serious harm distinguished 66 , 84 , 106
eligibility 13 , 105
content of status 28–29 , 34–40 ,
Actors of protection 83–85
analysis of available protection for refugee cases distinguished 105–106 , 133–134
subsistence, means of 154 , 162 , 163 , 165 , 209 , 218
surrogacy
meaning 2
criticism 4–5 , 69
as principle of refugee law/reflecting object and purpose 49–52 , 68–71 , 78 , 82 , 131
underlying EU asylum law 47–49
as basis for ipa 142 , 149 , 150 , 170 , 172
protection elsewhere distinguished 196
Sweden 110 , 138 , 162 , 168 , 178 , 188 , 191 , 194
torture; inhuman or degrading treatment 13 , 36 , 37 , 65 , 105 , 107 , 151 , 166 , 178 , 191 , 211 , 220 , 222 , 224
trafficking 94 , 102 , 113 , 115 , 121 , 125
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (unhcr)
Executive Committee (ExCom) 8 , 44 , 204 , 214 , 215 , 217 , 219 , 234 , 167 , 186
Guidelines on International Protection 79 , 80 , 87 , 94 , 102 , 103 , 158
Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status 49–50 , 67 , 77 , 150 , 161 , 169 , 216
Information Note on Article 1 of the Refugee Convention
United Kingdom 50 , 55 , 98 , 101 , 104 , 111 , 112 , 176 , 177 , 183 , 194 , 224
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 43
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (vclt) 23 , 24 , 25 , 27–30 , 33
duty of good faith 49
general rule of interpretation 24 , 49 , 51 , 68 , 83 , 204
subsequent practice 25 , 44 , 112 , 164 , 226
supplementary means of interpretation 29 , 36 , 67 , 148–149
well-founded fear/real risk
as primary standard of probability for EU law 93
past persecution or protection failure creating presumption 76 , 157
real risk distinguished 92 , 95
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‘Protection’ in European Union Asylum Law

International and European Law Requirements for Assessing Available Protection as a Criterion for Refugee and Subsidiary Status

Series:  International Refugee Law Series
Cover ‘Protection’ in European Union Asylum Law
E-Book ISBN:
9789004430396
Publisher:
Brill | Nijhoff
Print Publication Date:
09 Sep 2020

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