Index

In: Did God Care?
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Dylan M. Burns
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Index

Abraham
children born out of providence 77, 123
God of 96, 97, 138, 159
God’s providence sought by 80
Josephus on 86
Academicae quaestiones (Cicero) 18, 31, 45n138
accountability. See personal accountability (responsibility)
action
Aristotle’s account of 43, 227–228, 240, 277
voluntary 227, 237, 245, 249, 275, 277
Acts
2:23 216n97
7:53 116n67
divine intervention in 56n7
Adam and Eve
Adam receives divine pneuma 172
cast into matter 176n100
created as children 160
divine foreknowledge and 213n88
expulsion from the Garden 266
fall of 117, 213, 249, 267n234
freedom of 266
God offers choice to 264, 315
God’s ignorance of Adam’s whereabouts 214
God’s test of obedience of 266, 267
Nature of the Rulers on creation of Adam 177
On the Origin of the World on creation of 164, 167
poor choices made by 112
sinning of 144, 146
Tatian the Assyrian on 265
Theophilus of Antioch on 266
Adamson, Paul 8, 9
aeons
in Apocryphon of John 165, 175
in On the Origin of the World 177
in ‘Sethian’ treatises 305
in Tripartite Tractate 179, 179n114, 181, 275, 290
in Zostrianos 300
Aesop 51–52
Aëtius 32–33
Against Celsus (Origen)
on care for individuals 130n130, 130–131
on determinism and personal responsibility 193
on divine foreknowledge 192, 193, 210–211, 212, 215–216, 256
excerpt inserted in On Fate 192, 210
on ‘Oracle to Laius’ 12, 193, 210, 211, 212, 216
on personal accountability 193, 211, 222
on prophecy 210–211
on providence and evil 132–133
on providence as demiurgic 156
on ‘what is up to us’ (to eph’hēmin) 193
Against Heresies (Irenaeus of Lyons) 139–141, 160, 267
Against Hermogenes (Tertullian) 137, 137n153
Against Marcion (Tertullian) 141–143, 144–146, 267
Against Nemertius (Porphyry of Tyre) 295–296
Against the Gnostics (Plotinus) 153, 172, 183, 271, 282, 291
Aland (Ehlers), Barbara 142n174, 186, 186n147, 232n49
Alcinous
conditional fate doctrine of 46, 48
Handbook of Platonism 207–209, 218
on matter as creative principle 106
on ‘Oracle to Laius’ 193, 198
on prophecy 12
on will 270n2
Alexander, Tiberius 84, 85
Alexander of Aphrodisias
Book of the Laws of the Countries compared with 238
on conditional fate 226
on divination 12, 204–207
on ‘freedom to do otherwise’ 224
on free will 229
household argument appropriated by 62n35, 207
as interpreter of Aristotle 204n52
On Providence 206–207
on regret 264
on Stoic pantheism 62
on tuchē 238n80
on virtuous character 230
See also On Fate (Alexander of Aphrodisias)
Algra, Keimpe 31, 39n111
Allegorical Interpretation (Philo of Alexandria) 82
Allogenes
circulated in Plotinus’s seminar 297
on first thought 13, 272
on Invisible Spirit 300, 302–304
Marsanes contrasted with 305
negative theology of 306
as post-Plotinian 306
Ambrose of Milan 149, 213
ameleia 5
Amelius 307
Ammonius Hermiou 293
Ammonius Saccus 219n103, 311, 312
Anaxagoras 20, 20n16
Angel of Darkness 113, 114
angels
Athenagoras of Athens on 120–121, 124, 135, 136, 138
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 235
Byzantine view of 136–137
Clement of Alexandria on 122, 123, 124, 126, 138
early Christian writers on 100
evil 114–115, 116, 132, 136, 138, 146, 149, 185, 265, 288
fallen 104, 112, 113, 118, 120, 121, 124, 126–127, 131, 137
Greek gods as sinning 119, 124
Justin Martyr on 119, 124, 136, 264
Origen on 131–132, 133–134, 138, 222, 288
personal accountability in 264, 265
Satan as 116
Tertullian on 148
Tripartite Tractate on 171, 181
Annals (Tacitus) 46, 46n144
anthropocentrism
in early Christianity 174
in Gnosticism 183
in Stoicism 36, 58, 60, 61–62, 174
Apelles
on divine foreknowledge 213
dualism of 11, 104, 137, 151, 152, 316
on evil 148, 152
on fiery angel 148–149
on God 155
on imperfection 104
Marcion and 146–147, 148–149
on one principle 147, 149
on pre-existing souls 147, 268n237
on providential and inferior gods 137
on sin 138
Apocalypse of Zoroaster 308, 318
apocalyptic literature 104, 112–118, 136, 175
Apocryphon of John 165–169
aeons in 165, 175
archons in 166, 167, 172, 173, 174
as compilation of pre-existing sources 165
creation and providence separated in 175
on the demiurge 166, 172, 177, 182
Descartes’s evil demon compared with 317
Irenaeus of Lyons and Porphyry know 184
language of divine care in 154, 183
on matter 167, 176
On the Origin of the World compared with 167
on providence 161–165, 174–176, 177
on rational divine character of humans 174
‘Sethian’ treatises compared with 300
Three Forms of First Thought as dependent on 169n71
two kinds of providence in 174–176
Wisdom in 165–166, 168, 175n93, 176
Yaldabaoth in 166, 167, 171, 174
Apuleius
Athenagoras of Athens compared with 121
conditional fate doctrine of 46
on daimones 100, 151
on divine intervention 63n45
Archaic poets 19
archons
in Apocryphon of John 166, 167, 172, 173, 174
Basilides on 179n112
evil associated with 175
Gnostics on 215
in On the Origin of the World 161, 162–163, 164, 173, 174, 185
in Second Treatise on the Great Seth 173
in Sentences of Sextus 184
in Three Forms of First Thought 170, 177
in Tripartite Tractate 181–182, 288
argument from design 20–21, 26, 36, 80, 156, 273
Aristotle
on actions made by choice 43, 227–228, 240, 277
Alexander of Aphrodisias as interpreter of 204n52
Athenagoras of Athens on 121
Clement of Alexandria on free will and 241
Epicurus compared with 26–27
on failure to consistently choose virtue 236
on God as not involved in sublunary realm 206, 207
Metaphysics 27–28, 29, 30
Nicomachaean Ethics 43, 227–228, 236
On Philosophy 28–29
on order of the cosmos 286, 286n79, 288
on Prime Mover 28n52, 33n78
public support for teaching of 204
on Pythagorean Table of Opposites 105
on questions deserving punishment 128
theology of 27–29, 33
on two causes in Plato 106
on virtuous character 230, 230n38
on walking 48n151
on ‘what is up to us’ 43, 227, 236, 245, 249
Armstrong, Arthur Hilary 112, 113, 290, 290n93
astrological determinism
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 233, 239, 240
in emergence of concept of free will 224–225
Origen and 12, 193, 195, 215, 259
astrology
Astrological Book on 116
Book of the Watchers on 115
nomima barbarika argument in polemics against 239
Origen’s Commentary on Genesis on 193–195, 213, 215, 219–222
Origen’s On Fate on 192, 193, 219–222
Tatian the Assyrian on 265
See also astrological determinism
Astronomical Book 115, 116
Athenagoras of Athens 118–122
on angels 120–121, 124, 135, 136, 138
on conditional fate 262n
on daimones 100, 124, 129, 135–136, 152, 237, 316
Embassy for the Christians 120
on evil 10, 104, 120, 136, 152
on general and specific providence 90n202
on God 120, 121
on responsibility for creation 156
on Satan 121, 135, 136
Stoic influence on 97
Atticus 26–27, 27n45, 27n46, 29, 107n17, 270n2
Attridge, Harold 85, 87–88
augury 203, 220
Augustine, St. 13, 217n97, 218, 224, 225, 309, 315
Augustus, Emperor 67–68
Authoritative Teaching 178
Autogenes 300
autonomy
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 235, 236, 237–238, 239, 240, 262
Chrysippus on 229
demonology in development of concept of 136
moral 235
Origen’s On First Principles on 255, 257, 261, 262
Paul on 258
Platonism on 231n48
shift in notion of human accountability to freedom from 268
See also free will, ḥi’rutā’
Bak Halvgaard, Tilde 170n75
baptism 264, 265–266, 267
Barbelo 165, 167–168, 169, 300, 302
Barc, Bernard 165, 169
Bardaiṣan
on Adam’s disobedience 267, 267n234
Book of the Laws of the Countries and 232, 232n49, 233
dualism attributed to 236
on fate as controlling the body 240, 240n90
Barnes, Jonathan 211n79
Basilides
Clement of Alexandria on 240–251
determinism attributed to 252
as earliest known Christian philosopher 55n4, 90n203
earliest known remarks on providence and accountability by Christian philosopher 242
Exegetica 244
on free will 12, 268, 315
on Great Archon 179n112
Justin Martyr on 94, 138
on martyrdom 226, 245n122, 249n147, 250, 251
monism of 245, 251
Origen on 260
on personal accountability 245, 246, 250
on pre-existence of souls 246, 251–252, 261, 262, 315
on punishment 226, 244, 245–246, 247, 251
reincarnation attributed to 246
salvation by nature doctrine and 252, 258n189
on sin 244, 250, 251
on Ten Commandments 244–245, 319
Basil of Caesarea 192
Beagon, Mary 70n81
Beard, Mary 203
Beliar 113–114, 117
Benjamins, Hendrik S. 195n10, 217n97
Bergjan, Silke-Petra
on Christians and Stoic doctrine of fate 57n12
on Clement on providence 125
on God’s care as interaction with humanity 269, 268n240
on Origen on punishment 256, 256n182
on prophecy and providence 193n
on providence for distinguishing between philosophical schools 91
on question of God’s providence 18n8
as source for this study 2n5
Berkouwer, G.C. 2n7
Bianchi, Ugo 107, 150n213
Bible. See New Testament; Old Testament
biblical proof-texts 56, 57, 96, 113, 117, 129, 146, 156, 225, 253n159, 255, 318–319
bibliomancy 219, 219n102
binitarianism 149, 149n210
Bobzien, Susanne
on Chrysippus and Laius oracle 198n24
on Chrysippus on ‘freedom to do otherwise’ 41n123
on cylinder metaphor in Chrysippus 42n125
on divination 202n40
on faculty of choosing and the soul 225–226
on ‘freedom to do otherwise’ 224, 225
on General Causal Principle 38
on Origen 211n79, 212n82
on Philopator on freedom and fate 228n30
on providence in later writings about fate 18n9
on Pseudo-Plutarch on Aristotle 48n152
on Stoics on fate 31, 199n30
body, human. See human body
Boethius 4, 13, 191, 314
Book of the Laws of the Countries 232–240
on autonomy 235, 236, 237–238, 239, 240, 262
Bardaiṣan and authorship of 232, 232n49
catalogue of customs in 232, 239
on choice 233, 234, 235, 240
Dihle and 226n19
on free will 232, 233, 234–235, 240, 268, 315
on human accountability 226, 233, 234–235, 236, 238, 240
on keeping the commandments 235–236, 238, 239, 240, 259
nomima barbarika argument in 220, 239
Peripatetic influence on 233n51
on pre-existing souls 237–238, 240, 246, 261, 262, 315
on Ten Commandments 235–236, 238, 239, 240, 262, 319
on ‘what is up to us’ 234, 245
Book of the Watchers
on angels 114–115
Apelles and 149
Book of the Laws of the Countries and 235
Christian philosophers and 135, 318
on idolatry 114
on introduction of forbidden arts 248
Marcion and 146
Middle Platonism and 155
Origen and 129
Tertullian on 119, 148
Book of Zoroaster 176n100
Bos, Abraham 29
Boyd, Gregory A. 294n113
Boys-Stones, George
on Aristotle on Prime Mover 28n52
on Atticus and Aristotle 27n46
on divine foreknowledge 218n109
on ‘Middle Platonism’ 45n140
on multi-tiered providence in Middle Platonism 64, 64n54
on Origen 217n97, 261n210
on Pseudo-Plutarch 49n158, 230, 231n48
‘brain-in-a-vat’ scenario 317–318
Brakke, David 153, 154, 154n4, 184n135
Braun, René 143n182
Broadie, Sarah 22–23
Brouwer, René 66n61
Calcidius
conditional fate doctrine of 46, 47
on evil 109–110
on fate and providence 39n111
fragment of Numenius of Apamea in 109
on grades of providence 47n145
on will 270n2
Cameron, Averil 4
Camplani, Alberto 232n49, 236n69
Carneades 39n111, 45, 61, 202, 216, 293
carum esse 5
causality
Alexander of Aphrodisias’s On Fate on 206
Aristotle on final cause 28
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 233, 238, 239, 240
causal dualism 231, 232
as central to problem of providence 103
Christian philosophical contributions on 9
compatibilism and 41
in debate about evil 52–53
of demons 114, 122, 151, 222
divine foreknowledge and 104, 195–196, 199, 200, 210, 212
dualism and 103
of evil 10, 46, 134, 149, 151
fate and 38
General Causal Principle 38, 42, 43, 199, 228–229
Middle Platonists on 46–47
number of causal principles 10, 104, 121–122, 149, 150, 152
Origen on 260, 261
of personifications of evil 114
Platonists on 47, 230–231
Plotinus on 273, 274, 293
prophecy and 211, 213
Pseudo-Plutarch on 49–50
Stoics on 38, 47, 59, 199
Stoics on god’s causal efficacy 31
third century shift in notion of 269
Celsus
eternal return and 49n158
Origen’s Against Celsus 130n130, 130–131, 132–133, 210–211, 215–216
Chadwick, Henry 216n93
Chaldaean Oracles 309
Chalmers, David 317–318
chance
Alexander of Aphrodisias on 238n80
character and 230
Cicero on 39n111
Josephus on 87
Numenius of Apamea on 110
personal responsibility and 231
Platonists on 230–231
Plotinus on 278
Polybius on 65–66, 66n60, 70
Pseudo-Plutarch on 48–49, 231, 231n46
tertiary providence and 63n45
See also contingency; tuchē
character 37, 43, 229, 230
Chase, Michael 294, 295, 296
Chiaradonna, Riccardo 280n47
choice
Adam and Eve’s 112, 264
Alexander of Aphrodisias’s On Fate 229, 264
Aristotle on 43, 227–228, 240, 277
Athenagoras of Athens on angels’ 121
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 233, 234, 235, 240
Clement of Alexandria on 241, 249
in conditional fate doctrine 48
by demons 151
Epictetus on 43n131
Josephus on 88
Justin Martyr on 264
Middle Platonists on 53, 151
natural cosmos seen as capable of 115
Origen on 222, 254, 257, 261
Platonists on 47
Plato on 25–26, 208, 225, 249, 252, 261, 264, 268
in Plato’s Republic 25, 105, 208, 209
Plotinus on 279, 287
pre-natal 231n48, 240, 246, 261, 262, 264, 283
Pseudo-Plutarch on 48, 231
responsibility and 26
sin and 136
Stoics on 41n122
Tatian the Assyrian on 265
Tertullian on 267
Theophilus of Antioch on 266
what we choose now 223–269
Christ. See Jesus Christ
Christianity. See early Christianity
Chrysippus
on autonomy 229
on co-fated events 12, 198, 201, 203, 205n55, 261
compatibilism of 41, 41n123, 202
cylinder metaphor of 41–42
on daimones 60, 60n25
on divination 199–200
on divine foreknowledge 214, 258
on dog tied to moving cart 41n123
on evil 35, 282
on fate 38–39
on flaws in creation 35n88
on foot delighting in getting muddy 41n123
on General Causal Principle 38, 199
on god as united with matter 33n78
household argument of 60–61
on ‘lazy argument’ (agros logos) 39, 193, 198n24, 201, 212
on Middle Platonists’ semi-divine beings 60
On Destiny 38–39
On Fate 34
On the World 38
on ‘Oracle to Laius’ 193, 198, 201–202, 203, 206, 208, 216
on prophecy 200, 216
on providence as present in parts 60
on successive world-cycles 34, 34n85
on vice as punishment 62
on what is up to us 40, 43
Cicero
Academicae quaestiones 18, 31, 45n138
Aristotle’s On Philosophy quoted by 28, 29
Carneades as source for 202
on chance 39n111
on Epicureans 18, 31
evidence on providence in 7
on free will 39n116
on General Causal Principle 38
on the gods knowing everything 33–34, 34n83, 293
On Divination 199, 203
Philo of Alexandria compared with 78
providentia in writings of 5
See also On Fate (Cicero); On the Nature of the Gods (Cicero)
civic piety
Alcinous’s Handbook of Platonism on 209, 218
Alexander of Aphrodisias’s On Fate on 206, 207, 218
care of the gods and the civic cult 267
Cicero’s On the Nature of the Gods on 203–204, 207, 218
Clark, Elizabeth A. 250n151
Cleanthes 32, 33, 34, 39, 39n111, 72, 97
Clement of Alexandria
on Adam’s disobedience 267
on angels 122, 123, 124, 126, 138
argument from design in 156
on Basilides 240–251
on choice 241, 249
on demons 122, 136, 152, 242n106
on divine care 1, 122–125
on divine foreknowledge 216, 313
on evil 10, 104, 136, 150, 152, 247–248, 316
on free will 240–241, 251, 257
on God 57n12, 123, 247–248
on human accountability 226, 241, 243, 246–247, 249, 249n147, 250–252
on martyrdom 226, 242–244, 245–246
on punishment 127, 226, 249n147, 250, 251
‘resident alien’ motif in 251
on salvation by nature 253
on sin 124, 250
on the soul 251
and Stoic conception of Zeus’s omniscience 33n78
Stromateis (Miscellanies) 122–128, 241–251
on subordinating philosophy to Christian instruction 127–128
on Ten Commandments 241n96, 249, 259, 262
on true Gnostics 124–125, 126–127, 135, 241, 242, 251
on ‘what is up to us’ 241, 241n96, 246, 249–250
Collins, John J. 112n40, 113n42
Colossians 1:16 156, 318
Commentary on Genesis (Origen) 210–216
on astrology 193–195, 213, 215, 219–222
on determinism 210, 213
on divine foreknowledge 11–12, 195–196, 212, 216, 218–219, 256
extracts of inserted in On Fate 192, 210, 222
nomima barbarika argument in 220, 239
on prophecy 193, 210, 211, 213, 215, 218–219, 221
whom it was written against 212
Commentary on Plato’s ‘Parmenides’
attributed to Porphyry 297, 298, 299, 306, 308, 311
authorship of 297, 308, 311–312
on divine foreknowledge 298, 306, 307
on first thought 13, 272, 297–299, 308
on God as not self-cognizant 298, 302
on supra-cognitive faculty 272, 300, 306
Community Rule 113–114, 136
compatibilism
of Chrysippus 41, 41n123, 202
of Josephus 86n178
Middle Platonists and 209, 232
of Sirach 73, 74
of Stoicism 41, 41n123, 47, 230, 253
in Tripartite Tractate 284
concomitance argument
Aesop and 52
of Chrysippus 35n88, 35–36, 44
Clement of Alexandria and 249
in early Christian philosophers 175, 315
Origen and 131, 136
conditional fate
Alcinous on 46, 48
Alexander of Aphrodisias on 226
Apuleius on 46
Athenagoras of Athens on 262n
Calcidius on 46, 47
choice in 48
Justin Martyr on 263–264
in Middle Platonism 12, 45–51, 207, 208, 209, 225, 226, 230–232, 261, 263–264, 316
Pseudo-Plutarch on 46, 47, 207, 230
contingency
in early Christian ontology 267
fate governs the contingent 271
God’s knowledge of contingent events 293–294
Philo of Alexandria on 217–218
Pseudo-Plutarch on 48
Stoicism on 199
See also chance
1 Corinthians
2:14–15 253
10:19–22 116–117
15:20–22 117
Corrigan, Kevin 275, 277n30, 279n41, 291
Couliano, Ioan 174
Craig, William Lane 212n82
creation
Apocryphon of John on providence and 175
creator-god 10, 11, 37, 104, 112, 120, 156, 164, 172, 173, 178, 179
flaws in 35, 35n88, 53
Irenaeus of Lyons’s creation-theology 155–160
Plato on 21–24, 32
Crouzel, Henri 261n208
daimones
Alcinous’s Handbook of Platonism on 209
Apuleius on 100, 151
Athenagoras of Athens on 100, 124, 129, 135–136, 152, 237
Chrysippus on 60, 60n25
in discussions about providence 112
Epictetus on 62–63
evil associated with 10–11
Graeco-Roman deities as 113, 124, 129, 135, 155, 265, 316
Middle Platonism on 12, 45, 47, 53, 58, 59–60, 63–64, 65, 100, 104, 108, 118, 121, 122, 126, 132, 152, 155, 165, 242, 288, 316
Philo of Alexandria on 80, 99, 100
Platonic source of 51
in Plato’s Republic 25
Plutarch on 64, 70, 100, 108, 151
Pseudo-Plutarch on 50–51, 209
as translation of Hebrew words 116n63
See also demons
David the Psalmist 211, 266
Dead Sea Scrolls 113–114
death
Adam acquires 266
fate and 238
free will and 262
Graeco-Roman gods and 104
as limitation of embodiment 237
Satan and 74, 242
sin associated with 117
souls after 24, 64, 252, 252n155, 253, 281
Tatian the Assyrian on 265
De fato treatises
stock arguments in 6n23
See also On Fate
demiurge (dēmiourgos)
in Apocryphon of John 166, 172, 177, 182
Christian teachers compared with 127
in discussions about providence 112
evil associated with 174
Gnosticism seen as biblical demiurgicalism 185–187
Gnostics and 153, 174, 215, 282, 284, 317
Irenaeus of Lyons and 140, 160–161
Marcion and 138, 139, 142, 145
Middle Platonists on 10
in Numenius of Apamea 109, 316
Origen and 156
Philo of Alexandria on 80, 81
in Plato’s Timaeus 21, 22–23, 32, 50, 84, 105, 106n7, 122, 152, 155, 164, 174, 316
Plutarch on 107, 109, 316
repenting 179
Valentinians on 171–172, 178–179, 182, 186, 215n92, 288
Democritus 20, 107
demons
apocalyptic perspective and 150
arch-demon 116
associated with sacrificial cults and idols 116–117, 119–120
causality of 114, 122, 151, 222
Clement of Alexandria on 122, 136, 152, 242n106
in Dead Sea Scrolls 113
Descartes’s evil demon 316–317
as divine administrators 121–122
in dualism 104
early Christian writers on 100, 103, 118
evil 113, 115, 124n106, 175, 316, 317
Gnostics on superiority of human beings to 173
in the Gospels 116
Graeco-Roman gods identified with 113, 124
as imposters 116
in New Testament 118
Origen on 131, 132–136, 152, 222
sin introduced into world by 117
in Three Forms of First Thought 170, 170n72
Valentinus on sin and 119
in worldview of first centuries CE 112–113
See also daimones; Satan (the Devil)
De natura deorum (Cicero). See On the Nature of the Gods (Cicero)
den Boeft, Jan 47n145
den Dulk, Matthijs 91n205
Denzey (Lewis), Nicola 2n5, 6n23, 173, 265n227, 267
Descartes, René 316–317, 317n16
determinism
Alexander of Aphrodisias’s On Fate on 204, 205, 206
Basilides associated with 252
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 233, 236, 237, 238
epistemic versus logical 202
Gnostic 226, 252
God’s knowledge and divination and 293
hard determinism (incompatibilism) 43–44
Irenaeus of Lyons on 268
Middle Platonists on 47
Origen’s Against Celsus on 193
Origen’s Commentary on Genesis on 210, 213
Origen’s On First Principles on 253–262
Platonists on 231
in Plato’s Republic 25
Pseudo-Plutarch on 50, 230
in Stoicism 6, 37–44, 57, 103, 206, 218, 226, 256
Tatian the Assyrian on 265
Tertullian on 268
See also astrological determinism; compatibilism
Devil, the. See Satan (the Devil)
Dialogue with Trypho (Justin Martyr) 10, 58, 89–96, 138
Dihle, Albrecht 224, 225, 225n13, 226n19, 235n67, 238n80, 252n156, 254n167
Dillon, John M. 45n138, 47, 277n30
Diodore of Tarsus 240n91
Diodorus Cronus 199n30
Diodorus Siculus 58, 65, 66–68, 70
Diogenes Laertius 20, 31, 40
Diogenes of Apollonia 20
divination
Alcinous’s Handbook of Platonism on 209, 218
Alexander of Aphrodisias’s On Fate on 204–207, 218
Bible-centered 219
Chrysippus on 199–200, 218
Cicero’s On Fate on 199–200, 203
civic 218
daimones in 51
God’s knowledge and determinism and 293
Origen on 193, 218–219, 220
philosophical debates over 197
Stoics on 199, 199n29, 200
Tatian the Assyrian on 265
See also prophecy
divine foreknowledge 191–222
Alcinous’s Handbook of Platonism on 207–209, 214
Alexander of Aphrodisias’s On Fate on 204–207, 214, 215
Carneades on 216
causality and 104, 195–196, 199, 200, 210, 212
Christianizing turn in Platonic conceptions of 306–310
Chrysippus on 214, 258
Cicero’s On Fate on 203, 214
Clement of Alexandria on 216, 313
Commentary on Plato’s ‘Parmenides’ on 298, 306, 307
of future conditionals 193, 209, 216, 293–294, 295–296, 307–308, 313–314, 318
Gnostics on 213–214
Justin Martyr on 216, 263, 313
Marcion on 12, 143, 213, 215
‘Oracle to Laius’ and 12
Origen’s Against Celsus on 192, 193, 210–211, 212, 215–216, 256
Origen’s Commentary on Genesis on 11–12, 195–196, 212, 216, 218–219, 256
Origen’s On Fate on 12, 192
Origen’s On First Principles on 258
personal accountability (responsibility) and 196, 212
Philo of Alexandria on 217–218, 313
Plotinus on 11, 13, 300–301
Sirach on 73–74
Stoicism on 216, 307
Teachings of Silvanus on 216, 217n97, 313
Tripartite Tractate on 276, 306
Zostrianos on 302
Dörrie, Heinrich 57n12
Drijvers, Han J.W. 233n54
dualism 101–188
of Apelles 11, 104, 137, 151, 152, 316
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 233, 234, 236, 240
causal 231, 232
Christianity as moderately dualist 150, 151
eschatology associated with 117
evil and 103
of Gnostics 11, 152, 153, 185, 316
Irenaeus of Lyons’s opposition to 157
iterations of 150n213
in Jewish apocalyptic literature 104, 112–118, 136, 149, 175
of light and darkness 169
of Marcion 11, 104, 151, 152, 186, 213, 222, 234, 316
mitigated 112, 117, 118, 149, 183, 288
in Nag Hammadi manuscripts 187
of Numenius of Apamea 11, 104, 106, 108–109, 111, 152, 316
of Platonism 103, 104, 105, 106
in Plato’s Timaeus 316
of Plutarch 11, 104, 106, 111, 150n213, 152, 316
of Pythagoreanism 105
religious 11, 149–152
Dudley, John 28
Dunderberg, Ismo 163n40
early Christianity
anthropocentrism in 174
biblical proof-texts in writings of 318–319
Book of the Watchers’ influence on 135, 318
Christianizing turn in Platonic conceptions of divine foreknowledge 306–310
Clement of Alexandria and Christian philosophy 125, 126–128
and creation 156
and demons 100, 103, 118
Enochic literature and 119, 135
Epicurean arguments used against 99
and evil 103, 151, 175
and free will 9, 12, 103, 223, 226, 252–253, 262, 267, 315
Gnostics and 154
God of 97
Greek philosophy and Christian philosophy part ways 319
and liberation from enslavement to fate 173, 195
and metempsychosis 246
Middle Platonism’s influence on 100, 104, 135
mitigated dualism in 118, 183
as moderately dualist 150, 151
Nag Hammadi manuscripts’ perspective distinguished from 187
and pagan contemporaries on providence 57–58
and personal accountability 9, 225, 253
personal God of 54–58
philosophy practiced in 55, 318
Platonism’s relationship to 13–14, 307–308
Plato’s influence on 12–13
Plotinus’s engagement with 14, 307–308, 311, 312
and providence and mitigated dualism 118
reassessing philosophical contributions of 311–312
‘resident alien’ motif in 251
Stoic influence on 10, 97, 152, 168, 225, 313
Stoicism distinguished from 99, 100
Stoicism adopted and transformed by 313–314
two ontological strata in 267
Edwards, Mark J. 109n24
election 58, 253
eleutheria 39
Eliasson, Erik 280, 281
Elliott, Mark W. 31n67, 39n116, 56n9, 86n178, 90n202, 254n171
emanation
Apelles and 147n260
Apocryphon of John on 318
Hermogenes on 137n153
Plotinus on 271, 273, 282, 283, 291, 292n102, 293, 308
Tripartite Tractate on 288, 291, 292n102
Embassy for the Christians (Athenagoras of Athens) 120
Empedocles 20
Enneads (Plotinus) 271
Against the Gnostics 153, 172, 183, 271, 282, 291
How the Multitude of Forms Came into Being, and on the Good 273–274
on the knowledge and will of the Good 273–281, 284
On Destiny 219n103, 271
On Difficulties About the Soul 280–281, 287, 289
On Fate 289
On the Good, or the One 272
On the Will of the One 13, 274–275
Porphyry of Tyre’s Sententiae on 294
See also On Providence (Plotinus)
1 Enoch
as anthology 114
Astronomical Book 115, 116
on demons 117
on idolatry 115
Tertullian on 119
See also Book of the Watchers
Enochic literature
on angels 126, 136–137
apocalyptic perspective of 113, 150, 151
Christian philosophers and 119, 135
mitigated dualism of 149
Origen’s familiarity with 129
Philo of Alexandria and 118
See also 1 Enoch
Ephraem Syrus 213, 267, 267n234
Epictetus
on character 43
on choice 241
on daimones 62–63
on God having no need of a spectator 184
on god knowing everything 33
Origen draws from 254, 254n169
on personal responsibility 223
on providential care of the virtuous 62, 96
taxonomy of providence and fate 6n23
on what is up to us 42–43
“you are an offshoot of God” 62, 187
Epicureans
on chance 39n116
Cicero on 18, 31
on God not causing what we experience 151
Josephus on 88–89
Marcion associated with 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 157
Marcus Aurelius on 60
providence rejected by 17–18, 26, 79, 282, 291
on Stoicism 18, 59, 99
Stoics’ response to 35
Valentinus associated with 157
Epicurus
atomism of 107
providence rejected by 17–18, 26–27, 30, 97, 98
Tertullian on 98
See also Epicureans
epimeleia 5, 55, 65, 65n55
epimeleisthai 77, 84n163
Epiphanius of Salamis 146
Epistle (Letter) of Aristeas 71–72, 75, 83, 96, 98
Esther 76
eternal return 34, 49, 200, 216
Eudorus of Alexandria 105
Euhemerus 97
Euripides 20, 121, 208n64
Eusebius of Caesarea 84, 89n198, 146–147, 219, 232n49
Evagrius Ponticus 309–310
evil
accounts of 315–316
angels 114–115, 116, 132, 136, 138, 146, 149, 185, 265, 288
Apelles on 148, 152
apocalyptic perspective and 150
Astronomical Book on origins of 115, 116
Athenagoras of Athens on 10, 104, 120, 136, 152, 316
Basilides on 247
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 233, 235, 236, 238
causality of 10, 46, 134, 149, 151
Chrysippus on 35, 282
Clement of Alexandria on 10, 104, 136, 150, 152, 247–248, 316
as concern of biblical texts 96
cosmic 114, 150, 151
daimones associated with 10–11
demiurge associated with 174
demons 113, 115, 124n106, 175, 316, 317
Descartes’s evil demon 316–317
dualism and 103
early Christian philosophers on 103, 151, 175
free will associated with 175
Gnosticism on 185
Greek philosophy on the gods’ care and 18
Irenaeus of Lyons on 159–160
Jewish apocalyptic literature on 117–118
Josephus on 87
Justin Martyr on 118, 151
Marcion on 139, 152
matter associated with 10, 22, 53, 106, 109–110, 136, 137, 151
Maximus of Tyre on 111
Middle Platonists on 10, 46, 53, 106, 122, 151
monotheism and problem of 151
natural 35, 36, 44, 111, 124n106
Numenius of Apamea on 10, 111–112, 134, 136, 137
Origen on 10, 104, 128–137, 150, 151, 152, 260, 316
personifications of 107, 113, 114
Philo of Alexandria on 83–84, 118, 315
Plato on 22, 23, 34–35, 105, 109
Plotinus on 136, 282, 283, 288–290
Plutarch on 10, 107, 107n17, 111–112, 134, 136, 137
proto-orthodox view of 10
providence despite apparent existence of 52–53
Pythagoreanism on 105
Stoics on 34–36, 37, 53, 83, 103, 105, 108, 111, 118, 136, 151, 289
Tatian the Assyrian on 265
Tertullian on 119, 267
vice identified with 36
in worldview of first centuries CE 112
See also sin; theodicy; vice
Exegetica (Basilides) 244
fatalism
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 232
in Homeric epics 19
Josephus on Sadducees on 86n178
Philo of Alexandria’s On Providence on 31n67
Pliny the Elder on 68n71
fate
Alcinous’s Handbook of Platonism on 207–208
the body governed by 175
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 237, 238, 239, 240
co-fated events 12, 198, 201, 203, 205n55, 261
cosmic 195, 241n96, 264, 266, 267, 288
in essence and in action 46
Greek philosophy on the gods’ care and 18
Josephus on 87, 88
Justin Martyr on 263–264
liberation from enslavement to 173, 195
in Oedipus story 198
Origen’s Philocalia on 192
Platonists on 231
Plato on 207, 271
Plato’s language in discussions of 24
Presocratics on 20
providence and 6n23, 18, 31, 37, 38, 39, 46, 50, 65, 191, 261n207, 289
Stoics on 6, 6n23, 31, 37–44, 57, 216, 230
See also conditional fate; fatalism
Feldmeier, Reinhard 6–7, 6n24, 56n9, 58
Ferguson, David 84n164
Final Judgment 225, 252n155, 259, 266, 268
First Apology (Justin Martyr) 89n196, 94, 119, 138–139, 234n60, 263
First Principle
Alcinous on 209
Barbelo as image of 167
as both providential and omniscient 319
Commentary on Plato’s ‘Parmenides’ on 297
as Great Invisible Spirit 299–300
as knowing 269, 314
Marsanes on 305
matter and 106
Refutation of All Heresies on 214
Tripartite Tractate on 180, 275, 276, 291, 306
See also God; One, The
first thought (prōtē noēsis)
in Apocryphon of John 165
Christian and Hellenistic philosophers’ engagement regarding 191
Commentary on Plato’s ‘Parmenides’ on 13, 272, 297–299, 308
disappears from Platonic tradition 309–310
in ‘Platonizing’ Sethian treatises 299–306
Plotinus on 13, 270–271, 272, 274, 280, 293, 308
Porphyry of Tyre and forethought 272, 293–296, 299, 308, 309
Three Forms of First Thought on 169, 170, 177, 272, 298
Flaccus (Philo of Alexandria) 78–79, 85, 99
Flavius Josephus. See Josephus
Frede, Dorothea 37, 61–62, 206n57, 230n38
Frede, Michael 63n44, 224, 225, 227–228, 259, 277n27, 277n30
free will
Alexander of Aphrodisias on 229
Athenagoras of Athens on angels’ 121
Basilides on 12, 268, 315
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 232, 233, 234–235, 240, 268, 315
in Christian theology and philosophy 9, 12, 103, 223, 226, 262, 267, 315
Clement of Alexandria on 240–241, 251, 257
divine omniscience as compatible with 314
emergence of concept of 191, 223–226, 252–253, 262, 315
evil associated with 175
‘freedom to do otherwise’ 41n123, 224, 226, 228, 234, 236
Justin Martyr on 263
Maximus of Tyre on 111
Origen on 134, 191, 192, 252–262, 268, 315
Plotinus on 275
in second and third century Roman philosophy 12
shift in notion of human accountability from autonomy to freedom 268
Stoicism on 39, 223, 261, 315
Tatian the Assyrian on 265
Theophilus of Antioch on 266, 267, 315
Tripartite Tractate on 180n116, 285
See also compatibilism; ḥi’rutā’; ‘what is up to us’ (to eph’hēmin)
Frick, Peter 81, 81n151, 82, 82n153
Gager, John 143, 144
Gaius, school of 46n144
Galen 63n44, 228n30
Genesis
1–3 318
1:26 144, 148, 159
1:27 156
2:3 12, 112, 193
2:7 253
2:8–13 144
3 143
6:1–4 112, 114, 136, 137
23:4 251
25:21–26 258
See also Adam and Eve
Gibbons, Kathleen 212n82, 217n97
Gnosticism
alternative terms for 185–188
anthropocentrism of 183
as anticosmic dualism 185, 185n139
biblical proof-texts of 318
‘brain-in-a-vat’ scenario compared with 317–318
on the demiurge 153, 174, 215, 282, 284, 317
Descartes’s evil demon compared with 316–317
determinism attributed to 226, 252
on divine foreknowledge 213–214
dualism of 11, 152, 153, 185, 316
emergence of concept of will and 223, 224
on evil 185, 315
as genuine innovation 313
as ‘Gnosis’ 187
versus ‘Gnostics’ 153–155
on God’s care for particulars 272
on humans as good and the world as bad 174
Irenaeus of Lyons on 11, 160, 187
language of providence in 188
Marcionism distinguished from 186n144, 186–187
martyrdom and 242n107
mutual impact of biblicizing and pagan philosophy on 319
and the One 277
Origen on 226
Plotinus’s criticism of 153, 172, 282, 292, 311
Plotinus’s engagement with 14, 307–308, 311, 312
Porphyry of Tyre on 11, 153, 187
Stoicism contrasted with 175, 187, 315
term criticized 153–154
See also Nag Hammadi Codices
God
of Abraham 96, 97, 138, 159
Apelles on 155
in Aristotle’s theology 27–29, 33
Athenagoras of Athens on 120, 121
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 233, 234, 235, 239
as cause of everything 38
Clement of Alexandria on 57n12, 123, 247–248
creator-god 10, 11, 37, 104, 112, 114, 120, 156, 164, 172, 173, 178, 179
demons as divine administrators 121–122
eventual triumph over evil 112–113
in Hellenistic Jewish writings 58, 71–76
ignorance of Adam’s whereabouts in the Garden 214
immanent 10, 28, 37, 82, 97, 98, 100, 130, 313
impersonal 57, 57n12, 58, 268
Irenaeus of Lyons on 11, 158–159, 160
of Israel 10, 72–76, 83, 88, 95–96, 140, 147n200, 155, 306, 318
Jewish apocalyptic literature on 117–118
Justin Martyr’s Dialogue with Trypho on 88–96
knowledge of contingent events 293–294, 305
knowledge of particulars 293–294, 306, 307
“let us make” 144, 159
Marcion on 137–149, 155, 260
memory of 271–272
middle knowledge of 314
monotheism 151, 266
Nature of the Rulers on 177
Numenius of Apamea on 108
of Old Testament 11, 141, 143, 144, 186n144, 260
as omnipotent 32, 56n7, 61, 75, 88, 97, 100, 159, 270, 315n13, 317n16
as omnipresent 31, 32, 53, 58, 61, 75, 88, 97, 100, 108, 124–125, 130, 133, 152, 272, 274, 275, 289, 306, 308
as omniscient 13, 31, 33, 53, 61, 75, 88, 104, 159, 193, 194, 201, 216–217, 221, 256, 271, 272, 289, 293, 296, 299, 300, 306, 307, 308, 313–314, 319
Origen on evil and 260
personal 54–64, 76, 83, 90, 96–100, 152, 214n91, 268, 313
Philo of Alexandria on 11, 76, 77, 80–81, 99, 155, 157
of Platonism 57, 96, 105
Plato on creation of the world by 21–24
Plotinus on 271–272, 292
Pseudo-Aristotle on 29–30
shift in identity of 10, 90, 92n206, 93, 95, 96–97, 268
of Stoics 31–37, 53, 57, 58, 59–60, 61, 72, 96, 97, 98, 100, 130, 155, 208, 218, 268
Tertullian on 149
transcendent 28, 60n21, 74n103, 79, 81, 82n153, 99, 108, 125, 158, 182n128, 209, 218n100, 272, 275, 277, 299, 302, 303, 304, 307
Tripartite Tractate on 181, 182, 290–291, 292n102
will of 17, 87, 132–133, 177, 178, 183, 194, 255n172, 270n2, 272, 279n41
See also divine foreknowledge; providence; theodicy
gods
in Archaic poets 19
behavior proper to 141
Cicero on their knowing everything 33–34, 34n83, 293
Graeco-Roman as angels 119, 124
Graeco-Roman identified with demons 113, 124, 129, 135, 155, 265, 316
in Homeric epics 19
pantheism 32n71, 61, 62
Presocratics on 20
young gods of Plato’s Timaeus 22, 23, 26, 30, 37, 53, 136, 152, 155, 174, 315, 318
See also God
Good, the
does not care 279, 281–282
the One and 273, 277
Plotinus on the knowledge and will of 273–281, 284
Tripartite Tractate on the knowledge and will of 275–277
Gospels
Adam’s fall absent in 117
apocalyptic heritage in 113, 122, 150, 151
Satan in 114, 116, 121
See also John; Luke; Mark; Matthew
grace 241, 241n97, 257
Gregory of Nazianzus 192
Greschat, Katharina 147
Hadot, Pierre 8n27, 274, 297, 298
Hägg, Tomas 52n167, 52n170
Handbook of Platonism (Alcinous) 207–209, 218
Harper, Kyle 225, 225n13, 226n19, 239n80, 262, 263
Havrda, Matyáš 63n44, 241, 241n96, 242n106
heimarmenē 5
Alexander of Aphrodisias’s Peri heimarmenēs 204
Bardaiṣan’s Peri heimarmenēs 232n49
in Gnostic literature 175
Josephus’s use of 87
Justin Martyr on 263
Origen’s Commentary on Genesis on 194
Plotinus on 281, 286
versus pronoia 5, 39, 44
in Stoicism 38–39, 44
See also fate, On Fate
Heraclitus 20, 242
Hermogenes
on co-existence of matter and God 137
dualism of 11, 316
on imperfection 104
on matter as source of chaos 151
Numenius’s influence on 108n23
Tertullian’s polemic against 137, 137n153
Herodotus 20, 20n20, 26, 65, 197
Hesiod 19, 33
Hitler, Adolf 3, 3n11, 6
holos 23, 24n34
Homer 19, 111
Homilies on Jeremiah (Origen) 257n184
Homilies on Luke (Origen) 129, 129n125, 131
household argument 60–61, 62n35, 125, 207
How the Multitude of Forms Came into Being, and on the Good (Plotinus) 273–274
Huber, Peter 314n9
human body
Apelles on creator of 138, 148, 149
Apocryphon of John on creator of 167, 171
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 240
Clement of Alexandria on 251
fate as controlling 240, 240n90, 289
Gnostics on 173, 175
On the Origin of the World on creator of 165
Plato on caring for 243
Plotinus on souls’ descent into 280
resurrection of 265, 266, 268
Socratic argument from design regarding 36
Tertullian on creator of 148
young gods of Timaeus as creators of 22, 152, 315
Hyde, Thomas 150n213
Hymn to Zeus (Cleanthes) 32, 72, 97
Hypothetica (Philo of Alexandria) 80
ḥi’rutā’ 233–236, 238, 240
Iamblichus
Allogenes compared with 303, 304, 305, 306
on flower of the One 309
on God’s foreknowledge of future conditionals 218, 299, 307, 308, 314
on impulse toward religiosity 309n166
on knowledge as intermediate 294, 294n109
on Plotinus on soul’s descent into matter 106n9
providence in writings of 7
on two Ones 304
idolatry 115, 116, 126, 131, 135
If God Makes Good, Whence Comes Evil? (Maximus of Tyre) 111
Iliad (Homer) 19, 33
Ilievski, Viktor 282n59
individual responsibility. See personal accountability (responsibility)
Irenaeus of Lyons
Against Heresies 139–141, 160, 267
creation-theology of 155–160
demiurge and 140, 160–161
emphasis on thinkers whose views resemble those of 13
on evil 159–160
on free will 267, 268, 315
on Gnostics 11, 160, 187
Gnostic texts known by 184, 185
on God as providential creator 11, 158–159, 160
on humanity coming to possess intellect 171
on Marcion 138, 139–141, 143, 157, 316
on matter 158, 161
on Plato 140n161, 157, 157n18
on the Son 159, 186
on the soul as seat of accountability 268
Valentinians and 160, 178, 182, 316
on Wisdom 160, 161
Isocrates 65n55
Janssens, Yvonne 169n71
Jerome, St. 143, 213, 314n9
Jesus Christ
Apelles on 148
Basilides and suffering of 244–245
Clement of Alexandria on 125, 127
‘consider how the wild flowers grow’ 56
on God’s care for sparrows 96, 132
Judas’s betrayal of 195, 196, 210, 211, 212, 215, 256
Justin Martyr on 89, 93–94, 95, 97, 156
in Letter of Peter to Philip 172–173
as logos 156, 170, 211
Marcion on 138, 139, 141, 142, 144
Origen on 129, 130
in Second Treatise on the Great Seth 173
on sin 117
Tripartite Tractate on 276
See also early Christianity
Jewish Antiquities (Josephus) 85, 86–88, 89n195
Jewish War (Josephus) 85, 86, 87
Jews
apocalyptic literature of 112–118, 136
departure to Sinai 75
God in writings of Hellenistic 58
God of Israel 10, 72–76, 83, 88, 95–96, 140, 147n200, 155, 306, 318
Jewish writings as untapped resource 312
Josephus on providential history as Jewish history 85–89
Justin Martyr’s Dialogue with Trypho on 89, 94–96
language of providence used by philosophically-inclined 55
on life based on anagkē 241n96
Philo of Alexandria on God’s providential care of 77, 78–80, 83, 99
providence in Hellenistic Jewish literature 71–76
under Roman domination 54, 72
Stoicism influenced by 313
Tertullian on 98
wisdom literature of 58, 72, 73n92
See also Abraham; Enochic literature; Moses; Old Testament
Job
1–2 114, 117
2:10 131
14:4 245
Johannes Climacus 310
John
2:25 212, 318
4:24 130
12:27 56n7
14:6 170
16:8 266
Amelius’s exegesis of 307
Joly, Robert 91n205, 92
Joseph 77
Josephus 85–89
on interventionist providence 85–89, 96
Jewish Antiquities 85, 86–88, 89n195
Jewish War 85, 86, 87
on omnipresence of the divine 100
on Stoic model of providential care 58, 98
Judas 195, 196, 210, 211, 212, 215, 256
Judith 76
Junod, Eric 195n10
Justin (Gnostic) 213–214
Justin Martyr
on angels 119, 124, 136, 264
on baptism 264, 267
on daimones 100
Dialogue with Trypho 10, 58, 89–96, 138
on divine foreknowledge 216, 263, 313
on evil 118, 151
on fate 263–264
First Apology 89n196, 94, 118, 138–139, 234n60, 263
on free will 263
God of 96–97, 234n60
on Greek gods as sinning angels 119
on Jesus Christ 89, 93–94, 95, 97, 156
on logos 264, 292
on Marcion 94, 138–139
on personal accountability 262, 263
on punishment 263, 264
Second Apology 118
Stoicism and 118
on will 223
Kalligas, Anthony 20n20, 288n87, 289n91, 290n97
Kaluptos 300, 301, 305
Karamanolis, George E. 2n5, 103, 151n216, 186, 186n144, 220n106, 265n227
Kenney, John Peter 284n71
King, Karen L. 167n57
Kippenberg, Hans G. 163n40
Klawans, Jonathan 6n23, 88
Klingner, Friedrich 314n9
knowledge
Allogenes on divine 303–304
God as omniscient 13, 31, 33, 53, 61, 75, 88, 104, 159, 193, 194, 201, 216–217, 221, 256, 271, 272, 289, 293, 296, 299, 300, 306, 307, 308, 313–314, 319
God’s knowledge of contingent events 293–294
God’s knowledge of particulars 293–294, 306, 307
God’s middle knowledge 314
Marsanes on divine 305
Zostrianos on Intellect as having 300–303
See also divine foreknowledge
Kraabel, A. Thomas 4n14, 96n223
Labarriére, Pierre-Jean 9n33
Lachesis 25, 242n106
Laws (Plato)
Myth of Er contrasted with 25
Philo of Alexandria influenced by 79
Stoic God contrasted with 37
on whole-part in God’s relationship to the world 23–24, 50, 53, 60, 61, 271, 282, 283
on World Soul 105, 107
Layton, Bentley 153, 154, 154n4, 176n99
‘lazy argument’ (argos logos)
Alexander of Aphrodisias’s On Fate on 205
Chrysippus on 39, 193, 198n24, 201, 212
Cicero’s On Fate on 201, 211
Clement of Alexandria and 247, 253
Origen on 211, 216
Leo XIII, Pope 2–3, 3n10
Létourneau, Pierre 172
Letter (Epistle) of Aristeas 71–72, 75, 83, 96, 98
Letter of Peter to Philip 172–173
Library of History (Diodorus Siculus) 66–68
Lieu, Judith 213
Life of Aesop 51–52
Life of Moses (Philo of Alexandria) 77–78, 79–80
Lincoln, Abraham 2
Litwa, M. David 167n57
logos
Christ as 156, 170, 211
Chrysippus on 40
Clement of Alexandria on 241
in John 170
Justin Martyr on 264, 292
Origen on 156, 292
Philo of Alexandria on 81–82, 82n156, 83, 156, 292
Plotinus on 279, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 291, 292, 308
Tripartite Tractate on 179, 186, 276, 284–285, 287, 288, 291, 292, 308
See also reason (rationality)
Löhr, Winrich 249n144, 249n147, 250n150
Louth, Andrew 57, 308
Lucian 51n157, 93n210
Lucretius 17
Luke
4:5–7 116
4:16–18 129
12:6–7 57, 96, 129, 318
12:27–30 56, 144–145
22:22 145–146
Macaskill, Grant 73n92
Maccabees 76
Magris, Aldo 1n5, 86n178, 135n150, 154n6, 206n57, 294n110
Manichaeism 153, 187
Mansfeld, Jaap 20n16, 33n78, 174, 185n141
Marcion 137–149
Apelles contrasted with 148–149
astrology and 195
biblical proof-texts of 318
Clement of Alexandria and 248
on divine foreknowledge 12, 143, 213, 215
dualism of 11, 104, 151, 152, 186, 213, 222, 234, 316
Epicureanism attributed to 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 157
on evil 139, 152
exegesis of Genesis 2:3 12, 193
as genuine innovator 313
Gnosticism and Marcionism distinguished 186n144, 186–187
on God 137–149, 155, 260
Irenaeus of Lyons on 138, 139–141, 143, 157
Justin Martyr on 94, 138–139
Luke 12:6–7 absent from Gospel of 318
Origen’s attack on 12, 194–195, 210, 213, 215, 218, 222, 260
providence in writings of 7, 137–149
salvation by nature doctrine and 252
on sin 142
Tertullian on 138, 141–143, 144–146, 157, 213, 316
Tripartite Tractate and 181, 182
Marcovich, Miroslav 127n118
Marcus Aurelius 39, 43n134, 59, 60, 204, 307n160
Marcus Eremita 310
Marcus Sergius 69–70
Marius Victorinus 297, 298, 301, 311
Marjanen, Antti 184n135
Mark
4:12 255n172
14:36 56n7
Marsanes 13, 304n151, 305–306, 314
martyrdom
Basilides on 226, 245n122, 249n147, 250, 251
Clement of Alexandria on 226, 242–244, 245–246
by Gnostics 242n107
providence and 243–247
Mastema 113
matter
Adam cast into 176n100
in Apocryphon of John 167, 176
Aristotle on 28
Athenagoras of Athens on 120
Authoritative Teaching on 178
as chaotic 22, 82, 104, 110, 111, 151, 158
Chrysippus on God and 33n78
in discussions about providence 112
evil associated with 10, 22, 53, 106, 109–110, 136, 137, 151
Hermogenes on 137
Irenaeus of Lyons on 158, 161
Maximus of Tyre on 111
Middle Platonists on 53, 106
Numenius of Apamea on 106, 108–109, 111–112, 137
On the Origin of the World on 177
Origen on 106, 134, 136
Philo of Alexandria on 82, 82n156, 99
Plato on form and 106, 109
in Plato’s Timaeus 84, 105, 106, 110, 316
Plotinus on 106, 106n9
Plutarch on 106–108, 111, 137
as resistant to ordering 112
Stoicism on 105, 155
Tertullian on creation from 142
Three Forms of First Thought on 176, 177
Tripartite Tractate on 182
Zeno on Fate and 38
See also human body
Matthew
4:8 116
10:29–30 56, 96, 128–129, 318
26:39 56n7
Maximus of Tyre
on daimones 64
on divine intervention 63n45
on evil 111
If God Makes Good, Whence Comes Evil? 111
medical metaphor of 94
Plutarch compared with 51
on prayer 93, 93n210, 94
Mazur, Zeke 281n52, 298, 300, 309n166
Melki-Resa 113
Memorabilia (Xenophon) 20–21, 26
Menander 147, 176
Menedemus 72, 98
Metaphysics (Aristotle) 27–28, 29, 30
metempsychosis 147, 231n48, 246
Meyer, Marvin 170
Meyer, Susan Sauvé 229
Michalewski, Alexandra 27n45, 280n49
Middle Platonism
Alcinous’s Handbook of Platonism and 207
Athenagoras of Athens compared with 121
compatibilism and 209, 232
on conditional fate 12, 45–51, 207, 208, 209, 225, 226, 230–232, 261, 263–264, 316
on daimones 12, 45, 47, 53, 58, 59–60, 63–64, 65, 100, 104, 108, 118, 121, 122, 126, 132, 152, 155, 165, 242, 288, 315
on divine foreknowledge 212
early Christians contrasted with 55
early Christians influenced by 100, 104, 135
on evil 10, 46, 53, 106, 122, 151
on First Principle as knowing 314
grades of providence in 46, 47, 50–51, 155, 175
location between Academic Skepticism and Plotinus 45
on matter 106
Origen and 212
Plotinus and 45, 278, 280, 287, 289
on providence and fate 46, 65, 289
on second creative principle 106
Stoicism contrasted with 59
weakness of the term 45n140
on will 270n2
Yaldabaoth compared with 164
Mignucci, Mario 206n59
Minucius Felix 99, 100, 123, 130
miracles 56n7, 77–78, 79
Miscellanies (Stromateis) (Clement of Alexandria) 122–128, 241–251
Moderatus of Gades 106, 109
monism 103, 147, 150, 150n212, 151n216, 245, 251
monotheism 151, 266
Moore, George F. 42n124
Moreschini, Claudio 141n168
Moses 77–78, 79–80, 86, 98, 264
Mystical Theology (Pseudo-Dionysius) 309
Nag Hammadi Codices
biblical demiurgicalism and 186
debates sparked by 311
dualism in 187
on first thought 272
general perspective on divine providence in 187
‘Gnostic’ literature in 153, 154
Jesus in 172
language of providence in 11, 171, 172–173
Platonizing Sethian literature in 13, 191
Plotinus and 191
on providence and the present world 175–176
on repenting demiurges 179
Teachings of Silvanus 216, 217n97, 313
See also Allogenes; Apocryphon of John; Authoritative Teaching; Letter of Peter to Philip; Marsanes; On the Origin of the World; Paraphrase of Shem; ‘Sethian’ treatises; Three Forms of First Thought (Trimorphic Protennoia); Tripartite Tractate; Zostrianos
Narbonne, Jean-Marc 277n30
Nasrallah, Laura Salah 6, 91n205, 265n227
Natural History (Pliny the Elder) 68n70, 68–70
nature
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 237, 238, 239
salvation by 252, 253, 258, 258n189, 260, 261
Nature of the Rulers 177, 183
Nautin, Pierre 249n147
Nemesis 25
Nemesius of Emesa 34, 46, 47n145, 200–201, 216, 228n30, 230
Neoplatonism
on God’s foreknowledge of future conditionals 218
increased focus on providence in 308–309
on matter as creative principle 106
Middle Platonists and 45
Tripartite Tractate and 306
See also Iamblichus; Plotinus; Porphyry of Tyre
Nephilim 114, 115
New Testament
on demons 118
divine interventions in 55–56
personal sense of the divine in 10
pronoia qua ‘providence’ absent in 7, 55, 96
See also Acts; 1 Corinthians; Gospels; 2 Peter; Romans
Nicomachaean Ethics (Aristotle) 43, 227–228, 236
Niehoff, Maren 85
Noble, Christopher Isaac 308n165
nomima barbarika argument 220, 239
non-being 296
Norelli, Enrico 141n167
nous
Alcinous on 209
Aristotle on 27
Plato on 106
Plotinus on 273, 277, 278, 279, 300
numen 5, 69
Numenius of Apamea
Apelles contrasted with 148
on the demiurge 109, 316
dualism of 11, 104, 106, 108–109, 111, 152, 316
on evil 10, 111–112, 134, 136, 137
on matter 106, 108–109, 111, 112, 137
Philo of Alexandria compared with 99
providence in writings of 7
remarks on Moses and Genesis 307
sees himself as Pythagorean 109
on World Soul 108, 111–112, 152
O’Brien, Carl 107, 112, 178n110
Octavius (Minucius Felix) 99
Odyssey (Homer) 19, 111
Oedipus Rex (Sophocles) 209–210
Old Academy 45, 45n138, 51
Old Testament
God of 11, 141, 143, 144, 186n144, 260
Septuagint 76, 83, 113, 114, 116, 117, 318
Tanakh 96
See also Genesis; Job; Psalms
On Difficulties About the Soul (Plotinus) 280–281, 287, 289
On Divination (Cicero) 199, 203
One, the
activity and providence ascribed to 274–275
Allogenes on 303–304
Gnostic use of the term 277
the Good and 273, 277
Iamblichus on two 304
knowledge of particulars 293, 301, 305
Marsanes on 305
particulars proceed from 290
Plotinus on 13, 271, 293, 300, 301, 305, 314
self-knowledge of 300
supra-cognitive faculty for knowing 297–299
transcendence of 293
Zostrianos on 301–302
On Fate (Alexander of Aphrodisias, Peri heimarmenēs) 204–207
on Anaxagoras on fate 20n16
on choice 229, 264
civic piety and 206, 207, 218
dedication of 204, 207
on divine foreknowledge 204–207, 214, 215
on ‘Oracle to Laius’ 193, 198, 204, 205, 210, 213, 218–219
on ‘what is up to us’ 228–229
On Fate (Chrysippus, Peri heimarmenēs) 34, 38–39
On Fate (Cicero, De fato)
civic values animate 203
on divination 199–200, 203
on divine foreknowledge 203, 214
doctrine of co-fated events preserved in 12, 201
on ‘lazy argument’ 201, 211
on Milo wrestling at the Olympics 201n39
on ‘Oracle to Laius’ 193, 198, 201, 202–203
On Fate (Origen, Peri heimarmenēs) 192, 210–216
on astrology 192, 193, 219–222
on divine foreknowledge 12, 192
as extract from Commentary on Genesis 192, 210, 222
insertion from Against Celsus in 192
subject matter of 11–12, 219
On Fate (Plotinus, Peri heimarmenēs) 219n103, 271, 289
On Fate (Pseudo-Plutarch, Peri heimarmenēs) 9–10, 46, 46n141, 207, 230
On First Principles (Origen)
on individual autonomy 255, 257, 261, 262
on determinism 253–262
Enoch cited by 131
on keeping the commandments 254, 259
on nothing happening without God 128–129
on personal accountability 253, 261, 262
on pre-existent intellects 133–134
on punishment 253, 256n182, 256–257
subject matter of 191
on Wisdom, logos, and pronoia 156
See also On Free Will (Origen), On the Opposing Powers (Origen)
On Flight (Philo of Alexandria) 82–83
On Free Will (Origen) 12, 226, 253, 315, 318–319
On Isis and Osiris (Plutarch) 106–108, 111–112
On Philosophy (Aristotle) 28–29
On Prayer (Origen) 307
On Providence (Alexander of Aphrodisias, Peri pronoias) 206–207
On Providence (Philo of Alexandria, Peri pronoias) 31n67, 84–85
On Providence (Plotinus, Peri pronoias) 281–293
Christian and Gnostic influence on 311
on divine plan 272n7
generalissimo metaphor in 286–287
on life as a drama 286
on logos 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 291, 292, 308
retreats to more conservative position 272, 305
Tripartite Tractate and 13, 272, 282, 284–285, 288–292, 292n102
On the Cherubim (Philo of Alexandria) 81
On the Creation of the World (Philo of Alexandria) 77
On the Decline of Oracles (Plutarch) 64
On the Fortune of the Romans (Plutarch) 70–71
On the Good, or the One (Plotinus) 272
On the Nature of the Gods (Cicero)
civic values animate 203–204, 207, 218
on divine causality entailing divine providence 34, 36–37
on God leaving the small stuff aside 60, 61, 61n29, 100
on human reason as gift of providence 62
on Plato’s Timaeus 18
on pronoia 18
on Stoic God 32, 59, 61
On the Opposing Powers (Origen) 259n194
On the Origin of the World 161–165
Apocryphon of John compared with 167
archons in 161, 162–163, 164, 173, 174, 185
creation and providence separated in 175
on the demiurge 172
Descartes’s evil demon compared with 317
Irenaeus of Lyons and Porphyry know 184
on matter 177
on providence 154, 161–165, 174–176, 177
on rational divine character of humans 174
tensions in 183
two kinds of providence in 174–176
Wisdom in 161, 162, 163, 164, 165
Yaldabaoth in 160–162, 163, 164–165, 171, 174
On the Soul (Tertullian) 137n153, 267–268
On the Special Laws (Philo of Alexandria) 77, 81, 82
On the Unchangeableness of God (Philo of Alexandria) 217–218
On the Will of the One (Plotinus) 13, 274–275, 292, 292n102, 311
On the World (Chrysippus) 38
On the World (De mundo) (Pseudo-Aristotle) 29–30
dating and authorship of 29n57
Epicurean views on providence distinguished from 27
Epicurus mocked by 30, 30n66
‘Great King’ reference in 29, 30, 51, 125–126, 316
Middle Platonists influenced by 53
Philo of Alexandria and 80
Opsomer, Jan 34n83, 41n122, 49n158, 49n159, 63n45, 231, 231n48
‘Oracle to Laius’ 197–213
Alcinous on 193, 198, 208–209
Alexander of Aphrodisias on 193, 198, 204, 205, 210, 213
Chrysippus on 193, 198, 201–202, 203, 206, 208, 216
Cicero on 193, 198, 201, 202–203
Origen on 12, 193, 210, 211, 212, 216, 218–219
Plotinus and 277
Sophocles’s Oedipus Rex and 209–210
Origen
on angels 131–132, 133–134, 138, 222, 288
astrological determinism and 12, 193, 195, 215, 259
on the Bridegroom 309
on choice 222, 254, 257, 261
as Christian theologian and Platonist philosopher 311, 312
Chrysippus and 39, 193, 198n24, 201, 212
on demons 131, 132–136, 152, 222
on the Devil 132, 134–135, 135n148
on divination 193, 218–219, 220
eternal return and 49n158
on evil 10, 104, 128–137, 150, 151, 152, 259, 316
on free will 134, 191, 192, 252–262, 268, 315
as genuine innovator 313
on Gnosticism 226
on God’s foreknowledge of future conditionals 193, 216, 218, 293, 307, 313–314, 318
‘Great King’ analogy used by 30, 132, 133, 316
Homilies on Jeremiah 257n184
Homilies on Luke 129, 129n125, 131
on ‘lazy argument’ 211, 216
on logos 156, 292
on Luke 12:6–7 57, 129, 318
on Marcion 12, 194–195, 210, 213, 215, 218, 222, 260
on matter 106, 134, 136
mutual impact of biblicizing and pagan philosophy on 157
On Free Will 12, 226, 253, 315, 318–319
On Prayer 307
On the Opposing Powers 259n194
on ‘Oracle to Laius’ 12, 193, 210, 211, 212, 216, 218–219
Plotinus and 219, 219n103
on prayer 310
on pre-existing souls 133–134, 246, 253n164, 257–258, 260, 261, 262, 315
on providence 7, 128–137, 156–157, 191–196
on sin 133, 135, 135n148
Valentinians and 179, 260
on will 223
on Wisdom 134n146, 156
See also Against Celsus (Origen); Commentary on Genesis (Origen); On Fate (Origen); On First Principles (Origen); Philocalia (Origen)
Osborn, Eric 57n12
Pagels, Elaine 170
paideia 228, 248, 256n182, 267
Painchaud, Louis 165, 169
pantheism 32n71, 61, 62
Paraphrase of Shem 177–178, 183
Parker, Robert 20n20
Parma, Christian 1n5
Parmenides (Plato) 297
Parthenius 197
Paul, St. 55n4, 113, 116, 117, 258, 270n2
Pearson, Birger 246
Pedersen, Nils Arne 213, 213n88, 214, 214n91
Pépin, Jean 92n207, 93, 93n210, 185n142
Perkins, Pheme 172
Perry, Ben Edwin 51n167
personal accountability (responsibility)
Alexander of Aphrodisias on 205, 206, 229–230
Aristotle’s account of action in debate on 227
Basilides on 245, 246, 250
in biblical sources 96, 223
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 226, 233, 234–235, 236, 238, 240, 262
in Christian theology and philosophy 9, 225, 253
Clement of Alexandria on 226, 241, 243, 246–247, 249, 249n147, 250–252, 262
divine foreknowledge and 196, 212
early Christian writers on dualism and 103
Greek philosophy on the gods’ care and 18
Irenaeus of Lyons on 159
Justin Martyr on 262, 263
Middle Platonists on 45, 46, 53
nominalistic versus voluntaristic notions of 224
Origen’s Against Celsus on 193, 211, 222
Origen’s On First Principles on 253, 261, 262
Plato on 25–26, 208, 225, 249, 252, 261, 264, 268
Plotinus on 278
pre-natal 225, 240, 246, 249, 262, 268
providence and 191, 223, 227
shift in notion of 268
Sirach on 73
Socrates on 25–26
the soul seen as seat of 12, 263, 266, 268
Stoics on 37, 39–44, 151, 152, 223, 223n4, 224, 225, 254, 264
Tatian the Assyrian on 265
Tertullian on 267–268
tripartion of providence and 50
See also ‘what is up to us’ (to eph’hēmin)
2 Peter 3:5 156, 318
Phaedo (Plato) 20n16
Phaedrus (Plato) 24–25, 105, 283
Philocalia (Origen)
as compilation 191–192
on fate 192
on free will 191, 192, 253
On Free Will excerpted in 226, 253
as point of departure on divine foreknowledge 191
See also On Fate (Origen); On Free Will (Origen)
Philo of Alexandria 76–85
on Abraham 77, 123
Allegorical Interpretation 82
on daimones 80, 99, 100
on divine foreknowledge 217–218, 313
embassy to Rome 85
evidence on providence in 7
on evil 83–84, 118, 315
Flaccus 78–79, 85, 99
as genuine innovator 313
on God 11, 76, 77, 80–81, 99, 155, 157
on God’s powers 81, 83, 185
on God’s will 270n2
‘Great King’ analogy used by 30, 80, 316
Hypothetica 80
Josephus and 85, 86
Life of Moses 77–78, 79–80
on logos 81–82, 82n156, 83, 156, 292
On Flight 82–83
On Providence 31n67, 84–85
On the Cherubim 81
On the Creation of the World 77
On the Special Laws 77, 81, 82
On the Unchangeableness of God 217–218
parental metaphor in 77, 81, 83
personalization of providence of 58, 96
in shift in identity of the divine 10
Stoicism and 58, 76, 79, 80, 85, 98, 118
Philopator 228n30
philosophy
Academic Skepticism 32, 45, 61, 204n52, 212
biblical proof texts in 318–319
boundary between theology and 9
Clement of Alexandria on 123–124, 127–128
debates regarding third century development of 311–312
in early Christianity 55, 318
Nag Hammadi manuscripts’ perspective distinguished from 187
Parting of the ways between Christian philosophy and 319
Presocratics 20
providence in Greek 17–53, 59–64, 104–112, 196–210, 271–298
Pythagoreanism 105, 109, 318
religious dualism in Roman 149–152
See also Aristotle; Plato; Platonism; Stoicism
Pich, Roberto Hofmeister 43n132
Plato
Alcinous’s Handbook of Platonism on 207
on caring for the body 243
eschatological myths of 24–25
on evil 22, 23, 34–35, 105, 109
on fate 207, 271
on flaws in creation 35, 35n88, 53
Irenaeus of Lyons and 140n161, 157, 157n18
on matter 106, 109, 158
on metempsychosis 147, 231n48
Numenius of Apamea compared with 109
Parmenides 297
Phaedo 20n16
Phaedrus 24–25, 105, 283
Politicus 23
on pre-existence of souls 246, 249, 283
pronoia in 5, 20, 18n9, 57
providential crucifixion predicted by 127
Theaetetus 105
“the responsibility lies with the one who chooses” 25–26, 208, 225, 249, 252, 261, 264, 268
on two causes 105–106
Tripartite Tractate compared with 182
Zeno and 32
See also Laws (Plato); Republic (Plato); Timaeus (Plato); Platonism
Platonism
causal dualism of 231, 232
Christianizing turn in Platonic conceptions of divine foreknowledge 306–310
compatibilism attributed to 230
dualism in 103, 104, 105, 106
early Christian philosophy’s relationship to 13–14, 307–308
fusion of Pythagoreanism and 105
on God 57, 96, 105
in Nag Hammadi manuscripts 13, 191
Old Academy 45, 45n138, 51
‘Platonizing’ Sethian treatises 299–306
shift in speculation about divine omniscience in 293, 296, 319
Stoicism opposed by 45
Tertullian on 98
on will 270
See also Middle Platonism; Neoplatonism
Pleše, Zlatko 182n128
Pliny the Elder 58, 65, 68n71, 68–70, 96
Plotinus
on causality 273, 274, 293
on divine foreknowledge 11, 13, 300–301
on emanation 271, 273, 282, 283, 291, 292n102, 293, 308
engagement with Christian and Gnostic sources 14, 307–308, 311, 312
on evil 136, 282, 283, 288–290
on first thought 13, 270–271, 272, 274, 280, 293, 308
on Gnostics 153, 172, 282, 292, 311
on God 271–272, 292
on the knowledge and will of the Good 273–281
on logos 279, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 291, 292, 308
Marsanes contrasted with 305
on matter as creative principle 106, 106n9
Middle Platonists and 45, 278, 280, 287, 289
mutual impact of biblicizing and pagan philosophy on 157
on nous 273, 277, 278, 279, 300
on the One 13, 271, 293, 300, 301, 305, 314
Origen and 219, 219n103
on personal accountability 278
Platonizing works circulate in seminar of 297, 307, 314
on pre-existence of souls 283, 315
on pre-noetic cognitive faculty 296
on providence 279–283, 303, 308
on “reckless statement” 275, 277, 292n102, 292–293, 308
Stoicism compared with 282, 287, 291
on theodicy 272, 282, 283
Tripartite Tractate and 179, 182, 183, 271, 277
on will 13, 271, 272, 277, 278, 283
on World Soul 279, 286
Zostrianos and Allogenes and 297, 305
See also Enneads (Plotinus)
Plutarch
on causality and personal responsibility 230
on daimones 64, 70, 100, 108, 151
on demiurge 107, 109, 316
on divination 197
on divine intervention 63n45, 64
dualism of 11, 104, 106, 111, 150n213, 152, 316
on evil 10, 107, 107n17, 111–112, 134, 136, 137
Josephus and 87
on matter 106–108, 111, 137
On Isis and Osiris 106–108, 111–112
On the Decline of Oracles 64
On the Fortune of the Romans 70–71
personalization of providence of 58
Philo of Alexandria compared with 78, 99
on tuchē 71, 71n84
on World Soul 107, 109, 109n24, 111, 152
Poirer, Paul-Hubert 169n71
Polemo 45n138
Politicus (Plato) 23
Polybius 65–66
on chance 3n11 (tuchē), 65–66, 66n60, 70, 87
Josephus and 87
Philo of Alexandria and 78
philosophical context of 58
on providence in history 65–66, 96
Porphyry of Tyre
Against Nemertius 295–296
Allogenes compared with 303, 305, 314
Calcidius and 47n145
Christian sources engaged by 308, 308n164
Commentary on Plato’s ‘Parmenides’ attributed to 297, 298, 299, 306, 308, 311
as editor of Plotinus’s Enneads 271, 273
on forethought, first thought 272, 293–296, 299, 308, 309
on Gnosticism 11, 153, 187
Gnostic texts known by 184, 185
on God’s foreknowledge of future conditionals 218, 295–296, 314
on gods’ knowing 294–296, 305, 307
mutual impact of biblicizing and pagan philosophy on 157
on pre-noetic cognitive faculty 296
Sententiae 294, 296, 299
Zostrianos and 297, 314
Posidonius 67, 200
Powers, Nathan M. 308n165
prayer 90, 91, 92–95, 97, 292, 310
pre-existence of souls
Apelles on 147, 268n237
Basilides on 246, 251–252, 261, 262, 315
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 237–238, 240, 246, 261, 262, 315
Irenaeus of Lyons on 268
Origen on 133–134, 246, 253n164, 257–258, 260, 261, 262, 315
Plato on 246, 249, 283
Plotinus and 283, 315
pre-natal choice 231n48, 240, 246, 261, 262, 264, 283
Tatian the Assyrian on 264–265
Tertullian on 268
Presocratics 20
Prince of Lights 114
Proclus ‘Diadochus’ 109n24, 294, 295, 296, 306, 309, 309n166
pronoia 17–53, 78n126, 88, 97, 108, 121n19, 125, 127, 130n129, 139, 157, 172, 178, 197, 205, 206, 218, 242, 243, 248, 256, 279, 289
Athene Pronoia 196–197
Clement of Alexandria and questions about 1
Diodorus Siculus on 67
earliest reference in Jewish literature 72
in Gnostics 154–155
in Herodotus 20
imperial tone taken on by 65–66
Josephus’s use of 86
in Justin Martyr’s Dialogue with Trypho 58, 94
in Plato 5, 18n9, 57
sovereigns appropriate language of 55, 67–68
See also On Providence, providence
prophecy
Alcinous on 12
Alcinous’s Handbook of Platonism on 209
Alexander of Aphrodisias’s On Fate on 205
causality and 211, 213
Chrysippus on 200, 216
Origen’s Against Celsus on 210–211
Origen’s Commentary on Genesis on 193, 210, 211, 213, 215, 218–219, 221
providence and 193
Theophilus of Antioch on 266
See also divination
Prōtophanes 300, 301, 305
providence 15–100
Allogenes on Invisible Spirit as caring 302–304
Apocryphon of John on 165–169, 174–176, 177
Athenagoras of Athens on 118–122
balkanization of scholarship on 5–7
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 233, 233n51
causality as central to problem of 103, 150
challenges in study of 2–9
character and 230
Clement of Alexandria on 1, 122–128
and creation 153–188
determinism and 191
dualism and 105
earliest known remarks on by Christian philosopher 242
in early Roman historians 65–71
Epicureans reject 17–18, 26, 79, 282, 291
Epicurus rejects 17–18, 26–27, 30, 97, 98
fate and 6n23, 18, 31, 37, 38, 39, 46, 50, 65, 191, 261n207, 289
and first thought of The One 13
Gnosticism on 154–155, 184–188
grades of 46, 47, 50–51, 118, 155, 175
in Greek philosophy 17–53
in Hellenistic Jewish literature 71–76
how God cares 270–319
for human beings 11, 19, 20–21, 27, 98, 144, 146, 161, 171, 174, 175–176, 183, 184
implicit 56, 57
Irenaeus of Lyons on 155–160
Josephus on providential history 85–89
Justin Martyr’s Dialogue with Trypho on 89–96
language of 2–3
Marcion on 7, 137–149
Marsanes on 305–306
in Nag Hammadi manuscripts 11, 160–184
Neoplatonism’s increasing focus on 308–309
Numenius of Apamea on 110
On the Origin of the World on 154, 161–165, 174–176, 177
Origen on 7, 128–137, 156–157, 191–196
for particulars 28, 31, 49, 55–56, 59, 70, 85–86, 90, 91–92, 94, 96–97, 99, 122, 129, 130, 131, 132, 146, 155, 207, 272, 275, 281–282, 314
persecution of martyrs and 243–247
personal 10, 55, 58, 62, 65, 67, 71, 80, 88, 96, 100, 144, 152, 155
personal accountability and 191, 223, 227
Philo of Alexandria on 76–85
philosophy as locus of talk of 54
in ‘Platonizing’ Sethian treatises 299–306
Plato’s language in discussions of 24
Plotinus on 279–283, 303, 308
Plutarch on 58, 108
providential punishment 226, 248n143, 248–249, 250
rational action and 289
significance in ancient philosophy 1–2
sovereigns appropriate language of 55
Stoicism on 7, 18–19, 55, 155, 313
term absent in New Testament 7, 55, 96
Theophilus of Antioch on 266
third-century shift in notion of 268–269
in Three Forms of First Thought 169–171
Tripartite Tractate on 179–183
unevenness in surviving ancient sources 7–8
See also On Providence; pronoia
providentia 2, 5, 36, 39, 55, 70n82, 109, 137n153, 143n182
in Cicero 5
Epicureans on 18
civic or imperial tone taken on by 65, 210
sovereigns appropriate language of 67–68
See also providence
Psalms
50:10 266
84:3 56
108 211
Pseudo-Apollodorus 197–198
Pseudo-Aristotle. See On the World (De mundo) (pseudo-Aristotle)
Pseudo-Clement 192, 222
Pseudo-Dionysius 309
Pseudo-Justin Martyr 127n118
Pseudo-Plutarch
Athenagoras of Athens compared with 121
on causality 49–50
on chance 48–49, 231, 231n46
on choice 48, 231
conditional fate doctrine of 46, 47, 207, 230
on daimones 50–51, 209
eternal return and 49n159
on grades of providence 47n145
‘Great King’ analogy used by 30, 51
on ‘what is up to us’ 48, 49–50, 231n47, 231n48
will and 270n2
See also On Fate (Pseudo-Plutarch)
Ptolemy 138n154, 178, 178n111, 182
punishment
Basilides on 226, 244, 245–246, 247, 251
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 240
Clement of Alexandria on 127, 226, 249n147, 250, 251
divine 70n81, 74n98, 86, 88, 142, 217n97
in Greek philosophy 127
Josephus on 86, 88
Justin Martyr on 263, 264
in ‘Oracle to Laius’ 208
Origen’s On First Principles on 253, 256n182, 256–257
Philo of Alexandria on 79
Pliny the Elder on 69, 70n81
providential 226, 248n143, 248–249, 250
Sirach on 74n98
Stoicism on 62, 74n98
Tertullian on 142
Theophilus of Antioch on 266–267
Tripartite Tractate on 181
wickedness as its own 62, 74n98
Pythagoras 97, 109–110
Pythagoreanism 105, 109, 318
Radice, Roberto 82n156
Rajak, Tessa 4n14
Ramelli, Ilaria L.E. 235n67, 236n69
Rasimus, Tuomas 154n4, 300n134, 307
reason (rationality)
in Apocryphon of John 167–168
Chrysippus on 40
Cicero on 62
Clement of Alexandria on 241
Gnostics on human 172, 174
Irenaeus of Lyons on humanity coming to possess intellect 171
Justin Martyr on 264
Origen on 156–157
Philo of Alexandria on 76–77, 83
Polybius on 66
providence and rational action 289
Stoicism on 58, 62, 63, 88, 96, 100, 152, 168
Tertullian on 100
Theophilus of Antioch on 100
Three Forms of First Thought on 170
See also logos
Recognitions (Pseudo-Clement) 192, 222
Refutation of All Heresies 214
reincarnation 25, 26, 231n48, 246
Republic (Plato)
central to dogmatic interpretation of Plato 45
early Christian thought influenced by 12–13
Myth of Er 24, 25, 208, 209, 225, 242n106, 249, 262
‘resident alien’ motif 251
responsibility. See personal accountability (responsibility)
resurrection 265, 266, 268
Reydams-Schils, Gretchen J. 111n37
Rhodon 147, 149
Rist, John M. 256n182
Romans
5:12 117
8:22 117
9:10–13 258
9:18–21 258, 258n189
Rudolph, Kurt 176n95, 185n139
Rufinus 134n147, 255n175, 256n178, 256n182, 257n186
Runia, David 294n112
Russell, Jeffrey Burton 150, 151
Sacks, Kenneth 67
Satan (the Devil)
apocalyptic perspective and 150
Athenagoras of Athens on 121, 135, 136
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 236, 237, 240
Clement of Alexandria on 246
as cosmic force 117
as counter-God 114
in Dead Sea Scrolls 113
in Deuteronomistic and Prophetic literature 114
evil attributed to 175
as first-born 119
in the Gospels 114, 116, 121
in Jewish apocalyptic literature 104
Origen on 132, 134–135, 135n148
‘the’ Satan 114
Schallenberg, Magnus 206n59
Scheffczyk, Leo 97, 174, 186
Schenke, Hans-Martin 154n4
Schmitz, Barbara 71n86, 72, 76n113
Schrage, Wolfgang 57n12
Schroeder, Frederic 312
Schüngel, Paul 243n112, 249n144
Second Apology (Justin Martyr) 118
Second Treatise on the Great Seth 173, 176
Sedley, David 45n138
Seneca
on divine spirit 60n21
on Gods’ care of individuals 61, 62, 100
hard determinism (incompatibilism) of 43–44
on natural evils 35
on the Stoic’s God as Jupiter 32
on suffering by good people 36
Sentences of Sextus 184
Sententiae (Porphyry of Tyre) 294, 296, 299
Septuagint 76, 83, 113, 114, 116, 117, 318
‘Sethian’ treatises 299–306
Gnostic myths compared with 154n4
on Invisible Spirit’s knowledge of particulars 306
on providence as prior to Intellect 293
subdivision of the aeons in 300
See also Allogenes; Zostrianos
Sextus Empiricus 17, 52
Share, Michael 294n112
Sharples, Robert W.
on Alexander of Aphrodisias 205n55, 206, 206n57
on Aristotle’s generalissimo metaphor 28
on Chrysippus 198n24, 201
on Laius oracle 202n40, 208, 209
as source for this study 2n5
sin
of Adam and Eve 117, 144, 146
Apelles on 138
Basilides on 244, 250, 251
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 236–237, 238, 239
choice in 136, 151
Clement of Alexandria on 124, 250
death associated with 117
introduction into the world 112, 117, 119, 129, 136
Irenaeus of Lyons on 159
Marcion on 142
Origen on 133, 135, 135n148
Paul on 117
Satan as cause of 114
Second Treatise on the Great Seth on Jesus and 173
Sirach 58, 72, 73–74, 74n98, 75, 83
Skepticism, Academic 32, 45, 61, 204n52, 212
Smith, Geoffrey S. 270n2
Socrates
argument from design in 20–21, 26, 36, 273
Epictetus on 33
on responsibility for virtue 25
‘voice’ of 63
‘sons of God’ (b’nai Elohim) 112, 114–115
Sophia (Wisdom)
in Apocryphon of John 165–166, 168, 175n93, 176
innocence of 176
Irenaeus of Lyons on 160, 161
in On the Origin of the World 161, 162, 163, 164, 165
Origen on 134n146, 156
Philo of Alexandria on logos and 81
Tripartite Tractate on 172, 179
in Wisdom of Solomon 74
Sophocles 209–210
souls
after death 24, 64, 252, 252n155, 253, 281
Clement of Alexandria on 251, 252n155
as faculty of decision-making 264
immaterial 226, 263, 265, 283
immortality of 92n206, 177, 257
Plato on their choosing their incarnate existence 25, 231n48, 261n207
Plotinus on 280–281
reincarnation of 25, 26, 231n48, 246
as seat of accountability 12, 263, 266, 268
Tatian the Assyrian on 265
See also pre-existence of souls; World Soul
Stead, George Christopher 8–9, 256n180
Steel, Carlos 34n83
Stobaeus, Johannes 270n2
Stoicism
anthropocentrism of 36, 58, 60, 61–62, 174
Basilides compared with 247
on causality 38, 47, 59, 199
on character development 37
Clement of Alexandria and 123, 241
compatibilism of 41, 41n123, 47, 230, 253
cosmic eschatology of 34
and determinism 6, 37–44, 57, 103, 206, 218, 226, 256
Diodorus Cronus and 199n30
disappearance of 307
on divination 199, 199n29, 200
on divine foreknowledge 216, 307
early Christian adoption and transformation of 313
early Christian philosophy influenced by 10, 97, 152, 168, 225, 313
early Christians distinguish themselves from 99, 100
Epicureans on 18, 59, 99
on eternal return 34, 49, 200, 216
on evil 34–36, 37, 53, 83, 103, 105, 108, 111, 118, 136, 151, 289
on fate 6, 6n23, 37–44, 57, 216, 230
first thought and 274
free will and 39, 223, 261, 315
Gnosticism contrasted with 175, 187, 315
God of 31–37, 53, 57, 58, 59–60, 61, 72, 96, 97, 98, 100, 130, 155, 208, 218, 268
on God’s involvement in the world 10, 59–63
household argument of 125
Josephus and 58, 98
Justin Martyr and 118
on matter 105, 155
Middle Platonism contrasted with 59
monism of 103, 104–105
On the Origin of the World and 177
pantheism of 61, 62
on personal accountability (responsibility) 37, 39–44, 151, 152, 223, 223n4, 224, 225, 254, 264
Philo of Alexandria and 58, 76, 79, 80, 85, 98, 118
Pliny the Elder associated with 68
Plotinus compared with 282, 287, 291
Plutarch on 107, 108
on providence 7, 18–19, 55, 155, 313
on reason 58, 62, 63, 88, 96, 100, 152, 168
Roman historians influenced by 70
Sirach and 73–74
Tertullian on 98–99
on theodicy 35, 291, 315
Stoyanov, Yuri 151, 152
Stromateis (Miscellanies) (Clement of Alexandria) 122–128, 241–251
Stuckenbruck, Loren 112
Suda (lexicon) 197
Susanna 42–43 195, 318
Swartz, Michael D. 57n10
Tacitus 46, 46n144
Tatian the Assyrian 119, 262, 264–266, 267
Teachings of Silvanus 216, 217n97, 313
Tertullian
Against Hermogenes 137, 137n153
Against Marcion 141–143, 144–146, 267
on angels 148
on Apelles 147
binitarianism of 149n210
Christians and philosophers distinguished by 98
Clement of Alexandria compared with 123
divine mediators absent in 100
emphasis on thinkers whose views resemble those of 13
on 1 Enoch 119
on evil 119, 267
on free will 268, 315
on God 149
on Hermogenes 137, 137n153
on Marcion 138, 141–143, 144–146, 157, 213, 316
On the Soul 137n153, 267–268
on personal accountability 267–268
on responsibility for creation 156
on Stoicism 98–99, 100
To the Gentiles (Ad Nationes) 98–99
unde bonum? (reply to unde malum?) 186–187
Testimony of Truth 214, 215
Theaetetus (Plato) 105
Theiler, Willy 33n81, 228n30, 230n42, 231n48
theodicy
Basilides and 245
dualism and 117
God’s ignorance and 214
Philo of Alexandria and 84
Plato’s language in discussions of 24
Plotinus and 272, 282, 283, 291
Stoic 35, 291, 315
Theodore of Asine 306
Theophilus of Antioch
divine mediators absent in 100
on free will 266, 267, 315
on personal accountability 262, 266
on providence 97–98, 266
on punishment 266–267
on responsibility for creation 156
Stoic influence on 97, 100
To Autolycus 266
Thorsteinsson, Runar M. 43n134
Three Forms of First Thought (Trimorphic Protennoia) 169–171
on archons 170, 177
creation and providence separated in 175
on demons 170, 170n72
as dependent on Apocryphon of John 169n71
on first thought 169, 170, 177, 272, 298
on matter 176, 177
on rationality 170
‘Sethian’ treatises compared with 300
Wisdom in 176
Timaeus (Plato)
Cicero’s agreement with 36
consistent philosophy attributed to 45
demiurge (dēmiourgos) in 21, 22–23, 32, 50, 84, 105, 106n7, 122, 152, 155, 164, 174, 316
dualism of 316
early Christian philosophers and 10
Epicureans on 18
on error in the world 34–35, 44, 284, 315
on God’s creation of the universe 21–24, 32
‘Great Year’ doctrine in 49
on matter 84, 105, 106, 110, 316
Numenius of Apamea and 110
Philo of Alexandria influenced by 82, 84
on receptacle 105, 106
tripartion of providence and 50
young gods in 22, 23, 26, 30, 37, 53, 136, 152, 155, 174, 315, 318
Titus of Bostra 213
To Autolycus (Theophilus of Antioch) 266
Tobit 75–76
To the Gentiles (Ad Nationes) (Tertullian) 98–99
Trimorphic Protennoia. See Three Forms of First Thought (Trimorphic Protennoia)
Trinity 120
Tripartite Tractate 179–183
on aeons 179, 179n114, 181, 275, 290
on angels 171, 181
on archons 181–182, 288
dating of 179n115, 292n102
on the demiurge 182, 186, 215n92, 284
on emanation 288, 291, 292n102
on First Principle 180, 275, 276, 291, 306
on free will 180n116, 285
on God 181, 182, 290–291, 292n102
on the knowledge and will of the Good 275–277
on logos 179, 186, 276, 284–285, 287, 288, 291, 292, 308
on matter 182
as Neoplatonic 306
Plotinus compared with 179, 182, 183, 271, 277
Plotinus’s On Providence compared with 13, 272, 282, 284–285, 288–292, 292n102
on sub-aeonic beings 284–285, 287–288, 291
on will 179–180, 271, 275–277
tuchē
Diodorus Siculus on 67
Josephus on 87
Platonists on 230–231
Plotinus on 278
Plutarch on 71, 71n84
Polybius on 65–66, 66n60
Pseudo-Plutarch on 48
See also chance
Turner, John D. 299–300, 305
Valentinus
associated with Epicureanism 157
on demons and sin 119
divine mediators absent in 100
Irenaeus of Lyons and 160, 178, 182, 316
Origen and 260
salvation by nature doctrine and 252, 258n189
Stoic influence on 97
van den Broek, Roelof 217n97
van Nuffelen, Peter 71n85
van Winden, J.C.M. 91n205, 92n209
Vespasian, Emperor 68
vice
in concomitance argument 36
Josephus on 88
Philo of Alexandria on 84
Plato on 35, 44
as punishment 62
voluntary action 227, 237, 245, 277
Wasserman, Emma 117–118
‘what is up to us’ (to eph’hēmin)
Alexander of Aphrodisias’s On Fate on 228–229
Aristotle on 43, 227, 236, 245, 249
Book of the Laws of the Countries on 234, 245
character and 229
Chrysippus on 42
Clement of Alexandria on 241, 241n96, 246, 249–250
divine foreknowledge and 196n13
Epictetus on 42–43
human responsibility framed in terms of 9, 39–40
Origen’s Against Celsus on 193
Platonists on 271
Plotinus on 275, 278
Pseudo-Plutarch on 48, 49–50, 231n47, 231n48
tertiary providence and 63n45
Wicke-Reuter, Ursel 56n10
will 189–310
Aristotle’s account of action in debate on 227–228
divine 17, 87, 132–133, 177, 178, 183, 194, 255n172, 270n2, 272, 279n41
of the Father 11, 177, 180, 181n122, 183, 184, 276, 285
natural cosmos seen as having a 115
Origen’s On First Principles on 257
Platonism and 270
Plotinus on 13, 271, 272, 277, 278, 283
Plotinus on the knowledge and will of the Good 273–281
Tripartite Tractate on 179–180, 271, 275–277
See also free will
Williams, Michael Allen 153n1, 153–154, 175n92, 175n93, 176, 185
Willing, Meike 147–148
Winston, David 60n21, 83n157
Wisdom. See Sophia (Wisdom)
Wisdom of Solomon 58, 72, 74–75, 83, 96, 318
World Soul
Calcidius on 47n145
Middle Platonism on 64n54, 106
Numenius of Apamea on 108, 111–112, 152
Plato on 105, 107
Plotinus on 279, 286
Plutarch on 107, 109, 109n24, 111, 152
Xenocrates 51, 64
Xenophon 20–21, 26, 36
Yaldabaoth
in Apocryphon of John 166, 167, 171, 174
as not accidental 176
in On the Origin of the World 160–162, 163, 164–165, 171, 174
Zachhuber, Johannes 8n29
Zeno of Citium 31–32, 34, 38, 41n123
Zostrianos
circulated in Plotinus’s seminar 297
Commentary on Plato’s ‘Parmenides’ compared with 297, 311
on first thought 13, 272
on Intellect as having knowledge 300–303
on Invisible Spirit’s pre-noetic capacity 300, 305
Marsanes contrasted with 305
Plotinus compared with 297, 305
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Did God Care?

Providence, Dualism, and Will in Later Greek and Early Christian Philosophy

Series:  Studies in Platonism, Neoplatonism, and the Platonic Tradition, Volume: 25
Cover Did God Care?
E-Book ISBN:
9789004432994
Publisher:
Brill
Print Publication Date:
21 Jul 2020

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