Index
Page references marked in bold type indicate a more in-depth treatment of the subject.
abandoned children (Algeria)
138, 139
see also orphans
ABCFM see American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
Abdülhamid II Massacres see Armenian Massacres
Abdülhamid II (Ottoman sultan, 1894–1896)
211
abolitionists
46, 47, 48, 51, 57, 58, 183n1
Aboriginals
134
Abyssinia/Abyssinians
44
slaves
47, 48
ACASR see American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief
ACG see American College for Girls
Acre (Israel)
262
ACRNE see American Committee for Relief in the Near East
Actes de notoriété (Algeria)
144
Adana (Cilicia)
187, 190, 201
adoption
139
Africa/Africans
158, 235, 246, 248
slaves
8, 42, 43, 47, 48
see also freed slave girls
AFSC (American Friends Service Committee)
257
Agouche, Sitt (slave master)
48
agricultural economy see rural development
Albanians
65
Aleppo
American missions in
188, 190
Armenian refugees in
188, 190, 196–197, 203
French welfare spending in
202
missionary schools in
188, 215
Alexandria, art and crafts school
24
Algeria
anti-clericalism in
27, 33, 137, 140, 146, 148
Christian Arabs in
141, 142, 150
model villages
10, 134, 144–150
citizenship/naturalization
140–142, 146, 150
civil vs. religious law
141, 149
famine (1866–1869)
10, 134, 135, 138–142
French missions/missionaries in
133, 151
funding of missionary activities in
27, 144, 145
Jews in
140, 141, 146
Kabyles in
136, 141, 142
orphans/orphanages
10, 138–139, 141, 142, 143–145, 149
political tensions and missionary work
133–134, 135, 136, 137, 139–140
republicans vs. radicals
140, 141, 146–147, 148
(transformation of) Catholic Church in
133, 135–137, 142
Algiers
135, 139, 141, 143n36, 144
Ali, Mehmet
55
Allenby, General Edmund
221
Alliance Française
135
Alloula, Malek
65n9
Alsatians
144
alumni/alumni associations
78ill., 169, 193
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM)
4n13, 8, 68, 111
Asiatic Turkey Mission (Anatolia)
8–9, 62–63, 67, 68
changing/widening of approach by
63
conversion to “Christian” civilization
73–85
body and home politics
73–80
health
80–82
funding/fundraising
64, 164
history and achievements
62–63, 96n23, 97
hospitals
55–56, 96, 97, 99
medical missions
80–82, 160, 163
organization of missionary work
67–68
orphanages
67–73, 97
public relations/Missionary Herald
63–65, 66, 67
schools/colleges
101, 156, 160, 167
transnational missionary cooperation
95
visual/photographic representation of missionary work
8–9, 62, 65–67, 70–72ill., 75–77, 75–78ill., 83, 84
see also American (Presbyterian) missions/missionaries; Near East Colleges
American Board of Missions (Presbyterian Church)
189
American Catholic missions/missionaries
in Beirut
33–34, 35
in Palestine
259, 261
American Civil War (1861–1865)
51
American College for Girls (ACG, Istanbul)
156, 160, 166, 177, 178
see also Near East Colleges Association
American Colony (Jerusalem)
241
American Committee on Armenian Atrocities
187
American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief (ACASR)
157, 162, 170, 188, 199
see also Near East Relief
American Committee for Relief in the Near East (ACRNE)
188, 192–193ill.
see also Near East Relief
American Friends Service Committee (AFSC, Philadelphia), archives
257
American (Presbyterian) missions/missionaries and humanitarian work
8, 11, 24, 42, 44, 55–56, 96, 126, 189
in Anatolia
8–9, 62–63, 67, 68, 96, 97, 99
for Armenians (Syria)
186–190, 191, 198, 200, 201, 203
for Assyrians
111n1, 125, 191
auxiliary mission work
158, 160–161
in Balkans
62n2
(boarding) schools
41, 43, 44–45, 50, 52–54, 58, 194
see also Near East Colleges
bureaucratization of
160–161, 184, 190, 194–195
competition with French relief providers
200
for freed slave girls (Egypt)
41, 44, 45, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57
fundraising
191–192, 192–193ill.
fusion of missionary work/evangelization and humanitarian work
9, 91, 110
for Greeks
189, 191
in Levant
10, 98, 203
Orientalism and racial/ethno-religious thinking
42, 82–85, 184, 190–197, 192–193ill.
in Philippines
195, 198, 199
political dimensions/politicization
197–199, 200–203, 204
in Republic of Turkey
171, 190
secularization of missionary work
156, 158, 159, 160–161, 163–164
see also American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions; “Machine Age humanitarianism”; Near East Colleges Association; Near East Relief; Rockefeller Foundation
American Protestant missionary colleges see Near East Colleges
American Red Cross
2, 161, 187, 189, 190, 200
American Relief Administration
189
American University of Beirut (AUB)
funding and donor dependency
10, 165, 166, 168, 170, 171, 172, 178
secularization of
163, 164, 194
see also Syrian Protestant College
American University of Cairo (AUC)
164
Amman
258, 266
Amos, Sarah
48–49
Anatolia
American missions/missionaries in
8–9, 62–63, 67, 68, 96, 97, 99
Armenians in
8–9, 62–63, 90, 93, 94
German missions/missionaries in
84n73, 101–102
missionary hospitals
96, 97, 99
orphanages
67–73, 96, 97, 102, 105ill.
Scandinavian missions/missionaries in
84n73, 90–91, 92, 94, 105ill.
schools in
99, 101–102
Turks in
93, 99
Anderson, Betty
186
Anglican Church
239
cooperation/ecumenical relation with Church of the East
112, 114, 115, 116, 117–118, 125–126
Anglican Church Missionary Society (CMS)
159, 168, 216
Anglican missions/missionaries
110
for Assyrians
111–114, 125
in Hakkari Mountains
110, 111–113, 120
in Iraq/Mesopotamia
9, 113–114
in Persia
111–113
hospitals
25, 56
racial/ethno-religious thinking in/by
122–123, 125
refugee camps
110, 113
relation with Church of the East
112, 115
schools/educational projects
50, 113, 114, 212n15, 213n24, 239, 242
support to patriarchal family
112, 113, 114
see also British missions/missionaries; Wigram, Rev. William Ainger
Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention (1877)
47
Anthropology (Edward Burnett Tylor)
123n48
anti-clericalism (Algeria)
27, 33, 137, 140, 146, 148
anti-semitism
140, 226–227, 226n75
Anti-Slavery Society (London)
183n1
APF (Association for the Propagation of the Faith)
31, 32
Apprentis d’ Auteuil (French Catholic foundation)
138
Arab armies attack (Palestine, 15 May 1948)
253
Arab civilization, renewal of
141–142
Arabic language
Arabic language education at missionary schools
50, 194
Arabic skills of missionaries
42, 49
as language of instruction
194, 212
Arab-Israeli War (Six-Day War, 1967)
250
Arab League
253
Arab refugees
11, 248, 249
see also Palestinian refugees
Arab Revolt (Palestine, 1936–1939)
198, 224, 226, 240
Arab riots (Palestine, 1929)
223
Arabs
Finnish missions/missionaries and
11, 233, 235, 239, 243–244, 246, 249, 250–251
in Palestine/Israel
233, 235n6, 239, 240, 246
racial thinking about
122, 134
right to inhabit Palestine/Israel
243–244, 247, 249–250
see also Christian Arabs
Arab University of Damascus
166
Aram (Armenian orphan)
70, 70ill., 71
Archbishop of Canterbury
112, 117
Archbishop of Canterbury’s Mission to the Assyrian Christians
110, 111
archdiocese of Paris, archives
259
archival material, on Palestinian refugee issue
255–262, 268n45
Armenia
American humanitarian activities in
188, 189, 190, 191, 200, 201
lack of direct American mandate over
198, 199
see also Cilicia
Armenian Apostolic Church
94
Armenian language
97, 102
Armenian Massacres (Hamidian massacres, 1894–1896)
8, 68, 72, 94–95, 187
Armenian missionaries
96–97, 99, 100, 102
Armenian nationalists, establishment of schools
103
Armenian orphans
6, 67–73, 70–72ill., 91, 95, 105ill.
education of
99, 101–102
Armenian refugees
6, 168, 187–188, 196–197, 203
Armenians/Armenian community
1, 65, 110, 122n41
American missions/humanitarian work for
186–190, 191, 198, 203
in Anatolia
8–9, 62–63, 90, 93, 94, 99
conversion/spiritual reformation of
8–9, 62, 63, 72, 79, 97–98, 191
German missions for
97–98
persecution/genocide of
5, 6n23, 8, 12, 68, 94–95, 220
photographic representation/description of
62, 65–67, 68, 69–72, 70–72ill., 75–77, 75–76ill., 92
reception of missionary work
63, 97–98, 103
Scandinavian missions/humanitarian work for
5, 6, 9, 90, 92–93, 95, 97–103
art and craft schools (Alexandria)
24
Asia
235
“Asiatic Turkey” see Anatolia
Assa (slave girl)
52
Association for the Propagation of the Faith (APF)
31, 32
Assyrian Church of the East see Church of the East
Assyrian refugees
110, 117
Assyrians/Assyrian community
1, 110
American missions for
111n1, 125, 191
Anglican missions for
111–114, 125
conversion of
112
customs
115
ancient ecclesiastical rites/ceremonies
118, 121, 123–124, 126
French missions for
112
German missions for
111
identification with ancient Assyrians/old civilizations
119, 121–123, 126
militarization by British in WWI
9, 110, 116, 125
resettlement/integration in Iraq
114, 117, 123, 124, 126
Russian missions for
111, 113
in Syria
113, 126
see also Church of the East; Wigram, Rev. William Ainger
The Assyrian Settlement (William Ainger Wigram)
116
The Assyrians and their Neighbours (William Ainger Wigram)
116, 122
Asyut (Egypt)
45, 51, 52, 54, 55
Atallah, Jamil
263n23
Atour.com (Assyrian website)
116
AUB see American University Beirut
AUC (American University of Cairo)
164
Audet-Gosselin, Louis
22
Austria-Hungary, public funding of missionary activities
170
autonomy
1, 27, 155, 170, 172
auxiliary mission work
158, 160–161
ʿAyzariyya (West Bank)
266
Badger, George Percy
111
Baer, Gabriel
42
Bahçe (Turkey)
200–201
Bakaʾa (neighbourhood, Jerusalem)
266, 272tab.
Balfour Declaration (1917)
244
Balkans, American missionaries in
62n2
baptism, of freed slave girls
53, 54
Baquba (Iraq), British refugee camp
110, 113, 114
Bardizag (Anatolia), Bithynia High School
77, 78ill.
Baring, Sir Evelyn (Earl of Cromer)
41, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54
Barlassina, Luigi (Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, 1920–1947)
258
Barnes, Ellen
24
Barnett, Michael
183, 184, 209, 210, 225
Baron, Beth
2, 8
Barton, James L.
187, 199
Bebaydi (North Iraq)
113, 114
Becker, Adam
125
Bedouins
45
Beilin, Yossi
245n43
Beirut
175, 190, 266
French missions/missionaries in
23, 25
migrants/refugees in
26, 162
orphanage
23
schools/colleges
215
see also American University of Beirut; Syrian Protestant College
Beit Hakerem (neighbourhood, Jerusalem)
266
Ben-Néfissa, Sarah
22
Beth-Jala (Palestine)
237
Bethlehem
240, 259, 266
BFASS (British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society)
48, 49
biblical geography, of Palestine
120
Bikfaya (Mount Lebanon), orphanage in
23
Biørn, Bodil
9, 103–104, 107ill.
background and career
90, 93–94
establishment of girls school
102, 104, 107ill.
establishment of polyclinic
99, 100
qualifications and certification
98, 100
reception of missionary work
100–101, 102, 104
working environment
96
Bithynia High School (Bardizag)
77, 78ill.
Bjørnlund, Matthias
94
Bliss, Daniel
82
Bliss family
186
boarding schools
for freed slave girls (Cairo)
41, 43, 44–45, 50, 52–54, 58
in Israel
241, 245, 250–251
body and home politics (ABCFM)
73–80
Bøgh, Eli and Karen (independent missionaries)
239, 247n49
Bolsheviks
250
Bourmaud, Philippe
10
Bozarslan, Hamit
21
Bremond, Edouard
200–201
British Empire see Great Britain/British Empire
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS)
48, 49
British mandates see Iraq; Palestine
British missions/missionaries
funding of
168
hospitals
25, 56
in Iraq
9, 113–114
in Palestine/Israel
4n11, 6, 234, 236, 240, 243
schools
50, 113, 114, 212n15, 213n24, 239, 242
see also Anglican missions/missionaries
British Red Crescent Society
223
Brown, Adela (missionary teacher)
44, 53
Browne, William Henry
112–113
Bugeaud, Thomas Robert
142
bureaucratization, of missionary and humanitarian organizations
160–161, 184, 190, 194–195
Burkina Faso
22
Cairo
American (Presbyterian) missions/missionaries in
8, 51
(boarding) schools in
41, 43, 44–45, 50, 52–54, 58, 215
French missions/missionaries in
25
see also freed slave girls
Capuchin missions/missionaries
25, 32
Carthage (Tunisia)
134
casa nova (Jerusalem)
12, 253, 256, 270ill.
expansion of
262–263
as hostel for pilgrims
262–263, 262n20, 267, 268n45
as infirmary
262
operating costs
263n22
as refuge
263–265, 267
facilities, rents, and regulations
264–265, 265n27, 269
list of refugees
265–266, 265–266n29–40, 271–273tab.
origin, status and itineraries of refugees
265–266
for Palestinian refugees
260–261, 263–269
repossession by friars/departure of refugees
267–269
statement of accounts
265
casa nova (Nazareth)
261, 269
casa nove (Palestine)
261, 262
Catholic Church
in Jerusalem/Israel
12
see also Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land
in North Africa/Algeria
22, 133, 135–137, 142
Catholic missions/missionaries
4, 5, 7, 21, 111
competition with Protestant missionaries/missions
159, 165
funding/fundraising
27, 29, 31, 135, 170
in Levant
8, 34
medical action and
12–13
see also casa nova (Jerusalem); Daughters of Charity; Dominican missions/missionaries; French missions/missionaries; Jesuit missions/missionaries
Catholic Near East Welfare Association (CNEWA, United States)
259
archives
259, 261
Catholic Personalism
258n11
Catholic refugees, in casa nova (Jerusalem)
264
Cattin, Fr. Lucien
33
Central Turkey Mission (ABCFM)
62
Century Theatre (New York)
187
Chaldeans/Chaldean community
112
Chambers, William Nesbitt
200–201
charity/charitable action
23–26
humanitarianism vs. traditional
183–184
see also humanitarian actions/work; missionary activities/work
Charles M. Hall Estate
164
Chehadé, Chehadé
200, 200n71
children
189
charitable activities for poor
23, 24
education of
28–29
see also orphans
children’s homes
in Jerusalem
11, 237, 241
see also orphanages
China
155, 158
colleges
167, 171, 176, 177
Finnish missions/missionaries in
235
medical missions in
171, 176, 216
Rockefeller projects in
157, 163, 171, 176, 177
China International Famine Relief Commission
163
Christian Arabs
in Algeria
141, 142, 150
mixed marriage
145, 147, 149
model villages
10, 134, 144–150
in Syria
142, 142n33
Christian Arab villages see model villages
The Christian (British periodical)
52
Christian Brothers of Bethlehem
29
“Christian” civilization, conversion to
9, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 73–80, 82–85, 134, 209, 212–213, 218, 236, 239, 246
Christian Hebrew Centre (Jerusalem)
238
Christianity, as Asiatic faith
118
Christian minorities
10, 94, 103, 204
see also Armenians/Armenian community; Assyrians/Assyrian community; Christian Arabs; Greeks; Maronite Christians
Christians
civilization of Muslims vs.
120
expulsion of
110
funding of humanitarian actions
8, 22
Christians of the Middle East
259
Church of the East
9, 110, 111, 115–116
cooperation and ecumenical relations with Anglican Church
112, 114, 115, 116, 117–118, 125–126
“fossilized” Church concept (Wigram)
121, 123–124, 126
naming of
115, 121–122
works on
115–116
see also Assyrians/Assyrian Community
Churchill, Winston
189
Church of Scotland
211, 220–221, 221, 222, 225, 226, 227
fundraising
224
union with United Free Church of Scotland
222, 223, 225
(Women’s) Jewish Mission Committees
211, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227
see also Scottish Presbyterian missions/missionaries
Church of the Teutonic Knights
32
Cilicia (Lesser Armenia)
188, 199
American humanitarian activities in
188, 190, 200, 201
orphanages
201
schools
201
see also Armenia
Cilician crisis (1922)
188
citizenship (Algeria)
140–142, 146, 150
civilization
Assyrian
119, 121–123, 126
conversion to “Christian”
9, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 73–80, 82–85, 134, 209, 212–213, 218, 238, 239, 246
evolution of civilizations
119–121
renewal of Arab
141–142
civil law, Shariʾa vs.
141, 149
Civil War in Palestine (1947–1948) see Palestine War
cleanliness
73–74, 75, 213
see also “Christian” civilization
Clot-Bey, A.B. (French medical expert)
55
clothing style
71, 73, 76ill., 84
of women
77–80, 79ill., 106ill.
see also “Christian” civilization
CMS (Anglican Church Missionary Society)
159, 168, 216
CNEWA (Catholic Near East Welfare Association)
250, 261
Coakley, J.F.
111, 125
colleges (missionary)
in China
167, 171, 176, 177
Jesuit
28, 32
see also Near East Colleges
Cologne
32
colonial humanitarianism
134
colonial/imperial missionary involvement
3, 123, 125, 126, 155
see also political interests/tensions
colonial independence, development of missionary work after
21, 22
colonial mandates, emergence of
184
colonial projects, of Maronite Christians
142, 142n33
colonial settlements/projects see Jewish settlements; model villages
Comati, Nicolas
29
Combes, Michel
148
Committee of the Holy Sepulchre
32
competition, between missionary organizations/relief providers
103, 159, 165, 200, 221–223, 225, 226, 227
Congo
137
Congregation of the Oriental Church
259
Constantine
135
Constantinople see Istanbul/Constantinople
Constantinople Woman’s College see American College for Girls
Continuation War (Finland/Soviet Union, 1941–1944)
248–249
conversion
in Algeria
141
of Armenians
8–9, 62, 63, 72, 97–98, 191
of Assyrians
112
of Copts
8, 51
education as indicator of
101, 102, 212–213
of freed slaves/slave girls
8, 46, 51, 52–53, 57
of Greeks
63
indicators of
“Christian” civilization/change in living conditions/customs
9, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 73–80, 82–85, 134, 209, 212–213, 236, 239, 246
health conditions
64–65, 80–82, 101, 216, 221
of Jews
63, 210, 212, 213, 218–219, 221, 226–227, 235, 237, 237–238, 241, 247
of Kabyles
136
of Muslims
51, 63, 118, 135, 191, 193–194, 210–211, 219, 221
naturalization as act of
141
of orphans
68, 69, 73–74, 139, 141, 145
of Orthodox Christians
83, 210, 219
of tribes
145
of women
79, 92
cooperation see missionary cooperation
Copenhagen
95
Copts, conversion of
8, 51
cotton production/trade
43
The Cradle of Mankind: Life in Eastern Kurdistan (William Ainger Wigram)
115–116, 117–121
mixing of biblical and classical illusions in
120–122
republication of
116
reviews of
118n22, 119n24
stereotyping in
120
title page
120, 121
Crane, Charles
170
Craver, Rev. Samuel
199
Crémieux Decree (1870)
140, 141
Crewe, E. (matron of Home for Freed Women Slaves)
49
Crimean War (1853–1856)
31
crowdfunding
171–173
cultural conversion see “Christian” civilization
curricula, at missionary schools
53, 102, 102n45, 213–214, 246
customs
as indicator of conversion
9, 65, 67, 74
see also “Christian” civilization
Cyprus
114, 260
Dalman, Gustav
217
Damascus
8, 169
missionary schools
24–25, 194
Darfur
51, 52
Daughters of Charity
food distribution
25, 33ill.
funding of missionary activities
27, 28, 29
orphanage (Beirut)
23
school (Damascus)
24–25
silk mill (Tripoli)
25, 28
Davidson, Randall (Archbishop of Canterbury, 1903–1928)
113
deaconess training
90, 93, 99
death, fear of
81–82
The Death of a Nation, or the Ever Persecuted Nestorians or Assyrian Christians (Abraham Yohannan)
113
De Caix, Robert
203
De Damas, Father Amédée
32–33
Delitzschianum (Leipzig)
238
Denmark
91, 239n21
see also KMA
Deutsche Orient Mission
95
Deutscher Hülfsbund für Christliche Liebeswerk im Orient
92, 93n10, 95, 97, 98
hospitals
99
schools
99, 101–102
diasporas
2, 243, 245n43, 248
fundraising in
169
long-distance nationalism in
169
diocese of Liège, archives
259
divorced women
138
Djelloul, Philippe (local drunkard)
148
The Doctrinal Position of the Assyrian Church (William Ainger Wigram)
115
Dodge, Bayard
170
Dodge, Cleveland
170
Dodge, William E.
30
Domestic Frontiers: Gender, Reform, and American Interventions in the Ottoman Balkans and the Near East, 1831–1908
3
domesticity/domestic labour
67, 74, 80, 213, 213n24, 220
see also “Christian” civilization
domestic servants
23
freed slave girls
49, 54, 55, 57
orphans
143, 144
domestic slaves
43
Dominican missionaries/missions
112, 126
donor dependency
10, 155–156, 163, 167–174, 177
see also Near East Colleges Association; Rockefeller Foundation
donors see funding of missionary and humanitarian work
Druze
23
see also Syrian Civil War
Dunant, Henry
183n1
Dupuch, Antoine-Adolphe (Bishop of Algiers, 1838–1845)
144
Eastern (Catholic) Churches
32, 115
see also Church of the East
Eastern Orthodox Church
115, 117
Eastern Turkey Mission (ABCFM)
62
East Karelians
250
Ebel, Jonathan
219
ecclesiastical archives, on Palestinian refugee issue
256–262
ecclesiastical rites and ceremonies, survival of ancient
123–124
ecumenical movements/initiatives
219, 220, 225
ecumenical relations, between Anglican Church and Church of the East
112, 115, 116, 117, 125–126
education
of girls and women
101, 220
freed slave girls
8, 25, 50, 52
as indicator of conversion/civilizational process
101, 102, 212–213
of orphans
99, 101–102, 143
reception of educational projects
214–215
Scottish Presbyterian missionaries/missions
211–215, 223, 224, 225
shift from evangelization to
1, 6, 23, 210
see also schools (missionary)
Egypt
8, 47, 155, 210, 220, 253
American missionaries in
41, 44, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57
orphanages
24
slavery/slaves in
41–42, 43, 46, 47, 58
Sudan and
43, 46
see also freed slave girls
Ekbladh, David
157
Ekblad, Signe
240, 241, 249
Elazig (Mezreh, Turkey)
96
elderly people
26, 138
Elim orphanage (Mezreh, Anatolia)
96
Elshakry, Marwa
63
Emaus/Emmaus orphanage (Mezreh, Anatolia)
96–97, 102
emergency relief
5, 9, 91, 210, 221–224, 227
Emmaus (Palestine)
262
employment, freed slaves/slave girls
47, 48, 49, 54–56, 57
England
114, 116
English Lord Mayor’s Fund
190
English missions/missionaries (Palestine)
238
Episcopal missions/missionaries
114
Essenberg, Christine Adamson
194
Ethiopia/Ethiopians
44, 45, 56
see also Abyssinia/Abyssinians
ethnic/religious groups, anthropological/sociological articles on
65
ethno-religious thinking
by missionaries/in missions
121–123, 125
see also racial thinking
Europe
funding of missionary and humanitarian activities
8, 22, 27, 30, 31, 34
migration to
126
European civilization, Kurdistan/Assyrians as origin of
119, 121
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
235n4–5
evangelization
at hospitals
25
shift to/fusion with humanitarian work
1, 6, 9, 21, 23, 91, 97–98, 104, 110, 160, 210
Ezbekiah Boarding School (Cairo)
41, 43, 44–45, 50, 52–54, 58
Faggala (district of Cairo)
52
famine
in Algeria (1866–1869)
10, 134, 135, 138–142
in Norway (Napoleonic wars)
90
in Syria
161
Fanna (slave girl)
52
fear of death
81–82
FELM (Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission)
235, 236, 238, 241, 249
female missionaries
9, 96, 97
reception and status of
95n20, 100–101, 102, 104
see also Biørn, Bodil; Johansson, Alma; KMA
female slaves see freed slave girls; slave girls
Filles de la Charité du Bon Pasteur d’ Angers
25
see also Daughters of Charity
financing see funding of missionary and humanitarian work
Finland
91, 238
independence of
246, 248–249
Jews in
235, 235n4
Russia/Soviet Union and
235, 235n4, 238, 238n13, 246, 248, 249
population transfers
250
Sweden and
248
Finnish Civil War (1918)
246, 248
Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission (FELM)
235, 236, 238, 241, 249
Finnish missionaries/missions (Jerusalem)
association with Jews/pro-Jewishness
233, 235, 236, 238, 241, 243–244, 245, 246, 247–248, 250
children’s home
11, 237, 241
conversion attempts
239, 247, 248
history and evolution
234–241
missionary cooperation
238
political viewpoints/neutrality
233–234, 245, 248
reception by local community and government
234, 234n3, 238
schools
237, 238
(shift to) humanitarian work
11, 237, 245, 249, 250
views on/missionary work for Arabs/Arab refugees
11, 233, 235, 239, 243–244, 246, 248, 249, 250–251
see also Havas, Aili; Moisio, Rauha
Finnish Mission Society (FMS)
235
see also Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission
Fiorovich, Father (Jesuit priest)
25, 29
Flambeau Shop (New York City)
197
Fleischmann, Ellen
186, 219–220
Flew, Sarah
168
FMS (Finnish Mission Society)
235
food distribution/relief
25, 32, 33ill., 190
Forsythe, David
183n1
Forte National (commune, Algeria)
149
“For Young People” (section of Missionary Herald, ABCFM)
63–64, 67
“fossilized” Church (concept, Wigram)
121, 123–124, 126
Fowler, Esther and John (Quaker couple)
24
Fowler Orphanage (Presbyterian orphanage, Egypt)
24
Frachebois (local politician, Algeria)
148
France/French Empire
anticlerical programme of
33
charity by religious congregations in
23
French colonial rule vs. American foreign rule
195
orphans/orphanages
138, 143, 149
public funding of missionary activities/state subsidies
27, 30–31, 33, 144, 145
diplomatic control/political influence over aid receivers
169–170
see also Algeria; French Mandate Government for Syria and the Lebanon
Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land (Jerusalem Church)
256, 262, 267, 268
archives
260, 261, 268
see also casa nova (Jerusalem)
Francis (pope, 2013–)
258n13
Frangie, Negib
267
Fredj, Claire
27
freed slave girls (Cairo)
baptism of
53, 54
boarding schools for/education of
8, 25, 41, 43, 44–45, 47, 50, 52–54, 58
bonds between
58
conversion of
46, 51, 52–53, 57
employment
48, 49, 54–56, 57
Home for Freed Women Slaves
41, 47, 48–51, 52, 58
literacy and education
8, 25, 50, 52, 55
marriage
47, 50, 52, 56
memories of home
44–46
as missionaries
8, 53
mortality among
25, 53–54
freed slaves
conversion of
8, 51
education of
8, 25, 52
employment
47, 48
Freienwalde (Germany)
95
French (Catholic) missions/missionaries and humanitarian work
133, 149
in Algeria
133, 151
during famine
138–142
alliance between militarism and missionary work
137
in Cairo
25
competition with American relief providers
200
funding of
30–31, 33, 144, 145, 169–170
in Levant
202
orphanages
138, 143, 149, 202
political interests/tensions
133–134, 135, 137, 139–140
racial/ethno-religious thinking
134, 149
see also Dominican missions/missionaries; Jesuit missions/missionaries; Lavigerie, Charles Martian Allemand; model villages
French Mandate Government for Syria and the Lebanon
funding for welfare and humanitarian aid
202–203
reception of missionary activities/societies
5
American humanitarianism/“Anglo-Saxon” interference
10–11, 165, 184, 185, 186, 197, 199, 200–203, 204
see also Lebanon; Syria
French Protestant missions/missionaries
133n1
French Third Republic see Algeria
Friedman, Milton
169
Friedrich, Norbert
210
Friends’ Foreign Mission Association
187
From Mission to Modernity, Evangelicals, Reformers and Education in Nineteenth-Century Egypt
3
funding of missionary and humanitarian work
26, 34, 64
crowdfunding and philanthropy
171–173
democratization of funding
169
donor dependency
10, 155–156, 163, 167–174, 177
international funding
30–31
large individual donors
167–168
local funding
8, 22, 27–30, 34
public funding/state subsidies
169–171
Europe
8, 22, 27, 30, 31, 34
France
27, 30–31, 33, 144, 145, 169–170
Germany
170
Italy
170
Ottoman State
29–30
United States
22, 27, 30, 31, 169, 170–171
see also Rockefeller Foundation
fundraising for missionary and humanitarian work
32–35, 64, 135, 169, 172, 191–192, 192–193ill.
in New York
168, 187, 191, 195, 197, 259
Furneaux Pelham (England)
114
Gagneux, Lieutenant
201
Galilee
219n44, 261
Gardey, Delphine
160
Gates, Dr
69–70, 81–82
Gaza Strip
253
General Curia of the Little Brothers at Rome, archives
261
genocide see Holocaust; massacres
German Colony (neighbourhood, Jerusalem)
266, 272tab.
German Deaconess School (Marash, Anatolia)
99
German missions/missionaries
1, 96, 97
in Anatolia
84n73, 93n10, 97, 101–102
for Armenians
97–98
for Assyrians
111
hospitals
99
orphanages
1, 96, 200–201
in Persia
111
reception of
97–98
women’s mission organizations
91n4
see also Deutscher Hülfsbund für Christliche Liebeswerk im Orient; Kaiserswerth Deaconesses
Germany
Nazi
11, 226, 245
public funding/state subsidies for missionary activities
170
relation with Ottoman Empire
98
germ theory of illness
80
girls schools/education
101, 102, 103, 104, 107ill., 193–194
see also freed slave girls
global modernization, missionary/humanitarian work and
157, 158, 179, 219–220
Golan Heights
253
“Golden Rule” Sunday
188
Gori, Alberto (Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, 1949–1970)
269
“Gospel Triumph in the Land of Ararat” (Rev. G.C. Reynolds)
75
government schools, missionary schools vs.
102–103, 214–215
Great Britain/British Empire
47
attitude towards mission societies
5
British colonial rule, American foreign rule vs.
195
colonial humanitarianism
134
militarization of Assyrians in WWI
9, 110, 116, 125
military and humanitarian spending in Middle East
189
women’s mission organizations
91n4
see also Iraq; Palestine
Great Syrian Revolt (1925)
165, 169, 198
Great War see World War I
Greece
114, 220
American missions in
189
population transfers with Turkey
250
Greeks
65, 220
American humanitarian activities for
191
conversion of
63
Gregorian Church
97, 98
Haganah (paramilitary organization of Jewish population in Palestine)
265
Hakkari Mountains (Turkey/Iraq), Anglican missionaries in
110, 111–113, 120
Halima (slave girl)
45, 46, 48, 50, 54–57
Hall, William H.
198
Hamidian massacres see Armenian Massacres
Hammer, Christa
96
Hanoteau, Adolphe
136n14
Harput
69, 70
Harvey, Dr
54, 55
Harvey, Henrietta
54, 55
Harvey, Lulu
55
Al-Hasakah (district, Syria)
202
Hauser, Julia
5, 92
Havas, Aili
11, 233, 236–244, 245, 246, 247–250
home school
237, 238
on influence and success of Jews in Palestine
241–242, 244, 248
mission home in Jerusalem
11, 236–237, 239
on rights of Jews/Arabs to inhabit Palestine
243–244, 247, 248, 249–250
surveillance, censorship, and arrest of
238, 238n14, 241
on (violent) nationalism/nation-state ideology in Israel
242–243, 249–250
health/health conditions
contribution to
23
as indicator of conversion
64–65, 80–82, 101, 216, 221
shift from evangelization to
1, 160, 210
see also medical missions/missionaries
health institutions see hospitals/health institutions
Hebrew Christian Alliance
223, 238
Hebrew language
245, 245n43, 248, 250
as language of instruction
212, 238, 239, 245, 246
Hebrew University (Jerusalem)
236
Hebron
225
medical missions in
216
missionary hospitals
25, 221
Hellenic Travel: A Guide (William Ainger Wigram)
117
Helsinki, Jewish school/kindergarten
235n4
A History of Humanism, 1755–1989 (Silvia Salvatici)
3n9
Holiness movement
91n3
Holocaust
11, 245, 246, 248, 249
Holy Land
4, 120, 243
see also Israel
home economics see domesticity/domestic labour
Home for Freed Women Slaves (Faggala, Cairo)
41, 47, 48–51, 52, 58
home politics (ABCFM)
73–75
see also “Christian” civilization; living conditions
Homs
193
hospitality see casa nova (Jerusalem); casa nove
hospitals/health institutions
23, 81, 90, 262
American
55–56, 96, 97, 99, 189
Anglican/British
25, 56
evangelization at
25
German
99
Scottish Presbyterian
221
Zionist
222
household hygiene
73–74, 75
see also “Christian” civilization
humanitarian actions/work
3, 22
funding see funding of missionary and humanitarian work
labour cost
159–160
missionary vs.
22
political dimensions of
197–199
(religious) motivations behind
7, 191
shift to/fusion with missionary work
1, 6, 9, 21, 23, 91, 97–98, 104, 110, 160, 210
see also relief work
humanitarianism
colonial
134
definition
4, 209–210, 225
global modernization and
157, 158, 219–220
history and evolution of
4, 7, 21, 184, 185
politicization of
200–203
role of religion/missionary work in development of
10, 21–22
traditional charity vs.
183–184
see also “Machine Age humanitarianism”
humanitarian organizations
2
bureaucratization of
160–161, 184, 190, 194–195
Hurnard, Miss Hannah (independent missionary)
239
hygiene
73–74, 75, 80, 81–82, 84, 213
body and home politics of ABCFM
73–80
see also “Christian” civilization
Illinois
51
imperial/colonial missionary involvement
3, 123, 125, 126, 155
see also political interests/tensions
India
155, 213, 239n21, 250
Intercommunion with the Assyrian Church (William Ainger Wigram)
116
International Committee of the Red Cross (Geneva)
183n1
archives
257
International Hebrew Christian Alliance
218
Interwar period
6, 10, 25, 161, 169, 171, 176
Scottish Presbyterian missions/missionaries in
209, 219–225
An Introduction to the History of the Assyrian Church (William Ainger Wigram)
115, 118, 122
Iran see Persia/Iran
Iraqi Revolt (1920)
198
Iraq/Mesopotamia
110, 121, 220
Anglican/British missionaries in
9, 113–114
British Mandate rule
117
resettlement of Assyrians in
114, 117, 123, 124, 126
see also Assyrians/Assyrian community
Islamic charity (waqf)
183–184
Islamic law see Shariʾa
Israel
Arab villages in
253
boarding schools
241, 245, 250–251
foreign-funded NGO s in
155
immigration
245–246, 247, 249
independence of
23, 237, 245
nationalism/nation-state ideology
242–243, 249–250
settlements/annexations
233, 240, 242, 253
see also Finnish missions/missionaries; Jerusalem; Palestine
Israeli-Arab conflict (1948) see Palestine War
Israeli-Palestine War (1947–1948) see Palestine War
Istanbul/Constantinople
99, 100, 170, 190, 200
colleges in
156, 160, 166, 177, 178
missionaries in
114, 189
refugees in
162
Italy, public funding/state subsidies for missionary activities
170
Jacobsen, Maria
96, 99
Jaffa, missionary schools
211, 211n10, 215, 223
Jalabert, Fr. Louis
32
Jalagin, Seija
11
Jazeera (region, Syria)
114
Jeddah/Jidda
48
Jensen, Jenny
96
Jericho
266
Jerusalem
258
annexation of East Jerusalem
253
children’s homes
11, 237, 241
Finnish missions/missionaries in
233–244
internationalization of
259
missionary schools
215, 239, 240, 241
orphanages
1, 237
rights of Jews/Arabs to inhabit
244, 247, 248
student homes
11
see also casa nova (Jerusalem)
Jerusalem Church see Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land
Jesuit missions/missionaries (Syria)
boys orphanage
23
funding/fundraising
27, 28, 29, 31, 32–33
schools/colleges
28–29, 32, 166
Jesuit Université Saint-Joseph (Syria)
28, 166
Jewish Medical Mission (Edinburgh)
218
Jewish Mission Committees (Church of Scotland)
211, 221, 222, 224, 226, 227
Jewish nationalism
169, 242–243, 245, 249–250
see also Zionism/Zionists
Jewish refugees (Jerusalem)
11–12, 236–237, 238, 249
Jewish settlements (Palestine)
233, 240, 242
Jewish state see Israel
Jews/Jewish community
118
in Algeria/North Africa
140, 141, 146
naturalization of Jews
140, 141
conversion of Jews/Christian Jews
63, 210, 212, 213, 218–219, 221, 226–227, 235, 237, 237–238, 241, 245, 247
in Finland
235, 235n4
in Israel/Palestine
colonies/settlements
233, 240, 242
Jerusalem
11–12, 233, 236–237, 238, 241, 249
right to inhabit Israel/Palestine
243–244, 247, 248, 249–250
persecution of Jews
226–227
see also Finnish missions/missionaries; Zionism/Zionists
Jinks, Rebecca
6n23
Johansson, Alma
92, 96, 99, 100
Jones, Gwladys
212
Jordan (country)
220, 244, 253, 259, 260
Jordan (river)
217n40, 247, 253
Kabyles (Berber people, Algeria)
136, 141, 142
Kabylie (region, Algeria)
136n14
Kahlenberg, Caroline
80n57
Kaiserswerth Deaconesses (Beirut)
5, 92, 99
Kaminsky, Uwe
210
Karelia (Finland)
250
Karmel Association (Finland)
243
Karmel (magazine, Finnish Karmel association)
243
Al-Kashkūl (Sunni Beiruti newspaper)
191, 193
Katamon (Jewish neighbourhood, Jerusalem)
265, 271–273tab.
Kateb, Kamel
140
Keltuma (slave girl)
52
Kemalism/Kemalist regime (Turkey)
165, 175, 177
Keswick Conventions
81
Khabur (river, Syria)
125
Kharpert (Anatolia)
93, 99, 101
Khartoum
44, 45, 55
Khoshaba, Qasha (priest)
121, 122
Kim, Shin K.
80
King-Crane Commission (US)
199, 200, 200n71
King’s School (Canterbury)
114
Klingberg, Frank
183n1
KMA (Kvinnelige misjonsarbeidere, Women Mission Workers)
9, 90–92, 95n20, 104
cooperation with other mission organizations
95–96
foundation/evolvement of
91, 94–95
fusion of evangelization and humanitarian work
91, 94–95
local reception of work
92
mission/goal
91
Kozma, Liat
42–43
Kragerø (Norway)
93
Kurdistan
110, 119, 120
see also [The] Cradle of Mankind
Kurds
65, 93, 99, 122
Kuusamo (Finland)
250
Kvinnelige misjonsarbeidere see KMA
Kyle, Ella
54
labour costs, of humanitarian missionary work
159–160
Lambeth Conference (1908)
115
Lang, Cosmo Gordon (Archbishop of Canterbury, 1928–1942)
113
language skills
42, 49, 97, 240
language training
102, 212
Lankaster, Herbert
216
Lapland War (1944–1945)
249n50, 250
Latin America
126, 235
Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem
256n7, 258, 259
archives
260, 268n45
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund (LSRM)
162
Lausanne Treaty (1923)
165
Lavigerie, Charles Martial Allemand (Cardinal and Archbishop of Algiers)
151
businesslike approach of
135–136, 137
Christian Arab model villages
10, 134, 144–150
life and legacy
134–136
on renewal of Arab civilization
141–142
transformation of Catholic Church in North Africa
135–137
Lawrence, Miss (independent missionary)
239
Lazarist missions/missionaries
111, 112
League of Nations
5, 10, 123, 185, 186, 197, 198
Lea (Jewish refugee)
237
Lebanon
220
missionary schools
187
see also French Mandate Government for Syria and the Lebanon
Lee, Olin
201
Lesser Armenia see Cilicia
Lester, Alan
134
Letourneux, Aristide
136n14
letters by missionaries
92–93
for fundraising
32, 33, 34
Levant
8
alumni associations
169
American humanitarian activities in
10, 198, 203
Catholic and Protestant missionary activities in
34
competition between relief providers
200
French (humanitarian) missionaries/missions in
202
see also Egypt; Palestine; Syria
Levison, Leon
218–219, 219n44
Liège, diocese of, archives
259
literacy
freed slave girls
55
male vs. female
103
living conditions
as indicator of conversion
9, 65, 66, 67, 74–75, 209
see also “Christian” civilization
Lloyd George, David
198
local authorities/communities, influence on/reception of missionary work
5, 92, 98, 102, 234, 238
local funding, of missionary and humanitarian work
8, 22, 27–30, 34
Lodi, Fr. Paoli di
262
Löffler, Roland
1, 210
Lønnå, Elisabeth
93
Lorcin, Patricia
136, 142
Lorrains
144
Louisant, Berthe (domestic servant)
144
Lovisenberg deaconess institution (Kristiania, Oslo)
90, 93
LSRM (Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund)
162
Al-Lubnān (Beiruti newspaper)
189
Lutheran missions/missionaries
97, 235
see also Finnish missions/missionaries; German missions/missionaries
McAfee, Harold B.
188, 203
Macaulay, Thomas Babington
213
McCoy, Alfred
194
“Machine Age humanitarianism”
10, 184, 186, 204
Orientalism and
190–197
see also American (Presbyterian) missions/missionaries and humanitarian work
McKown, Margaret
52
MacMahon, Patrice de
135
McMahon, Thomas
259, 261
Madagascar
133
Maghreb
22
see also Algeria; Egypt; Palestine; Syria; Turkey
magic
118
Mahé, Alain
136, 142
Makdisi, Ussama
82–83
Maksudyan, Nazan
8–9
Mallouk, N. (donor)
168, 171–172
Malta
114, 137
mandates
5, 184, 198, 220
Mandates Commission (League of Nations)
197, 198
manners
73, 213
see also “Christian” civilization
Marash (Anatolia), German missionary hospital
99
Margarit (girls school teacher)
102
Maritain, Jacques
258n11
Maritza (girls school teacher)
102, 107ill.
Maronite Christians (Lebanon)
23, 119n26
colonial project
142, 142n33
see also Syrian Civil War
Marquand, Frederick
30
marriage
freed slave girls
47, 50, 52, 56
mixed marriage
145, 147, 149
orphans
143n36, 144, 145
Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin (patriarch, 1903–1918), missionary support to family
112, 113, 114
Mar Shimun XVIII Ruel (patriarch, 1861–1903)
112
Marten, Michael
11, 239
massacres
23, 117
Armenian Massacres (1894–1896)
8, 68, 72, 94–95, 187
see also Holocaust
Massignon, Louis, archives of
259
Mayers, Norman
202–203
Mecca
244, 248
slave trade in
47, 49
media
links to missionaries/missionary work
10
promotion of missionary work in
63–65, 171
medical education/schools
in Algeria
143
in Ottoman Empire
99
in Syria
163, 166
see also American University of Beirut; Near East Colleges
medical missions/missionaries
23
in Algeria
143
American
80–82, 160, 163
Anglican
159
balance between spiritual and medical work
216–218
in China
159, 171, 176, 216
cooperation and funding
163, 171
as indirect tool of conversion
221
investments/costs
160, 216n36
in Palestine
216–219
professionalization of
210
purpose of
216
reception of
5, 81
for refugees
10
Scottish Presbyterian
11, 211, 216–219, 222
see also Biørn, Bodil; health/health conditions; hospitals/health institutions
Merguerian, Barbara J.
101
Methodists
91n3
Mezreh (Anatolia)
93, 96, 97
Miaphysite tradition
116
midwifery/midwives
100–101, 104
see also Biørn, Bodil; Johansson, Alma
migration
12, 126
to/from Israel/Palestine
240, 244–246, 247, 249, 253–254
militarization, of Assyrians by British in WWI
9, 110, 116, 125
militarism, alliance between missionary work and
137
Mindan, British refugee camp
113
al-Minyawr, Mustapha (slave master)
48
missionaries
language skills
42, 49, 97, 240
recruitment of
161, 174–176, 177
as world citizens vs. citizens of nation-state
219
missionary activities/work
by freed slave girls
8, 53
contested methods
158–160
donor dependency
10, 155–156, 167–174
funding see funding of missionary and humanitarian work
global modernization and
157, 179
humanitarian work vs.
22
“NGOization” of
10, 13, 22
reception of
5, 81, 92, 96, 97–98, 102–103, 104, 214–215, 234, 238
role in development of humanitarianism
10, 21–22
secularization of
10, 21–22, 156–157, 158, 159, 160–161, 163–164, 167, 174–175, 177
shift to/fusion with humanitarian work
1, 6, 9, 21, 23, 91, 97–98, 104, 110, 160, 210
see also political interests/tensions
missionary colleges see colleges (missionary)
missionary cooperation
between missionary organizations
95–96, 161, 191, 202, 238
cooperation/relation with political authorities
137, 165, 178, 209
Rockefeller Foundation and Near East Colleges Association
156–158, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 171–176, 177–178, 179
Missionary Herald (ABCFM)
66
“For Young People” section
63–64, 67
missionary hospitals see hospitals/health institutions
missionary organizations, bureaucratization and technocratization of
160–161, 184, 190, 194–195
missionary schools see schools (missionary)
Mission Stories in Many Lands: A Book for Young People (ABCFM)
64
Miss Whately’s Mission School
50
model villages
in Algeria
10, 134, 144–150
economic dependence of
146, 150
opposition/criticism
145–147, 150
in Sub-Saharan Africa
150
modern humanitarianism
184
modernization
humanitarianism and
157, 158, 219–220
of society
102, 219–220
see also “Christian” civilization; global modernization
Mohamed Saʿid Pasha (Governor of Egypt, r. 1854–1863)
46–47
Moisio, Rauha
238, 241, 245–246, 248
Mokrani Revolt (Algeria, 1871)
140
Monnot, Fr.
34
Monroe, Elbert B.
30
Monroe, Paul
198
Morgenthau, Henry
170
Morning Call (New Jersey newspaper)
197
Morris, Benny
255
mortality, among freed slave girls
25, 53–54
Mosaic law
140
Moscow Armistice (September 1944)
250
Moses, Margot
237
Mosul
112
Mounier, Emmanual
258n11
Mount Lebanon
26
orphanage
23
seminary college
32
Mount Lebanon Civil War (1860)
1, 8, 12, 23, 29
Mount Lebanon Ladies Relief Society (Boston)
189
Mowafi, Reda
43
Mujeidel (Al-Mujaydil, Arab-Palestinian village)
269
Munich
32
Murre-van den Berg, Heleen
9, 241
Musch (region, Anatolia)
103
German missions/missionaries in
93n10, 97, 102
Scandinavian missions/missionaries in
90, 92, 98, 105ill., 107ill.
Muslim charitable institutions
191
Muslims
118
civilization of
120
conversion of
51, 63, 118, 135, 191, 193–194, 210–211, 219, 221
funding of humanitarian actions
8, 22
muslim children in missionary schools
193–194
Musrara (neighbourhood, Jerusalem)
265, 271–273tab.
Nakba see Palestine War
Napoleonic wars
90
Napoleon III (Emperor of the French, r. 1852–1870)
133, 138
Naquib, Nefissa
184
National Armenian Union (NAU)
188
nationalism
219
Jewish nationalism (Israel)
242–243, 245, 249–250
long-distance nationalism in diasporas
169
missionary activities inspired by
157, 161, 169, 177
violent
242
see also Zionism/Zionists
nation-state ideology
3, 219, 242–243, 249–250
naturalization (Algeria)
as act of conversion
141
in Algeria
140–141, 146, 150
of orphans
141, 142, 144
natural sciences
80
NAU (National Armenian Union)
188
Nazareth
259
casa nova
261, 269
Nazi Germany
11, 226, 245
Near East colleges (American Protestant missionary colleges)
administration of
160–161
donor dependency
171, 172
funding/fundraising
156, 161, 167, 172, 173
crowdfunding and philanthropy
171–173
large individual donors
167–168
state subsidies
170–171
political influence of and on
171, 177, 178
recruitment of staff
174–176
secularization of
167, 174–175, 177
self-supportiveness
167, 172, 173, 178
supervision of
160–161
transformation into relief organizations
161
transformation into research institutions
166–167, 176
see also American College for Girls; American University of Beirut; Roberg College; Rockefeller Foundation; Syrian Protestant College
Near East Colleges Association (NECA)
cooperation with Rockefeller Foundation
156–158, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 171–176, 177–178, 179
agenda dependency
173–174, 177–178, 179
in medicine
163, 171
newsletter
171
see also Near East Relief
Near East Foundation (NEF)
10, 157, 161, 167
see also Near East Relief
Near East Industries (NER project)
197
Near East Relief (NER)
2, 6, 161, 166, 167, 187–188, 189, 204
approach
184
cooperation
202
cost-cutting
188–189
donors
189
funding/fundraising
189, 191, 195–197, 196ill., 203
hospitals
189
orphanages
189
political tensions/politicization
200, 201
religious motivation
191
schools
188
stereotyping of beneficiaries
191–192, 192–193ill.
support from Rockefeller Foundation
10, 162
in Syria/Lebanon
188–189
see also American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief; American Committee for Relief in the Near East; Near East Colleges Association
NECA see Near East Colleges Association
NEF see Near East Foundation
NER see Near East Relief
Nestorian Church see Church of the East
New Near East (magazine, NER)
196, 199
newsletters/bulletins
32, 34, 63–65, 171, 196, 199
New York
fundraising in
168, 187, 191, 195, 197, 259
missionary organizations in
160–161
NGO s
21, 34, 155
“NGOization” of Christian missions
10, 13, 22
see also donor dependency; political interests/tensions
Nile
45
Nisnas, Jamil Bey
267
NMS (Det Norsket Misjonsselskap)
95n20
Non-Governmental Organizations see NGO s
Nordic missions/missionaries
claim of political neutrality
233–234
in Palestine
236
see also Scandinavian missions/missionaries
Norseth, Kristin
91
Det Norsket Misjonsselskap (NMS)
95n20
North Africa
Catholic Church in
22, 133, 135–137, 142
French missionaries in
134
Jews in
140, 141
North America, women’s mission organizations
91n4, 190
Norway
91
famine
90
health system
90
modernization
93
women’s mission organizations
95n20
Norwegian missions/missionaries
95
see also Biørn, Bodil; KMA; Scandinavian missionaries/missions
Norwegian Mission Society (Det Norske Misjonsselskap)
95n20
Nubia
25, 45
Nubians
44
nurses/nursing
90, 91, 93, 95, 96
freed slave girls as nurses
55–56
training of nurses
90, 93, 99
see also Biørn, Bodil
Nye, Joseph
17n78
Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (Palestine)
221
Ohio
51
Okkenhaug, Inger Marie
9, 84n73, 184, 239
Oliver, Daniel and Emily (Quaker couple)
187
Onésime, Brother
29
Ora (Jewish refugee)
237
Orientalism
184, 192–193ill.
“Machine Age humanitarianism” and
190–197
Oromo (people, Ethiopia)
44
orphanages
23–24
in Algeria
138–139, 143
in Anatolia
67–73, 96, 97, 102, 105ill.
in Armenia
68, 69
in Bahçe
200–201
in Cilicia
201
in Egypt
24
in France
138, 143, 149
in Jerusalem
1, 237
in Lebanon
189
in Levant
202
orphans
23
Algerian
10, 138–139, 141, 142, 143–145, 149
Armenian
6, 67–73, 70–72ill., 91, 95, 99, 101–102, 105ill.
conversion of
68, 69, 73–74, 139, 141, 145
education of
99, 143
marriage
143n36, 144, 145
as missionaries
143
naturalization/citizenship of
141, 142, 144
as paid domestic servants
143, 144
upbringing/transformation of
69, 71, 72
see also model villages
The Orphan Scandal: Christian Missionaries and the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood
2–3
Orthodox Christians, conversion of
83, 210, 219
Orthodox Church of Finland
235n5
Orthodox communities
63, 84
conversion of
83, 210
see also Armenians/Armenian community
Oslo
90, 92, 95
Oslo peace process (1993)
255
Ottoman Empire
120, 184, 220
American missions/missionaries in
62–63, 62n7, 160
Anglican missions/missionaries in
111
expulsion and persecution of Christians
5, 110
female missionaries in
9
funding of missionary activities
29–30
health system
100
reception of missionary work
98, 104, 155, 185
medical/health work
81, 96, 99
schools/educational projects
102–103, 211–212, 214–215
relation with Germany
98
slavery in
42, 45, 47
state vs. missionary schools
102–103, 214–215
tanzimat reforms
211–212, 215
Ottoman Turkish language
102
Ouahes, Idir
10
Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows (congregation founded by Fr. Fiorovich)
25–26
Our Smallest Ally (post-war pamphlet, William Ainger Wigram)
110, 116
Œuvre des Écoles d’ Orient (Society of Eastern Schools)
30, 31, 32
Pacific
133
Paderborn (Germany)
32
Pailloux, Fr.
34
Pakistan
250
Palestine
220
American missions/humanitarian work in
190, 191, 259, 261
biblical geography of
120
British missions/missionaries in
4n11, 6, 234, 236, 238, 240, 243
Catholic missions/missionaries in
8, 12, 259, 261
Finnish missions/missionaries in
233–244
Jewish immigration and settlements/annexations
233, 240, 242, 253
missionary hospitals
25
partition of
233, 242, 253
reception of missionary work/organizations
5, 11, 226
refugee camps
253
Scandinavian missions/missionaries in
236
Scottish Presbyterian missions/missionaries in
11, 209, 210, 213, 226, 238
in Interwar Period
219–225
medical missions in
216–219
schools
211–215
Swedish missions/missionaries in
6, 238
see also Israel; Palestine War
Palestine Riots (1929)
223
Palestine War (War of Independence/Nakba, 1947–1949)
1, 7, 11, 12, 227, 241, 245, 253, 258, 259, 261, 263
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
253
Palestinian refugees (Jerusalem)
1, 12, 253
archival material on
255–262, 268n45
in casa nova
260–261, 263–269
migration of
253
opposing narratives in historiographies
254
right to return
253
secular vs. Christian humanitarian aid
257–258, 257–258n11
see also Arab refugees; Jewish refugees
Palestinians, exodus/migration of
23, 253–254
Panfil, Dr
114
Pari Mutuel horse races
169
Paris, archdiocese of
259
paternalism
139
Paterson, Dr Alexander
221, 225
patriotism
243, 249
see also nationalism
Paulmann, Johannes
4, 185–186
Pearce, Richard M.
163, 166, 167–168, 172, 173, 176
Pedersen, Susan
197
Peel Commission Report
224
Peking Union Medical College
176
Pennsylvania
51, 187
persecution
of Armenians
5, 6n23, 8, 12, 68, 94–95, 220
of Jews
226–227
Persia/Iran
111
Anglican missions/missionaries
111–113
Russian Orthodox missions/missionaries
111, 113
see also Assyrians/Assyrian community
personal hygiene
73–74, 80, 81–82, 84
see also “Christian” civilization
Petsamo (Finland)
250
philanthropy
171–173
see also Rockefeller Foundation
Philippines, American humanitarian work in
195, 198, 199
photographic representation/description of missionary work
8, 9, 62, 65, 92
before-and-after photographs
62, 65–67, 68, 69–72, 70–72ill., 75–77, 75–76ill.
of orphans
67, 70–72ill., 105ill.
role classification and conceptualization of “other” peoples
79ill., 83–84, 106ill.
see also “Christian” civilization
pilgrims
hosting of pilgrims
261, 262–263, 262n20, 267, 268n45
smuggling of slaves by
47–48, 49–50
Pirotte, Jean
151
Pittsburg-Post Gazette
194
Pius XII (pope, 1939–1958)
258, 258n13, 267
Pius XI (pope, 1922–1939)
259
PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)
253
PMP see Pontifical Mission for Palestine
Polish refugees (Palestine)
264, 264n25, 266, 268, 268n46
political interests/tensions
5
agenda dependency
173–174, 177–178, 179
humanitarian activities and
197–199
imperial and colonial missionary involvement
3, 123, 125, 126, 155
missionary activities and
5
Algeria
133–134, 135, 136, 137, 139–140
Rockefeller Foundation
164–166, 177, 200
Syria/Lebanon
185
state subsidies
169–171
see also donor dependency; reception of missionary work
political neutrality, of Finnish and Scandinavian missions
233–234
politicization, of humanitarian work
200–203, 204
polyclinics see hospitals/health institutions
Pontifical Mission for Palestine (PMP)
259, 260, 268, 269n48
archives
258, 259
poor people
charitable activities for
23, 24
distribution of food to
25, 32, 33ill.
Port Suez
45, 47
postcards, for fundraising
32, 65n9
Powell, Eve Troutt
41, 43
Presbyterian missionaries/missions see American (Presbyterian) missions/missionaries and humanitarian work; Scottish Presbyterian missionaries/missions
Pressly Memorial Institute (Asyut)
52
prisoners
23, 25
Proschaska, David
65n9
proselytism see conversion
prostitutes
23, 48
Protestant missionaries/missions
4, 5, 7, 34, 111
auxiliary mission work
158, 160–161
competition with Catholic missionaries/missions
159, 165
education
101, 159
equality of men and women in mission ideology
92, 103
funding of
27
medical work
159
religious vs. secular goals
158, 159, 160–161
see also American (Presbyterian) missions/missionaries and humanitarian work; Finnish missionaries/missions; Scandinavian missionaries/missions; Scottish Presbyterian missions/missionaries
Prudhomme, Claude
21
public relations
63–65, 171
see also photographic representation/description
Qodshanis (Hakkari Mountains)
112
Quakers
24, 187, 257
racial thinking
244
by American missionaries/missions
125
by Anglican missionaries/missions
122–123, 125
by French missionaries
134, 149
see also American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
racism
220
Rafael (Jewish refugee)
237
Raffety, Edward
191
Rais al-Tin Palace (Alexandria)
65n11
Ramle (Israel)
262
reception of missionary work
5, 81, 92, 96, 97–98, 102–103, 104, 214–215, 234, 238
recruitment of missionaries
161, 174–176, 177
Red Cross see American Red Cross; International Committee of the Red Cross
Red Sea
41, 45
“Red Sea waifs” (slave girls intercepted on the Red Sea)
45
Reds (Finnish left-wing fighters)
250
Reeves-Ellington, Barbara
3
refugee camps
British/Anglican (Baquba)
110, 113, 114
Palestine
253
refugees
Arab
11–12, 248, 249
Armenian
6, 168, 187–188, 196–197, 203
Assyrian
110, 117
in Beirut
162
in Istanbul
162
Jewish
11–12, 236–237, 238, 249
medical assistance to
10
Polish
264, 264n25, 266, 268, 268n46
Russian
168
see also Palestinian refugees (Jerusalem)
relief work
8, 12, 68, 95, 225
budget/expenditure
161
emergency relief
5, 9, 68, 91, 210, 221–224, 227
faith-based vs. modern
6
see also humanitarian actions/work
religion
older/outdated forms of religion/“fossilized” Church
121, 123–124, 126
role in establishment of humanitarianism/missions
10, 21
religious congregations, charitable activities by
23
religious freedom
175, 176, 177, 179
religious law see Mosaic law; Shariʾa
Renton, James
244
Reynods, Rev. G.C.
75, 75n49
RF see Rockefeller Foundation
rhetoric, of missionaries
8
Rioli, Maria Chiara
11, 12
rites and ceremonies, old/outdated preserved
121, 123
Robert College (Istanbul)
156, 160, 166
see also Near East Colleges Association
Rockefeller Foundation (RF)
10
in China
157, 163, 171, 176, 177
consideration of political circumstances/politicization
164–166, 177, 200
cooperation
with Near East Colleges (Association)
156–158, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 171–176, 177–178, 179
with political authorities
165, 178
focus on relief and social engineering/higher education
163, 167–168
missionary recruitment policy
174–176, 177
promotion of religious freedom
177, 179
see also American University of Beirut
Rockefeller, John D.
162
Rock, Peter
263n23
Roman Catholic Church see Catholic Church
Roman Catholic missions/missionaries see Catholic missions/missionaries
Rome
137, 258, 261
Romema (neighbourhood, Jerusalem)
265, 271–272tab.
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
198
Rouse, Ruth
118n22
Roussel, Louis (French abbot)
138
Royal Army Medical Corps
221
Royaume Arabe
133, 135, 138
rural development
161, 164, 178, 213, 224, 225, 242
Russe, Joseph le
265
Russian (Orthodox) missions/missionaries
111
in Persia
111, 113
Russian refugees
168
Russia/Soviet Union
197
Finland and
235, 235n4, 238, 238n13, 246, 248, 249
population transfers
250
Jews in
235
Kurdistan and
110
Russo-Finnish War (Winter War, 1939–1940)
248
Saaïdia, O.
146
Saarisalo, Rev. Aapeli
235–236
Sabbah, Michel (Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, 1987–2008)
260
Sabogg, Hana
189
Safad (Palestine)
211, 219n44, 223
medical missions in
211, 216
Sahara
137
Saʿid of Egypt (Mohamed Saʿid Pasha, Governor of Egypt, r. 1854–1863)
46–47
St Andrews Memorial Church (Jerusalem)
226
St Cyprien (model village, Algeria)
144, 148, 150
Saint-Joseph University (Jesuits, Beirut)
Faculty of Medicine
33
funding of
28, 30, 33–34, 35
St Mary’s Home and School (Jerusalem)
239
Ste Monique (model village, Algeria)
144
St Saviour’s Convent (Jerusalem)
262, 267
see also casa nova (Jerusalem)
Salem, Célestin (teacher)
149
Salesians of Don Bosco
24
Salisbury
114
Salla (Finland)
250
Salt (Jordan)
266
Salvatici, Silvia
3n10
Sand, Shlomo
242
sanitation
focus on
73, 74, 75, 81
see also “Christian” civilization
Sargon (Assyrian Mesopotamian king)
121, 121n35
Scandinavia, women’s mission’s organizations
95
Scandinavian missions/missionaries
96, 101
in Anatolia
84n73, 90–91, 92, 94, 98, 105ill., 107ill.
for Armenians
5, 6, 9, 90, 92–93, 95, 97–103
in Persia
111
see also Biørn, Bodil; Finnish missions/missionaries; KVA; Nordic missions/missionaries; Norwegian missions/missionaries; Swedish missions/missionaries
Schaefer, Lieutenant-Colonel (Director of Slave Department)
47–48
School for Midwives (Egypt)
55, 56
schools (missionary)
in Aleppo
188, 215
American
188, 198–199
in Anatolia
99, 101–102
British/Anglican
50, 113, 114, 212n15, 213n24, 239, 242
in Cilicia
201
curricula
24–25, 53, 102, 102n45, 213–214, 246
in Damascus
24–25, 194
Finnish
237, 238
for freed slaves/slave children (Cairo)
8, 41, 43, 44–45, 47, 50, 52–54, 58
French
143, 145
funding
28–29
tuition fees
24, 27, 28, 30, 161, 167
German
99, 101–102
girls schools
101, 102, 103, 104, 107ill., 193–194
government vs. missionary
102–103, 214–215
home schools
237, 238
in Jerusalem
215, 239, 240, 241
Jesuit
28–29, 32, 166
language of instruction/language training
212, 238, 239, 245, 246
in Lebanon
187, 215
in Palestine/Israel
211–215, 223, 239, 240, 241, 245, 250–251
Scottish Presbyterian
211–215, 223, 224, 225
students as best practices
76–77
in Tripoli
193–194
Zionist
222
see also colleges (missionary); medical education/schools
Scotch Free Church mission
54
Scots College (Safad)
223, 224, 225
Scottish Presbyterian missions/missionaries
after World War II
227
competition with Zionists
221–223, 225, 226, 227
cooperation with British Mandate government
226
educational projects/schools/colleges
211–215, 223, 224, 225
emergency relief work
210, 221–224, 227
funding of/fundraising
222–223, 224
hospitals
221
in Interwar period
209, 219–225
medical missions/projects
11, 211, 216–219, 222
in Palestine
11, 209, 210, 211, 238
in Syria
210
Scott-Moncrieff, Colonel
49
Second Empire see Algeria
Second Vatican Council
257–258n11
secularization of missionary activities/organizations
6, 10, 21–22, 23, 156–157, 158, 159, 160–161, 163–164, 167, 174–175, 177
Sedra, Paul
3
self-supportiveness of missionary organizations
159, 167, 172, 173, 178
Semele massacre (1933)
117
Semple, Rev. Samuel Hanna
223
Senegal
141
The Separation of the Monophysites (William Ainger Wigram)
116
Service des Rapatriements et de l’ Assistance
200
Shalhevetyah Christian School for Jewish Children (Jerusalem)
241, 245, 250–251
Shariʾa (Islamic law)
141, 149
civil law vs.
141, 149
slavery and
46, 47
Sharkey, Heather
51
Shedd, Mary Lewis
111n1
sick people
charitable activities for
23
evangelization vs. caring
25
Sidon (Lebanon)
190
silk mills/cultivation
25, 26, 28
Sinai Peninsula
253
Six-Day War (Arab-Israeli War, 1967)
250, 253
slave girls
41
average age of
43–44
naming of
46
origins of
44
price of
47
religious identity/conversion of
46
singing and dancing by
44
see also freed slave girls
slavery/slave trade
41–42, 135
abolitionists
46, 47, 48, 51, 183n1
America
47, 51
Egypt
41–42, 43, 46, 47, 58
end of
8, 41, 42–43, 45, 46–47, 47
Mecca
47
Shariʾa and
46, 47
slave caravans
41, 51
smuggling of slaves
45, 47–48, 49–50
Zanzibar
135
slaves
Abyssinian and Sudanese
47, 48
manumission papers
47, 48
memoirs of
41
relationship with slavers
41
see also freed slave girls; freed slaves
Småberg, Maria
226, 242
Smith, Margaret
24
social change see “Christian” civilization
social and cultural conversion see “Christian” civilization
Societé des Missionaires d’ Afrique (White Fathers, Charles Lavigerie)
134, 135, 137, 139, 148, 149
Society of Eastern Schools (Œvre des Écoles d’ Orient)
30, 31, 32
Society of the Immaculate Conception (Vienna)
32
Society of Jesus
funding of missionary activities
27
see also Jesuit missions/missionaries
Soros, George
155
Sœurs de Saint-Joseph de l’ Apparition
25
Souq Al-Gharb (Lebanon)
187
South Arabia
210
South Asia
158
Southwest Africa
235
Soviet Union see Russia/Soviet Union
SPC see Syrian Protestant College
Spellman, Francis (Archbishop of New York, 1939–1967)
261
Spiritans
137
SPRF (Syrian and Palestine Relief Fund)
220, 221
Stamatov, Peter
183n1
Standard Oil
202
state schools, missionary schools vs.
102–103, 214–215
state subsidies
169–171
Staub, Albert
170–171
Steele, Thomas (missionary)
219n44
Stenius, Elna (independent missionary)
239–240
stereotyping of beneficiaries
191–192, 192–193ill.
see also American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions; Orientalism
Stockdale, Nancy
212
Stoever, Edward R.
200
student homes (Jerusalem)
11
Sub-Saharan Africa
133, 137
model villages
150
subsidies, state
169–171
Sudan/Sudanese
25, 27, 43, 44, 46, 133n2
see also freed slave girls
Suomen Lähetyssanomia (magazine, FELM)
245, 246
Surma (sister of Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin)
113
Susan (slave girl)
44, 45, 46, 50, 53
Sweden
91
Finland and
248
Swedish Jerusalem Church
256
Swedish Jerusalem Society
240
Swedish missions/missionaries (Palestine)
4n11, 6, 238, 240
Swedish School for Arab Children (Jerusalem)
240, 241
Swiss missions/missionaries
5
Syria
8, 22, 25, 220, 244
American humanitarian activities in
10–11, 165, 184, 185, 186, 191, 197, 199, 200–203, 204
Assyrians in
113, 126
famine
161
Jesuit missions/missionaries in
27
medical education in
163, 166
opposition against French Mandatory Power
165, 169
Scottish Presbyterian missions/missionaries in
210
see also American University of Beirut
Syriac Orthodox Church
116
Syriacs/Syriac Orthodox community
63, 112
Syrian Catholic community
112
Syrian Civil War (1860)
1, 8, 12, 23, 29
Syrian Orphanage (Jerusalem)
1
Syrian Protestant College (SPC, Beirut)
82, 218
funding of
30, 156, 162
student strike (1909)
175
see also American University of Beirut; Near East Colleges Association
Syrian Protestant Institute (Homs)
193
Syria and Palestine Relief Fund (SPRF)
220, 221
Tabeetha School (Jaffa)
211, 223, 224
Taithe, Bertrand
10
Talbieh (neighbourhood, Jerusalem)
266, 272tab.
Tanta (Egypt)
55
tanzimat reforms (Ottoman Empire)
211–212, 215
technocratization, of missionary/humanitarian organizations
184, 195
Testa, Gustavo (Patriarchal regent and Apostolic Delegate)
258
Third Republic see Algeria
Thompson, Anna
44, 52–53, 54, 57
Thompson, Elizabeth
103
Tiberias (Palestine)
213n20, 218, 219n44, 223, 224
medical missions in
211, 216
missionary schools
211, 215
Tiquet, Père
148
Toledano, Ehud
41, 43
Torrance, Dr David
216, 217–218, 217n39–40, 225
transformation of converts
locals/villagers
75–77, 75–77ill.
orphans
69, 71, 72
see also “Christian” civilization; Orientalism
transnational cooperation/mission work
95–96, 99
Treaty of Amity and Commerce (Lausanne, 1923)
170–171
tribes, conversion of
145
Trinity Hall (Cambridge)
114
Tripoli
190
schools
193–194
silk mill
25
Trongue (slave girl)
48
Tucker, Judith
42
tuition fees
24, 27, 28, 30, 161, 167
Tulkoon valtakuntasi (Christmas magazine, FELM)
241
Tunisia
135
Turin, Yvonne
146
Turkey, Ottoman
110, 120
Scandinavian missions/missionaries in see Anatolia
see also Ottoman Empire
Turkey, Republic of
177, 184, 198, 220
American missions/missionaries in
171, 190
non-Muslims in
175
population transfers with Greece
250
reception of missionary work
155, 165, 171
Turkish language
102
Turks (Anatolia)
93, 99
Turku (Finland)
235n4
Tylor, Edward Burnett
119, 121n34, 122, 123–124
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees)
227
United Free Church of Scotland
11, 211, 220, 222, 223, 225
see also Church of Scotland; Scottish Presbyterian missions/missionaries
United Nations
7, 227, 253
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
227
United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (UN Resolution 181-II-)
253, 258
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
7, 227, 253, 256
archives
257
United Presbyterian Church of North America (UPCNA)
51
United States
116
American foreign rule vs. British/French colonial rule
195
end of slavery
47
French Mandate vs.
199, 200–203, 204
funding of missionary and humanitarian work
22, 27, 30, 31, 169, 170–171
migration to
114, 126
political involvement in mandatory territories
10, 170–171, 197–199
universities
Jesuit
28–29
see also American University of Beirut
University of Helsinki
235
UNRWA see United Nations Relief and Works Agency
unskilled workers
101
charitable activities for
23, 25–26
UPCNA (United Presbyterian Church of North America)
51
Urfa (Anatolia)
200
orphanage
69, 71
Urmia (region, Persia)
111–112, 113, 115
US Grain Corporation
189
Valerga, Giuseppe
263
Van (region, Anatolia)
75, 113, 114
Vatican
7
Vatican Apostolic Archives
13, 258, 258n13
Verdeil, Chantal
8
Vergani, Antonio (Patriarchal Vicar for Galilee)
256n7
Vester, Bertha Spafford
241
Vickery, Charles
196
villagers
transformation of
75–77, 75–77ill.
see also “Christian” civilization
villages of colonization see model villages
Vincent, George E.
163, 166, 173
violent nationalism
242
visual representation of missionary work see photographic representation/description
Vital, Dr (protégé of Lavigerie)
141–142
Wahba, Ali Pasha (slave trader)
50
Walker-Arnott, Jane
212
Walls, Andrew
216
waqf (Islamic charity)
183–184
war, mission work during times of
5, 7
Ward, Charlotte Allen
187
Ward, Edwin St John
187
War of Independence see Palestine War
Watenpaugh, Keith David
6, 184, 185, 186, 197–198
Wattignies (model village, Algeria)
147
Welsch, Herbert
187
Wesley, J.
91n3
West Bank
253
Western Turkey Mission (ABCFM)
62
White Fathers (Societé des Missionaires d’ Afrique, Charles Lavigerie)
134, 135, 137, 139, 148, 149
WHO (World Health Organization)
227
Wigram, Edgar T.A.
115–116
Wigram, Rev. William Ainger
9, 110
ecumenical thinking of
115, 116, 117, 125–126
on “fossilized” Church concept
121, 123–124, 126
life
114
racial/ethno-religious thinking of
122–123, 125
wartime incarceration
114, 116–117n15
works
110, 114–117
see also [The] Cradle of Mankind
Williams, Peter
218
Wilson, Woodrow
170, 198
Winter War (Russo-Finnish War, 1939–1940)
248
Wise, Stephen
187
women
clothing and hair style
77–80, 79ill., 106ill.
conversion of
79, 92
education of
101, 220
equality of men and
93, 103, 220
modernization of
220
spiritual equality of men and
92
see also female missionaries
Women Mission Workers see KMA
Women’s Jewish Mission Committee (Church of Scotland)
211, 223, 224
Women’s Missionary Magazine
53, 56
women’s mission organizations
91n4, 95, 190, 211, 223, 224
see also KMA
workers, charitable activities for
23, 25–26
World Health Organization (WHO)
227
World Missionary Conference (Edinburgh, 1910)
2, 209
World War I
transformation of missionary work during
5, 6
see also Interwar period
World War II
development of global humanitarianism after
7, 12, 227
see also Interwar period
Yale, William
202
Yemen
210
Yezidis
65, 118
Yishuv (Jewish settlement, Palestine)
233
YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association)
189–190, 201
Yohannan, Abraham
113
Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA)
189–190
Young Turk Revolution (1908)
102n45
Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA)
190
YWCA (Young Women’s Christian Association)
190
Zahlé (Lebanon)
20, 200, 200n71
Zanzibar
135
Zionism/Zionists
221, 227, 242, 249
competition with missionaries
221–223, 225, 226
schools and hospitals
222
Zionist-Arab war see Palestine War