Note on Transliteration
In this book, we follow the Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān transliteration system for Arabic, and the International Journal of Middle East Studies transliteration system for Ottoman Turkish. Names and terms that are common to both languages have been transliterated according to either system, depending on the context.
Geographic designations are not transliterated. Names of well-known groups are not transliterated (such as Hanafi, Kızılbaş, Naqshbandi, Sunnis) or are rendered in simplified transliteration (such as Shi‘ites, Mu‘tazilites, ‘Alids). Terms that are commonly known are given in their English form (for instance, Sunni, kadi, mufti, sharia, madrasa) and the more technical terms among them are italicized (for instance, masjid, waqf, tariqa).