Author:
Alfredo Saad-Filho
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Index

Abderrezak 90
Abdih 99
abortion 262 , 295 , 331 , 334
Abrahamsson 139 , 144–45
absenteeism 156 , 158 , 160
absolute poverty 14 , 18 , 48 , 53 , 61 , 216 , 253 , 382
academia 44 , 60 , 174
academics 214 , 344–45
access universities 366
accounts 75 , 80 , 121 , 159–60 , 209 , 212 , 214 , 276 , 278 , 364 , 367 , 370
external 257 , 270
financial 28 , 30
foreign currency bank 31
index-linked 212–13
interest-bearing 212
accumulation 1 , 3 , 132–33 , 149 , 152 , 156 , 203–4 , 206 , 286 , 288–89 , 370 , 372–76 , 378
domestic 81 , 372
financial 187
fuelled 156
global 84–85 , 230
important levers of 234 , 245
intensive 161
internal 148
mode of 165–66
national 230
neoliberal system of 134 , 388
new mode of 166 , 182
patterns of 286 , 370
primitive socialist 149
process of 166 , 279 , 339 , 372
supporting rapid 85
system of 3 , 298
accumulation of financial capital 186
accumulation of foreign debt 30 , 133 , 191
accumulation strategy 132 , 165–66 , 168 , 183 , 194 , 198 , 343 , 373 , 386 , 388
activists 6 , 12 , 132 , 233 , 250 , 282 , 359 , 361 , 381
government’s 240
left 379
revolutionary 327
young 360
young left-wing 259
activist state policies 111 , 204
Adam 143 , 154–56 , 160–61
adb 75–77 , 82
adjustment with a human face 44
administration 6 , 222–23 , 237 , 240 , 242 , 246 , 251–52 , 266–67 , 269–70 , 279–80 , 321–22 , 324–28 , 330 , 355–56 , 363–65 , 378–81 , 383–86 , 388
Cardoso 379
centre-left 235
colonial 141
current 241
early 235
first 222 , 241 , 247 , 251 , 266 , 280 , 325 , 327 , 342 , 379–81
left-populist 360
nationalist 224
new 222–23 , 226 , 228–29 , 231 , 236 , 238
party’s 389
previous 236 , 267 , 363
pt’s 368
public 211 , 232 , 236 , 251 , 363
administrative probity 354
administrative tasks 144
administrators 155 , 160 , 225
senior 344
advanced economies 3 , 63 , 270 , 282 , 310 , 358 , 367 , 378 , 383
Africa 67 , 138
African countries 17 , 52 , 70 , 90
aggregate demand 21 , 101 , 176 , 255 , 324 , 380
Aglietta 165 , 201
Agosín 28 , 32
agrarian transition 139
agribusiness 238 , 279 , 317 , 331 , 339
agricultural output 140–41
agricultural policy 161
agricultural system 141
agriculture 14 , 27 , 29 , 46 , 53 , 79 , 116 , 139 , 141 , 143–44 , 167
collapse of 145 , 162
collectivisation of 139–41 , 143–44 , 147 , 160
development of 27 , 144
family 148 , 152 , 156 , 158–59 , 317 , 344
large-scale 324
peasant 141 , 147 , 159
small-scale 19 , 27 , 29 , 41
socialist 161
Agroceres 181
Ahmed 36
aid agencies 17
airports 21 , 53 , 268 , 334 , 345
country’s 367
empty 72
largest 268
planned 72
Akyüz 70–71 , 73 , 75 , 83 , 85 , 328
Albo 321
Alcantara rocket launch base 367
Alexeev 90–91
Algeria 94 , 96
alliances 223 , 226 , 229–30 , 242 , 246 , 271 , 277 , 317 , 322 , 325–26 , 337 , 360 , 365
broad 360
broad right-wing 357
centre-left 229
current 365
developmentalist 352
forged relatively stable 359
important 343
large 364
loser’s 223 , 242
new 365
preferential 348
robust 344
ruling 360
shifting 333
strategic 181 , 223 , 231
worker-peasant 149
Almeida 174
Almeida Jr 185 , 217
Almeida Reis 183
Aloysio Biondi 195
Alstom 354
Alves Jr 231
Amadeo 174 , 207–8 , 214
Amado 377
Amann 233
Amaral 141 , 143 , 364
Amazon rainforest 367
Ambev 253
amnesty 361
Amsden 15 , 19 , 28 , 79 , 84
Anderson 168
Andrade 174 , 199
Angola 94–95
animal husbandry 141
Antunes 277 , 299
Arestis 21 , 27 , 168–70 , 217 , 233 , 379
Argentina 17 , 71 , 113–14 , 130 , 133–37 , 165 , 178 , 215 , 239 , 309 , 337
neighbouring 218 , 226 , 261
Argentine Asignación Universal 302 , 308–09
Argentine convertibility programme 134
Arida 209 , 214
Armenia 17
Armínio Fraga 196
Arno 181
Asia 67 , 77 , 138 , 354
Asian countries 27
Asian crisis 178 , 220
Asian export processing zones 25
Asian imports 351
asset bubbles 32
asset gains 213
assets 29 , 36 , 39 , 41 , 45 , 185 , 188 , 231–32 , 234 , 364 , 371
domestic 193
financial 30 , 108–9 , 205 , 208 , 234 , 280–81 , 288
foreign 254
private 185
real 81
reserve 210
strategic 170
asset transfers 59
Athukorala 75
Atlantic Ocean 325
Attorney General’s Office 348 , 352–53 , 384
austerity 328 , 357 , 375
Australia 27 , 51
Austria 27
authoritarian 287 , 345–46 , 365 , 368–69 , 386
authoritarianism 43 , 88 , 287 , 334 , 388
civilian 346–47
left-wing 332 , 365
political 289 , 375
authoritarian regimes 94
authoritarian rule 94
automobile assembly 112 , 131
automobile dealerships 341
automobile registrations, new 268
automobiles 126 , 136 , 171–72 , 182 , 268 , 341 , 351 , 366
automobile use 334
autonomous changes 82
Auty 88–89
Auxílio Gás 303
Avenida Paulista 260 , 295
Ayers 294 , 375
Azerbaijan 94–95
Bacha 174 , 176–77 , 185 , 200 , 214
Baer 206 , 233
Bahrain 94–95
balance 16 , 23–24 , 27 , 30 , 42–43 , 102 , 106–7 , 109 , 135–36 , 169 , 172–73 , 179 , 192–93 , 197–98 , 232–33 , 238 , 244–45 , 249 , 373 , 379–80
budget 136
cash 186
centre’s 118
convenient 366
country’s 364
external 104
persistent 131
precarious 103
relaxed 380
balance of payments and fiscal constraints 330
balance of payments fragility 245
balance of payments management 105
balance sheet 166 , 179
Balbinotto Neto 208
Baltar 170 , 181–83 , 301 , 312 , 315
Bamerindus 181
Ban 371
Banco Central 171 , 179 , 212 , 235 , 237
Banco Nacional 231 , 324
bank cards 34 , 304
bank deposits 185 , 201 , 215
bank profits 195
banking system 72 , 179 , 201–02 , 204 , 218
bank reserve requirements 108
bankruptcies 26 , 103 , 151 , 210 , 217 , 224 , 335
political 227
banks 41 , 43 , 45 , 51–52 , 58–59 , 106 , 108 , 184–85 , 212–13 , 232 , 279 , 338 , 341 , 349–51
domestic 233 , 341
foreign 185 , 227
international 340
largest 185 , 231
largest development 280 , 349
local 30
local government-owned 185
state development 231 , 242
state-owned 131 , 211 , 230 , 234 , 254–55 , 270 , 383
trashed 264
Bannon 90
Baran 123 , 126
Barber 43
Barbosa 208 , 213 , 252 , 383
Barbosa and Souza 251–52 , 255 , 381
Barder 103 , 106 , 108
Barker 296
Barkin 200 , 206 , 218–19
Barros 67 , 183 , 185 , 217 , 305 , 312
Barrow 339
base
government’s 329
mixed class 272 , 296
mobilised 389
parliamentary 246 , 384
party’s 322
personal 327
political 270 , 318 , 329 , 385
real productive 159
reliable 344
started reducing 383
traditional 281
base communities 224
base rates 216 , 236–237 , 383
basic income programme, universal 308
basic income programmes 303
basic inputs 249
Basle rules 232
Bastos 313 , 315 , 385
Baulch 11 , 60
Bayliss 69
Bellamy Foster 72 , 76
Belluzzo 385
Belo Horizonte 237
benefits 14–15 , 19–20 , 32–33 , 49–50 , 87–88 , 117–18 , 146 , 280 , 282–83 , 287 , 298 , 304–5 , 307–8 , 325–26 , 332–33
down 39
included 305
maximum 309
multiple 78
overlapping 307
potential 87
promised 35
significant 32
variable 304
Benjamin 359
Beppe Grillo 335
Bergsten 82
Berlusconi 335
Bernstein 141
Berringer 349
Besley and Cord 48 , 51–54 , 59
Bhattacharyya 89
Bianchi 359 , 361 , 378
Bielschowsky 116
Bigsten 41 , 44 , 49
Bird 17
Birdsall 49 , 303
Bleaney 125
bndes 167 , 231 , 242 , 244 , 255 , 280 , 324 , 328 , 332–333 , 335 , 349 , 383
Boddy 200
Boeing 367
Boffo 357–58 , 368
Boianovsky 88
Boito 267 , 278 , 283–85 , 321–23 , 325 , 338–39 , 345 , 349 , 352 , 359 , 370
Bolivarianism 332 , 365
Bolivia 133–34 , 136–37 , 350 , 355
Bolivian workers 264
Bolsa Alimentação 303
Bolsa Escola 303
Bolsa Família 265 , 280 , 302 , 304 , 325
Bolsa Família Programme 252 , 298
Bolsa Verde 307
Bolsonaro 356–57 , 367–368 , 387
Bonelli 182–83 , 208
Borges Neto 227
Botswana 59
Bourdieu 324 , 352
bourgeois class rule 336
bourgeois fractions 341 , 347 , 349
bourgeoisie 275 , 278–79 , 281 , 288–91 , 295 , 321–22 , 326 , 332–33 , 338–44 , 346 , 348 , 351 , 354–55
domestic 360
financial 329 , 380
industrial 127 , 146
international 326 , 333–35
internationalised 354
large 339 , 346
local 121
modernising 125
petty 288
traditional 267
urban 121
bourgeois rule 296
Bovespa index 238
Bowen 143 , 155
Bowman 14 , 49
Boyer 165
bp 175 , 179 , 193
bpc 306 , 311
Bracking 13
Bradesco 330 , 385
Brady Plan 378
Braga 359 , 361
Bragança 145
Brahmbhatt 82
Branford 359 , 361–62
Brasil Carinhoso 305
Brasília 224 , 228 , 266 , 274 , 303 , 345 , 353
Brazil 1 , 5–7 , 134–37 , 171–80 , 182–87 , 189–99 , 205–7 , 211–22 , 224–28 , 233–35 , 240–48 , 256–63 , 267–75 , 279–81 , 287–99 , 312–15 , 317–23 , 325–33 , 335–39 , 351–55 , 366–70
neoliberalism in 370–71 , 373 , 375 , 377 , 379 , 381 , 383 , 385 , 387–89
neomonetarism in 168 , 170
Brazilian 167–69 , 171 , 183–85 , 222–23 , 230–31 , 234 , 240–41 , 245–46 , 254 , 270 , 298–99 , 331–33 , 339 , 359–61 , 364–65 , 367–69
Brazilian democracy 267 , 294 , 333 , 346 , 369
Breman 286
Bremmer 64 , 72
Brenner 124 , 371
Bresser-Pereira 200 , 207 , 209 , 212233 , 248–49 , 376 , 378
Bretton Woods system 127 , 132
brics 63 , 74 , 326
Britain 24
Brunei 94–95
Brunhoff 201–3 , 205
Brunnschwei 90
Bruton 119 , 206
budgets 152 , 303 , 310
federal 192 , 211 , 269
fiscal 380
participatory 313
stretched 54
Buenos Aires 113
Bugiato 349
Buira 16–17
Buiter 64 , 70 , 80
Bulmer-Thomas 113–14 , 188
Burdekin 200
Burkett 200
bus fares 32
Bush 13
business associations 260
Byres 128
Cabo Delgado 153 , 160
Cacciamali 208
Cadastro Único 305 , 307
Cahen 144–45 , 153 , 159
Caixa Econômica Federal 231 , 244 , 304–05 , 348
Calvo 20 , 170 , 188 , 209 , 239
Câmara 299 , 301
Camargo 170 , 181–83 , 207 , 304
Cambodia 77 , 88
Cameroon 94–96
campaign finance 362
campaign funds 228
Campbell 296
Campello 304–5 , 307
Campinas 303
Canada 94 , 126
Cano 183
capital 4 , 28 , 30 , 42 , 65–66 , 77–78 , 135–36 , 138 , 286 , 363 , 371–77 , 380 , 383–84 , 387
ae 76
agrarian 329
banking 341
circuit of 200 , 202
competing 377
concentration and centralisation of 123 , 125–26 , 217 , 232
country import 177
fictitious 279 , 357
financialised 375
human 53 , 90 , 302
imported 77
industrial 126 , 186 , 218 , 372
integrated manufacturing 340
interest-bearing 279 , 374
internationally-integrated manufacturing 279
landed 207
large 267–68 , 270 , 365
large-scale commercial 279
low 183
medium-sized internal 374
monopoly 125–26
new 353
physical 72
portfolio 166 , 217 , 238
private 371
reassure 377
state-owned 138 , 230
transnational 165
variable 286
working 211
capital account liberalisation 30 , 42 , 54 , 134 , 136 , 166 , 169 , 217–18
capital accounts 29–30 , 106 , 136 , 166 , 173–74 , 191 , 213–14 , 226 , 232–33 , 244 , 247 , 254 , 257
capital accumulation 4 , 40 , 113 , 165 , 203 , 206 , 212 , 357
domestically-centered 282
domestically-financed 42
rapid 79 , 175
capital controls 30–32 , 54 , 109 , 245 , 249 , 327 , 341
capital flight 2 , 16 , 23–24 , 30 , 124 , 132–33 , 169–70 , 178 , 192 , 212 , 255
capital flows 28 , 30 , 66 , 69 , 73 , 99 , 106 , 215 , 220 , 226 , 276 , 280 , 388
international 4 , 23 , 35 , 171 , 178 , 215 , 279 , 282 , 340 , 376 , 378
liberalisation of 2
short-term 221
sustaining ae 73
unregulated 87
capital gains 23 , 195–96
capital goods 25 , 65 , 112 , 131 , 180 , 230 , 275 , 341
capital goods industry 167 , 196
capital inflows 28 , 73 , 170 , 174 , 196 , 218 , 220 , 380 , 383
foreign 136 , 171 , 176 , 184 , 215 , 220
insufficient 170
large 170
portfolio 28
required 137
short-term 255
steady 239
strong 179
substantial foreign 177
capitalisation 343
capitalism 2–3 , 111 , 122 , 124–25 , 146–47 , 256 , 288 , 340 , 344
advanced 40
commercial 123
contemporary 123
dependent 124
developed 257
financialised 43
global 74 , 373
mode of existence of 372 , 374
modern 123 , 125–26
popular 291
capitalist accumulation 128
primitive 149
capitalist economies 38 , 65 , 199 , 373
developed 123
capitalist enterprises 143
capitalists 123 , 126 , 224 , 278–79
domestic 127 , 363
foreign 240
industrial 128 , 201
large 287
medium-sised 341
monopoly 200
capitalist world-system 125
capital-labour ratio 74
capital outflows 80 , 137 , 170 , 178 , 188 , 191–2 , 215 , 270
Cappelen 103
Cardim de Carvalho 184–85 , 209 , 277
Cardoso administration 227 , 231 , 233 , 253 , 280 , 283 , 347 , 350
Cardoso’s party 236
Caribbean tax havens 235
Cartão Alimentação 304
Cartelier 201–3 , 205
Casal 150 , 152 , 159
cash crops 144
cashew 142 , 161
cash transfers 34 , 298 , 303 , 319 , 346
Castel-Branco 144 , 151 , 154 , 161
Castro 177 , 301 , 307 , 313 , 315
Catholic church 224 , 374
Catholic University 214
Catholic values 332 , 365
ccts 298 , 302–3 , 307–12 , 316–19
cea 143 , 150 , 153 , 155–61
Cecchini 305 , 317
Cecchini and Madariaga 302–3 , 308–9 , 311 , 313 , 317
Celso Furtado 115
Cena-Delgado 161
Central Bank 105–8 , 173 , 184–86 , 188 , 191–92 , 194–96 , 202–6 , 210 , 212 , 218 , 226–27 , 236–37 , 251 , 340–42 , 383
developing country 106
independent 47 , 57 , 228 , 358
Central Bank of Brazil 172 , 175 , 179 , 186–87 , 191 , 193 , 195 , 254 , 270
centralisation of capital 123 , 125–26 , 217 , 232
centralised systems 302
Cepal 115 , 119–21 , 124 , 128 , 131 , 188 , 216 , 220 , 249
cgd 51–54 , 59
Chad 88 , 94
Chamber of Deputies 334–35 , 346 , 348 , 386
Chami 99
Chang 15 , 28–32 , 44 , 77–78 , 84 , 168 , 217 , 378
Chattopadhyay 125
Chauí 278 , 288 , 344
Chavismo 337
Chen 48–49
Chenery, Hollis 41
Chicago Boy 367 , 387
Chile 20 , 31 , 36 , 43 , 113–15 , 133
China 19 , 22 , 44 , 48 , 52 , 58–59 , 63–64 , 69–73 , 75–78 , 80 , 82–85 , 240 , 328
China’s exports 75
China’s growth 72
China’s policies 80
Chinese 27 , 75
Chinese economy 76
Chinese growth 73
Chinese imports 75
Chinese models 40–41
Chinese policy-makers 73
Chowdhury 103 , 107
churches 262 , 289 , 334 , 346
evangelical 224 , 261 , 264
circuit 202 , 372 , 374
commodity 142
competing 375
global 378
productive 217
speculative 108
circulation 27 , 76 , 126 , 202–3 , 206 , 268
global 138
Citibank 64
citizens 12 , 54 , 266–7
citizenship 246 , 267 , 271 , 299–300 , 307 , 368 , 372
expansion of 267 , 271 , 294 , 311
rollback of 367 , 387
shared 323
social 329
citizenship initiatives 329
citizenship rights 366
civil servants 210 , 225 , 231–32 , 282 , 284–85 , 287 , 289 , 300 , 324 , 327 , 374
corrupt 332
lower-ranking 242 , 362
privileged 352
civil service 89 , 223 , 280–81 , 284 , 334 , 344–45 , 361–62 , 364–65
civil service trade unions 236
civil service wages 232
civil unrest 91
civil war in Mozambique 139
Clarke 339
class composition 140 , 322
class cultures 357
classes 92 , 140 , 146 , 149 , 278–79 , 281 , 283–84 , 288 , 295 , 333–34 , 367 , 372
broad working 278 , 281–82 , 287 , 289–91 , 294 , 326 , 331
capitalist 339 , 374
contemporary working 281
homogeneous 354
industrial working 281 , 325
informal working 325
large working 146 , 148
organised working 360
privileged 365
rearticulated working 5
rival 338
rural working 223
solvent domestic 116
squabbling 338
unskilled working 223
waged working 113
working 148–49 , 222 , 224–25 , 244 , 246 , 272 , 274–75 , 281–89 , 294–96 , 335–36 , 338 , 352 , 355 , 357–62
class forces 201
class fractions 338 , 342
class structures 99 , 275 , 374
country’s 278 , 296
realigned Brazil’s 278
clientelism 361
clientelistic 224
clients 56 , 59
Cling 60
coalition 223 , 225 , 229 , 251 , 322–23 , 364–65
broad centre-left 260
centrist 235
comfortable majority 241
unstable 229
coalition-building 362
coalition partners 323
Cockburn 241
Coelho 174 , 188 , 221 , 226
Cofap 181
coffee 91 , 113 , 121 , 171
Cofins 301
Coggiola 307 , 309
Cohan 83
Cohen 146
Cohn 301
Cold War 94 , 332 , 365
collar, blue 358 , 367
collective action 36 , 267 , 284
collective agriculture 139 , 141 , 144–45 , 147–48 , 151 , 154 , 160
collective bargaining 283
collectivisation 148–49
Collier 20 , 89–91
Collor administration 234
Collor Plan 198
Colombia 136 , 369
Colonial Agriculture 141
colonial era 123 , 127
colonialism 68 , 116 , 123 , 147–48
colonial monopsonies 142
Commander 262
commercial banks 108 , 203–4
state-owned 231 , 348
commercial credits 254
commodification 34 , 372 , 389
commodities 25 , 73 , 78 , 142–43 , 202–3 , 205–6 , 210 , 214 , 285 , 372
commodity booms 90 , 105
emerging global 237 , 363
global 312 , 324–25
commodity exporters 73 , 78 , 88
commodity prices 71 , 73 , 75 , 205 , 258 , 328 , 383
global 270
high 70 , 83
international 121
low 68
commodity supercycle 380
communal villages 140 , 144 , 150–54 , 158–59 , 161
communism 146
communist 325 , 367 , 387
Communist Party 359
comparative advantages 28 , 79 , 84
competition 4 , 28 , 34 , 45 , 92 , 118–19 , 123 , 180 , 249 , 373 , 375–76
foreign 20 , 134 , 170 , 182 , 377 , 384
free 168
intense 77
international 74 , 80
perfect 66 , 204
predatory 29
reduced 122
competitive advantages 28 , 43 , 107 , 324
dynamic 84
new 107
competitiveness 99–100 , 332
capitalist ethics of 289 , 344
external 194
international 42 , 168 , 249
competitivity 101 , 135 , 250 , 254 , 378 , 384
economic 187
economy’s 100
external 219
impaired 250
international 218 , 249
lost 100
secure export 249
comprador class 124
conditionalities 28 , 43 , 47–48 , 58–59 , 302 , 304–5 , 310 , 316
Confederations Cup 262
conflict inflation 200–201 , 203 , 206–07
Congo Brazzaville 94–95
Congress 144 , 225–26 , 229 , 235–36 , 241 , 245 , 271 , 273 , 323–24 , 346–48 , 356 , 360 , 385
bills in 264 , 353
conservative 330
right-wing 384
Conrad 90–91
Considera 176 , 207
Constitution 6 , 253 , 300–301 , 318 , 322 , 329 , 363 , 369 , 371 , 382 , 386–87
constitutional amendment 236 , 262 , 386
constitutional entitlements 311
constitutional order 243
constitutional prerogatives 346
constitutional protections 301
constitutional reforms 274
constraints 4 , 13 , 23 , 28 , 54–56 , 59 , 370 , 372–74 , 376 , 380 , 388
artificial 16
binding 54–55
budgetary 328 , 343
domestic 245
economic 223 , 229 , 235
external 239 , 317
fiscal 330
global 64
ideological 308
important 15 , 23 , 37 , 54 , 110 , 205 , 245
international 110
construction companies 353
largest Brazilian 349
largest domestic 354
construction firms 335
construction industry 27 , 335
construction sector 354
consumer goods 156 , 178
basic 20
cheap 217
cheap imported 215
complex durable 112
desirable imported 219
durable 131 , 207 , 275
electronic 180
imported 135 , 213 , 226 , 287
manufactured 143
produced durable 230
scarce 156
consumer goods imports 121 , 178
consumerism 284 , 375
consumers 121 , 135–36 , 174 , 211
consumption 40 , 42–43 , 73 , 75 , 103 , 118 , 169–71 , 288–89 , 299 , 302 , 313 , 315 , 374 , 376–77
aggregate 307
domestic 42 , 116 , 124 , 187
essential 123 , 126
extra-regional 77
increased 103
mass 253 , 382
private 72 , 233
smooth 107
wasteful 6
consumption goods 88
imported 289
consumption growth 72
contractionary adjustment 385
contractionary impact 185 , 343
contractionary monetary policies 171 , 178 , 188 , 209 , 211 , 213 , 371 , 376
contractionary policies 32 , 174 , 209 , 212 , 215 , 383
convergence 38 , 44 , 64–67 , 69–72 , 74 , 77 , 83–85 , 253 , 272 , 335 , 368
absolute 66
drivers of 65 , 74
economic 44 , 63 , 68
generalised 64
incremental 55
international 38
long-term 64
recent 71
rhetorical 61
sustained 85
unconditional 66–67
convergence hypothesis 66
convergence literature 84
cooperatives 140 , 144–45 , 147 , 149–159 , 160–61
copper 91 , 113 , 121
Coraggio 302
Cord 48 , 51–54 , 59
Corden 101–2
Cornia 14 , 44 , 49 , 69 , 318
Corporate governance 47
Correa 324
corruption 32 , 34 , 41–42 , 44 , 88–89 , 92–94 , 262–63 , 265 , 268 , 270–71 , 292 , 331–34 , 353–54 , 361–63 , 386–87
encouraged 156
end 336
entrenched 271
fighting 386
generalised 385
personal 367
political 262
rampant 368
corruption charges 356
corruption scandals 237 , 251 , 328–29 , 385
lava jato 321
massive 330
Costa Rica 133 , 136
cotton 29 , 112 , 131 , 142
countries 1–2 , 17–18 , 20–22 , 27–31 , 35–36 , 41–43 , 63–80 , 82–85 , 92–94 , 99–100 , 104–7 , 112–18 , 126–28 , 132–34 , 136–37 , 147–50 , 169–71 , 240–41 , 259–63 , 270–71
adjusting 44 , 56
advanced 77–78
converging 74 , 78–79
dependent 125
failing 74
gcc 63
increased 136
independent 141
industrialised 116 , 169
large 114 , 131
largest 130 , 222
neighbouring 141
oecd 85
oil-exporting 90 , 103
peripheral 116 , 118 , 123 , 256 , 378
poorer 77 , 358
poorest 68
populous 70 , 85
post-Socialist 43
recipient 239
resource-abundant 91
resource-rich 89–90 , 92 , 99
rich 28–29 , 38 , 41 , 66
richest 68
single 133
socialist 140 , 145 , 147
sub-Saharan 96
successful 74
underperforming 69
under-performing 44
vulnerable 73
wealthier 126
coup 364 , 387
judicial-parliamentary 370
mounting 273
perfect 239
Coutinho 170 , 180–83 , 230 , 267 , 300 , 303 , 305
covid-19 pandemic 387
Covre 311
Cramer 14 , 49
crisis 30 , 71–72 , 75 , 77 , 80 , 82 , 121–22 , 132–33 , 141 , 143–44 , 202–3 , 228–29 , 255 , 336 , 357
converging 330
eurozone 71 , 383
fiscal 245
industrial 134
repeated 56
Critical Sociology 247 , 259
Crotty 200
Cruz 171
Cruzado Plan 209
Cuba 36 , 349
Cuban 345
Cuban doctors 329
Cuban regime 329
culture 4 , 122 , 343
common working class 294
popular 282
currency 74 , 99–100 , 106 , 109 , 167 , 169–70 , 194 , 203 , 206 , 209–10 , 212–17 , 219 , 376 , 378
circulating 206
domestic 100 , 106 , 199 , 203 , 205–6 , 212–14 , 342
hard 107 , 172 , 186
international 205
local 100 , 103 , 107 , 135
low-yield 99
new 215
overvalued 178 , 388
parallel 212
currency boards 31 , 195 , 218
currency crisis 168 , 191–92 , 194–95 , 233 , 236 , 379
currency devaluation 192 , 194 , 208
currency flows 106
currency fragmentation 206 , 211
currency futures 192
currency inflows 171 , 173 , 176
currency overvaluation 32 , 136 , 217
currency realignments 74
currency substitution 31 , 106 , 203 , 206
current account deficits 73 , 84 , 177–78 , 192 , 215 , 220 , 249 , 270 , 328 , 376 , 383–84 , 388
current account surpluses 74 , 80
curse hypothesis 91–94
Cyprus 63
Cysne 184 , 201
Czelusta 93
Dagdeviren 11 , 15 , 34 , 36 , 60 , 312 , 318
Dalziel 200
Dardot 358 , 371
Datt 36
Davidson, Paul 249
debt 17 , 137 , 172 , 184 , 188 , 211 , 232–33 , 357
bad 185
domestic 184 , 213 , 220 , 234 , 239 , 244
external 88 , 133 , 187
irretrievable 202
new 252
personal 129
sizeable 132
unsustainable external 90
debt crisis 133 , 137
international 41 , 68 , 127 , 132 , 276 , 360
debt forgiveness 17–8 , 21 , 52
debt service 137 , 172–73 , 187 , 201 , 232
domestic 187
domestic public 245
foreign 171
public 237
debt sustainability 47
decades, lost 69 , 165 , 379
Dedecca 312–13
deficit financing 255
deficits 22–23 , 136 , 138 , 198 , 211
central government’s cash 192
government budget 136
maintaining trade balance 178
nominal 247
operational 211
primary 184 , 211
deficit spending 132
de-indexation 174 , 209 , 214 , 219 , 221
deindustrialisation 69 , 77 , 80 , 100 , 103 , 133 , 170 , 277 , 371 , 378 , 388
creeping 382
Deininger 49
demand control 233
Demir 78
democracy 2 , 5–7 , 273 , 276 , 278 , 296 , 298 , 354 , 360 , 362 , 365 , 369
authoritarian 355
economic 243
neoliberal 294
political 43 , 45 , 115 , 246 , 275 , 294 , 296 , 362 , 373
radical 361
radicalizing 355
renewed 335
socialist 361
democratic economy 5
Depelchin 145
dependence 68 , 72 , 78 , 82 , 107 , 123–25 , 132 , 136 , 145–46 , 214 , 320
country’s 100 , 167
foreign 122
increased petroleum 97
local 77
technological 80
dependency theorists 111 , 120–21
dependency theory 40 , 111–13 , 115 , 117 , 119 , 121–29
dependency writers 125
dependentistas 111 , 124
Deputies 229 , 243 , 280 , 323 , 325 , 334–35 , 346 , 348 , 386
deputies and senators 280 , 323 , 325 , 346
desarrollo hacia adentro 115
desarrollo hacia afuera 115
devaluation 100 , 170 , 184 , 187 , 192 , 194–96 , 198 , 206 , 219 , 226–27 , 280 , 378 , 383
developing countries 11 , 13 , 23 , 25 , 38 , 40 , 67 , 80 , 104–6 , 108 , 110
resource-rich 107
development 1–3 , 11–13 , 25 , 28–29 , 33–34 , 40 , 42–43 , 47–48 , 50–51 , 60–61 , 75–76 , 79 , 111–12 , 145–47 , 207–8 , 279–80 , 298 , 340 , 350–51
accelerated 146–47
autonomous 40 , 124
autonomous national 121
capital-intensive 41
capitalist 111 , 124–26
combined 84
dependent 218
external economic 258
financial market 107
historical 125
human 15 , 35 , 38
industrial 121 , 127 , 131 , 168 , 230 , 234
insufficient 112
internal 39 , 51
internally-oriented urban-industrial 115
long-term 244
political 298
political economy of 1–3
pro-poor 35
rapid 128
regulated 108
relatively autonomous late 29
slow down national 146
sustained 88
systematic 124
technological 351
development agencies 115
developmental 315 , 349 , 383
developmentalism 3–4 , 250 , 375 , 377
national 249
old 249
traditional Latin American 376
development banks 20 , 220
development policies 40–41 , 51 , 64 , 83 , 111
consistent 127
industrial 181
progressive 11
weak 366
development strategies
alternative economic 20
anti-national 369
competing 40
democratic 282
distributive 104 , 109
national 126 , 133 , 248 , 257 , 279 , 340
new 245
selected 36
socialist 139
Díaz-Alejandro 30 , 133
dictatorship 6 , 315 , 347 , 359–62
Dilma Rousseff 247 , 260 , 266 , 269–70 , 273 , 282 , 292–93 , 327 , 330–31 , 335 , 338 , 341 , 363–64 , 381–82 , 384
impeachment of 353 , 386 , 389
overthrow 384
presidential elections 344
Dilma Rousseff’s administration 382
Dilma Rousseff’s approval rates 271
Diniz 182 , 194 , 243
Dirceu 242 , 325 , 380
direct investment 30 , 217
foreign 22 , 125 , 180 , 183 , 289
trade-promoting foreign 76
distribution 3–4 , 15–16 , 19 , 36 , 39 , 57 , 59–61 , 276 , 278 , 315–16 , 319 , 321 , 328 , 330 , 364
better 60
equitable 17
fairer 201
initial 15 , 19
judicious 326
marginal income 224
supported income 294
distributional conflicts 132
distributional gains 298
distributional policies 53 , 324 , 344 , 389
distributional shifts 15
distribution of assets 122 , 320 , 364 , 371
distribution of wages 291
distributive conflicts 199–200 , 206 , 208 , 210 , 214 , 216–19 , 221 , 377
dollar 49–50 , 63 , 100 , 104 , 176 , 178 , 194–96 , 213–15 , 220 , 226–27 , 232 , 238–39 , 270
Dollar and Kraay 50
dollarisation 210–12
dollar-linked securities 191 , 196
dollar wages 176 , 215
Domar 65
domestic capital 131 , 138 , 181 , 230 , 277 , 340 , 351
large 331 , 352 , 363
medium-sized 341
domestic content requirements 333
domestic demand 73 , 101 , 108 , 181 , 216 , 363 , 377
domestic firms 80 , 134 , 136 , 300 , 340 , 351 , 376
large 247 , 349
domestic market 112–13 , 179 , 183 , 207 , 210 , 217 , 238 , 245 , 249 , 252 , 279 , 282 , 340–41
domestic procurement policy 353
domestic public debt 167–68 , 170 , 173 , 184 , 187 , 191 , 194 , 197–8 , 211 , 213 , 254–55 , 269 , 386
domestic servants 286 , 329 , 334
Dominican Republic 241
Dooley 82
Dore 125
Dornbusch 174 , 176–78 , 209
dotcom bubble 70 , 238
downsizing 69 , 231
downturns 113 , 382–83
economic 31 , 300
global 321
shallow 63
dpd 167 , 173–74 , 183–86 , 188 , 191–92 , 195 , 198
Draibe 318
Dugger 303 , 307
Duménil 201
Dutch disease 87 , 89 , 93 , 99–100 , 102–10
Dutch disease model 101 , 104
Dutrey 310 , 319
Duverger 347
East Asia 22 , 31 , 72 , 75–77
East Asian 14 , 19 , 45 , 75–77 , 96 , 128 , 131 , 220
East Asian Newly Industrializing Economies 44
Eastern Bloc 6
Eastern Europe 45
Ebrahim-zadeh 101
eclac 60 , 115 , 248–50
economic activity 4 , 36 , 45 , 71 , 128 , 130 , 132 , 185 , 215 , 218 , 257
economic authorities 174 , 234 , 258
economic crisis 30 , 114 , 133 , 140–41 , 143 , 150 , 227–28 , 245 , 255
external 256
global 328 , 381
worst 369
economic depression 232
economic development 2 , 9 , 46 , 63 , 94 , 122 , 126 , 147 , 256
economic diversification 88 , 94 , 96 , 131 , 230
economic growth 13 , 15 , 18 , 21 , 23 , 36 , 38 , 40 , 51–52 , 55 , 57 , 112 , 114 , 307–8 , 336 , 366
extra money-induced 203
faster 254 , 371
long-term 65 , 80 , 134
prevented sustained 198
rapid 16 , 54 , 214 , 360
reduced 277
reducing 29
sustained 105
economic integration 68
adverse 309
regional 127
economic policies 12 , 14 , 45 , 50 , 105–6 , 109–10 , 168–69 , 187–88 , 221 , 228–29 , 231 , 243 , 247–48 , 257 , 294 , 370–71
economic reforms 14 , 28 , 92 , 112 , 171 , 221 , 276 , 303
democratic 36
economics 45 , 289
new classical 38 , 41
new institutional 39 , 45–46 , 56
economic stabilisation 25 , 107 , 168 , 176 , 216
economic stability 14 , 27 , 47 , 116 , 176 , 219 , 234
economic stagnation 115 , 132 , 138 , 184
economic strategy 68 , 131 , 161 , 188 , 196 , 216 , 220 , 227 , 245 , 282 , 290 , 333
inconsistent 130
progressive 35
pro-poor 13–14 , 36
economic theory 12 , 38 , 41 , 56 , 92 , 117
economists 51 , 63 , 87 , 99 , 224 , 303
applied 11
dissenting 12
heterodox 12 , 21 , 37 , 79 , 256
non-mainstream 12
structuralist 115
economy 15 , 18–19 , 21–22 , 24–26 , 70 , 74–75 , 78–79 , 100–104 , 113–14 , 116–17 , 137 , 207–8 , 210–12 , 214–17 , 221 , 233–34 , 237–41 , 250–52 , 255–56 , 375–76
agglomeration 79
closed 67
commodity-exporting 93
country’s 72 , 194
deregulated 168
developed 66 , 116 , 123
developing 63 , 66 , 70
domestic 100–101
high-growth 52
informal 230
international 124 , 245
largest 277 , 315
market-oriented 74
middle-income 138
national 332
neighbouring 76
non-export 107
open 67
peripheral 116
poverty-generating 379
real 188
reap 78
resource-abundant 88
rich 66 , 92
socialist 68
successful 51
surrounding 286
underdeveloped 123 , 218
urban 150 , 152
world-leading 63
ecosystems, fragile 320
Ecuador 94–96 , 137 , 310
Ecuadorian Bono 302
Edmar Bacha 214 , 253
education 17 , 20 , 22 , 41 , 53 , 282–84 , 294–95 , 299–301 , 303 , 309 , 311 , 316–17
formal 327
higher 225 , 268 , 291 , 334 , 345
mass 45
public 22 , 33 , 269
secondary 283
tertiary 299
education spending 350
Egero 139 , 143 , 145
Egypt 263 , 368
Eichengreen 31 , 106
elections 222 , 226–29 , 235 , 243 , 246 , 323 , 327–28 , 347 , 356 , 360 , 384–85
competitive 294
expensive 324
local 243 , 323 , 386
municipal 239
national 359
previous 225 , 282
second-round mayoral 243
electoral calendar 362
Electoral Court 243
electricity 21 , 131 , 230 , 242 , 307 , 328 , 343
electricity grid 280 , 325 , 344
electricity supply 244
electric motors 131
electronic equipment 131
electronic goods 180–81 , 351
Eletrobrás 252
elites 124 , 128–30 , 132 , 222 , 225 , 256 , 268 , 272 , 278 , 282 , 316 , 359 , 364–65 , 368 , 381 , 386
alliance of 365 , 368
local 125
neoliberal 292
political 363
traditional manufacturing 194
urban 89
El Salvador 114
Embraer 367
emerging economies 70 , 178 , 256
employment 18–19 , 25–26 , 32 , 34 , 36 , 84–85 , 88 , 180–81 , 204 , 277 , 299–300 , 316–17 , 357 , 370–71 , 379–80
economy’s 167 , 196
formal 275 , 283 , 286
full-time 158
higher 250
low-paid 364
precarious 277 , 301 , 309 , 319 , 380
remunerative 320
stable 287
employment creation 40 , 42 , 86 , 113 , 168 , 186 , 237 , 245 , 281 , 290 , 336 , 355 , 364 , 371 , 376 , 386
employment growth 48 , 234 , 253 , 294 , 313 , 371 , 382
employment incentives 27
employment patterns 268 , 336
employment policy 107–8
employment rights 223 , 291 , 299 , 345 , 366
English Poor Laws 308
enterprises 144 , 343
financial 44
large domestic 253
largest 260
pillage 2
private 252 , 381
entitlements 15 , 268 , 385
environments 56 , 153 , 334 , 367
competitive 53 , 64
external 257
global 255 , 280 , 337
institutional 84
international economic 71
liberalized 30
natural 4 , 372
post-crisis 364
regulated 30
stable 249
stable macroeconomic 52 , 195
Epstein 31
equality-generating processes 38
Equatorial Guinea 94–95
equilibrium 101 , 172
general 90
optimum 251
equity 14 , 26 , 35–36 , 49–51 , 57 , 60–62 , 108 , 250 , 319
domestic 249
economic 15
social 252 , 256
equity capital 137
Erdoğan government in Turkey 261
Esteva 200 , 206 , 219
Ethanol 341
Ethiopia 140
European capital 354
European economies 24
European Union 354
eurozone 73 , 233 , 270
evangelical sects 374
exchange rate 80–81 , 105–6 , 114 , 192 , 194 , 196 , 208 , 213 , 239 , 249 , 254–55 , 376 , 378
competitive 47 , 57 , 221
fixed 31 , 106
floating 87 , 106 , 195 , 247 , 251 , 317 , 322 , 342 , 363 , 371
multiple 31
nominal 100 , 194
nominal dollar/real 254
overvalued 118 , 191 , 289 , 384
real 74 , 100 , 383
real effective 103
stable real 28
undervalued 32
exchange rate anchor 221
exchange rate bands 194 , 219
exchange rate crisis 24 , 28 , 226 , 232 , 235 , 379
exchange rate depreciation 186
exchange rate instability 16 , 232 , 379
exchange rate levels 16
exchange rate management 54 , 57 , 192 , 282
exchange rate movements 99
exchange rate overvaluation 135 , 177 , 180
exchange rate peg 193 , 218
exchange rate policies 24 , 106 , 109 , 177 , 195 , 233 , 342
exchange rate policy shifts 233
exchange rate policy tools 109
exchange rate populism 32
exchange rate regime 32 , 103 , 106 , 171 , 178 , 218
fixed 106
floating 234
managed floating 31
new 196
exchange rate risk 191 , 232
exchange rate stabilisation 239
exchange rate stability 16 , 106 , 218 , 221 , 233
exchange rate troubles 276
exchange rate volatility 106 , 191 , 224
exchange relations 123
expansionary macroeconomic policies 282
expansionary monetary policies 32 , 114
expansionary policies 24 , 114 , 219 , 255 , 326
exploitation 1 , 3–4 , 6 , 122 , 124–26 , 142 , 150 , 373 , 375
capitalist 124
harsh 143
heavy 6
ruthless 130 , 374
exportables 100
export boom 101
export competitiveness 54 , 178 , 342
export component, small 183
export contraction 108
export credit 255
export crops 144
export diversification 79 , 108 , 120 , 376
limited 88
permit 118
exporters 94 , 216 , 225
agricultural 374
main 240
non-petroleum 96
substantial 94 , 99
export gains 102
export incentives 26 , 32 , 177–78
export industries 384
export-led growth 73 , 111 , 115
export markets 78 , 183
export price booms 99
export prices 100 , 104 , 106 , 114
export priorities 130
export revenues 91 , 106–07 , 114 , 324
exports 25–28 , 71 , 73 , 75–76 , 78 , 91 , 93–94 , 99–100 , 112 , 114 , 117–19 , 124 , 238
booming 73
commodity 374
country’s 143
crude oil 99
declining 103
diversify 327
global 74
manufactured 114 , 118
natural resource 91 , 104
new 99
petroleum 96
poor 270
primary 91 , 114
primary product 88 , 91 , 113 , 119 , 127 , 151
resource 90
subsidised 29
taxes 92
total 75 , 91 , 94 , 96
traditional 107
export sector 104 , 113 , 121 , 178 , 238 , 242
lagging 102
primary 113 , 116
profitable 116
external debt overhang 58
externalities 104
positive 103
strong 117
extra money 201–4 , 211 , 215 , 218 , 221
creation of 204 , 212 , 214 , 216 , 218–19
extra money approach 203 , 205
extra money inflation 201–4 , 215
Facebook 263 , 293 , 295–96 , 331
Fagnani 298 , 300–302 , 311 , 313 , 317
Fajnzylber 249
Faletto 40 , 120 , 122 , 125 , 218
Family Grant 298
family plots 155 , 160
family property 159
Farias 341
farms 151 , 153–54
abandoned 144
large 147–48
settler 143
small 147
Favela 264
fdi 47 , 57 , 76–77 , 80 , 131 , 137 , 166 , 235 , 249 , 254
federal administrations 244 , 258–59 , 266–67 , 315 , 321 , 323 , 335 , 342 , 347 , 363 , 367
centre-left 294
elected 370
new 388
progressive 297
Federal Deputy 236 , 367
Federal Executive 338 , 346 , 348
federal government 234 , 236 , 238 , 244 , 260–62 , 265 , 270 , 272–74 , 293 , 301 , 303
Federal Police 225 , 260 , 324 , 331 , 333 , 348 , 352–53 , 384
Federal social spending 313
Feijó 182 , 209 , 277
Felder 378
Feldstein 20
Ferrari-Filho 379
Ferreira 208
fiesp 323 , 326 , 382
Filgueiras 339
finance 21–23 , 80 , 82–84 , 108 , 113–14 , 132 , 165–67 , 173–75 , 177–80 , 217–18 , 227–29 , 231 , 242–44 , 249 , 282 , 342–43 , 357–59 , 370–71 , 373–75 , 383 , 385
cheaper industrial 187
directed 44
foreign 166–67 , 196 , 214
global 231
globalised 279
government’s 220
hegemonic 375
international 28 , 234 , 238 , 349
liberalisation of 2
long-term 131
private 364
public 232 , 253 , 328
reform 363
finance development 248
finance investment 119 , 350
financial capital 169 , 180 , 184 , 186 , 192 , 195–6 , 279
financial crises 30–31 , 43 , 72 , 132 , 168 , 179 , 183 , 185
global 251 , 254 , 270 , 321 , 375 , 382
financial depth 104
financial development 18 , 299
financial flows 117 , 126 , 335
attracted large unilateral 174
global 83
ignoring 117
international 81 , 138
unilateral 172 , 175 , 179 , 187 , 193 , 197
financial fragility 73 , 132 , 170 , 188 , 220
financial institutions 4 , 184 , 195 , 212 , 227–28 , 232–33 , 245 , 255
international 17 , 28 , 39 , 44 , 69 , 169 , 378
private 27 , 64 , 83 , 196 , 227 , 232
state-owned 252
financial investment 105
financialisation 70 , 85 , 279 , 309 , 339 , 374 , 376 , 389
financialised low growth economy 379
financial liberalisation 30 , 47 , 57 , 108 , 135 , 215 , 221 , 287 , 375
financial markets 23 , 169 , 178 , 188 , 215 , 219 , 231 , 237
international 170 , 178 , 238 , 245
financial policies 28 , 35 , 44 , 106–8
financial resources 137 , 171–72 , 231
financial resource transfers 171–72 , 175–76 , 179 , 193 , 198
financial sector assistance 198
financial support scheme 192
financial system 108 , 184–85 , 201 , 203 , 208 , 212 , 217 , 227 , 231–32 , 236 , 240
domestic 34 , 112 , 131 , 138 , 171 , 184 , 212 , 378
inefficient 377
international 127 , 195 , 220
local 113
private 211
speculative 132
weak 23
Fine and Saad-Filho 40 , 43 , 69 , 288 , 357–58 , 371 , 375
Fine and van Waeyenberge 69
Fiori 20 , 170 , 233
firms 25–26 , 76–77 , 123 , 132 , 134 , 142 , 144 , 203 , 207–9 , 349 , 353–54
abandoned 144
accountancy 279 , 340
connected 31
exporting 116
financial 134
foreign 180 , 241
induced 132
inefficient 26
large 126 , 181 , 201 , 207 , 217 , 339
largest 207
local 77 , 134
medium-sized 182
obsolete 53
operating 31
productive 25–26 , 53
selected 349
small 250
transnational 224
First Republic 335
fiscal balance 24 , 26 , 114 , 186–87 , 254–55 , 376 , 384
fiscal deficit rules 358
fiscal deficits 16 , 22 , 72 , 114 , 138 , 173 , 211 , 214 , 248 , 385–86
chronic 377
higher 22
large 120
low 251
nominal 255 , 382
persistent 132 , 199
primary 232
Fiscal discipline 47 , 57
fiscal malfeasance 364
fiscal policies 18 , 21 , 23–24 , 107 , 188 , 192 , 209 , 211 , 233–34 , 236 , 322 , 325 , 327 , 383
procyclical 88
pro-poor 21 , 31
Fiscal Responsibility Law 232 , 371
fiscal restraint 42
fiscal retrenchment 333
fiscal spending 30 , 71 , 386
fiscal spending controls 249
fiscal squeeze 301
fiscal surplus 167 , 185–86 , 188 , 194 , 197–8 , 233–34
primary 239 , 253 , 349
fiscal surpluses 186 , 233–34 , 317 , 371
fiscal targets 242 , 351 , 380
Fischer 22 , 209
Fishlow 177
FitzGerald 116
fixed capital formation 81
fixed exchange rate systems 31
fixed investment 81
flows 66 , 77 , 80 , 100 , 106 , 109 , 183 , 220 , 233–34 , 260
aid 117
balancing trade 178
change Brazil’s trade 177
financial 80
liquid portfolio 74
net debt 137
secure cash 309
short-term portfolio 30
unregulated international 371
flying geese 65 , 76–77
Fome Zero 304
Fonseca 377
Fontes 349
food 1 , 116 , 118 , 143–44 , 148 , 180 , 217 , 302 , 309 , 341 , 351
cheap 142
price of 144 , 156
producing 27
food allowances 352
food prices 117 , 216
food processing 324 , 339 , 364
food production 157 , 279
food programmes 301–2
foods, selected 304
food scarcity 117
food security 33 , 304
food subsidy 303
forced cultivation 141 , 144
foreign aid 21 , 35 , 145
foreign assets markets 234
foreign capital 116 , 119 , 136–37 , 167 , 170–71 , 211 , 217 , 230–31 , 233 , 279–80 , 340–41 , 350–51 , 374 , 376 , 378
foreign currency 24 , 100 , 103 , 151 , 190–91 , 205 , 212 , 234 , 245
foreign currency deposits 233
foreign currency reserves 28 , 115 , 174 , 238
foreign currency transactions 173
foreign currency value 193
foreign debt 30 , 117 , 133 , 138 , 187 , 191–92 , 227–28 , 378
foreign debt crises 115 , 171
foreign debt flows 172–75 , 179 , 192–93 , 197
foreign debt repayments 167 , 173–74
foreign debt service contract 173
foreign exchange constraint 87 , 136
foreign exchange flows 87 , 90 , 107
foreign exchange liabilities 74
foreign exchange market 227
foreign exchange reserves 249
foreign holidays 136 , 289
foreign investment 22 , 99 , 117 , 134 , 172–74 , 178 , 183 , 234 , 245 , 351
foreign involvement 181
foreign markets 28 , 72 , 103 , 186 , 241
foreign-owned conglomerates 144
foreign participation 185
foreign policy 240–41 , 324 , 332 , 349 , 381
foreign reserves 167 , 170–71 , 173–74 , 177–78 , 188 , 191–92 , 194 , 196–97 , 218 , 220
foreign savings 20 , 28 , 136 , 169 , 175 , 377
foreign takeovers 194 , 217
foreign trade 28 , 69 , 230 , 249
foreign transfers 18
Fortaleza 237 , 244
Fortes 365
fractions 279–83 , 288 , 292 , 326 , 333 , 338–41 , 343 , 346 , 351 , 354–55 , 363
associated 354
first 339
influential 267
international 322
internationalised 340–41
main 339 , 341–43
rival 348 , 377
small 227
Franco 181 , 253 , 378
Frank 122 , 124
Frankel 106
Free Brazil Movement 333
Freeland 310
Freios Varga 181
Frelimo 140 , 143–45 , 148–50 , 152–56 , 158–59 , 161–62
Frelimo leadership 145 , 147 , 149–50 , 152 , 155
Frelimo officials 154
Frelimo’s collectivisation project 140 , 150
Frelimo’s development project 161
Frelimo’s development strategy 139
Friboi 253
Friedrich 43
Fritz 377
Fuchs 296
funeral assistance 299
futures markets 32 , 195
Gabon 94–96
Gabrielli 350
Gala 249
Gallagher 107
Gallie 3
Garcia 188 , 298 , 302–3 , 308 , 349
gas, natural 93
gas chains 350 , 354
gas contractors 354
gas exports 94
gdp 71–72 , 133 , 135 , 184–86 , 192 , 194–96 , 211 , 232 , 234–37 , 239 , 253–55 , 270 , 307–8 , 313 , 382–83
gdp growth 3–4 , 15 , 19 , 58 , 65 , 181 , 196 , 313 , 328 , 378–81 , 383
gdp per capita 17 , 63 , 66 , 312 , 364
Gelb 103
gender 50 , 92 , 207 , 317
gender discrimination 35
gender equality 11 , 129 , 311
gender impact 311
gender relations 157 , 311
Gentili 240 , 364 , 370
Georgia 17
Gerdau 253
Gereffi 28 , 32 , 206
Germany 73 , 85 , 199
Gerschenkron 65
gfc 357
Ghosh 15 , 303 , 311 , 315–17 , 319
Gini coefficient 95–96 , 208 , 253 , 313 , 316 , 382
Glewwe 24
Glickman 170 , 217
global convergence 1 , 4 , 63 , 65 , 71–72 , 74 , 79 , 84–85 , 105
global crisis 63 , 65 , 71 , 82–84 , 257 , 271 , 326 , 330
global demand 73 , 78 , 82
global divergence 67
global economy 38 , 63–64 , 72–73 , 77 , 82 , 256 , 383
globalisation 42 , 46 , 59 , 64 , 83 , 133 , 166 , 168 , 344 , 374
global justice 122
Global North 4 , 63–65 , 72 , 77–78 , 81 , 83 , 150
Global South 4 , 253 , 340 , 349
global statesman 326
Globo network 224 , 261 , 292
Glyn 200
Goderis 89
Goldman Sachs 64
Goldsmith 89
Gomes 350
Gonçalves 171 , 176 , 181 , 183 , 185 , 217 , 230 , 313
goods 76 , 78 , 84 , 100 , 104 , 118 , 124 , 126 , 171 , 197 , 200 , 207
ancillary 286
basic 73 , 131 , 230 , 275 , 286 , 309 , 316 , 361
beautiful 2
chemical 180
complex 131 , 275
domestic 100 , 105
domestically-produced 100
domestic import-competing 100
exportable 27
foreign 103 , 166
imported 78 , 171 , 327
industrial 183
intermediate 181
local 302
low-tech 78
non-booming 103
non-competing 106
non-tradable 101 , 180
private 34
produced better 76
producing 19
relatively unsophisticated 230
traded 74
goods prices 80
Gordon 357
Gore 69
Goulart 332
governability 348
governance 48 , 55 , 58 , 259
economic 44
global 63
good 44 , 69 , 76
securing improved 44
sound 47
government 16 , 22–25 , 51–53 , 92 , 177–79 , 194–96 , 213–16 , 220–21 , 227–29 , 235–37 , 239–42 , 251–53 , 255–56 , 261–62 , 267–71 , 323–34 , 336–37 , 350–54 , 364–66 , 382–85
competent 329
conservative 228
effective 52
incoming 144
local 132 , 179 , 184 , 243 , 303 , 362
military 208 , 360
municipal 232 , 260
new 140 , 144 , 223 , 228
pressure 89
previous 239
reformist 120
reluctant 245
small 52
socialist 121
stop 54
unaccountable 90
government action 16 , 24
government autonomy 365
government behaviour 52
government budget 136
government by parties 347
government capacity 110 , 245
government corruption 335
government debt 234
government deficits 204 , 213
government intervention 42 , 45 , 209 , 279 , 340
government investment 137
government policies 15–16 , 36 , 99 , 105 , 166 , 192 , 211 , 255 , 351 , 354 , 362
government posts 379
government revenue 114
government securities 185 , 196 , 204 , 212
government subsidy 186
government support 76 , 217
government taxation 24
Grabel 15 , 30–31 , 44
Gramscian 223
Great Depression 84 , 113
Great Financial Crisis 357
Great Stagnation 357
Griffith-Jones 71 , 107
Grossi 213
growth acceleration programme 252 , 381
growth analyses 55
growth cycle 383
growth diagnostics 55–56
growth pattern 85 , 124
growth performance 50 , 52 , 64 , 71 , 133 , 378
growth processes 49 , 56 , 61 , 80 , 377
growth rates 30 , 65–67 , 79 , 114 , 120 , 199
annual economic 131 , 137
annual income 69
average gdp 115
capita 165
declining gdp 383
double-digit gdp 73
high 19 , 169 , 211
higher 19 , 66 , 380
high long-run 42
high per capita income 275
historical 175
low gdp 324
maintained annual gdp 70
shift gdp 250
unstable 250
growth slowdown 270 , 290
growth strategy 52 , 54–55 , 169 , 178
growth surge 65
growth theory 67 , 69
Guedes 367 , 387
Gunder Frank 122
Gylfason 103
Haddad 36 , 82 , 356
Haiti 241
Hall 24 , 304 , 307 , 316
Hanlon 151 , 154 , 159
hard currency holdings 173
Harrison 70 , 74 , 149
Harriss 46 , 141 , 155
Harrod 65
Harvard 214
Harvey 357
Hasmath 318
Hausmann 106
Hayek 43
health 17 , 22 , 25–26 , 269 , 272 , 294–95 , 299 , 304 , 309 , 316–17 , 379
free 299
maternal 11
public 33 , 282 , 311
universal 301
healthcare 283 , 302
health centres 160
health facilities 329 , 345 , 366
health programmes 16 , 345
health provision 22 , 266
health services 153
health system 300
health workshops 302
Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiatives 17
hegemony 42 , 44 , 258 , 281 , 336
long-established 256
narrow 343
neodevelopmentalist policy 258
uncontested 325
Heintz 316–17
Helleiner 30–31
Heller 36
Heltberg 61
Herb 91
Hermele 142–43 , 150 , 154 , 158 , 160
Hersh 11 , 19 , 29–30 , 60
heterodox 39 , 79
heterodox academics 11–12
heterodox argument 22
heterodox claims 21
heterodox commentators 255
heterodox economics 12 , 35 , 381
heterodox economics tradition 251
heterodox interpretation 20
heterodox macroeconomics 12
heterodox minority 2
heterodox responses 257
heterodox studies 13
heterodox theorists 12
heterodox works, recent 11
Hewitt 206
Hewlett Foundation 51
Higgins 308–9 , 313
high domestic interest rates 136 , 167 , 176 , 179 , 184–85 , 187 , 211 , 217 , 219 , 221 , 233
high inflation 136 , 168–69 , 171 , 174 , 176 , 199 , 201 , 206 , 208 , 210 , 213–14 , 216 , 221 , 234
elimination of 165 , 176
high interest rates 133 , 136 , 179–80 , 186 , 210 , 212 , 215 , 217–18 , 220–21 , 232 , 237 , 239 , 242 , 342–43
Hilferding 126
Hirschman 68 , 79 , 88 , 113
Hodler 89
Hoeffler 91
Hoekman 82
Hoffmann 313
homosexuality 331
homosexuals 264 , 334
Honduras 114
Hong Kong 44 , 63 , 75 , 78
Horioka 20
housing 16 , 20 , 33 , 72 , 107 , 282 , 295 , 299–302 , 307 , 320 , 359
Huerta 217
Human Development Index 48
human rights 13 , 15 , 308
Humphreys 90
Hungary 199 , 368 , 388
Hutchinson 82
hybrid economic policies 254–56 , 335
Hydrocarbon exporters 95–96
hydrocarbon exports 97
hydrocarbons 93
hyperinflation 115 , 132 , 199 , 210 , 212 , 276
ibge 172 , 182
ideological 127 , 338 , 358
ideological ascendancy 225
ideological climate 166 , 221
ideological conviction 217
ideological defeat 115
ideological distance 336
ideological foundations 162
ideological gel 292
ideological hegemony 289 , 346 , 368 , 375
ideological prejudices 288 , 344
ideological support 289
ideologies 138 , 229 , 338 , 343 , 348 , 351 , 358
hegemonic 4
neoliberal-globalist 226
political 246
religious 159
ideologies legitimising 372
ifis 17 , 39 , 44 , 46 , 48 , 58–59
Ilyenkov 372
imf 17 , 21 , 24 , 39 , 43–47 , 68–69 , 71 , 78 , 82 , 169 , 172 , 191–2 , 195 , 228 , 232
impeachment 268 , 271 , 280 , 325 , 331 , 347 , 386
imperialism 123 , 125 , 146 , 333 , 343
combat 147
global 343
modern 68
import coefficients 180–81
imported equipment 151
imported inputs 181 , 213 , 383
imported machinery 151
import liberalisation 28–29 , 134–35 , 176 , 219 , 230 , 343 , 350 , 378
import protection 26 , 32
import restrictions 2 , 29 , 134 , 171
imports 28–29 , 71 , 73 , 75–76 , 80 , 88 , 100–101 , 103 , 105–6 , 113–14 , 117–18 , 121 , 128 , 134–35 , 144–45 , 167 , 177–79 , 181 , 202 , 328
capital goods 118
cheap 32 , 135–36 , 224
competing 136
country’s 117
essential 16
liberalised 177 , 300
replacing 112 , 131 , 275
import substitution 79 , 113 , 118 , 137 , 249 , 275
import tariffs 114
inclusion 59 , 172 , 310
social 62 , 269 , 336 , 371–72
inclusive development 51
inclusive growth 56
inclusive neoliberalism in Brazil 380
income 4–5 , 13–15 , 18–19 , 29 , 48–50 , 60 , 75 , 100–101 , 116–19 , 122–23 , 142–43 , 199–200 , 207 , 209–10 , 212–13 , 237–38 , 267–69 , 283 , 303–5 , 309 , 311–13 , 315–16
additional 101
annual 213
concentrated 360 , 376
disposable 212
distribution of 12–13 , 33 , 36 , 38 , 45 , 49 , 121 , 126 , 201 , 220 , 224 , 245 , 249
generating 19
higher 263 , 293 , 313
inequalities of 130 , 221 , 373
insufficient 14
limited 355
lower 287
marginal 364
minimum 308 , 317
monthly 304
new 18
pension 367 , 387
pro-poor 16
public sector 89
real 176
redistribute 16 , 23 , 36
rising 25 , 267 , 313 , 329–30 , 366
tax interest 23
transfers depress 124
unconditional 317 , 319
unearned 20
wage 152 , 237
income growth 28 , 30 , 69 , 113
income inequality 49 , 89 , 207 , 275 , 307
income poverty 317
income redistribution 56
income shares 29–30 , 48–49 , 67
income transfer programmes 252 , 255
income transfers 201
income volatility 305 , 309–10
indexation 174 , 189 , 207–9 , 213 , 221 , 377
index-linked current accounts 212
index-linked securities 189 , 213
India 33 , 36 , 52 , 59 , 63 , 70–71 , 73 , 76 , 78 , 80 , 84
Indonesia 44 , 75 , 78 , 94 , 96–99
industrialisation 42 , 111–12 , 114–16 , 118–19 , 121 , 275
import-substituting 2 , 111 , 130 , 165 , 206 , 230 , 249 , 275 , 298 , 300 , 344 , 373
private sector-led 40
rapid 128 , 207
industrial policies 32 , 38 , 78–79 , 108 , 132 , 166 , 168 , 171 , 349 , 351 , 371 , 376 , 381
context-sensitive 84
government-sponsored 55
national 78
targeted 20 , 39 , 84
industry 1 , 140–41 , 143 , 149 , 156 , 202 , 207 , 220 , 230 , 341 , 351
auto 361
basic 244
domestic 28 , 77 , 142 , 181 , 242
domestically-owned 279
durable goods 182
export-intensive 85
global development 319
heavy 147
infant 119
labour-intensive 41
new 53 , 182
new competitive 136
privatised 300
selected 324
shipbuilding 242
steel 244
strategic 116
sugarcane 341
toy 217
traditional 103
urban 216
inequality 14 , 19–20 , 38–41 , 43 , 45 , 47–49 , 51 , 55–59 , 61 , 65 , 96–97 , 281–82 , 311–12 , 316 , 318–20 , 372 , 380–81
asset 49
entrenched 252 , 300
extreme 318
global 64 , 67
high 49 , 93
large 52
long-standing 312
multiple 317
persistent social 250
reducing 270
rising 41 , 69
structural 14 , 19 , 58
systematic 56
inflation 16 , 22–24 , 88 , 90 , 132–36 , 174 , 176 , 199–217 , 219 , 236–39 , 254–55 , 257 , 261–62 , 341–42 , 358
accelerating 24
current 208
domestic 100 , 178 , 211 , 213
eliminated 214 , 219
expected 270
higher 200
induced 330
inertial 200 , 209
lower 32 , 219
persistent 200
policies of 279 , 340
rate of 200 , 212
reduced 214
reducing 69 , 174 , 198 , 214
rising 120 , 208 , 210 , 377 , 383–84
runaway 24 , 134 , 261 , 270
spiralling 265
stoked 171
triggered 114
inflation benefits debtors 201
inflation control 15 , 133–34 , 174 , 239 , 249 , 261 , 287 , 361 , 375
inflation inertia 174 , 221
inflation losses 176 , 210
inflation rates 16 , 108 , 134 , 165 , 199–200 , 208–9 , 237 , 270
inflation stabilisation 108 , 134
inflation targets 195 , 233 , 322 , 328 , 363
informal proletariat 275 , 278 , 281–83 , 285–88
informal workers 223 , 242 , 278 , 280 , 285–87 , 313 , 322 , 325–26 , 329 , 344 , 385
infrastructure 22 , 25 , 38 , 41–42 , 52–53 , 71–72 , 119 , 230 , 280 , 282 , 324 , 327–28 , 340 , 343 , 361
administrative 33
better 383
building 328
country’s 244 , 252
economic 40 , 84–85 , 327
effective 23
financial 78
improving 77
intractable 378
physical 21 , 139
poor 114
regional 78
social 27
state-funded 299
urban 330 , 366
weak 91
infrastructure constraints 242
infrastructure modernisation 88
infrastructure provision 130 , 244
ingredients 47 , 54
inhabitants 295
Iñigo Carrera 134
institutional learning 66
institutional literature 19 , 25
institutional political economy 116
institutional reforms 46–47
institutional sources 337
institutional support 291
institutions 4–5 , 46 , 49–50 , 67 , 69 , 90 , 92 , 185 , 294 , 333 , 338–39 , 348–49 , 351–52 , 354–55 , 357–59
banking 217
dominant 338
economic 205
federal 348
foreign 231–33
political 265 , 316
private 255
reform 375
research 310
respected 47
social 36 , 99
subordinate 348
unaccountable 234
weak 47 , 90
interest groups 338 , 362
interest rates 42 , 169–70 , 186 , 188 , 194–96 , 209 , 215 , 218 , 220 , 233 , 236 , 249 , 255 , 383 , 385
domestic 108 , 136 , 169–70 , 185 , 191 , 219
domestic real 238
enforced high 388
foreign 186 , 219
higher 72 , 178 , 209
higher international 133 , 178
increased 210
international 188
level of 201 , 220 , 341
low 72–73 , 184 , 188 , 233 , 249 , 282 , 376 , 383
lower real 340
low real 280
manipulation of 20 , 233 , 343
negative real 212
nominal 215
overnight 196
paying 186
policy-makers set 215
raising 22 , 137
real 167 , 177 , 184 , 201 , 212 , 237 , 327 , 342 , 383
relatively high domestic 166
relatively higher 169
restricted annual 208
rising us 215
interests 4 , 124 , 127–28 , 136 , 182 , 184 , 186 , 279–82 , 285 , 287 , 331–34 , 342–43 , 351 , 372 , 374
agro-export 128
capitalist 323
collective 92
common 278
corporatist 362
economic 245 , 279 , 288 , 333 , 339 , 344
financial 224 , 240
financial market 267
growing agribusiness 225
imperialist 331
landed 360
landowner 225 , 268
local 243
long-term 230
mainstream’s 61
material 266 , 279 , 281 , 339
minority 354
narrow 89
neoliberal 225
nominal 212
oligarchic 225
perceived 162
reconcile 328
rival 338
selfish 338
short-term 30 , 377
strategic 333
unaccountable private 36
internal bourgeoisie 279–82 , 325 , 328 , 330 , 335 , 339–43 , 348–49 , 351–52 , 354 , 381–82 , 384–85
international capital 328 , 330 , 340 , 342–43 , 351 , 354 , 374 , 377
international capital markets 215
internationalised bourgeoisie 328 , 340–44 , 348–49 , 351–52 , 354–55 , 374 , 378 , 385
international liquidity 166 , 170 , 178–79 , 191
international reserves 73 , 105 , 175 , 179 , 186 , 188 , 190–94 , 198 , 216 , 227 , 254
investment 3–4 , 18–20 , 30–31 , 42–43 , 54–56 , 72–73 , 107–8 , 135 , 137–38 , 151–52 , 169–70 , 195–96 , 232–33 , 235 , 252 , 341–43 , 349 , 376–78 , 383–84
company’s 350
depressed 277
domestic 249 , 253 , 327 , 382
heavy 317
higher 202
insufficient 330
lower 254
new 204
protected 207
public-sector 253
soe 325
state-led 381
stimulated 176
supported 349
total 144
investment climate 46 , 52–53
investment credit 78
investment crowds 53
public 21
investment decisions 119
private 249
sound 44
investment funds 35 , 43 , 136
investment goods 174
investment inflows 31 , 238
investment programmes, targeted 24
investment projects 19 , 117 , 183
investment rates 52 , 135
investment relations 77
investors 20 , 99 , 186 , 194–95
iPhones 75
Iran 94 , 96 , 263
Iraq 94–95
Ireland 126
isi 2–4 , 6 , 111–13 , 115 , 119–22 , 127 , 130–34 , 136–38 , 165–66 , 206–7 , 230 , 233–34 , 275–77 , 281 , 378
accelerated 113
completed 112
dysfunctional 377
exhaustion of 127 , 290
shortcomings of 113 , 119 , 121 , 136
spontaneous 119
Italy 335 , 368
Itamar Franco 171 , 300
Itoh 24 , 199 , 203–4
Jannuzzi 307 , 313
Japan 31 , 44 , 59 , 65 , 73 , 76–77 , 80 , 85 , 126 , 170 , 244
Japanese capital and technology 76
Japan’s path 70
Jha 28
jobs 19 , 53 , 58 , 277 , 281 , 290 , 300–302 , 309 , 312–13 , 316 , 327 , 332 , 382
blue-collar 230
formal 313
good 225 , 268 , 345 , 366
industrial 135
low-paid 26 , 315 , 364 , 379
low-wage 365
manufacturing industry 182
new 312 , 382
permanent 142 , 157
rejected 308
skilled 289
stable 311
unstable 367 , 387
urban 120
Johnston 130 , 342
Jolly 69
Jomo 11 , 28 , 31 , 42 , 60 , 111
Jones 66
judicial system 333 , 338 , 352 , 363
judiciary 128 , 229 , 235 , 324 , 329 , 332 , 348 , 351–53 , 355 , 375 , 386
June 191 , 262–65 , 274 , 292–94 , 329
June-July 259–60 , 266–67 , 271–72 , 292 , 296
justice system 288 , 344
just-in-time 277
Kakwani 11 , 21 , 48–50 , 60
Kaldor 79
Kalecki 15 , 22 , 79 , 123 , 126 , 205
Kaleckian 12 , 60
Kaname Akamatsu 76
Kanbur 14 , 49
Kane 176 , 188 , 213
Kaplan 31
Karshenas 14 , 27
Kay 14 , 40 , 116
Kazakhstan 94–95
Kenya 35
Kerala State 36
Kerstenetzky 206 , 305 , 312
Keynes 123 , 126 , 249
Keynesian 38 , 41 , 116 , 127 , 247
Keynesianism 4 , 40 , 116 , 375–76
Keynesian mechanisms 170
Keynesian model 65
Keynesian principles 19
Keynesian scenario 202
Keynesian theory 40
Kiely 146
Kilsztajn 177
Kim 75
King 64 , 188
Kirchner administration 337
Korea 44 , 71 , 75 , 78
Kormann 378
Korpi 312
Korzeniewicz 25
Kose 82
Kotz 201
Kozul-Wright 80
Kraay 49–50
Kregel 170 , 172
Krueger 42 , 45 , 48
Kucinski 359 , 361–62
Kuczynski 54
Kugelmas 256
Kume 178 , 378
Kuwait 94–95
Kuznets 38 , 41 , 65
Kuznets hypothesis 49
Kuznets-type inequality 52
Kuznets’ work 65
Kyrgyz Republic 17
labour 13–14 , 33 , 56 , 76–77 , 79 , 102 , 104 , 116–17 , 138 , 140 , 151 , 153 , 157 , 203 , 281 , 315–16 , 372
collective 153
degrading 315
family 141
forced 141 , 143–44 , 157
increasing 183
indentured 13
irregular productive 286
low-skill manual 345
macroeconomic division of 230
migrant 142
new 241
organised 201
peasant 157 , 159
regulations 53
rural 27
social division of 131
unskilled 77
wage 13
Labour Assistance Fund 167
labour constraint 374
labour contracts 324
labour costs 299
labour demand 143 , 157
labourers, rural 19
labour exploitation 124
labour force 112 , 135 , 157–58 , 218 , 237 , 283
labour income 237
labour law 182 , 237 , 240 , 277 , 326
labour legislation 387
labour market changes 316
labour market flexibility 2 , 26 , 53
labour market gains 312
labour market liberalisation 218
labour-market measures 282
labour market reforms 134
labour markets 277 , 281–82 , 286 , 290 , 294 , 311–12 , 316 , 325 , 330 , 382 , 386
flexible 47
formal 53 , 182 , 238 , 286 , 291 , 345
increasing 182
liberalised 286
structured 285
support neoliberal 279
labour market segmentation 207
labour mobility 41 , 102
labour power 141–43 , 281 , 372
labour process 157
labour productivity 21 , 124 , 157
labour recruitment 158
labour regimes 13
labour reserves 158
labour rights 329 , 334 , 342
labour scarcities 18
labour share 277 , 301
labour supply 130
labour unions 174 , 182 , 194
Lacerda 182
Laclau 124
Lacta 181
Lafer 207
Lago 24
Lall 124
land 18 , 41 , 116 , 122 , 140–42 , 144–45 , 147–49 , 151 , 153–55 , 157–59 , 285–86
ancestral 154
arable 353
best 154
common 141 , 153
despoiled 124
family 157
fertile 153
occupied 144
plots of 141–42
redistribute 303
surrounding 154
land conflicts 154
land distribution 49
landholdings, large 117
Landless Peasants’ Movement 235 , 288
landlords, large 374
landowners 117 , 224–25 , 288–89 , 344
land ownership 160 , 363
land reform 15 , 58–59 , 127–28 , 221
land tenure systems 27
Laos 77
Lapavitsas 12 , 24 , 199 , 202–5
Laplane 180 , 183 , 230
Lara-Resende 209 , 214
Larraín 116
Lassance 384
latifúndios 117
Latin America 6 , 56 , 60 , 67 , 70 , 111–15 , 119–22 , 125–31 , 133–38 , 250 , 253 , 376–77
mid-20th century 118
neoliberal reforms in 133 , 137
Latin America & Caribbean Mexico 95
Latin American 19 , 58 , 112–18 , 120 , 122 , 128 , 131–34 , 136–38 , 249 , 308 , 311 , 338 , 342
Latin American country 112
Latin American finance 138
Latin American industrialisation 119
Latin American states 115 , 130 , 132
Latin American Structuralism 111
Latin American transition 111 , 115
lava jato 331 , 335 , 384–85
Laval 358 , 371
Lavinas 308–11 , 389
Lavoie 26 , 199–200
law 4 , 23 , 43 , 76 , 182 , 232 , 289 , 292 , 311 , 331 , 371–72 , 374
lawyers 224 , 288 , 344
least resistance, path of 322 , 363–64
Lederman 90
Lees 201 , 211
left parties 5 , 262 , 266 , 274 , 285 , 291 , 296 , 358
legislative power 346
legislature 128 , 347 , 386
Leichsenring 309
Leiderman 20 , 170
Leite 89
Lemke 371
Lenin 289
Lessa 233
Levin 41 , 44 , 49
Levy 385
Lévy 201
Levy-Yeyati 106
Lewis 41
liberalisation 29–30 , 76 , 80 , 191–92 , 214 , 217 , 219 , 221 , 226 , 232 , 276 , 279–80 , 340
gradual 233
order of 56
political 360
rapid 54 , 217
Libya 94 , 96
Lim 75 , 146
Limpopo river 153
Lipietz 201
Lipton 36
liquidity 166 , 184–85 , 188 , 202 , 210 , 212 , 215 , 227 , 234 , 255 , 258
Litchfield 208
Littlejohn 156
living standards 13 , 48 , 65 , 68 , 70 , 79 , 118 , 124 , 213 , 242
loans 172–73 , 185 , 202 , 204–5 , 228 , 232 , 242 , 255 , 270 , 301 , 309 , 328 , 351
bank 204 , 349
consumer 108 , 363
foreign 131 , 136
personal 178 , 381
short-term 28 , 74 , 227
structural adjustment 17
subsidised 299 , 340 , 343 , 349 , 383
Londono 49
long-run 25 , 30 , 65 , 67 , 100
Lopes 174 , 209 , 214 , 226
Lopez 217
losers 223 , 226 , 228–29 , 234 , 242 , 245 , 358 , 367–68
losers’ alliance 223 , 245–46
Loureiro 363 , 385
Lula 222–26 , 228–29 , 233–35 , 241 , 247 , 251–52 , 256 , 265–70 , 280 , 312 , 321–28 , 347 , 349–50 , 361 , 363 , 379–82 , 388
Lula administration 229 , 231 , 235 , 239 , 241 , 243–45 , 251–52 , 257 , 280 , 322 , 341–42 , 349
Lula moment 326
Lula’s administration 226 , 240 , 242 , 247 , 280 , 380
Lula’s approval ratings 326 , 381
Lula’s base 325
Lula’s Brazil 222–23 , 225 , 227 , 229 , 231 , 233 , 235 , 237 , 239 , 241 , 243 , 245
Lula’s defeat 228
Lula’s defence 325
Lula’s election 222–23 , 229 , 240 , 243 , 269 , 323 , 335 , 363 , 379
Lula’s supporters 222
lumpenbourgeoisie 124
lumpenisation 275 , 292 , 295
lumpen-proletariat 278 , 285–86 , 295
luxury goods 20 , 109 , 116 , 118–19 , 124
Luz Para Todos 280
Macao 63
Macedo 208
MacEwan 11 , 20 , 23–26 , 31 , 33
Machado 183 , 378
Machel 147–48
machine imports 182
machines 1 , 42 , 143 , 151 , 157 , 160 , 172 , 217 , 372
macroeconomic planning 231
macroeconomic policies 14 , 24 , 48 , 60 , 85 , 247 , 250 , 256 , 317 , 342 , 363
alternative 12
conventional 64
distributive 318
government’s contractionary 237
neoliberal 336 , 343
macroeconomic policy changes 315
macroeconomic policy shift 326
macroeconomic policy tool 21
macroeconomic problem 99
macroeconomic programme 330
macroeconomic risks 54
macroeconomic stabilisation 308
macroeconomic stability 15–16 , 21 , 28 , 31 , 40 , 134 , 137 , 221 , 234 , 247–49 , 254 , 376
macroeconomic volatility 16
Madariaga 302–3 , 308–9 , 311 , 313 , 317
Maggi 196
mainstream 12–13 , 16–17 , 21 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 48 , 52 , 60–61 , 67 , 79 , 88 , 92 , 127 , 129 , 214 , 250
mainstream development strategies 84
mainstream economists 12 , 32 , 83 , 119
mainstream growth-maximizing policies 50
mainstream literature 64 , 74 , 91
mainstream media 261 , 267–69 , 271–72 , 274 , 292 , 321–22 , 326 , 328 , 333 , 335 , 340 , 342 , 352–53 , 378 , 380
mainstream policies 12 , 17–19 , 64 , 84
Malan 177
Malawi 35
Malaysia 31 , 44 , 71 , 75 , 78
Maldonado Filho 168 , 174
Mali 88
Maloney 90
managerialism 375
managers 144 , 154 , 218 , 224 , 288–89 , 327 , 344
Mani Pulite investigations 335
Mantega 280
manufactured goods 116 , 118 , 180
manufactured inputs 79
manufactures 75 , 118 , 121 , 156 , 350
manufacturing 72 , 79 , 100 , 103 , 113 , 118 , 120 , 339 , 341–42 , 374 , 376 , 379
manufacturing base 113 , 122 , 167 , 230 , 245
manufacturing capacity 77
manufacturing centres 277
manufacturing companies 217
manufacturing conglomerates 279
manufacturing development 77–78 , 113 , 120–21
manufacturing employment 182 , 196 , 217 , 277 , 300
manufacturing expansion 114 , 118
manufacturing growth 78–79 , 112 , 114 , 116 , 275 , 317
manufacturing industry 25 , 27 , 79 , 112 , 120 , 131 , 182 , 275
manufacturing inputs 20
manufacturing investment 131 , 211
manufacturing jobs 167 , 182 , 217 , 277
manufacturing output 79 , 122 , 237
manufacturing production 68 , 77–78 , 136 , 230 , 327
manufacturing productivity 79 , 182 , 277
manufacturing sector 79 , 103 , 115 , 117 , 120 , 167 , 182 , 245 , 377–78
emerging 119 , 299
fast-expanding 281
growing 119
large 206
strong 282
traditional 351
Maoism 360
Marangos 46
Marcelino 283–85 , 345 , 379
Maré 264
Marglin 200
Marini 122
market access 58
market competitivity 250
market credibility 324
market distortions 88
market economies, emerging 82
market economy 36 , 43 , 116
market exclusion 315
market expansion 127
market fluctuations 107
market forces 31 , 248
market imperfections 45
market incentives 117
market integration 13
market interest rates 185
marketisation 389
market liberalisation 279
market mechanisms 161 , 241
market operators 100
financial 227
market power 134 , 200 , 207 , 212 , 219
market processes 5 , 13 , 41 , 116 , 257 , 358
market provision 319
market relations 315
market rules 231
markets 13–14 , 18–19 , 41–43 , 45 , 56 , 58 , 77–79 , 81 , 101 , 104 , 113–14 , 116–17 , 247–51 , 257 , 353–54
ae 68 , 75–77 , 82
commodity 70 , 73 , 315 , 372
competitive 64
emerging 170
external 114 , 250 , 253 , 341
free 42 , 44 , 46
housing 73
important 143
labor 48 , 53 , 252
mass 252
official 156 , 161
open 179 , 204 , 218 , 227
opening 69
parallel 156 , 161 , 226
rigid 48
strong 250
transparent 52
wealthier 84
market segments 138
market sentiment 244
market share 351
market signals 74
market size 114 , 120
market society 94
market structures 44 , 207
markets work 117
market value 70 , 185
Markwald 183
Marleyn 142
Marques 307
Martínez González 378
Martorano 318
Martuscelli 380
Marx 4 , 123 , 139–40 , 145–47 , 149 , 152 , 202 , 205 , 372
Marxian inflation literature 201
Marxism 3 , 145
Marxist analysis 199 , 274
Marxist-Leninist parties 145
Marxists 13 , 120–21 , 127 , 200 , 247 , 339
Marxist schools 119
Marx’s approach 205
Marx’s theory 146 , 203
M&As 180–81
mass movements 6 , 259 , 296 , 336 , 347 , 366
organised 368
recent 293
spontaneous 272 , 295
strong 5
Mattei 267 , 303–4 , 310 , 316
maturity 189 , 192 , 222 , 233 , 342
McChesney 72 , 76
McCulloch 11 , 60
McKinley 11 , 14–15 , 19 , 22–23 , 36 , 41 , 48–50 , 60 , 103 , 107
McNelis 208
mdgs 11 , 13 , 17 , 21 , 39 , 60
mechanisation 113 , 151 , 157–58
Medeiros 285 , 363 , 366
media 225 , 261–62 , 264 , 267–69 , 272 , 288–89 , 292 , 329 , 335–36 , 338 , 344 , 353 , 363–64 , 385 , 388–89
aggressive 321
hostile 271 , 324
right-wing 5 , 265 , 358
social 263 , 293–94 , 321 , 333 , 345
traditional 294
web-based 295–96
media coverage 262 , 294
media discourses 375
media hostility 384
media pressure 227 , 245
medical associations 329 , 345
Medida Provisória 311
Mehlum 89
Meirelles 236–37 , 242 , 327
Mello 385
Mendonça 267
mensalão scandal 247 , 268 , 280 , 324–26 , 329 , 336 , 380–81
Mercosur 183 , 240 , 354
Merton 3
Metal Leve 181
metal-mechanic 284
metalworkers 361 , 379
Mexican crisis 178 , 184 , 187 , 215 , 220
Mexican Oportunidades programme 302
Mexico 58–59 , 69 , 78 , 94 , 96–99 , 113–14 , 130–31 , 135 , 137 , 369 , 378
Mexico investment 135
Mexico’s maquiladoras 25
Meyns 153
microcredit 309
micro-entrepreneurs, independent 286
microfinance 303
micro-integration 181
middle class 56 , 246 , 263 , 265 , 267–69 , 271–72 , 275 , 277–78 , 280 , 282–83 , 286 , 288–93 , 329 , 333 , 336 , 360 , 364–68
lower 322 , 343
moderate 363
professional 113 , 223
urban 225–26 , 355
upper 321–22 , 324–26 , 330–31 , 333–35 , 338 , 344–46 , 348 , 351–52 , 354–55 , 380 , 385–87
middle class demonstrators 274
middle class groups 268 , 289 , 333 , 366
middle class ideologies 366
middle class professionals 289
middle-class protesters 259
Middle Eastern 19 , 58
middle-income countries 11 , 20 , 33–34 , 236 , 239
middle management 365
middle managers 224
Middlemas 159
middle peasantry 161
middle peasants 139–40 , 150 , 152–53 , 155
migrant labour systems 143 , 158
Milanovic 11 , 17 , 60
militarisation 156 , 160
militarism 123 , 125
military 265 , 331 , 344 , 360
military coup 265 , 332 , 369
military dictatorship 6 , 115 , 133 , 259–60 , 275 , 298–99 , 353 , 361 , 377
military intervention 43
military officers 300 , 374
military rule 2 , 6 , 262 , 331
Millennium Development Goals 11 , 13 , 39 , 53
Milonakis 41
Minha Casa Minha Vida 307
minimum wages 280 , 287 , 290–91 , 293 , 299 , 305 , 311–13 , 344 , 352 , 364 , 366 , 379 , 381–82
higher 252–53 , 312 , 316 , 365
real 207 , 252 , 275 , 312
mining 79 , 88 , 116 , 244 , 324
Ministry of Education 303
Ministry of Finance 242–43 , 330 , 383 , 385
Ministry of Food Security 304
Ministry of Foreign Affairs 226
Ministry of Health 304
Ministry of Labour 304
Ministry of Mines and Energy 303
Ministry of Planning 269
Ministry of Social Development 298 , 304
Ministry of Social Welfare 304
Ministry of Transport 173
Minsky 202 , 205
Mirowski 371
Mjøset 103
Mkandawire 310 , 312
mobile telephones 7
mobilisations 5 , 259 , 261–62 , 265 , 274 , 280 , 283–85 , 287–88 , 293 , 296–97 , 335
growing 262
large nationwide 262
mass 5 , 138 , 330 , 377
national 280
neighbourhood 259
political 152
social 294 , 296
modernisation 40 , 42 , 146 , 181 , 194 , 275
industrial 178 , 193
technological 182
modernisation theory 125
modernising effort 150
Modernist Marxism 139–40 , 145–47 , 153
Moene 89
Moldova 17
Mollo 196 , 199–200 , 203–5 , 300 , 342 , 377
Molyneux 311
Monarchy 95
monetarism 38 , 41 , 115 , 204
monetary 24 , 61 , 73 , 104 , 106 , 108–9 , 188 , 192 , 199 , 201 , 204 , 233 , 249
monetary authorities 31 , 191 , 193 , 195–96
monetary base 168 , 173 , 188 , 191 , 215 , 227
monetary circulation 206
monetary crisis 199 , 206
monetary exchange rate policy 341
monetary expansion 174 , 252
monetary expression 200
monetary handouts 33
monetary impact 171 , 173–75 , 179 , 185 , 193 , 197–98
monetary institutions 201
monetary policies 42–43 , 106 , 114 , 188 , 196 , 201 , 206 , 209 , 211–12 , 228 , 233 , 375 , 382–84
monetary policy activism 71
monetary policy autonomy 30 , 106
monetary policy contraction 188
monetary policy discretion 31
monetary policy relaxation 72
monetary regime 205
monetary role 203
monetary sphere 201
monetary stability 249 , 251 , 301
monetary systems 203
monetisation 173 , 204 , 232
monetise 23 , 172
money 4 , 23 , 35 , 42 , 104 , 108 , 126 , 199–206 , 212–13 , 218–19 , 372–73
central government borrows 173
circulating 202 , 204–5
excess 201
functions of 205
must learn to spend 236
people’s 2
printing 120
value of 203 , 205
money capital 113 , 187 , 231 , 234
money demand 168 , 215
money endogeneity 200 , 205
money illusion 215
money market 206
money multiplier 108 , 204
money neutrality 204
money supply 105 , 107–08 , 168 , 173 , 200 , 202–4
money wage 201
monopoly capital theory 123
monopoly pricing 126
Monthly Review 123
Montiel 99
Moody 357
Moore 202 , 205 , 298 , 302–3 , 308
Morais 185 , 188 , 220–22 , 226 , 230 , 232 , 364–65 , 367 , 370 , 377–80 , 384
Morais and Saad-Filho 223 , 248 , 251 , 253 , 266 , 268 , 270 , 272 , 281 , 317 , 342
Morisett 176 , 188 , 213
Mosca 161
Moura 141 , 143
Movimento Brasil Livre 333
Movimento Democrático Brasileiro 329
Movimento Passe Livre 260 , 292
Mozambican Agriculture 140 , 147 , 150 , 161
Mozambican government 139
Mozambican industry 142
Mozambican migrant labour 142
Mozambican peasants 141 , 160
Mozambican people 149
Mozambican Revolution 145
Mozambican road to socialism 145
Mozambicans 141 , 143–44
Mozambican society 140
Mozambique 94 , 139–43 , 145–47 , 149 , 151–52 , 155 , 161
left 143
southern 141
mst 235 , 240 , 288 , 294 , 323
Mueda Highlands 154 , 159
Munhoz 186
Murfin 125 , 201
Nakano 200 , 209 , 248
Nankani 88
national champions 247 , 253 , 349 , 376 , 382 , 386
national content policy 327
national developmentalist bloc 282
National Health System 301 , 305
nationalisation 116 , 191
nationalism 126 , 150 , 368
nationalist 127 , 224 , 359 , 367–68
native populations 130 , 374
Nayyar 68 , 78 , 80
Neary 101–3
neo-Austrianism 43
neoclassical 42 , 55–56 , 89–90 , 117 , 119 , 127
neoclassical economics 12 , 42 , 66
neoclassical economists 2 , 119–20 , 124
neoclassical growth theory 69
neoclassical synthesis 39
neoclassical theory 42 , 66 , 88
neoclassical writers 199
neodevelopmentalism 247–51 , 253 , 255–57 , 325 , 327 , 351 , 353–54 , 372 , 376–77 , 380 , 383
impact of 248 , 254
introduction of elements of 251 , 342
neodevelopmentalist front 322 , 325 , 328 , 333 , 344
neodevelopmentalist literature 249 , 254 , 256
neodevelopmentalist policies 247 , 249 , 251 , 255–57 , 335 , 341 , 349 , 351 , 355 , 377 , 381
neodevelopmentalist policy framework 248
neodevelopmentalist policy inflection 280–81
neodevelopmentalist policymakers 258 , 381
neodevelopmentalists 247 , 250–51 , 255 , 257 , 282 , 322 , 336 , 342 , 349–50 , 376 , 381
neoliberal 45 , 225 , 251 , 255–56 , 311 , 315–16 , 330 , 342–43 , 358 , 362 , 367–69 , 371 , 375 , 387 , 389
neoliberal agenda 228
neoliberal alliance 322 , 326 , 329
neoliberal bourgeoisie 279 , 282 , 292
neoliberal capitalism 285
neoliberal consensus 222
neoliberal critics 253 , 265
neoliberal democracy 5 , 294 , 357
neoliberal development strategy 113
neoliberal economies 357
neoliberal elite 134 , 138 , 226 , 292 , 380 , 385
neoliberal era 135
neoliberal financialisation 340
neoliberal growth strategy 224
neoliberal hegemony 137
neoliberal ideology 42 , 268 , 290
neoliberalisation 358
neoliberalism 2–6 , 46 , 130–38 , 222–29 , 234 , 240–41 , 245–46 , 248–50 , 275–76 , 278–79 , 295–96 , 298–303 , 307–9 , 315–22 , 339–40 , 342–43 , 357–59 , 365 , 370–81 , 385–86 , 388–89
adverse social implications of 224 , 380
authoritarian 356–57 , 359 , 365–68 , 370 , 372 , 386–87
consolidation of 41 , 342
continuity of 228 , 371
developmental 370 , 372 , 381–82 , 388–89
economic transition to 6 , 362 , 377
embracing 133
global 368 , 371
hegemony of 64 , 128 , 257 , 322 , 371 , 380
inclusive 370 , 372 , 379–80
left 259 , 269
legitimated 234
phases of 375
reproduction of 229 , 234 , 371
transition to 3–4 , 6 , 134 , 301 , 318 , 351 , 378–79
vote away 243
Neoliberalism in Lula’s Brazil 222–23 , 225 , 227 , 229 , 231 , 233 , 235 , 237 , 239 , 241 , 243 , 245 , 291
neoliberal macroeconomic policy 248 , 257 , 322 , 326 , 381
neoliberal media 284
neoliberal opposition 334
neoliberal orthodoxy 45 , 241
neoliberal paradigm 257
neoliberal policies 130 , 133 , 229 , 233–34 , 239–40 , 247 , 250–51 , 257 , 269 , 287 , 328 , 342 , 355 , 359 , 365 , 371
neoliberal policy tripod 317 , 322–30 , 332 , 342 , 363 , 371 , 379 , 383 , 388
neoliberal programme 235 , 280 , 287 , 336 , 384
neoliberal reforms 133 , 136–38 , 230 , 235 , 240 , 247 , 272 , 277 , 280–81 , 287 , 300
neoliberal SoA 375–76 , 379–80 , 388
neoliberal strategy 239 , 245
neoliberal tax reform 236
neoliberal transition 132–34 , 223 , 231 , 233 , 275 , 283 , 290 , 296 , 326 , 344
neoliberal trends 380
neoliberal type 296
neomonetarism 166 , 168–70 , 176 , 194
costs of 165–67 , 169 , 171 , 173 , 175 , 177 , 179 , 181 , 183 , 185 , 187 , 189 , 191 , 193 , 195
impact of 168 , 173
microeconomic level 168
neomonetarist 168 , 171 , 187–88 , 196
neomonetarist accumulation strategy 174 , 178 , 187 , 198
neomonetarist policy shift 166 , 171 , 176
Nepomuceno 366
Neri 176 , 307 , 313
Netherlands 51 , 99
New Delhi 111
Newitt 153–55 , 159
newspapers 261 , 266 , 292 , 326 , 354
Ngapa village 160
ngos 39 , 60 , 128 , 272 , 288 , 291 , 310 , 318 , 322 , 338 , 344 , 381
Nicaragua 133–34
Nigeria 88 , 94–99
Niggle 14 , 49
Nilsson 139 , 144–45
Nissanke 68
Niterói 244
Nkusu 102
Nobel Prize 45
Nobre 364
Nogueira Batista 174 , 177–78 , 185 , 188 , 214
North Africa 96
Northeast 225 , 253 , 307 , 312 , 350
Northeast and Southern Brazil 182
North Sea 99
North-South capital flows 71
North-South convergence 82
North-South decoupling 63 , 82
North-South interaction 76
Norway 27 , 59
Nova Iguaçu 244
Ocampo 25 , 67–68 , 71 , 75 , 107 , 128
Odebrecht 253 , 349
oecd 66 , 70–71 , 74–75 , 172 , 217 , 364 , 378
oil 1 , 85 , 88 , 90–91 , 94 , 96 , 112 , 282 , 284 , 335 , 350 , 354 , 364
oil chain 326 , 335 , 386
oil discoveries 94
oil exploration 326 , 350
oil extraction 131 , 230
oil extraction policy, new 350
oilfields 350–51 , 353
oil-importing countries 73
oil industry 325 , 333 , 350
oil majors 326 , 332
oil refineries 109
oil rents 350
oil revenues 94
oil sector 350
oil shocks 208 , 276
oil tankers 350
oil workers 278
O’Laughlin 144
oligarchic rule 130
oligarchies, strong 130
oligarchs 224–25
oligarchy, traditional 225
oligopolies 174 , 219
Oliveira 237 , 240 , 339
Olympic Games 262
Oman 59 , 94–95
Onaran 26
O’Neill 70
open market operations 173 , 227
Operação Produção 150 , 160
opinion polls 225–26 , 228 , 263 , 266 , 269 , 293 , 329
Oportunidades 309–11
Oreiro 245
organisations 5 , 213 , 246 , 259 , 272 , 279 , 295–96 , 339 , 360–61 , 369
allied 235
autonomist 292
autonomist non-party 260
bypasses 310
competing media 353
disciplined 359
important 361
independent 340
international 39 , 64 , 217 , 303
left-wing 122 , 360
mass 5 , 358
popular 138 , 294 , 352
rational 148
small radical 360
social 150 , 152 , 158 , 286–87 , 295 , 356 , 359
workplace-based 295
organised support 347 , 356
orientation 141
original sin 93 , 106
orthodoxy 2 , 40 , 43 , 47 , 211 , 240 , 248 , 258
Osmani 11 , 15 , 60
Otrok 82
output 77 , 82–83 , 88 , 91 , 142–45 , 147–48 , 151 , 155–56 , 161 , 202–6 , 370–71 , 383 , 386
domestic 70 , 105
domestic consumption 161
extra 148
higher 152
manufactured 182
marketable 143
marketed 152
total 154
overvaluation 32 , 101 , 104 , 167 , 170 , 177 , 216–17 , 254–57 , 327 , 330
pac 252 , 381
Paes 183 , 305 , 312
Paiva 299–300 , 304–5 , 313
Palanivel 11 , 60
Palley 11
Palma 11 , 20 , 30
Palme 312
Palmer 286
Palocci 236 , 243 , 251 , 326 , 380
Panitch 321
Paraguay 114
Paraná 265
Partido Comunista 359
party 243–44 , 246 , 269 , 272 , 322 , 325 , 329 , 332–33 , 335–36 , 346–47 , 351–55 , 359–63 , 365 , 385–86 , 388–89
bourgeois 351 , 360
communist 352
large 348
minor 348
patronage 348
satellite 348
small 367 , 387
solid 368
party leaders 351
party leadership 228 , 244 , 363
party members 325
party militants 244
Party of Brazilian Social Democracy 327
Pasha 11 , 15 , 18–19 , 22 , 36 , 60
Pasinetti 79
Pastore 212
Paula 212 , 231 , 245 , 248–50 , 267 , 376–79
Paulani 227
Paulista Avenue 264
pauperism 301 , 315
pauperist 316
Paus 24
balance of payments constraint 20 , 22 , 24–25 , 28 , 78–80 , 90 , 106 , 109 , 118 , 121 , 167 , 169 , 171 , 191 , 196 , 198 , 235 , 238 , 244 , 256 , 376 , 378 , 380
balance of payments crises 16 , 30 , 52 , 58 , 69 , 169 , 245
balance of payments deficit 192
balance of payments fragility 245
balance of payments stability 249 , 375
balance of payments surplus 173 , 175 , 179 , 193 , 197–98
balance of payments vulnerability 221
Paz 115–16
pbf 298–99 , 302 , 304–5 , 307–11 , 313 , 317–19
pbf beneficiaries 304 , 309–10
pbf budget 305
pbf database 305
pbf mothers 307
pbf transfers 305 , 308
pcb 359–60
pcdoB 229
pdt 229
peak 209 , 238
peasant communities 143 , 158
peasant lands 144 , 149
peasant logic 162
peasant perspectives 161
peasantry 139 , 141–43 , 148–50 , 152–54 , 156–57 , 159–62 , 360
dispersed 149
hostile 156
rich 141
traditional 149
undifferentiated 153
peasants 14 , 113 , 130 , 140–42 , 144 , 149–50 , 152–60 , 299 , 360 , 374
articulate 154
disaffected 161
dislocated 154
landless 152 , 323
neighbouring 154
organised 343
poorer 155
reluctant 154
rich 152
small 19
peasants and urban dwellers 315
peasants scrape, isolated 116
Peck 371
Pena 303
Pender 16–17
Penido 232
pensioners 232 , 252 , 382
pensions 3 , 15 , 20 , 232 , 240 , 280 , 299–301 , 312–13 , 325 , 329 , 379
disability 311
enjoyed subsidised 299
higher state 294
improved 385
lower 218
non-contributory 299
private 367 , 387
reform of 2
pentecostal 334
Penvenne 143
People’s Telephone 307
Perälä 89
periphery 4 , 65 , 111 , 116–19 , 121–28 , 146 , 245 , 312
bourgeois 342
eurozone 73
poor 246
Pernia 11 , 48 , 60
Persson 14 , 49
Peru 24 , 113–14 , 133–34 , 137
Petrobras 242 , 244 , 252 , 321 , 326 , 331–33 , 335 , 341 , 343 , 348–52 , 353–54 , 367 , 386
Petrobras investment 255 , 351
Petrobras scandal 353–54
petrochemical 244
petrochemical inputs 180
petroleum 88 , 93–94 , 98
petroleum exporters 93 , 99
petroleum reserves 94
Pharmaceuticals 180
Philippines 75 , 368
Piani 378
Pierri 308–09 , 317
Pincus 12
Pink Tide 303 , 337
Pinochet coup 133
Pinto 115 , 307 , 313
plantations 143–44 , 151 , 157–58
colonial 151
traditional 25
platforms 242 , 295 , 338 , 350
Plehwe 371
Pochmann 182 , 230 , 268 , 275–78 , 290–91 , 301 , 313 , 326 , 366
Poland 59 , 368
police 6 , 32 , 155 , 160 , 260 , 262 , 264–65 , 272 , 274 , 292–93 , 344
policies 4–5 , 38–39 , 41–44 , 48–52 , 54–55 , 67–69 , 88–90 , 169 , 221 , 245 , 247 , 249 , 251 , 255 , 257–58 , 338 , 340–45 , 350–51 , 373–74 , 376–77 , 380–81
agricultural 145
alternative 12 , 39 , 80 , 223
consistent 105
conventional 50 , 52 , 60 , 69
correct 57–58 , 69
defined 331
deflationary 219
design 30
disarticulate 348
distributive 24 , 41 , 334 , 363
domestic 42 , 64 , 169 , 175 , 192 , 239 , 241
edistributive 15
equity-promoting 50
good 44 , 54 , 57
government’s 16
growth-accommodating 109
growth-enhancing 49
heterodox 255
hybrid 255 , 257 , 342
ifi 58
import 27
incomes 208
interventionist 252–53
local content 354
macroeconomic 44
medium-term 26
metropolitan 125
neodevelopmental 335
neoliberal 221
neomonetarist 166 , 169 , 186
new 350
orthodox 211 , 287
poverty-alleviating 50
pricing 44
pwc 47
redistributive 317
regional 221
regressive 18
repressive 141
sectoral 93 , 299
self-serving 379
wage 249
welfare 43 , 371
welfarist 302
policy conditionality 44
policy co-ordination 132 , 134
policy framework 12 , 247 , 257 , 317
hybrid economic 251
inflation-targeting 247
neoliberal macroeconomic 251 , 280
pro-poor 11 , 29
policy-induced deindustrialisation 113
policy inflection 251–52 , 256–57 , 325
policy initiatives
coordinated industrial 28
foreign 241
global 85
important 236
pro-poor monetary 31
significant industrial 242
policymaking 370 , 373
policymaking capacity 373
policy paradigms 248
policy reforms 48 , 52 , 54
policy space 71 , 84 , 106 , 385
political crises 114 , 247 , 256 , 321 , 330 , 335 , 353 , 389
political economy 1–3 , 11 , 41 , 92 , 111 , 131 , 133 , 135 , 137 , 146 , 165 , 222 , 230 , 376
political economy literature 15 , 28
political economy perspective 260 , 298 , 318
political hegemony 270 , 321 , 328–29 , 337 , 348 , 363 , 377 , 379
political parties 140 , 292 , 294 , 331 , 333 , 338 , 346–48 , 353 , 356 , 359 , 361 , 364 , 368
alternative 279 , 339
left 272
main 351
radical left 241
political power 14–15 , 50 , 148–49 , 225 , 288 , 316 , 338 , 344
political practices 224
political prisoners 361
political schizophrenia 222 , 239
political stability 226 , 279 , 298–99 , 340 , 363 , 374 , 379–81 , 388
political strength 243
political support 54 , 140 , 352
political supremacy 63
political system 288 , 296 , 322 , 329 , 333 , 336 , 346 , 357–58 , 365 , 370 , 387 , 389
decentralised 389
dysfunctional 261
inclusive 45
welfare-enhancing 315
politics 45 , 265 , 275 , 292 , 295 , 343 , 359 , 369 , 386 , 388
clientelistic 225 , 268
overt 369
parliamentary 362
pork-barrel 323
Pollin 108
Polterovitch 90
Pomar 276–78 , 281 , 283 , 288 , 290 , 301 , 312 , 315 , 344 , 382
Pomerantz 68
Ponzi schemes 170 , 192
poor countries 11–14 , 20 , 23–25 , 27–28 , 31 , 34 , 36 , 38 , 41–43 , 45–48 , 52 , 54 , 60 , 65–66 , 111
Popov 90
population 138 , 140–42 , 147 , 149 , 213–14 , 216 , 219 , 221 , 267 , 269 , 276 , 278 , 313
active 141
general 309
large 225
rural 153
target 311
working 334 , 374
world’s 68
populism 115 , 122 , 128 , 361 , 368 , 377
populist 120 , 129 , 224 , 384
portfolio investment 31 , 170 , 172–73 , 183 , 235 , 254
Porto Alegre 237 , 243
Portugal 143
Portuguese 115 , 143–44 , 147 , 160
Portuguese aldeamentos 159
Portuguese colonialism 141 , 143
Portuguese rule 142
Portuguese settlers 143
Portuguese textile industry 142
Post-Keynesian 12 , 25–26 , 60 , 199–200 , 205 , 376
Post-Keynesian horizontalist writers 202
postwar era 64 , 165 , 211 , 240 , 317 , 359
Post-Washington Consensus 39 , 45 , 47 , 69
post-World War ii 65
Poulantzas 339
Poulantzas-Miliband debate 339
poverty 12–15 , 18–20 , 36 , 38–41 , 44 , 48 , 50–51 , 53–55 , 57–59 , 61 , 298–99 , 302–3 , 309–10 , 315–16 , 318–20
acute 318
basic 18
childhood 222
elimination of 14 , 18 , 32 , 51 , 57
global 85
impact of growth on 15 , 19
lower 15
market-generated 18 , 319
mass 13 , 15 , 17
persistent 41
reduced 315
reducing 22
reproduction of 18 , 316 , 318
significant 84
symptoms of 14 , 315
poverty alleviation 18 , 21 , 38 , 43 , 48 , 53 , 86
poverty and inequality 38–39 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 49 , 51 , 53 , 55 , 57 , 59 , 61
poverty management 32 , 320
poverty reduction 13 , 16–17 , 20–21 , 33 , 35 , 39–40 , 48–55 , 216 , 221 , 252 , 257 , 319
poverty threshold 317
poverty trap 22
power 3–5 , 7 , 121–22 , 229 , 231 , 249 , 251 , 271 , 322 , 337–39 , 341 , 343 , 345–49 , 355 , 359–61
bourgeois 289
distribution of 11 , 60
economic 220 , 267 , 288 , 340 , 344
elite’s 389
executive 355 , 363
extract emergency 332
financial 220
growing 224 , 228
imperialist 146
limited 269
monopoly 117 , 125 , 200–201 , 217
self-referential 357
traditional 150
power base 222
power bloc 338–39 , 343 , 346 , 348 , 354
ppg 39 , 48–51 , 58 , 61
ppg approach 61
ppg debates 50–51 , 55
ppi 149
ppp 70 , 74
pragmatism 51 , 303 , 389
Prasad 82
Prates 232 , 377
Prebisch 79 , 88 , 115 , 117
Prebisch-Singer hypothesis 88 , 117 , 119 , 121–22
Preobrazhensky 149
president 226 , 229 , 236–37 , 241 , 243 , 266 , 325 , 327 , 329–30 , 332 , 346–47 , 379–80 , 385 , 387
appointed 350
civilian 276
elected 171 , 218 , 247 , 271 , 322 , 387
left-wing 327
new 196
President Dilma Rousseff 262 , 267 , 272 , 274 , 321 , 331 , 365
President Fernando Collor 171 , 209 , 228 , 231 , 240 , 259 , 268 , 271 , 279–80 , 287 , 300 , 332 , 336 , 340–41 , 347 , 378
President Fernando H. Cardoso 120 , 122 , 125 , 171 , 209 , 218 , 224–25 , 227 , 234 , 236 , 240 , 247 , 251 , 276 , 279 , 300 , 340–42 , 350–51 , 371 , 378
President Getúlio Vargas 331 , 359
President Itamar Franco 378
President Jair Bolsonaro 6 , 287 , 356–57 , 365 , 367–68
President Janio Quadros 332 , 271
President João Goulart 327 , 331 , 360
President José Sarney 171 , 225 , 378
President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 24 , 267 , 304 , 307 , 338 , 356 , 370
President Michel Temer 6 , 273 , 365 , 386
presidential candidate Aécio Neves 330 , 335
presidential candidates 225 , 227–28 , 344
far-left 281
likely 251
official 224
presidential elections 162 , 228 , 242 , 259 , 332 , 347 , 353 , 361 , 378
Previdência Social 311
price freeze 210
price of electricity 265 , 328 , 343
prices 78 , 87 , 90 , 99 , 101 , 103–4 , 118 , 123 , 126 , 134 , 200–210 , 213–15 , 218
baseline 107
domestic 101 , 213
farm-gate 121
global 72
high 118
higher 118 , 132 , 142 , 156 , 201 , 209
indexation of 199 , 207–8 , 212
key 214
liberalisation of 2
local currency 135
low 142 , 156
non-booming tradables 105
petroleum 99
primary product 118 , 121
relative 100 , 108 , 117 , 168 , 204 , 206 , 209–10 , 213
resource 104 , 107
sanction 203
security 81
substantial 203
unit 117
price system 214
PriceWaterhouse Coopers 181
Pritchett 68
private insurance 300–301
private investment 21–22 , 53 , 211 , 242 , 250 , 252 , 328 , 376 , 383
private sector 25 , 89 , 107 , 109 , 119 , 155 , 167 , 172–73 , 177 , 194 , 280 , 284–85 , 299
privatisations 42 , 47 , 178 , 185 , 188 , 230–31 , 240 , 244 , 247 , 276 , 279 , 358 , 362 , 388
mass 136 , 231
pension 303
processed foods 112 , 131 , 156 , 181 , 253
procyclical 106
producers 28 , 94 , 100 , 121
domestic 250 , 341 , 343 , 378
efficient 167
foreign 119 , 134
home-based food 286
inefficient 120
large global 94
marginal 105
rural 141
undercutting 302
unsuccessful local 135
production 25 , 76–79 , 83–84 , 88 , 112–13 , 131 , 145–50 , 200 , 202–03 , 275 , 277–79 , 315–16 , 357–58 , 370–72 , 374–75
agricultural 27
capitalist 113
collective 144 , 158
collective forms of 150 , 159
domestic 32 , 182 , 242 , 350
expansion of 170 , 218
factors of 38 , 66 , 88 , 102 , 120
family 141 , 159
increasing 147
independent 315
international integration of 217 , 374
large-scale 41 , 148
local 351
low-tech 76
modes of 4 , 370 , 372
peasant 147
precarious commodity 13
pre-salt oil 351
primary 113
private 203
relations of 145–47 , 149 , 156
social 278
stimulate 343
subsistence 121
production chains 64 , 277 , 341 , 376
global 85
important 138 , 230 , 342
regional 76
vertically-integrated 75
production co-operatives 152 , 155–56
production substitution 137
productivity 18 , 22 , 25–26 , 65–66 , 79 , 84 , 108 , 116 , 119 , 155–56 , 158
agricultural 27
factor 22
high 121
higher 25–26 , 74
lagging 382
low 13 , 118 , 121 , 128 , 155 , 159 , 315 , 379
people’s 33
reduced 160
productivity gains 25 , 64 , 167 , 183
enjoyed substantial 182
substantial 167
unexplored 257
unrealised 250
productivity gaps 378
productivity growth 19 , 26–28 , 57–58 , 79 , 85 , 103 , 118 , 200 , 217 , 375–76
long-term 26
rapid 118
slow 250
sustained 26 , 53 , 108
products
advanced 112
agricultural 91
chemical 112
dairy 29 , 180
exportable 107
final 75 , 77
gross domestic 63 , 342
manufactured 156
medium-low technological intensity 183
national 200 , 204
natural resource 88
new 357
non-traditional electronic 25
pharmaceutical 131
primary 91 , 118 , 121 , 124 , 142
social 126
standard electronic 25
tobacco 112 , 131
proer 185
profit remittances 80 , 124 , 137 , 167 , 173
profits 2 , 84 , 116 , 118 , 123 , 136 , 143 , 195 , 198 , 200 , 203
aggregate 22
economic 117
extraordinary 26
gross 209
large 213
previous annual 195
reported 195
reported rising 238
Programa Brasil Alfabetizado 307
Programa Comunidade Solidária 303
Programa Próximo Passo 307
Programas Sociais 305
Programme of Elimination of Child Labour 304
Programme of Incentives 185
programmes 16 , 32 , 34–35 , 185 , 210–11 , 289 , 292 , 298–300 , 302–5 , 307 , 309–11 , 313 , 317–19 , 329 , 344–45 , 385
adjustment 73 , 211
anti-poverty 21
cogent 295 , 369
compensatory 32
distributive 280 , 325
economic 17 , 28 , 171 , 228 , 367 , 387
fiesp 382
heterodox 210
modernisation 150
political 280 , 282 , 368
pro-poor 16 , 24–25 , 30
road-building 173
socialist 146
targeted 32–33 , 345
universal 309–10 , 317
progressive Catholic groups 360
progressive change 360
progressive pensions system 367 , 387
progressive reductions 67
proletariat 139 , 146 , 150 , 278
rural 148 , 157 , 160
proletarisation 142 , 157
property rights 36 , 43 , 46–47 , 50 , 52 , 58 , 80 , 128 , 130 , 289
pro-poor alternatives 39
pro-poor development programmes 20
pro-poor development strategies 12 , 18–19 , 23–24 , 62 , 282 , 287 , 299 , 312 , 317 , 319
pro-poor exchange rate regime 31
pro-poor growth 14 , 21 , 35 , 39 , 48–49 , 55–56 , 61 , 312
pro-poor macroeconomic policies 11
pro-poor macroeconomic policy instruments 18
pro-poor objectives 15 , 20
pro-poor outcomes 11 , 14–18 , 27–28 , 60
pro-poor perspective 40
pro-poor policies 12 , 15–16 , 18 , 21 , 28 , 35–36 , 61
pro-poor policy framework 11–13 , 60
pro-poor rhetoric 35
pro-poor strategies 18 , 21 , 24 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 36–37 , 298 , 318
pro-poor tradition 12
Prospective Indicative Plan 148–49
protection 47 , 80 , 120 , 249 , 344
blanket infant industry 120
bureaucratic 289
universal 319
protectionism 44 , 118 , 327 , 377
protection mechanisms 195
protestant, fast-growing 334
protestant sects 365
protesters 261 , 272 , 321
protests 46 , 259–63 , 271–75 , 292 , 295–96 , 321 , 333
facebookisation of 275 , 292 , 295
significant 259
unfocused 296
Prussian path 128
psdb 236 , 260 , 279 , 327–28 , 332–33 , 340 , 342 , 344 , 347–54 , 366 , 371
pt 222–26 , 228–29 , 235–37 , 241–44 , 246 , 259–60 , 266–71 , 273–74 , 291–92 , 321–36 , 342 , 347–48 , 352–53 , 355–57 , 359–63 , 365–67 , 369–72 , 379–80 , 384–86 , 388–89
pt administrations 238–40 , 281 , 283 , 289–90 , 333 , 336 , 342–43 , 349 , 351–53 , 355 , 371–72 , 385 , 388
pt allies 244
pt candidates 242 , 347
pt deputies 236
pt governments 240 , 322 , 332 , 343–45 , 371 , 388–89
pt leader 356
pt leadership 229 , 241 , 244
pt militants 236
pt policies 270 , 362
pt rule 330
ptb 100 , 229 , 360
ptn 100
public debt 136 , 211 , 231–32 , 239
low 15
public deficits 22 , 174
nominal 211
operational 211
public expenditures 21 , 47 , 57 , 107 , 120 , 173 , 213 , 363
public goods 17–18 , 33–34 , 54
public goods programmes, universal 33
public housing programmes 344
public investment 20–22 , 232 , 242 , 252 , 270 , 335 , 354 , 381 , 384
public-private partnerships 328 , 343
public sector 21 , 69 , 202 , 220 , 225 , 247 , 252 , 255 , 265 , 268 , 284–85
public sector debt 22 , 195 , 236
public sector employees 26
public sector expenditures 17
public sector intervention 27
public sector investment 53 , 57 , 249 , 252 , 255
public sector management 44
public sector pensions 236
public sector securities 107
public sector spending 254 , 349
public securities 227 , 232–34 , 239 , 245 , 367 , 387
public services 259 , 262–63 , 265–66 , 269 , 271 , 272 , 274 , 283 , 287 , 299 , 301 , 303 , 309–10 , 313
public transport 22 , 260 , 265 , 274 , 294 , 316 , 321
public transport fares 259–60 , 274 , 292
public works programmes 27
purchasing power parity 74
pursuit 3 , 36 , 92 , 364
Purushothaman 64 , 66 , 70 , 74
pushing 7 , 363
pwc 39 , 45–48 , 56–57 , 59
Qatar 94–95
qe2 383
quantity theory of money 203–5
quotas 334 , 345
racial 365
recruitment 345
social 334 , 344
university admissions 280 , 325 , 345
racism 329 , 334 , 368
racist 345 , 367
Rada 68
radical socialist parties 338
radical working class movement 272
Rahbari 64 , 70 , 80
Raikes 144 , 151
rail 131 , 230 , 244
railways 109 , 260 , 349
Ramalho 212
Ramos 183
Rao 11 , 15 , 20 , 22 , 50 , 60
Rasiah 77
rates 48–49 , 65 , 178 , 183 , 200 , 204 , 208–9 , 269 , 278 , 283 , 378 , 381 , 383
discount 108 , 178
economy’s growth 388
faster 54
federal funds 170
high 79 , 124 , 204
highest 22 , 237
highest labour turnover 281
international 169
low investment 388
maximum acceptable 16
maximum inflation 16
national 312
population growth 165
profit 195 , 210
significant growth 96
slower growth 234
trend 82
trend growth 83
typical 310
ratification 346
Ravallion 36 , 48–51
Rawlings 309–10
raw materials 18 , 142
Razavi 316–17
reactionary 148 , 153 , 224 , 344 , 369
Reais 205 , 215
Real 167 , 176–78 , 181 , 187–88 , 191–92 , 194–96 , 198 , 209 , 214–17 , 219–21
real estate 73 , 100 , 109
real exchange rate 100
Real Plan 165–66 , 168 , 171 , 174 , 176 , 178 , 183–84 , 196 , 198–200 , 214–21 , 378
real resources 80 , 171 , 174 , 198
real resource transfers 171–75 , 177 , 179 , 193
real wages 2 , 18 , 207 , 209–10 , 214 , 216 , 220 , 223 , 234 , 238 , 312
recession 237 , 239 , 384
redistribution 15 , 18 , 34 , 36 , 38–39 , 41 , 90 , 92 , 317 , 319 , 371 , 374 , 376–77 , 380–81 , 387
redundancies 43 , 231
reforms 23 , 27 , 45 , 47 , 51–52 , 54–55 , 59 , 136–38 , 229–30 , 236–37 , 300 , 303 , 322
budget 252
comprehensive social 111
conventional 80
financial 136
fiscal 136
government’s pensions 242
legal 386
microeconomic 251
minimalist 388
necessary structural 67
piecemeal 362
political 266 , 272–73 , 294 , 333 , 336
radical 56
regulatory 231
second generation 47
selective 51
significant 260
social-democratic 355
wide-ranging 236
Refripar 181
Reinert 68 , 84 , 111
Reinhart 20 , 170
Renamo 140 , 145 , 161
Renner 181
rentiers 138 , 200 , 287–88 , 344
rentier states 89
rents 88–89 , 91–92 , 107 , 208
rent-seeking behaviour 120
representation 4 , 285 , 294–95 , 333 , 357 , 372
direct 295
political 4 , 294–95 , 336 , 370
proportional 347
social 272
trade union 299
reprimarisation 371 , 376 , 388
reproduction 13–14 , 126 , 148 , 158 , 162 , 200 , 205–6 , 288 , 320 , 371 , 373
economic 13 , 162 , 203 , 389
expanded 372
intensified 357
reproduction of poverty and inequality 109 , 318
Republic 44 , 75
rer 100–104
resistance 4 , 119 , 140 , 160 , 225 , 244 , 338 , 348
escalating 337
fuelled 289
organised 345
passive 158 , 385
peasant 145 , 150 , 160
political 324
popular 138
radicalising 356
relatively low 207
settler 143
stiff 21
strong 160
vigorous 377
resource abundance 87–92
resource allocation 35 , 52 , 74 , 303 , 326 , 358
resource booms 90 , 93 , 99–106 , 108–9
resource curse 87 , 89–95 , 97 , 99–101 , 103 , 105–7 , 109–10
resource endowments 88 , 93
resource rents 59 , 89 , 92 , 282
resources 21–23 , 42–43 , 52–53 , 56 , 91–92 , 101–3 , 119 , 149–50 , 152 , 227 , 231 , 309–10 , 319
additional 23
booming 101 , 103
consumed 41
direct 119–20
domestic 21 , 33
economic 14 , 316
external 107
foreign 29 , 170 , 233
institutional 61
lock 108
material 148
misallocates 120
natural 88 , 91–92 , 222 , 374
necessary 20
public 89 , 326
reallocating 20
released significant 252
scarce 34 , 77
substantial 17
target 21
resource scarcity 37 , 110
resource transfer effects 102–3
resource wealth 89 , 90 , 92 , 94
restaurants 33 , 345
revenues 91–92 , 123 , 176 , 178 , 184 , 207 , 211–12 , 286 , 294
revolution 7 , 68 , 126 , 143 , 147–48 , 267
industrial 65 , 68
revolutionary party 146 , 272
revolutionary processes 128
Rhodesian mines 142
Ribeirão Preto 303
Ricci 366
Riesco 318
rights 290 , 295 , 299–300 , 317 , 334 , 361 , 366
civic 282 , 310 , 331
collective 2
curtailed 237
democratic 289
gay 262
justiciable 317
new constitutional 300
prune worker’s 301
universal 301
user 57
right-wing dictatorships 41
right-wing evangelical Christians 326
right-wing ideology 225
right-wing judicial system 271
right-wing mobilisations 332 , 365
right-wing offensive 280
right-wing oligarchs 224
right-wing parties 241 , 271 , 289 , 332 , 366
right-wing platforms 297
right-wing populist 271
right-wing reaction 42
Rio de Janeiro 214 , 237 , 242 , 253 , 259–61 , 264–65 , 292–93 , 350 , 387
riots 262 , 264 , 293
Rise of the South 63 , 65 , 67 , 69 , 71 , 73 , 75 , 77 , 79 , 81 , 83 , 85
Robinson 89
Rocha 221
Rodrigues 347
Rodríguez 66 , 116 , 249
Rodrik 31 , 45–47 , 54 , 66 , 68–69 , 80
Roesch 161
Romer 67
RoS 63–64 , 74 , 84 , 90
Rosar 185
Rosser 89 , 92
Rossi 385
Rostow 40
Roubini 72
Rousseff 252 , 256 , 267 , 270 , 323 , 327–28 , 330 , 334 , 336 , 342 , 347 , 364–65 , 384–86
Rousseff administrations 248 , 256 , 258 , 265 , 273 , 319 , 321 , 328 , 332 , 345–47 , 349
Rousseff government 307 , 343
Rousseff’s impeachment 262 , 333 , 348 , 364 , 370 , 372 , 389
Rovai 384
Rowthorn 80 , 200
Roy 14 , 21–22
rubber 113 , 180
rubber bullets 260 , 292
rubbish clearance 302
rural-urban migration 286
Russia 19 , 46 , 58 , 63–64 , 85 , 94 , 368
Russian crisis 178 , 191–92 , 220
Rustomjee 165
Saad-Filho 28–29 , 130 , 174 , 201–05 , 221 , 223 , 251 , 253 , 266 , 268 , 281 , 342 , 357–58 , 370–72 , 374–75 , 384–85
Saad-Filho and Maldonado Filho 168 , 174
Saad-Filho and Morais 24 , 226 , 230 , 232 , 274 , 290 , 364–65 , 367 , 370 , 377–80 , 384
Sabença 350 , 353
Sabóia 207
Sachs 12 , 67 , 88–90 , 174
Sachsida 267
Saes 346 , 373
safety nets 18 , 30 , 47 , 54 , 57 , 59
Sahay 22
Saith 149
Sala-i-Martin 67
Sallum Jr 256
Salter-Swan 101–02
Salvador 237
Sánchez-Ancochea 304 , 310
sanitation 33 , 131 , 153 , 230 , 244 , 282 , 301 , 307 , 316
Santiago 115
Santos 122 , 277
São Paulo 182 , 198 , 207 , 210 , 222 , 225 , 237 , 243 , 246 , 259–62 , 264–65 , 274 , 277 , 292–93 , 295 , 322–23 , 347 , 361
São Paulo stock exchange 238
Saraiva 379
Saraswati 79
Sarti 180 , 183 , 230
Sater 20
Satgar 356
Saudi Arabia 94–95
Saul 145 , 160
savings 2–3 , 21 , 35 , 65 , 80–81 , 105 , 119 , 135–36 , 138 , 169 , 215
anticyclical 107
available 20
channel 138
country’s 119
domestic 65 , 177 , 248
generating 18
high 52
household 73
low 88
private 22 , 119
public 119
secure public sector 249
Sawyer 21 , 123 , 168–69 , 233
Scandinavian-type welfare state 6
schizophrenia 222
schizophrenic 235 , 240–42
schools 2 , 111 , 127 , 160 , 263 , 289 , 293 , 303–4 , 346
heterodox 247 , 376
least secondary 263 , 293
monopoly capital 122 , 125–26
private 283
professional 344
structuralist 88
Schor 200
Schumpeter 181 , 205
Science & Society 296
Scitovsky 119
Scott 119
sdgs 11 , 17
Second Republic 299
Second World War 115
sectors 19–20 , 25–26 , 102 , 105 , 107 , 116–17 , 120 , 156 , 159 , 178 , 180–82 , 339 , 341 , 350–51
agricultural 140 , 158
banking 232 , 282
booming 100–102
capital goods 182
capital-intensive 26
capitalist 201
consumer durables 341
downstream 21
external 18 , 27 , 175 , 179 , 193 , 327
financial 24 , 30 , 47 , 108 , 135 , 184 , 193 , 232 , 280
foreign 171 , 173–75 , 179 , 185 , 193 , 198
formal 250 , 281 , 290 , 299 , 312 , 382
high value-added 84
important 28 , 167 , 196
industrial 217
informal 19 , 167 , 277
labour-intensive 26–27
modern 118–19 , 121
multiple 351
peasant 145 , 157
primary 119–21
priority 21 , 26
processed meats 349
productive 169 , 180 , 183 , 202
pro-poor 20
real-estate 72
relatively inefficient 116
selected 19
significant 29
squeezed 103
strategic 29 , 109
traditional 284
sectors costs 26
sectors unit costs 26
securities 5 , 25 , 188–89 , 192 , 196 , 208 , 210 , 212 , 227 , 282 , 303
interest-bearing 167 , 212
Sedlacek 208
Seekings 301–3 , 318
selic 189 , 383
semi-feudal 360
semi-processed foods 180
semi-proletariat 278 , 285
semi-skilled manual 223
Sen 309–10
Senado Federal 226
Senate 225 , 335 , 346 , 348 , 386
senators 229 , 236 , 243 , 280 , 323 , 325 , 346–47
Sengupta 15
Sepúlveda Carmona 308 , 310 , 317
Serra 225 , 227 , 229 , 351
services 18–20 , 33–36 , 73–74 , 99–100 , 141 , 157 , 226 , 228 , 230 , 269 , 286 , 300–301 , 311 , 316–17 , 349–50
basic 21 , 32 , 41 , 307 , 309
efficient 2
factor 172 , 198
financial 309
freight 172
non-factor 171
nonreproducible 344
non-reproducible 288
personal 345
security 21
social 223
statistical 182
undifferentiated 288
urban 281 , 327 , 364 , 379
Shafaeddin 29
Shaxson 103 , 108
shipbuilding 131 , 326 , 335 , 339 , 350–51 , 364
shipyards 350 , 354
shirtless 287
shocks 114 , 208–11 , 320 , 356 , 360 , 375
adverse 89 , 114
first 210
first oil 360
heterodox 209–10 , 214
negative 200 , 209
negative supply 208
Sicsú 27 , 245 , 248–50 , 376
Siemens 354
Silva 82 , 166 , 196 , 199–200 , 247 , 304 , 321 , 356 , 361 , 370
Simonsen 174
Singapore 44 , 63 , 71 , 75 , 78 , 80
Singer 88 , 117 , 268 , 272 , 278 , 286–87 , 322–25 , 344 , 347 , 380 , 382–83
Sketchley 144
skilled workers 25 , 114 , 151 , 207 , 237 , 345
Slater 309
Smith 3 , 25
Snider 370
Soares 304–5 , 307 , 310 , 317
SoAs 3–4 , 370–74 , 376 , 379 , 381 , 388–89
emerging 378
first 4
neodevelopmentalist 377
new 376
previous 4 , 375 , 378
social assistance 382
social base 259 , 270 , 294 , 330 , 353 , 355 , 370
social classes 275 , 279 , 339
social cohesion 279 , 282 , 310 , 317 , 340
social composition 266 , 274 , 323 , 348 , 379
social conflicts 129–30 , 201 , 276 , 339
Social Electricity Tariff 307
Social Emergency Fund 301
socialism 40 , 111 , 124 , 126 , 139–40 , 146–49 , 151 , 162 , 281–82
socialist revolutions 65 , 125 , 146
socialist sector 148–49
social mobility 365 , 374 , 376
social movements 39 , 224 , 240–41 , 246 , 256 , 264 , 266–67 , 272 , 274 , 294–95 , 385–86
attacked 367 , 387
emerging 44 , 297
important 240
organised 225
social policies 11 , 298–302 , 311–12 , 315–16 , 318–21 , 330 , 333 , 336 , 340 , 344 , 375
inclusive 318
pro-poor 13
social policy for neoliberalism 298–99 , 301 , 303 , 305 , 307 , 309 , 311 , 313 , 315 , 317 , 319
social position 223
social process 205
social processes, broad 357
social programmes 32–34 , 255 , 267 , 301 , 305 , 313 , 327 , 379–81
ambitious 303
compensatory 234
pro-poor 33
redistributive 18
targeted 18 , 32
social protection 53 , 279 , 300 , 317 , 319
social provision 72 , 252–53 , 286 , 294 , 308 , 310 , 312 , 316
decommodification of 298 , 317
expanded 253
individualised 300
social reproduction 1 , 4–5 , 141 , 309 , 319 , 357–58 , 370 , 373–75 , 389
social rights 289 , 300 , 302 , 308 , 355 , 385
social security 172 , 240 , 253 , 269 , 300–301 , 305 , 311 , 359 , 382 , 386
social security contributions 26 , 253 , 380
social security coverage 252
social security provision 301
social security system 172 , 186
social status 141 , 203 , 366
social stigma 32
social structures 4 , 124–25 , 128 , 143 , 230 , 275 , 277 , 388
social wage programmes 33–34
social welfare 15 , 32 , 34 , 108 , 116 , 222 , 235 , 245 , 301 , 304
society 5 , 7 , 49 , 53 , 117–18 , 146–47 , 221 , 229 , 231 , 269 , 272
capitalist 288
civil 37 , 240 , 318
civilised 317
complex capitalist 296
inclusive 221
unequal 222
soes 131 , 138 , 230–31 , 284–85 , 287 , 323 , 327 , 332 , 379
Solidarity Community Programme 303
Solimano 11
Solow 38 , 65–66
Solow model 38 , 44 , 66
Soros 195
South 45 , 63–66 , 70 , 72 , 76–78 , 81 , 83 , 85 , 225 , 253 , 279
South Africa 6 , 59 , 63 , 78 , 85 , 140–41 , 143 , 161 , 240
South African 94 , 139 , 142 , 151
South America 349
South Asia 256
South Atlantic 350
Southeast Asia 96
Southeast Asian country 96
Southern Brazil 182
Southern peasants 141 , 143
South Korea 6 , 31 , 46 , 59 , 69 , 80 , 126 , 131 , 166 , 217 , 230 , 378
South Korean 364
South-South integration 83 , 85
South-South production networks 78
South-South trade 74–75 , 78
South Sudan 94
Souza 251–52 , 255 , 267 , 370 , 378 , 381 , 383
Soviet 40–41
Soviet bloc 52 , 56
Soviet countries 19 , 58
Soviet-style material planning 154
Soviet-style socialism 3–4 , 375
Spain 263
speculation 4 , 24 , 109 , 213 , 323
financial 108 , 254 , 375
fuelling 228
growing 264
Squeff 378
Squire 49
Sri Lanka 36
Srinivasan 36 , 48
stabilisation 16 , 71 , 157–58 , 199 , 201 , 203 , 205 , 207 , 209–11 , 213 , 215 , 217 , 219 , 221
failed 165 , 199
stabilisation plan 234
stabilisation policies 213
stabilisation programme 198–200 , 209–11 , 215 , 219
heterodox 210
previous 219
real 233
Stalin 146
Stalinism 361
Stampini 303 , 307 , 310
state 35–36 , 42–45 , 126–28 , 136–38 , 150–52 , 154–56 , 203–6 , 231–34 , 244–46 , 248–50 , 260–61 , 265–67 , 299–301 , 322–24 , 338–39 , 345–47 , 349–55 , 372–74 , 376–77 , 384–86
advanced 161
capitalist 352
chaotic 144
colonial 141–42
corrupt 367 , 387
important 242
minimal 301
neoliberal 300
oligarchic 373
perillous 387
poorer 327
populous 244
socialist 151
strong 247 , 250 , 257
weak 129
well-structured 303
state action 257
state activism 252 , 257 , 381
state agencies 117 , 231
state agents 160
state aid 155
state apparatus 231
state authorities 226
state benefits 281 , 286
state budget 138
state bureaucracy 194 , 288 , 344 , 347–48 , 355
state capacity 279 , 287 , 340
state capitals 263 , 293
state co-ordination 36 , 40
state enterprises 172 , 210–11 , 217
state expenditures 123 , 137 , 232
state farms 140 , 144–45 , 147–48 , 150–54 , 157–61
state governments 23 , 184 , 225 , 236 , 260
state governors 243 , 293
state inefficiency 262 , 292
state institutions 36 , 43 , 224 , 271–72 , 299 , 323 , 338–39 , 386
conservative 128
lower-level 339
specialist 136
state intervention 38 , 46 , 112 , 119 , 247 , 249–50 , 287
encouraged 43
forceful 375
heavy 38
large-scale 65
mis-conceived 42
state investment 252 , 272 , 280 , 326 , 340
state legitimacy 335
state level 229 , 260
state monopolies 262
state officials 155 , 160
state-owned-enterprise procurement 343
state-owned enterprises 117 , 120 , 131 , 230 , 270 , 323 , 338 , 343 , 362 , 367
denationalised 342
large 348 , 361
largest 252
state ownership 36 , 147
state police 261
state policies 140 , 169 , 235 , 279 , 326 , 338 , 340
state practices 4
state procurement 224 , 280 , 340
state protection 340
state provision 34 , 43
state regulation 25 , 126 , 250
state representatives 243
state schools 263 , 309 , 334 , 345
state sector 144 , 158 , 279
state-sponsored mass immigration 113
state subsidies 119 , 132
state support 113 , 119 , 211 , 250 , 279 , 363
state terrorism 360 , 369
state validation 204
Steindl 123
Stelle 295 , 335
Steuart 205
Stewart 69
Stiglitz 12 , 45–46 , 51 , 90 , 104 , 249
Stockhammer 26
stock market 196
Stoneman 16
street sellers 286
structural adjustment 16 , 127 , 303
structural duality 121
structuralism 40 , 111–12 , 115–22 , 125 , 127–28 , 214
structuralist perspective 88
structuralists 60 , 88 , 111 , 116–17 , 121 , 127 , 199
structuralist theory 120 , 125
structuralist tradition 248
Studart 168 , 171 , 185 , 208 , 211 , 231 , 233
students 259–60 , 263 , 289 , 293 , 345 , 359–61
black 334
Studies in Political Economy 274
Stupnytska 70
Sturzenegger 106
subcontracting 77 , 230–31 , 277 , 300 , 313 , 329 , 385
Sub-Saharan Africa 36 , 52 , 89 , 95 , 126 , 349
subsidies 32–33 , 73 , 80 , 109 , 117 , 120 , 150 , 155–56 , 186 , 196 , 303 , 384
Sudan 94–95
sugar 29 , 113 , 341
Summers 209 , 357
Sundays 158
Sunkel 115–16
supply chains 126 , 181–82 , 210
supply constraints 21 , 28
Supreme Court 325 , 345
surplus 3 , 41 , 123–24 , 126 , 148 , 235 , 372
economic 122
first current account 238
government budget 218
large labour 119
primary 247
surpluses 107
exportable 171
large 77
primary 232
substantial primary budget 192
surplus target 235–36
surplus transfers 122–23 , 126
surplus value 201 , 279 , 281 , 288
sustainability 62 , 85 , 99
environmental 11 , 129
fiscal 105 , 249
sustainable balance 40 , 376
Sustainable Development Goals 11
Sutcliffe 200
Suzigan 166 , 171
Sweden 27 , 31 , 51
Sweezy 123 , 126
Swiss bank account 333
synchronisation 41 , 202
Synthetic textiles 180
Syria 94 , 96
Tabellini 14 , 49
Taiwan province of China 44 , 59 , 69 , 75 , 78 , 80 , 131
Tardelli 356
Tarifa Social 307
Tavares 115 , 120 , 181 , 206
Tavasci 79
taxation 20 , 27 , 32 , 35 , 89 , 92 , 106 , 132 , 138 , 269 , 326
additional 282
general 26 , 291 , 310 , 345 , 352
high 236
insufficient 132
progressive 15 , 301
tax base 23–24
tax breaks 265 , 299
tax demands 142
taxes 23 , 26 , 31 , 54 , 107 , 109 , 132 , 136 , 142 , 300 , 303
collected 141
direct 92
high 263
higher indirect 236
higher property 282
hut 142
low 21
national reconstruction 160
progressive income 26
raised federal 301
reducing 328
their 269
tax evasion 30 , 242
tax havens 63
tax holidays 20
taxing producers to fund sloth 324
tax laws 23
taxpayer-funded support 346
taxpayers 138 , 302
tax rates 23 , 30 , 237
tax rebates 252 , 255 , 343 , 384
tax reform 47 , 57 , 367 , 383–84
tax relief 195
tax revenues 20 , 22–23 , 114 , 132 , 173 , 183 , 232 , 234 , 252–53 , 305 , 313 , 380
tax system 20 , 23 , 119 , 187 , 211 , 224 , 282 , 366
Taylor 26 , 67–68 , 75
technological changes 14 , 19 , 57 , 351
technological content 181 , 327 , 351
technological dynamism 250
technological inadequacy 120
technological learning 79
technological progress 66
technological requirements 151
technological upgrading, insufficient 250
technologies 25 , 29 , 65–68 , 76–78 , 81–82 , 84 , 119–20 , 122 , 142–43 , 351 , 357 , 371–72 , 377
better 27
domestic 112
foreign 167
imported 122
inadequate 145
incorporating mass production 65
information 64
modern 136
technology exports 125
technology gains, presumed 217
technology inflows 80
technology transfers 66
telecommunications 53 , 131 , 181 , 217 , 230 , 244
Telefone Popular 307
telenovelas 261
Tender Brazil 307
Thailand 44 , 71 , 75 , 78 , 368
Theodore 371
theory 93 , 121 , 126 , 201
general equilibrium 43
grand 3
radical monetary 199
shifted development 38
structuralism and dependency 111–13 , 115 , 117 , 119 , 121 , 123 , 125 , 127–29
Théret 211
think-tanks 64
Third World 41
Thirlwall 20 , 28 , 79
Thorp 113
Tible 290 , 313 , 366
tjlp 189
tncs 77 , 131 , 134 , 136 , 230
Tombini 327
Tonis 90
Tooke 205
Toporowski 170
Tornarolli 303 , 307 , 310
Torre 346
torture 6 , 356
Torvik 89
trabalhadores 182 , 235 , 259 , 274 , 283
trabalhadores rurais 235 , 288 , 323
tractors 142 , 152 , 180
tradable goods 100 , 148 , 205
tradables 28–29 , 100–103 , 177
trade 28–30 , 32 , 65 , 68 , 75–76 , 78 , 80 , 83 , 114 , 117–18 , 166 , 213–14 , 216–18 , 357 , 359
degraded 151
domestic 176
external 99 , 342
free 59 , 80 , 117
growing 77
international 66 , 74 , 88 , 117 , 126 , 219–20
regional 77
simultaneous 217
traditional 77
unequal 123
trade balance 81 , 101 , 103 , 117 , 178 , 197
invisible 171
trade barriers 240
trade deficits 77 , 117–18 , 167 , 172 , 177
trade diversification 78 , 82
trade equilibrium 117
trade growth 75
trade infrastructures 152 , 156
trade integration 29
trade liberalisation 27 , 29 , 47 , 57 , 81 , 134–36 , 174 , 177 , 180 , 217 , 224
trade surplus 28 , 117 , 177 , 238 , 214
trade union bureaucracy 237
trade union confederations 294 , 361
trade unionists 264 , 293 , 379
trade union membership 272 , 283
trade union movement 362
trade unions 235 , 237 , 266 , 272 , 274 , 284–85 , 288 , 294 , 296 , 318 , 322–23 , 358–59
active 362
independent 300
strong 117
transfer profits 128
transfer programmes 329 , 381
federal 269
federal income 282
government income 286
means-tested 291 , 345 , 366
new 324
transfer resources 138
transfers 41 , 43 , 171–72 , 174 , 183–84 , 198 , 216 , 218 , 234 , 302–3 , 307–9 , 311 , 315–17 , 319 , 384
federal 252 , 312
financial 166
massive 149
non-contributory 303 , 311
reduced 301
rising 364
substantial 201
targeted 303
unilateral 172
universal 301
transformation 138 , 140 , 147–51 , 157 , 160 , 229–30 , 277 , 280 , 294 , 299 , 316–17 , 319 , 372–73
agrarian 128
capitalist 128
economic 73
far-reaching 63
political 2 , 114 , 145
radical 148
social 274
socialist 281
state-managed 113
structural 15 , 254
systemic 42
transitions 2–4 , 6–7 , 130 , 133–34 , 139–40 , 166 , 168 , 275 , 278 , 296 , 298 , 301 , 372–73 , 375 , 378–79
democratic 259–60 , 377
double 6 , 274
economic 2 , 6 , 276 , 300 , 362 , 377
global 357
political 2 , 6 , 94 , 276 , 377
socialist 139 , 145
unfolding hegemonic 256
transnational circuits 180 , 388
transnational companies 124 , 131 , 230 , 253
transnational conglomerates 181
transnational corporations 77
transnational integration 181 , 340 , 375
transnationalisation 128 , 351
transnational manufacturers 341
transnational production networks 65
transnational supply chains 217
transnational takeovers 182
transnational value chains 181
transport 113 , 151 , 156 , 265 , 272 , 293 , 295 , 301 , 328 , 330 , 381 , 383–84
air 244
city 262
rural 143
transportation 79 , 152
public 33
transportation facilities 27
transport equipment 152
transport infrastructure 151
Treasury 167 , 172–73 , 186–88 , 192 , 197 , 212 , 227 , 349
treasury bills 24 , 212–13
Tregenna 79
trickle down 32
trickle-down processes 15 , 43
trinity, impossible 106
Trotskyism 360
Trump 387
Turkey 73 , 76 , 78 , 239 , 261 , 263 , 368 , 388
Turkmenistan 94–95
Tussie 28 , 32
tv 261 , 263 , 292–93 , 295 , 326
tv networks 261 , 292
Twitter 263 , 293 , 296
uae 94–95
ubi 34
Uganda 35
uk Department for International Development 55
unctad 44 , 58 , 60 , 68–69 , 71 , 78 , 81 , 83–84 , 93–94 , 99 , 105
underconsumption 72 , 85 , 125
underdevelopment 40 , 111–12 , 115 , 123–26 , 129 , 149 , 153
development of 124
international trade perpetuates 125
underemployment 129
undp 11 , 35 , 60 , 298
unemployment 28 , 30 , 118 , 120 , 167 , 169 , 182 , 214 , 216–18 , 277 , 301 , 303 , 309
hidden 237
high 24 , 88 , 219 , 221
increasing 220
open 135 , 237
rising 217–18
structural 26 , 136
total 237
urban 120 , 122 , 312
unemployment benefits 253 , 311 , 382
unemployment growth 183
unemployment rates 182 , 212 , 238
United Kingdom 51 , 233 , 241
United Nations 11 , 13
United Nations Development Programme 60
United States 23 , 43 , 75 , 94 , 233 , 241 , 354
universal basic income 34
universities 39 , 41 , 64 , 225 , 289 , 334 , 338 , 344–46 , 365
university quotas 329
unrisd 84 , 301 , 312 , 315–19
unskilled workers 25 , 220
Urani 183
Uruguay 133
Uruguay Round 171
urv 214 , 216 , 219 , 221
us 24 , 41 , 70 , 73 , 75 , 83–85 , 104 , 122 , 133 , 170 , 240–41
us administration 68
us-centred speculative bubble 70
us components 104
us dollar 214
us dollar and indexed government securities 213
us dollar gdp 74
us economy 170
use value 281
us Federal Reserve 178
us government 133 , 169 , 241 , 360 , 378
us income 104
us inflation 100
us interest rates 239
us-led occupation 241
us output 70
ussr 59 , 88 , 140 , 145–46 , 359
us Treasury Department 17 , 24 , 217
Usury law 208
Valença 268 , 378
Valle Baeza 378
value 3 , 11 , 75–76 , 118 , 135 , 185 , 202–3 , 205–6 , 212 , 214–15 , 234
capitalist 289
commodity 205
conservative 334
conservative moral 367 , 387
cultural 367 , 387
declining asset 30
democratic 289
expected 169
financial asset 358
high 181
human 388
instrumental 16 , 50
intrinsic 15
marginal 21
progressive 331
real 201
reserve 27
traditional African 148
value chains 230 , 245
Vandemoortele 11 , 21–23 , 29 , 33 , 35 , 60
van Huellen 68
van Waeyenberge 69
Veblen 65
Veblen school of institutional political economy 116
Vegh 209
Végh 22 , 209
Venables 106
Venezuela 36 , 94–99 , 137 , 226 , 239 , 268 , 337 , 350 , 355
Verdier 89
Verdoorn 79
Vernengo 299 , 301
Vernon 76
Vertical chains 75
verticalisation 181
Vietnam 22 , 36 , 44
Vietnamese strategies 27
villages 153–54 , 158–60
collective 145 , 159
early 153
illegal 159–60
Villela 166 , 171
voters 89 , 228 , 243 , 245 , 327 , 347
higher income 327
least educated 327
registered 243
Vroey 201
Wade 45–46
Waeyenberge 12 , 45
wage mass 216 , 218
wages 26–27 , 29 , 84–85 , 123 , 133 , 136 , 157 , 160 , 207–9 , 286 , 288 , 291 , 371 , 374 , 377
disguised 288
freeze 210
frozen 210
higher 26 , 118 , 127 , 201 , 218 , 313
low 72 , 318
lower 76 , 80
lowest 302
nominal 118 , 208
paying high 26
raising average 26
rising 116 , 144
sector 118
social 33
unskilled worker 207
wage share 85 , 315 , 364
wage work 160 , 286
wage workers 19 , 113 , 121 , 142 , 149 , 155 , 237 , 279 , 374
full-time 158
informal 130
subcontracted 288
Waldomiro Diniz 242
Waldomirogate 242
Wallerstein 122
Wälti 83
war 94 , 114–15 , 139–40 , 150 , 161
anti-colonial 143 , 153
civil 48 , 94 , 139–40 , 145 , 151 , 162
drug 369
terrorist 161
warfare 150 , 360
Warner 67 , 88–89
Warren 146
Washington 69 , 228
Washington Consensus 11–13 , 15–17 , 19 , 21–23 , 25 , 27–29 , 31 , 33 , 35 , 37–39 , 42 , 54 , 57 , 64 , 66 , 69–70
claims 21
policies thwart 11
policy reforms 74
strategies 35
to inclusive growth 38 , 57
Washington institutions 17 , 45 , 80
water scarcity 330 , 384
water supply 160
Watkins 241
wc 39 , 42–47 , 51 , 56 , 59–61
wealth 3–5 , 11–15 , 60 , 89 , 129–30 , 137 , 142 , 220–21 , 315 , 318 , 368 , 373–74 , 376
petroleum 94
poverty amid 14
tax 23
unconscionable 6
wealth inequality 29
wealth tax 282
Weber 348
Weidmann 89
Weiss 79
welfare 5 , 15 , 17 , 26 , 28 , 41 , 49 , 56 , 58 , 62 , 75 , 301
welfare gains 234 , 362
potential 59
supporting faster 315
sustained 219
welfare programmes 90 , 265 , 269 , 312 , 346
welfare recipients 301
welfare spending 310
welfare standards 19 , 124
welfare state 195
emerging Brazilian 365
redistributive 300
universal 300 , 318
welfare system 299
welfare transfers 343 , 364
Weller 11 , 19 , 29–30 , 60
Western Asia 96
Western capitalism 125
Western Europe 65 , 70 , 85
Wheeler 88
Wield 141–42
Williams 82 , 142 , 356
Williamson 46 , 79 , 84
Wilson 64 , 66 , 70 , 74
winners alliance 325
Winters 11 , 60
Wolf 70
women 155 , 157 , 290 , 295 , 299 , 302 , 304 , 334 , 356
ccts use 311
employed 313
empowered 307
women’s caring role 311
women’s status 311
work 12 , 15 , 54–55 , 116–17 , 141–43 , 152–53 , 155–58 , 160 , 263 , 266 , 311 , 313 , 345–46
domestic 334
hard 222 , 345
waged 372
workers 25–26 , 118 , 157–58 , 182 , 208–10 , 218–19 , 237–38 , 271–73 , 276–78 , 281 , 283–86 , 294 , 299 , 345 , 350 , 360–63
agro-industrial 157
assembly 210
bank 237
blue-collar industrial 146
categories of 207 , 238 , 259 , 263 , 293
discouraged 237–38
domestic 291 , 345 , 366
formal 286
formal sector 224 , 286–87 , 300 , 362
formal-sector 380
formal service sector 281
health sector 263–64 , 293
informal sector 105 , 237 , 344 , 363
lower-productivity 250
low-income 345
low-paid 26
low-skilled 15
marginalised 343
migrant 142 , 157
millions of 291 , 323
organised 278 , 288 , 294 , 329 , 334 , 344 , 385
permanent 157
postal 361
public sector 301
radical left 321
ransack 2
relatively privileged 299
rural 299
small number of 288 , 344
trained subcontracted 281
underemployed 117
unemployed 223
unionised 200 , 343
urban 14
young 263 , 284 , 293
Workers Party 361
Workers’ Party 222 , 247 , 251 , 259–60 , 274 , 321 , 356 , 361
Workers’ Party administrations 338
workforce 19 , 113 , 135 , 143 , 151 , 157 , 276 , 278 , 283 , 290 , 300
skilled 25
urban 277
workforce training 21
working class image 325
working class ministers 379
working class neighbourhoods 293
working class shares 281
working conditions 25 , 282 , 284 , 343
work patterns 46
workplace safety 25
work practices 144
world 1 , 3–7 , 37–38 , 52–53 , 70 , 82 , 111 , 127 , 165–66 , 171–75 , 177 , 179 , 193 , 198–99 , 280–81 , 295 , 349
better 7
competitive 80
contemporary 111
developed 66
developing 66
emerging 82
equal 1
real 294
World Bank 16–17 , 24 , 39–41 , 44–46 , 49 , 51–59 , 63 , 68–69 , 131 , 302–3 , 309
World Bank and imf 17
World Bank and important sections 133
World Bank documents 48
World Cup 262
world currency 24
World Development Indicators 96 , 98
world economy 17 , 38 , 42 , 52 , 59 , 65 , 70 , 83 , 107 , 116 , 122–23 , 128
world exports 94
world factory 76
world gdp 67 , 81
world growth 82
world income 67
world manufacturing value 78
world market 124–25 , 205
world market seals 128
world money 203 , 205–6
world population 67
world prices 100
world ranking 182
World Social Forum 243
world stage 262
world supply 100
world system 123
integrated 123
world trading system 126
World War 113–14 , 360
World War I 12 , 24
World War ii 24 , 67 , 359
Wright 93
wto 26 , 47 , 240
Wu 267
Wuyts 141 , 143–45 , 151
Wyman 28 , 32 , 206
Yalman 342
Yemen 94 , 96
Yeyati 82–83
Yoo 378
youth 160 , 218 , 261 , 290 , 327
Zambezi 153
Zambezi valleys 153
zeragem automática 212
Zero Hunger 304
Zhu 108
Zini 174
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Growth and Change in Neoliberal Capitalism

Essays on the Political Economy of Late Development

Series:  Studies in Critical Social Sciences, Volume: 174
Cover Growth and Change in Neoliberal Capitalism
E-Book ISBN:
9789004440418
Publisher:
Brill
Print Publication Date:
14 Oct 2020
Front Matter
Introduction
Part 1 Essays on Economic Development
Part 2 Essays on the Political Economy of Development of Brazil
Back Matter

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