Figures
1.1 The Great Hall of Confucius in Yuelu Shuyuan in 2010 3
1.2 The education system prior to 1860 5
1.3 The 1922 education system 9
1.4 The 2010 education system 13
3.1 A break after class in a primary school during the republican period of China 39
3.2 Graduation photo of Jianhua Senior Secondary School of Nanchong in 1946 42
3.3 Ideological education during Mao’s period 57
4.1 Numbers of female students by type of education 73
4.2 The proportion (%) of female students in the total number of students 74
4.3 Female students in the first primary school affiliated to Beijing Normal University in the 1980s 75
5.1 Students from Tsinghua University in a parade protest against Active American Support for Japan’s Recovery after WWII in 1948 80
6.1 Distribution of secondary-school students among secondary education types, 1928–1946 101
6.2 Number of graduates in general secondary education, 1930–1946 101
Tables
2.1 The enrolment ratio of Sishu, ca. 1910 16
2.2 The enrolment ratio in Fuqing, Chongning, Yugan, and Beiping (district) counties, ca. 1880–1920 17
2.3 The number of traditional and improved Sishu by province and provincial-level prefecture in 1935 20
3.1 The standard curriculum of junior primary schools in 1904 29
3.2 The curriculum of the affiliated junior primary school of Shanghai Longmen Normal School, 1908 32
3.3 The curriculum of the affiliated senior primary school of Shanghai Longmen Normal School, 1908 34
3.4 A standard weekly curriculum of improved Sishu 37
3.5 Proportion (%) of class hours of each course in primary schools (1923) 38
3.6 Results of an investigation about the implementation of the standard curriculum into general junior secondary schools in Henan province (1907) 40
3.7 Standard credits awarded for courses in general junior secondary schools (1923) 41
3.8 Required credits for general senior secondary school students to graduate (1923) 43
3.9 The curriculum of vocational schools under Presented School Regulations, 1904 45
3.10 Disciplines in the university curriculum listed in Presented School Regulations, 1904 48
3.11 Disciplines taught at Beiyang University in 1907 49
3.12 The standard teaching hours of each subject in primary schools in 1952 and 1955 51
3.13 National standard curriculum for general secondary schools announced in 1953 53
3.14 National standard curriculum for general secondary schools announced in 1963 56
3.15 National standard curriculum for secondary teacher-training schools announced in 1952 60
5.1 Family background of students attending Beijing Teacher-training College (1919) and Nanjing Teacher-training College (1918) 81
5.2 Occupational categories of parents of students attending China Vocational School (1929) 82
5.3 Occupational categories of parents of students attending Shanggong Primary School of Shanghai (1916) 82
5.4 Family backgrounds of students attending urban key senior secondary schools in 2009 88
5.5 Family background of the 1980s generation at different educational levels 89
6.1 Growth of vocational schools in China 98
6.2 Employment sectors of graduates of Anhui University (total numbers, 1932–1934) 103
6.3 Employment status of rural primary-school graduates in Shanxi, 1934 106
6.4 Occupations of primary-school graduates in the cities of Wuxi, Shanghai and Nanjing, 1928 106
6.5 Proportion of primary-school graduates entering higher-level schools in the cities of Wuxi and Shanghai in 1928 107