Index
Abuse of process
155 , 167
Admissibility of claims
81 , 173 , 183 –184
and denial of benefits
111
and most-favoured nation clause
102 , 104 –105 , 108
Adventurism
168 , 209 –210
Agreement
special
57 –58
to arbitrate
52 , 54 –55 , 55 –57 , 57 , 63 , 127 , 176 , 181 , 203 –204
Annulment
47 , 73 , 205 –207 Control mechanism, see also Review
duty to state the reasons
75 , 206 –207
excess of powers
47 , 73 –74 , 206 –207
Arbitration without privity
48 , 167 –168
Authority to adjudicate
19 –20 , 52 , 56 –57 , 165 , 177 , 178 , 214 –215
and secondary rules
184 , 196 –197
Basic norm of international adjudication
36 –37
Bias
168
Bilateral investment treaties
39 –40 , 48 –49 , 59 –60 , 176 , 177
Burden
of argumentation
105 –107 , 182 , 184 , 195 –196
of proof
34 –35 , 72
Commercial law
and arbitration
51 –52 , 162 , 208
approaches
43 –44 , 162
dispute settlement mechanisms
42
Commercial transaction
134 –135 , 140 –141
Communicative process
194 –195 , 199 –200 , 219 –220
Compétence de la compétence
27 –28 , 34 –35 , 75 –77
Compulsory jurisdiction
17 –18 , 33 –34
Conditions of access
62 , 80
Conditions precedent
183 –184
and admissibility
84
and most-favoured nation clause
100 , 104 –105 , 108
bypassing
89
Confidentiality
164 –165 , 208 –209
Consensualism
and a hybrid regime
44
and global public goods
38
and protective regimes
41 –42
and sovereignty
16 –17 , 171 –172
and the power of arbitral tribunals to raise jurisdictional issues on their own initiative
71 –72
of international adjudication
14 , 171 –172
principle of
1 , 61 –62 , 75 –76 , 173 , 174 –175 , 208 –209 , 213
Consent
5 , 46 , 170 –171 , 181 , 184 , 214 –215
and global public goods
37
scope of
129 –130 , 181
Consistency
10 –11 , 209 –210 , 211 , 215 –216
Contemporaneity, principle of
203 –204
Continued act doctrine
115
Contract
adhesion
33 , 49 –50 , 181
claims
127 , 163 –164
regulating jurisdiction
64 –65
Contractual arbitration
143 –144
Contractual nature of international adjudication
30
Contractual relationship
162 –163
Contribution to the development of the host state
136 –138
Control mechanism
73 –75 , 205 Annulment, see also Review
Cooling-off/waiting periods
84 –86
Counterclaims
129 –130 , 181
Counteroffer
54 –55 , 176 , 181
Court of Appeal of England and Wales
55 –56 , 57 , 63 –65
Customary international law
and arbitral practice
187 –188
and rules of interpretation
67
violations of
129 –130
Default rule
182 –183 , 200 –201
Denial of benefits
61 , 110
Depoliticization
39 –40 , 45 , 175 –176
Diplomatic protection
90 –91 , 162 –163 , 172
and conditions of access
97
arbitrable
54 –55 , 59 , 127 , 151
non-justiciable
23 –24
Domestic courts
65 –66 , 73 , 205 –206 , 207
Domestic law
48 , 64 –65 , 67 –68 , 129 –130 , 143 , 146 –147
Energy Charter Treaty
111 , 113 –114 , 143 –144
European Convention on Human Rights
27 –28 , 41
European Court of Human Rights
27 –28 , 29 , 41 , 218
and Loizidou case
27 –29
Evolutive interpretation, doctrine of
204 –205
Ex officio
34 –35 , 70 Proprio motu
Excess of powers
34 –35 Annulment, excess of powers
and domestic courts
207
Expropriation
amount of compensation for
59 –60 , 130
occurrence of
102 –103 , 130
Foreign element
148 –151 Investor, objective definition of
Fork-in-the-road clause
62 , 183 –184
bypassing
94
Forum prorogatum
18 , 26 –27 , 46 –47 , 58
Foundational basis of a claim
96 –97
Futility
90 , 183 –184 , 202 –203
General international law
36 –37
General principle of international law
35
Global governance
212
Global public goods
37 , 216 –217
High Court of Singapore
149 –150
Human rights
37 , 39 –41
bodies
32
courts
122 –123 , 150
icsid Convention
5 –6 , 26 –27 , 45 , 50 , 57 –58 , 112 –113 , 120 , 148 , 176 , 181
and admissibility
81 , 82 –83
and excess of powers
73 –74 Annulment, excess of powers
and mass claims
88 –89
and objective definition of ‘investment’
133
and personal jurisdiction
29 –30 , 60
and substantive jurisdiction
59 –60
icsid
5 –6 , 29 –30 , 45 , 58 , 69 , 73 , 77 –78 , 154 –155 , 168 –169 , 205 –207
Identity of claims/disputes
62 , 92 , 183 –184 , 202 –203
Indirect investments
123 Presumption, and indirect investments
International adjudication
12
and global public goods
38
International Chamber of Commerce
42 , 69
International Court of Justice
5 –6 , 15 –16 , 29 , 31 , 50 , 81 –82 , 83 –84 , 92 , 93 –94 , 112 –113 , 173 , 175 , 179 –180 , 195 –196 , 198 , 218
and Certain Norwegian Loans case
32
and dispute
22
and genocide disputes
21
and Nicaragua case
23 –24
International Criminal Court
219
International investment law
and global administrative law
42 –43
and global public goods
38
as a hybrid regime
42
as a protective regime
39
International Law Commission
91 –92
International public policy
143 –144
Inter-state adjudication
173 –174 , 175 –176 , 177 –178
Inter-state arbitration
48 –49 , 120
Inter-state law
173 –174 , 175
Inter-state relations
63 –64 , 173 –174 , 177 –178
Investment court
10 –11 , 207 –208
Investment laws
see
Domestic law
Investment restructuring
155 –156
Investment
definition of
60 , 119 –120 , 132 , 156
inherent meaning of
140 –141
objective definition of
133 , 144 –145 , 147 , 167 , 183 –184 , 202 –203
Investor
definition of
60 , 119 –120 , 132 , 148 –149
objective definition of
148 Foreign element
Jura novit curia, principle of
72 , 184
Jurisdiction
6 , 19 –20 123 –124
in abstracto and in concreto
25 –26
personal
29 –30 , 60 , 110 –111
substantive
59 –60
substantive, and most-favoured nation clause
102
temporal
61
Jurisdictional bridging
127 , 181 Presumption, jurisdictional bridging
Jurisdictional regulation
arbitral
3 –4 , 161 , 170 –171 , 174 , 179 –180
consensual
3 –4 , 55
evolutive
192 , 196 –197
process of
12 , 44 –45 , 160
two-layered model of
160 –161 , 180 , 198 , 212
Jurisprudence constante
187 –188 , 195 –196
Justiciability
22 Dispute, arbitrable, non-justiciable
Legal certainty
202 , 224 –225
Legal change
198 –202 , 205 –206
Legality requirement
143
independent
143 , 167 , 182 –183
Legitimacy
214
normative
214 –215
sociological
215 –216
Living instrument doctrine
41
Local litigation, requirement of
62 , 86 –87 , 91 –92 , 92 –94 , 100 –101 , 183 –184
Local remedies, exhaustion of
62 , 90 –91 , 93 –94 , 172
Mass claims
88 –89
Mavrommatis principle
92
Most-favoured nation clause
60 , 62 , 69 –70 , 98 Presumption, and mfn-dispute resolution
Negotiation, requirement of
62 , 84 –86
New York Convention
65 –66
North American Free Trade Agreement
115 –116 , 148 –149
Notification, requirement of
84 –86
Offer/acceptance
31 , 48 –49 , 50 , 52 , 57 –58 , 181 , 204 –205
Pacta sunt servanda
33 –34
Permanent Court of Arbitration
46 , 69
Permanent Court of International Justice
and Lotus case
15
and Mavrommatis case
22 , 92
Power to adjudicate
see
Authority to adjudicate
Precedent, doctrine of
179 , 187 –189 , 194 –195 , 196 –197 , 208
Presumption
182 , 200 –201
and indirect investments
123 , 167 , 182 , 189 –190
and jurisdictional bridging
127 , 189 –190 Jurisdictional bridging
and mfn-dispute resolution
100 , 105 , 167 , 182 , 189 –191 , 202
Primary rules
181
Private-public adjudication
175 –176 , 177 –178
Privity
49 –50 , 51
condition of
151 –152 , 182 –183
Procedural economy
84 –86
Proprio motu
34 –35 , 70 Ex officio
Protective regime
39 , 165 –166 , 204 –205
Reasoning, arbitral
199 –200
Reciprocity
51 , 56 –57
Regulatory deficiency
162 –163 , 178 , 178 –179 , 214 –215
and contract claims
163 –164
and denial of benefits
114
and objective definition of ‘investor’
148
and regulatory space
160 –161
and umbrella clauses
151 –152
of party-provided jurisdictional rules
7 –8 , 68 –69
Regulatory space
200 –202 , 205 –206
and conditions precedent
84
and denial of benefits
114
and futility
90 –91
and legality requirement
143 –144
and scope of consent
130
Review
47 , 65 –66 , 73 –75 , 205 –208 Annulment, see also Control mechanism
Right to arbitrate
83 –84 , 102
Rules of procedure
77 –78
and admissibility
88
Scope of protection
119 , 132
Screening process
46 –47 , 58 , 69
Secondary rules
182
Self-judging clause
27 –29 , 32
Shareholder claims
125 –126
Sovereignty
14 –17 , 171 –174 , 174 –175 Consensualism, and sovereignty
of arbitral tribunals
194 –195
Standard
183 –184 , 200 –201 , 202 –203
State responsibility, law of
115 , 122 –123 , 153
State-owned companies
120 –123 , 162 –163
Statutory arbitration
63 –64
Stockholm Chamber of Commerce
42 , 69
Subject matter of dispute
93 –94
Substantive protections
98 , 178 , 209 –210 , 213
Supreme Court of the United States
87 –88
Time of consent
55
Time-bar
115 –118
Transparency
164 –165 , 208
Triple identity test
93 –94 , 95 –96
Umbrella clause
60 , 151 , 182 –183
uncitral arbitration rules
42
uncitral Working Group iii
10 –11 , 211
Unilateral act/obligation
51 , 56 –57 , 67 –68
US-Iran Claims Tribunal
63 –64
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
35 –36 , 67 –68
Withdrawal of an offer
54 –55 , 56 –57 , 112 –113
World Trade Organization
218 –219