Index
Al-ʿAalam al-Israʾiili (newspaper, Beirut)
166
Afandi, Dawood
157
Afghanistan, Jews from
103
Agasi, Shimon
149–150
Agassi, Eliyahu
174n3
Ahad Haʾam (Asher Ginzberg)
50
AIU (Alliance Israélite Universelle)
112–113
activities in Baghdad
3, 61, 110, 113–118, 131, 135, 136, 138, 149
and AJA
122–123
archives of
12–13
executive boards of
67n158
French ethnocentrism of
116, 209
schools of
in Baghdad
1, 53, 60–61n131, 113–117, 135, 149, 152, 171
alumni of
62, 142, 146, 209
curricula of
115, 116–117, 121, 157, 160, 164
for girls
28, 150
in Basra
134, 160
AJA (Anglo-Jewish Association)
118
activities in Baghdad
3, 53, 60, 61, 110, 112, 117–124, 128, 135, 136, 138, 199
archives of
12–13
executive boards of
67n158
Albert Sassoon school (Baghdad)
115, 124, 135, 136, 149, 158, 171
funding of
137
Aleppo, Jews in, ties with Baghdadi Jews
40
Algeria, Jews in, language use of
91
Ani, Kedourie
179, 180
Ani, Reuben
179, 182
anti-Jewish violence
113
in Baghdad
6, 153n48, 205–206
in Damascus
3, 37–38
anti-Semitism
in France
119n39
in Iraqi press
193, 197, 199
anti-Zionism
in Iraq
4–5, 104, 139, 215
government ban on Zionism
131, 185, 198
by Jews
8, 95, 190
Anzi, Menashe
184
Appadurai, Arjun
71, 75
Arab culture, exposure of Iraqi Jews to
7, 168–169
Arab Jews
Iraqi Jewish self-identification as
7, 31–32
and modernity
38
Arab nationalism
20, 169
Arab Revolt (Palestine,1936–1939)
203
Arab world, middle classes in
18–19
Arabic dress, of Baghdadi Jews in satellite communities
87
Arabic and Its Alternatives: Religious Minorities in the Formative Years of the Modern Middle East (1920–1950)
8
Arabic language
Judeo-Arabic
knowledge of, in Baghdadi satellite communities
89–90
teaching, at Jewish schools in Baghdad
115, 122, 157–158, 159, 160, 161–163, 164, 169, 171
translations of European literature into
164, 165
use
by Baghdadi Jews
in Baghdad
7, 92, 146, 208
newspapers
93–94, 166, 188
in satellite communities
90–91
by Christian communities
29n108
by Iraqi Jews
8–9, 29–31
Arabization, of Iraqi Jews
1, 29
archives
of Kadoorie family
200n101, 213, 226
of Sassoon family
213n150
use as research source
12–14
Aron-Saleh Orphanage (Baghdad)
127, 170
arranged marriages of Baghdadi Jews
85–86
Ashkenazi Jews, in Baghdad
50
al-ʿAskarī, Jaʿfar
146
Association of Hebrew Theosophists
176, 179
authors, Iraqi Jewish
1
autobiographies, Baghdadi Jewish
16, 146, 168–169, 200
autonomy
of Baghdad Jewish community
168
of Baghdadi satellite communities
176
of Ottoman Jewish communities
21, 44, 65n149
Baghdad
anti-Jewish violence in
6, 153n48, 205–206
Christian community in
171
confessional dialects in
30
ethnic groups in
26n96
Jewish community in see Baghdad Jewish community
Jewish neighborhoods in
26–27
modernization in
17, 19, 57, 58
Ottoman control of
39
public schools in, Jewish students at
156–157
trade links of
84
travel of Baghdadi Jews from satellite communities to
87–88
Baghdad Jewish community
autonomy of
168
centrality in Baghdadi Jewish diaspora of
72, 78–79, 81
community institutions
27–29, 41, 53, 54, 58
charities
53, 59–61, 62, 222–223
hospitals
221–222
international support for
133–134, 154, 170
from Jewish internationalism
3, 18, 28, 53–54, 60–65, 109–112, 117, 127–128, 130, 133–140, 218–219
AIU activities
61, 110, 112–118, 131, 135, 136, 138, 149
AJA activities
53, 60, 61, 110, 112, 117–124, 128, 135, 136, 138, 199
JDC activities
110, 125–133
from satellite communities
63, 64, 77, 96–99, 100–101, 106–107, 129–130, 134
school committee
144, 171
schools see education, in Baghdad Jewish community
social clubs
98, 136, 223
dissolution of
124, 131–133, 204, 207, 210, 214, 215
economic development of
41, 63, 128, 131
education of
34, 60, 121–123, 126–127, 144–146, 168, 172, 221
communal schools
142–143, 145, 150–151, 159–160, 168
cultural diversity in
163–168
for girls
28, 99, 116, 127, 148–149, 150, 160–162, 166, 169
and Iraqi nationalism
168–169
Jewish international support for
53, 98–99, 113–117, 123–124, 131, 149, 150
religious
144, 148, 162–163, 170
secular
54, 113–114, 127, 142–145, 150–151
curricula
157–162, 169, 171
growth of
151–155
religious opposition to
114, 149
school fees
170
teachers at
155–156, 171
European influences on
47, 48–57, 65–66
European Jews in
49–50, 52, 53, 129
global Jewish public sphere participation by
14–15, 142, 165, 173, 219
integration into Iraqi society
6–8, 18, 143, 145–146, 168–169
and international Jewish press
165–166
Jewish identities of
7, 33, 147–148
language use of
29, 30–31, 55, 115–117, 208–209, 212, 216
leadership of
21–23, 42, 43–44, 114, 175
and Jewish internationalism
38–39, 68, 109, 111–112, 114–115, 117, 118–119, 120, 121, 122–123, 126–127, 132, 140, 141
religious
44–47, 56–57, 114, 144, 174–175
and theosophy controversy
174, 176–178, 180–185, 211
secular
40, 47, 60, 62, 65, 175
lay council
57–65, 134, 144, 154, 168, 175, 202
and Levy crises
194, 198, 211
middle classes
19, 25, 27, 41, 63
migration from
71, 73–77, 100, 105, 132–133
migration to
40–41, 49–50, 54, 77, 101
modernization of
35, 38–39, 46, 56, 57, 65
Baghdadi diaspora influences on
73, 96, 107
and Haskalah movement
48–57, 65–66
national allegiances of
143, 146–147
newspaper articles of Jewish press on
15, 51, 52–53, 187, 195, 204
newspaper circulation in
foreign papers
41, 50–51, 52–53, 56, 65–66, 165–166, 187–188
Iraqi papers
188
local papers
51–52, 93–94, 95, 146, 187
poverty in
40, 61, 100, 101
reform Judaism in
176
size of
24–26, 39, 39–40, 41, 57n114, 73n15, 151, 224
transnational networks of
34, 66–67, 68, 143, 147–148, 163–164, 173–174, 210–211, 212–214, 215–216
and Levy crises
197, 199, 211
Nahum’s negotiating of
210, 211–212
and theosophy controversy
177, 183, 184, 211
travel to
49–50, 87–88
women in, status of
166–168
and Zionism
103–104, 156, 190, 203
The Baghdad Times
177n13
Baghdadi Jews
1, 72, 103
Baghdad Jewish community; satellite communities of Baghdadi Jews
diaspora of see satellite communities of Baghdadi Jews
in global Jewish public sphere
2
Jewish identities of
69, 73, 105, 106, 173, 212
transnational
217–219
and Jewish internationalism
33
language use of
12
number of
73n15, 213, 224–225
research on
11–16
social hierarchies of
101n137, 103
theosophy adherents
179–180
trade networks of
19–20, 70, 74, 84, 115
transnational networks of
9, 13–14, 33–34, 40, 69, 215–216
unity of
57, 105–106
wealthy, financial support/philanthropy by
63, 64, 97, 119–120, 140–141
Ballas, Jacob
71n5
banking, modernization of
20
Bashkin, Orit
2, 7, 21, 38, 39, 52, 57, 66, 94–95, 173, 186, 206
Basra
Jews in
26, 146–147
from Baghdad
134
education of
160
modernization of
179
number of
224
theosophy adherents/lodge
174, 176–179, 180–185
trade links of
84
The Basra Times
177n13
Basri, Mir
165n89
Bassam, Madame
127
Batatu, Hanna
26n96
Ben-Yaakov, Avraham
221
Bene Israel community (India)
74, 101
Benjamin, Frank
96n120
Benjamin, Israel
49
Benjamin, Marina
27n101
Benjamin of Tudela
24
Benor, Sarah
90
Beth El synagogue (Calcutta)
83
Bialik, Haim Nachum
66
Bigart, Jacques
123
Blanc, Haim
30
blood libel accusations, in Syria
3, 37–38
Bombay, Baghdadi Jews in
74
Baghdad as religious center for
80
charities of
100
newspapers of
92
number of
225
religious leadership of
80
Brotman, Adolph
121n49, 123, 155
Burma see Myanmar
Cairo Geniza documents
36n6
Calcutta, Baghdadi Jews in
74
number of
225
religious leadership of
80
synagogues of
83
censorship, in Iraq
11–12, 185
of Jewish press
186, 187, 188–189, 191
and Levy crises
188–199, 211
Cernea, Ruth Fredman
79
charities
Baghdadi
Jewish community in Baghdad
53, 59–61, 62, 222–223
in satellite communities
100
international Jewish see Jewish internationalism
Iraqi Jewish
27–28
charity see philanthropy
Chesed-El synagogue (Singapore)
83
chief rabbis
of Baghdad
22, 23, 42, 44–45, 59, 175n5
religious leadership of Baghdadi diaspora by
79–80, 81, 82
and theosophy controversy
180–185
Ottoman position of
41–42, 46–47, 175n5
Sephardic, in Great Britain, allegiance of Baghdadi satellite communities to
81, 83–84
Christian-Baghdadi dialect
30
Christians, in Baghdad
30, 171
citizenship
of Baghdadis, in satellite communities
20, 72n11, 81, 119
of Iraqi Jews
18, 22, 147
Cochini Jewish community (India)
74, 101
Cohen, Hayyim J.
175n5, 177n12, 183, 184, 185
Cohen, Julia Philips
44, 55
Cohen, Morris
53, 61–62
Cohen, Shalome
74
Cohen, S.S.
182
Cohn, Albert
49
Communism, in Iraq, Jewish participation in
8
correspondence
between Baghdadi Jewish communities
89
of Nahum
14, 116, 173, 186, 189, 191, 192, 193–194, 195–196, 203, 226–229
cultural diversity, at Jewish schools in Baghdad
163–168
cultural links between Baghdadi Jews
86
curricula of Jewish schools in Baghdad
religious
162–163
secular
157–162, 168, 169, 171
of AIU
115, 116–117, 121, 157, 160, 164
Damascus Affair (1840)
3, 37–38
Daniel, Menahem S.
126
Daud Pasha (ruler of Iraq)
71, 74
D’Beth Hillel, David
25n88
Deshen, Shlomo
56
dialects, Baghdadi
30–31, 88, 90, 146
diasporas
Jewish
71
Baghdadi
70–73, 76–77
satellite communities of Baghdadi Jews
land-of-Israel connections of
36n4, n6
money for Jews in Palestine raised by
36–37, 67
trade
70–71
typologies of
71, 75
diplomatic missions, in Baghdad, and Jewish internationalism
110–112, 114, 119n39, 126
dissolution of Baghdadi Jewish communities
Baghdad community
124, 131–133, 204, 207, 210, 214, 215
satellite communities
12, 105
ha-Dover (The Speaker)
51–52
dress, of Baghdadi Jews in satellite communities
87
East Asia, Baghdadi Jews in
19, 73n15, 75–76
Eastern European Jews
and Haskalah
49
and Jews in Baghdad
66
knowledge of Hebrew by
56n113
migration to North America by
76, 78–79
economic development, of Jewish community in Baghdad
41, 63, 128, 131
economic motivations for migration
75
economic relations between Baghdadi satellite communities
84–88, 107
education
in Baghdad Jewish community
34, 60, 121–123, 126–127, 144–146, 168, 172, 221
cultural diversity in
163–168
for girls
28, 99, 116, 126, 127, 148–149, 150, 160–162, 166, 169
and Iraqi nationalism
168–169
Jewish international support for
53, 98–99, 113–117, 123–124, 131, 149, 150
religious
144, 148, 162–163, 170
secular
54, 113–114, 127, 142–145, 148, 150–151
curricula
157–162, 169, 171
growth of
151–155
religious opposition to
114, 149
school fees
170
teachers of
155–156, 171
in Baghdadi satellite communities
89
in Iraq
64, 151–152, 153
Jewish
20–21, 150
Egypt, Jews in
18
Elias, Moshe
86
elites
Jewish
and aid to new arrivals
101
Baghdadi
of Baghdad Jewish community, secular
67, 114
and Haskalah movement
54–55
and Jewish internationalism
110–111, 114–115, 138, 141
modernization of
49, 57
organizations of
53
of satellite communities
13, 98, 100, 103
transnational
13, 75
European
3, 109
Iraqi
23, 47
Elkus, Abram I.
126
emissaries
from Baghdad Jewish community, to satellite communities
97
from Palestine
36–37
English language
teaching, at Jewish schools in Baghdad
98–99, 118, 121, 123–124, 158, 159, 161
use of
by Baghdadi Jews of
12, 183, 208–209, 212, 216
in satellite communities
82, 88, 92, 116
in global Jewish public sphere
216–217
ethnic groups, in Baghdad
26n96
Europe
Jews in
elites of
3, 109
influences on Jews in Baghdad
47, 48–57, 65–66
insecurity of
129–130
international aid for
140–141
European literature, translations into Arabic of
164, 165
Europeans, Baghdadi Jewish diaspora elites seeking categorization as
100, 101–102
excommunication, of Basra theosophists
181
Ezekiel, J.B.S.
91
Ezra, N.E.B.
181, 182
Ezra, Rachel
87–88
Faisal (king of Iraq)
146
family ties, between Baghdadi Jews in Baghdad and satellite communities
84–88, 107
Far East see East Asia
Farhud (anti-Jewish riots, Baghdad, 1941)
6, 153n48
financial aid
to Baghdad Jewish community
133–134, 154
by Baghdadi diaspora
63, 64, 77, 96–99, 100–101, 102, 106–107, 129–130, 134
by Jewish internationalism
63–64, 117, 127–128, 130
to European Jews
140–141
food, from Baghdad, in Baghdadi satellite communities
86
France
AIU in
112
anti-Semitism in
119n39
Jewish elites in, and international philanthropy
109
Frankel, Jonathan
3, 38
Franklin, Ellis
120
French ethnocentrism of AIU
116, 209
French language
teaching, at Jewish schools in Baghdad
158, 159, 160, 164
use by Baghdadi Jews of
12, 115–116, 117, 212, 216
‘From Baghdad to Bialik with Love’ (article, Levy)
66
‘From Damascus to Baghdad: A trip across the Syrian Desert’ (brochure, Ezra)
87–88
gabelle (tax on kosher meat)
154
Gan Manehem Daniel Saleh school
160, 161
Gaster, Moses
176
gender norms, Baghdadi Jewish
28
Germany
calls for boycotting of
157
Jews in, Baghdadi Jewish assistance for
129–130, 140
Ghazi (king of Iraq)
146–147, 202
girls, education for, in Baghdad
28, 99, 116, 126, 127, 148–149, 150, 160–162, 166, 169
global Jewish public sphere
emergence of
2–3, 37–38, 67–68, 157
language use in
66, 216–217
participation in
of Baghdadi Jews
2
in Baghdad
14–15, 142, 165, 173, 219
of MENA Jewry
219
Great Britain
Baghdadi satellite communities’ orientation towards
72, 76, 119, 120
imperialism of
and Baghdadi Jews
19–20, 76
racial categorizations of
100, 101
Jews in
philanthropic transnational networks of
109
Sephardic
102
allegiance of Baghdadi satellite communities with chief rabbi of
81, 83–84
ties with Baghdad Jewish community
62, 63
relations with Iraq
118, 119
and Baghdad Jewish community
194
Great Depression, impact on Jewish internationalism of
128, 129
Green, Abigail
2–3, 4, 18, 68
Greene, Annie
10
Ha-Levi, Abraham ben Obadiah
44
Habermas, Jürgen
2
Haddad, Ezra
31–32, 78, 208
Haggadah, Baghdadi reading of
90
haham bashi (Ottoman chief rabbi)
41–42, 46–47, 175n5
of Baghdad
22, 23, 42, 44–45, 175n5
Hakak, Lev
7, 66, 163
Hallel, Meir Moshe
80
Harel, Yaron
17, 39, 42–43, 45
al-Hashimi, Yassin Pasha
198
al-Hasid (newspaper, Baghdad)
94, 146, 187n54
Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment)
and emergence of Jewish international charity
37
influence on Jews of Baghdad of
48–57, 65–66
ha-Havaselet (The Lily, journal)
50
Hayyim, Yosef (Ben Ish Hai)
45, 46, 52, 57, 81
Hebrew language
knowledge of, in Baghdadi satellite communities
89
newspapers
15n34
sphere
216
Iraqi Jewish engagements with
7, 51, 56
teaching, at Jewish schools in Baghdad
140, 158, 159, 163
Hedaya (newspaper, Iraq)
197
Heizer, Oscar S.
126, 127
Hertz, Joseph H.
176, 178, 181, 183
Hevrat Shomrei Mitzvot (Baghdad)
53, 59
hierarchies, social, of Baghdadi Jews
101n137, 103
Hilfsverein der deutschen Juden, in Baghdad
38n14
Historical Jewish Press database (Tel Aviv University)
15–16
A History of Jews in Baghdad (David Solomon Sassoon)
78
Hong Kong
Baghdadi Jews in
225
Kadoorie family archive in
14n32
hospitals, Jewish, in Baghdad
221–222
Humphreys, F.H.
194
Hutsin, Shlomo
51, 53
identities
Jewish identities
Arab-Jewish, of Iraqi Jews
7, 31–32
communal, of Baghdad Jewish community
147–148
construction of
106
IJA (Iraqi Jewish Archive)
13
al Ikab (newspaper, Iraq)
197
imperialism
British, and Baghdadi Jews
19–20, 76
Western, and Jewish international philanthropy
109, 110, 138
India, Jews in
Baghdadi
74, 75, 105
newspapers of
80, 92, 94
and religious guidance from Baghdad
79–80
theosophy adherents
178
German
129
non-Baghdadi
74, 101
insecurity
of European Jews
129–130
of Iraqi Jews
11, 130, 131, 199, 204–205, 207, 226–229
Les Intellectuels juifs de Baghdad: Discours et allégeances (Schlaepfer)
7–8
internationalism
Jewish
3–4, 18, 67, 109, 128–129
archives of
12–13
and Baghdadi Jews
33
in Baghdad
3, 18, 28, 38–39, 53–54, 60, 61–65, 109–110, 133–140, 170, 218–219
AIU activities
61, 110, 112–118, 131, 135, 136, 138, 149
AJA activities
53, 60, 61, 110, 112, 117–124, 128, 135, 136, 138, 199
and community leadership
38–39, 109, 111–112, 114–115, 117, 118–119, 120, 121, 122–123, 126–127, 132, 140, 141
and diplomatic missions
110–112, 114, 119n39, 126
JDC activities
110, 125–133
in satellite communities
98, 107, 119–120, 134–135
emergence of
3, 37–38, 67–68, 113
in/after World War II
140, 206
in Iraq
4, 9–11
in Palestine
139
and Western imperialism
109, 110, 138
religious
2–3
Intrigue and Revolution: Chief Rabbis in Aleppo, Baghdad, and Damascus
1744–1914 (Harel) 39
Iraq
anti-Zionism in
4–5, 104, 139, 215
government ban on Zionism
131, 185, 198
censorship in
11–12, 185
of Jewish press
186, 187, 188–189, 191
and Levy crises
188–199, 211
education in
64, 151–152, 153
and Great Britain
118, 119
Hashemite period in
1n3
Mandate period
47, 174, 215
post-Mandate period
185
Tanzimat reforms
58
Jews in
1, 23–24, 215
citizenship of
18, 22, 147
communal organization of
21–23, 27–29, 47
education of
20–21, 137, 150
insecurity of
11, 130, 131, 199, 204–205, 207, 226–229
integration in Iraqi society by
1, 6–8, 18, 65, 143, 145–147, 168–169, 174, 204, 218–219
Jewish identities of
1–2, 11, 31–33
and Jewish internationalism
4, 9–11
Jewish press in, popularity of
95–96
language use of
8–9, 29–31, 216
migration to Israel/Palestine of
2, 4–5, 100, 105, 132–133
modernization of
18
nationalism of
6–8, 190, 199
of Northern Iraq
101
number of
26, 224
scholarship on
4–11
secularization of
20–21, 47, 174
and state restrictions
185–186, 191–192, 194–195, 197, 198
censorship
theosophy adherents
178
transnational networks of
1, 8, 9–11, 210–211, 215–216
wealthy, financial support for Baghdad Jewish community by
63
and Zionism
4–6, 28n104, 50, 103–104, 139, 174, 190, 198–199, 203, 215
Nahum’s position
205, 210
rejection of
8, 95, 190
nationalism/nation-building in
20, 138
and Arabic language
162
and Baghdad Jewish community
168–169
Jewish support for
7–8, 190
religious communities in
19
women in, status of
166–168
The Iraq Times
177n13, 188
Israel
land-of-Israel; Palestine
Baghdadi Jews in
105
establishment of, and precariousness of Iraqi Jews
131
migration of Iraqi Jews to
2, 4–5, 100, 105, 132–133
Sephardic Jewry in
218
Israelight (Baghdadi youth magazine, Singapore)
85–86, 92
Israel’s Messenger (newspaper, Shanghai)
15n36, 73n14, 92, 213
on theosophy controversy
179–180, 181
Israʾil (newspaper, Egypt)
166
al-Istiqlal (newspaper, Iraq)
190
Jawdat al-Ayubi, ʿAli
196, 198
JDC (Joint Distribution Committee)
125, 133
activities in Baghdad of
3, 110, 125–133
archives of
13
executive boards of
67n158
The Jewish Advocate (newspaper, Iraq)
167, 182
The Jewish Chronicle (newspaper)
96
articles on Baghdad Jewish community in
15, 41, 62–63
popularity in Baghdad Jewish community of
165
Jewish identities
36
Baghdadi
69, 73, 105, 106, 173, 212
of Baghdad Jewish community
7, 33, 147–148
in satellite communities
69, 76, 217
transnational
217–219
of Iraqi Jews
1–2, 11, 31–33
and language use
90–91, 164
secular
147
transnational
164, 168, 171
Jewish internationalism
3–4, 18, 67, 109, 128–129
archives of
12–13
and Baghdadi Jews
33
in Baghdad
3, 18, 28, 38–39, 53–54, 60, 61–65, 109–110, 133–140, 170, 218–219
AIU activities
61, 110, 112–118, 131, 135, 136, 138, 149
AJA activities
53, 60, 61, 110, 112, 117–124, 128, 135, 136, 138, 199
and community leadership
109, 111–112, 114–115, 117, 118–119, 120, 121, 122–124, 126–127, 132, 140, 141
and diplomatic missions
110–112, 114, 119n39, 126
JDC activities
110, 125–133
in satellite communities
98, 107, 119–120, 134–135
emergence of
3, 37–38, 67–68, 113
in/after World War II
140, 206
in Iraq
4, 9–11
in Palestine
139
and Western imperialism
109, 110, 138
Jewish law interpretation, by rabbis of Baghdad Jewish community
46
Jewish neighborhoods, in Baghdad
26–27
Jewish Schools Relief Committee (Baghdad)
136
Jewish subgroups
36n2, n4, 67
The Jewish Tribune (newspaper, Bombay)
73n14, 80, 90, 91, 92, 95, 188, 195
Jewish Welfare Board (Singapore)
14
‘Jewish Writers in the Arab East: Literature, History, and the Politics of Enlightenment, 1863–1914’ (thesis, Lital Levy)
39
The Jews of Iraq in the 20th Century (Kazzaz)
6
JTA (Jewish Telegraph Agency)
96, 177, 191
on Levy crises
192–193, 198
Judaism, and theosophy
180
Judeo-Arabic (Arabic written in Hebrew script), Baghdadi use of
29, 88, 89, 146
in satellite communities
90, 92
Judeo-Baghdadi dialect
30–31, 88
use in satellite communities of
90
Jung, Leo
176, 178, 181, 182, 183, 184
Kadoorie, Ellis
134–135
Kadoorie, Elly
87, 99, 102n44, 119–120, 124
and Nahum
202, 226
and theosophy controversy
176, 178, 182, 213
Kadoorie, Horace
91n103, 116
Kadoorie, Laura
120
Kadoorie, Lawrence
91n103, 116
Kadoorie, Reema
120
Kadoorie family
archives
14, 200n101, 213, 226
correspondence of
89, 91n103, 104
Nahum as Baghdad agent for
34, 200–210
philanthropy by
63, 98, 107, 119–120, 206
poor family members supported by
77n35, 86
Kattan, Naim
30, 168–169
Katzin, Raphael ben Elijah
44
Kaveh Leʾatid (Hope for the Future, Baghdad)
62
Kazzaz, Nissim
6, 7, 8
Kedourie, Elie
25n88
Kerem school (Baghdad)
160
Khadduri, Sassoon
23, 47n62, 95, 175, 182, 190, 211
transnational network of
184
klal yisraʾel (Jewish people)
36n3
Kurdistan, Jews in
26
Ladino Rabbinic Literature and Ottoman Sephardic Culture (Lehmann)
55–56
land-of-Israel, connections of Jewish diaspora with
36n4, n6
language use
multilingualism
of Baghdadi Jews
12
in Baghdad
29, 30–31, 55, 115–117, 208–209, 212, 216
in satellite communities
88–96, 216
of Iraqi Jews
8–9, 29–31, 216
in Jewish public sphere
66, 216–217
The Last Jews in Baghdad (Rejwan)
77n34
Laura Kadoorie Club (Baghdad)
98, 136
Laura Kadoorie school (Baghdad)
116, 146, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 166, 171
funding of
99, 115, 135, 136–137
lay councils
of Baghdad Jewish community
22, 57–65, 134, 154, 168, 175, 202
and Jewish internationalism
109, 111, 117, 118–119, 120, 121, 122–123, 126–127, 132
and Levy crises
194, 198, 211
schools run by
122, 136, 140, 144, 168
in British Mandate Iraq
47
in Ottoman Empire
20, 43
leadership
of Baghdadi Jews
in Baghdad
21–23, 42, 43–44, 58, 114, 175
and Jewish internationalism
38–39, 68, 109, 111–112, 114–115, 117, 118–119, 120, 121, 122–123, 126–127, 132, 140, 141
religious
44–47, 56–57, 114, 144, 174–175
and theosophy controversy
176–178, 180–185, 211
secular
40, 47, 60, 62, 65, 175
lay council
57–65, 134, 144, 154, 168, 175, 202
and Levy crises
194, 198, 211
in satellite communities, religious
79–80, 81, 82–84, 176
of Ottoman Jews
42–43, 46–47
of Ottoman minorities
42n41
Légion d’Honneur award, for Nahum
209
Lehmann, Matthias
36, 55–56
Lépissier, Paul
209
Levy, E.
212
crises
185, 192–199, 211, 226–227
letter to The Manchester Guardian by
188–192, 204n127
Levy, Lital
32, 38, 48, 51n84, 66
libraries, of Jewish schools in Baghdad
165
literacy, of Iraqi Jews
186–187
Loewe, Louis
49
Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley
167
Luria, Isaac
50, 53, 61n134, 113
Madrasat Ras al-Qarya (Baghdad)
156–157
al-Mafdai, Jamil
196, 198, 203
ha-Magid (The Speaker/Preacher, journal)
50, 52
Magnes, Judah
150n31, 154
majlis al-jismani see lay councils
majlis al-ruhani (religious council)
43
majlis umumi (general council)
43
The Manchester Guardian, Levy’s letter to
173, 188–192, 204n127
impact of
185, 192–199, 211, 226–227
Mansour, Jacob
30
Marmorstein, Emile
121n49, 155
marriages, of Baghdadi Jews in satellite communities
85–86
Marshall, David
14, 85, 86
Mashal, Saul
85
media coverage
of Baghdad Jewish community
15, 51, 52–53, 187, 195, 204
of Damascus Affair
3, 37–38
of Levy crises
192–193, 194, 195, 212
of religious reform
175–176
of theosophy controversy
177–180, 181, 182
Meir-Glitzenstein, Esther
5, 28n104, 132, 156, 166
ha-Melis (The Translator/Advocate, journal)
50, 56n113
memoirs of Baghdadi Jews
16, 84
MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region
European travelers to
49
Jewish communities in
language use by
29
participation in global Jewish public sphere by
219
merchants, Baghdadi
75, 84–85
The Mesopotamian Times (newspaper, Basra)
177
Messiahs of Princep Street (Elias)
86
Meyer, Maisie
10, 72n11, 101–102
Meyer, Manesseh
83
middle classes
in Arab world
18–19
in Baghdad Jewish community
19, 25, 27, 41, 63
Midhat Pasha (governor of Baghdad)
57, 58, 143, 149
Midrash Talmud Torah school (Baghdad)
59, 114, 134, 144, 148, 149, 170
curriculum of
162
funding of
135, 136
migration of Jews
from Baghdad
71, 73–77, 100, 105, 132–133
to Baghdad
40–41, 49–50, 54, 77, 101
from Iraq to Israel/Palestine
2, 4–5, 100, 105, 132–133
to Iraq
23–24
al-Misbah (newspaper, Baghdad)
94, 146, 187
misconduct, by chief rabbis of Baghdad Jewish community
45
Mizrahi, Barukh Moshe
51–52
Moccatta, Laura
102n144
Modern Hebrew, teaching, at Jewish schools in Baghdad
163
modernity
19
of Arab Jews
38
Jewish religious responses to
55–56
Modernity at Large (Appadurai)
71
modernization
of Baghdad
17, 19, 57, 58
of banking
20
of Jews
Baghdadi
in Baghdad
38–39, 46, 56, 57, 65
Baghdadi diaspora influences on
73, 96, 107
and Haskalah movement
48–57, 65–66
in satellite communities
82
in Basra
179
in Iraq
18
Sephardic, in Ottoman Empire
65–66n151
in Ottoman Empire
16–17, 44
money transfers, international
112n8
Montefiore, Claude
124
Montefiore, Moses
68
Moreno, Aviad
106
Morocco, JDC activities in
133
Mortara Affair (1858, Bologna)
112
Mosul, Jews in
224
Mueller-Sommerfeld, Hannah
147
multilingualism
of Baghdadi Jews
89, 216
of Iraqi Jews
8–9, 186–187
Munk, Salmon
49
Muslim-Baghdadi dialect
30, 146
Myanmar, Baghdadi Jews in
79
Naeh, Yaron
89n97
Nahum, Ibrahim
14, 34, 116, 212, 215
agent for Kadoorie family
200–210, 211–212
on Levy crises
173, 186, 189, 191, 192, 193–194, 195–196, 226–229
on Palestine
203
Nahum family
201
nasi position (prince/president), of Baghdad Jewish community
22, 40, 42
Nathan, Isaac Said
177–178, 185
nation-building, in Iraq
20
nationalism
Arab
20, 169
Iraqi
and Arabic language
162
and Baghdad Jewish community
168–169
of Iraqi Jews
6–8, 190, 199
of Jewish communities
138
New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq (Bashkin)
7
newspapers, Jewish see press, Jewish
Noam/ Haron Saleh school (Baghdad)
136, 150, 159
North America, Eastern European Jewish migration to
76, 78–79
Nouri Pasha
203
Nourial school (Baghdad)
158
Obermeir, Jacob
52
Orientalism, in European descriptions of Baghdad Jewish community
52, 57
The Other Iraq (Bashkin)
186
Ottoman Empire
minorities in
Jewish
autonomy of
21, 44, 65n149
leadership of
42–43, 175n5
and Tanzimat reforms
41–44, 46–47, 58
leadership of
42n41
modernization in
16–17, 44
secularization in
20
Sephardic Jews in
55–56, 65–66n151
Ouziel, Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv
184
Paix et Droits (AIU newspaper)
142, 166, 201
Palestine
Israel
Hebrew newspapers printed in
15n34
and Iraqi Jews
174, 198–199, 203
migration to
2, 4–5, 100
Nahum’s position in
205, 210
travel to
190
Jewish internationalism in
139
Jewish settlement in
money raising in diaspora for
36–37, 67
promotion in Jewish press of
50
teachers from, at Baghdad Jewish schools
156
pan-Jewish relationships, emergence of
67–68
Pappo, David
59
Pelli, Moshe
48, 54
Perah (newspaper, Calcutta)
80, 92, 94, 178
Perry, Marry
97–98
Persia, Jews from
103
philanthropy
charities
Jewish
36–37
of Baghdad Jewish community
60, 63, 129, 134, 140–141
of Baghdadi satellite communities
64, 77, 96–99, 100–101, 102, 106–107, 129–130, 134
Kadoorie family
63, 98, 107, 119–120, 206
Sassoon family
63, 98, 107, 120
international see Jewish internationalism
in Iraq
9–10, 63
political support
for Baghdad Jewish community
by Baghdadi satellite communities
64
by Jewish internationalism
118–119, 124
politics
classroom discussions on
156, 157
Iraqi, Nahum’s involvement in
202–203
poverty
of Baghdadi Jews
in Baghdad
40, 61, 100, 101
in satellite communities
99
of Iraqi Jews
27
press
articles see media coverage
Iraqi, anti-Semitism in
193, 197, 199
Jewish
Baghdadi
51–52, 95
in Baghdad
93–94, 146, 186, 187
in India
80
language use of
88–89, 92
in satellite communities
92–93, 94, 213
popularity in Baghdad of
95–96
on theosophy controversy
181
and emergence of global Jewish public sphere
37–38
influence/popularity of, in Baghdad
41, 50–51, 52–53, 56, 65–66, 165–166, 187
Iraqi censorship of
186, 187, 188–189, 191
and Levy crises
185, 188–199, 211
as research source
14–16, 21
public opinion, global Jewish, Iraqi Jewish appeals to
173
public schools, in Baghdad
156–157
public space, access of Baghdadi Jewish women to
28, 167–168, 169
public spheres
2
Egyptian, Jewish participation in
18
Iraqi, Jewish participation in
7–8, 18, 174
Jewish global
emergence of
2–3, 37–38, 67–68, 157
language use in
66, 216–217
participation in
of Baghdadi Jews
2
in Baghdad
14–15, 142, 165, 173, 219
of MENA Jewry
219
Qanun al-Nisaʾ (The Law of Women, Hayyim)
81
Rabbinic Creativity in the Modern Middle East (Zohar)
10
rabbis
chief rabbis
Baghdadi
in Baghdad
45
authority of
46, 56–57
and modernity
56
in satellite communities
80, 176
Iraqi, training of
181–182
Sephardic, on modernity
55–56
Rachel Shahmon school (Baghdad)
146
racial categorization
of Baghdadi Jews in satellite communities
101
British colonial
100
Rangoon, Baghdadi Jews in
80, 225
Rejwan, Nissim
25n88, 40n23, 53n95, 77n34, 89n95, 103n147, 151, 156–157, 168–169
religion, and state, in Ottoman Empire
44
religious education, of Baghdad Jewish community
144, 148, 162–163, 170
religious guidance from Baghdad, for Baghdadi satellite communities
77, 79–84, 90, 97–98
religious internationalism
2–3
religious leadership
Baghdadi Jewish
in Baghdad Jewish community
44–47, 56–57, 114, 144, 174–175
in satellite communities
79–80, 81, 82–84, 176
religious learning, by Jews in Baghdad
40
religious reform, Baghdadi Jewish press discussions on
175–176
Roland, Joan
103
Rosenfeld, Hermann
1, 50, 53, 113
Rothschild, Nathaniel
134
Rozen, Avraham
155
Sabbagh, Mme.
156
sages, of Baghdad Jewish community
45, 46, 149
Saleh, Menahem Daniel
60, 63
Saleh family
103n147
Samra, Farid
207
Sand, Shlomo
36n4
Sasson, David
123, 161
Sasson, Heskell
180
Sassoon, D.
118
Sassoon, David (1792–1864)
71, 84, 94–95
Sassoon, David Solomon (1880–1942)
25n88, 45, 78, 82, 84, 87, 134
Sassoon, E.D.
134
Sassoon, Silas
98–99, 118
Sassoon family
84, 200
archives of
14, 213n150
correspondence of
89
fled from Iraq by
74–75n23
philanthropy by
63, 98, 107, 120
power of
95
support for poor family members of
77n35, 86
satellite communities of Baghdadi Jews
1–2, 8, 9–10, 20, 33
autonomy of
176
and Baghdad Jewish community
14, 69–70, 72, 76, 78–88, 84–88, 105, 106, 213
cultural influences
86–87
economic ties
84–88, 107
financial aid/philanthropy
63, 64, 77, 96–99, 100–101, 102, 106–107, 129–130, 134
by Kadoorie family
63, 98, 107, 119–120, 206
by Sassoon family
63, 98, 107, 120
and modernization
73, 96, 107
religious guidance from Baghdad for
77, 79–84, 90, 97–98
and theosophy controversy
176, 178
World War II impact on
104
and Basra
26
British orientation of
72, 76, 119, 120
citizenship of
20, 72n11, 81, 119
as diaspora
70–73
dissolution of
12, 105
elites of
13, 98, 103
Europeanness of
100, 101–102
family ties between
84–88, 107
Jewish identities in
69, 76, 217
Jewish internationalism in
98, 107, 119–120
language use of
88–96, 216
leadership of, religious
80–81, 176
merchants in
75
migration from
77, 105
migration to, from Baghdad
71, 73–77, 100
modernization of
82
newspapers/periodicals of
15, 51, 92–93, 94–95, 213
on Baghdad Jewish community in
187
popularity in Baghdad of
95–96
on theosophy controversy
181
poverty among
99
size of
41n33, 73n15, 76–77, 85, 225
socioeconomic composition of
77
synagogues of
83
theosophy in
176, 178
transnational networks of
68
unity of
94
Zionism of
103
Schiff, Jacob
134
Schlaepfer, Aline
7–8, 146–147, 173
scholarship, on Iraqi Jews
4–11
schools, Jewish
in Baghdad
59, 116, 121–123, 156–157, 221
of AIU
1, 28, 60–61n131, 113–117, 135, 149, 150, 152, 171
alumni of
62, 142, 146, 209
curricula of
115, 116–117, 121, 157, 160, 164
of AJA
123–124
communal schools
142–143, 145, 150–151, 159–160, 168
cultural diversity at
163–168
fees
170
funding of
135–137
for girls
28, 99, 150, 160
non-Jewish students at
146
religious
144, 148
secondary
152
secular
54, 113–114, 142, 144–145
fees for
170
teachers at
155–156
in Basra
134, 160
Iraqi, non-Jewish pupils at
20–21
Schor, Wolf
49
Sciarcon, Jonathan
17
scouting, Jewish, in Baghdad
164
secondary education
of Baghdad Jewish community
152
for girls
160
secular education
in Baghdad Jewish community
54, 113–114, 127, 142–145, 148, 150–151
curricula
157–162, 169, 171
emergence of
143–144
growth of
151–155
religious opposition to
114, 149
school fees
170
teachers of
155–156, 171
secular leadership of Jewish communities
of Baghdad
40, 47, 60, 62, 65, 175
lay council
57–65, 134, 144, 154, 168, 175, 202
and Levy crises
194, 198, 211
Ottoman
42–43, 47
secularization
of Iraqi Jews
20–21, 47, 174
in Ottoman Empire
20
ha-Sefirah (The Awakening, journal)
50
Sehayek family
85
Semaeh, Jacob
74
Semah, David
49
Şeni, Nora
37, 49, 68
Sephardic Jews
chief rabbis of, in Great Britain, allegiance of Baghdadi satellite communities to
81, 83–84
in Great Britain
102
migration to Iraq by
24
in Ottoman Empire
55–56, 65–66n51
self-identification of Baghdadi Jews as
10, 101–102, 218
trade diaspora of
70
Shahmon school (Baghdad)
160
Shahrabani, Khadduri
86–87
Shalome, Eliyahu
80
Shamash, Benjamin
99, 124, 136
Shamash, Violette
156
Shamash school (Baghdad)
99, 110–111n5, 123–124, 145, 152, 155, 156, 160
funding of
136, 137
periodical of
163–164
Shanghai
Baghdadi Jews in
citizenship of
72n11
Kadoorie family archive
14n32
number of
225
rabbis of
176
religious leadership of
80
self-identification as Sephardic
101–102
World War II German Jewish refugees in
129–130
Sharara, Muhammad
156
Shaʾul, Anwar
1, 165n89, 187n54, 208
Shemesh (periodical of Shamash school)
163–164
Shemesh, Violette
30–31
Shemtob, Joseph
53, 113
Shiblak, Abbas
152
Shina, Salman
187
shlikhim (emissaries of the Holy Land)
36–37
Shmuel, Avraham Moshe
80
Shohet, Haron Daʾud
25n88, 45
Silliman, Jael
71, 72
Simon, Reeva
11
Singapore Baghdadi Jewish community
105
archives of
14
cultural influences of Baghdad on
86
religious leadership of
80
size of
225
social stratification of
77
synagogues of
83
trade by
85
Sion, Rahmin
182, 185
Sluglett, Peter
64
Smith, Lionel
121–123, 144
Snir, Reuven
6, 7, 31
social clubs, of Baghdad Jewish community
98, 136, 223
social hierarchies, of Baghdadi Jews
101n137, 103
Sofaer, Ellis
87
Solal Boneh (firm)
190
solidarity movements, Jewish international see Jewish internationalism
Solomon, Jacob E.
178
Somekh, Abdallah
56, 149
authority of
45, 46, 57, 81, 90
burial of
10–11, 119
and modernity
49, 60n131, 81–82
Somekh, David
53, 113
Somekh, Sasson
6, 27n101, 84, 88, 155n56, 156, 160, 167, 168–169
Somekh, Shaul
60–61n131
sources for research on Baghdadi Jews
11–16
state and religion, in Ottoman Empire
44
Stein, Sarah Abrevaya
17, 65–66n151
subgroups, Jewish
36n2, n4, 67
Surat, Baghdadi Jews in
74
synagogues, Baghdadi, in satellite communities
83
Talmud Torah school (Baghdad)
162–163
Midrash Talmud Torah school (Baghdad)
Tanzimat reforms (Ottoman Empire), impact of
in Iraq
58
on Jews/Jewish communities
41–44, 46–47, 58
teachers
at Iraqi public schools, Jewish
157
at Jewish schools, in Baghdad
155–156
theater, Judeo-Baghdadi, in satellite communities
86–87
The Theosophist (journal)
178
theosophy
178
Baghdadi Jewish controversy on
174, 176–178, 180–185, 211
Jewish adherents of
178–179
trade diasporas
70n3
Baghdadi
70–71
Sephardic
70
trade networks, Jewish
35
Baghdadi
19–20, 70, 74, 84, 115
transnational Jewish identities
164, 168, 171
Baghdadi
217–219
transnational networks
of Baghdadi Jews
9, 13–14, 33–34, 40, 69, 215–216
in Baghdad
34, 66–67, 68, 143, 147–148, 163–164, 173–174, 210–211, 212–214, 215–216
and Levy crises
197, 199, 211
Nahum’s negotiating of
210, 211–212
and theosophy controversy
177, 183, 184, 211
religious
10
in satellite communities
68
of Iraqi religious communities
19
Jewish
3–4, 35–36, 67
language use in
216–217
transnationalism, Jewish see internationalism, Jewish
travel
in Baghdadi diaspora
76n32, 87–88
of Iraqi Jews to Palestine
190
by Nahum
202
Western/European, to Baghdad Jewish community
49–50, 87–88
Tsur, Yaron
51n83
Twena, Avraham
58n119, 152
United Kingdom see Great Britain
United States, foreign policy of
133
ustādh-s (religious education institutes)
148–149
veiling, by Jewish Iraqi women
167
Viaene, Vincent
2–3
Viteles, Harry
130
al-Wataniyya school (Baghdad)
146, 160
Watenpaugh, Keith
18–19
Western imperialism, and Jewish internationalism
109, 110, 138
Westernization, of Baghdad Jewish community
98
‘Why Did Baghdadi Jews Stop Writing to Their Brethren in Mainz?’ (article, Bashkin)
38, 66
women, Baghdadi Jewish
access to public spaces by
28, 167–168, 169
status of
166–167
World War II
German Jewish refugees in Shanghai during
129–130
impact on Baghdadi Jews of
104
Jewish internationalism in/after
140, 206
Yaʾari, Abraham
36n6
Yehuda, Zvi
17, 24, 50, 58n119, 116, 138, 179, 211
yeshivas, in Baghdad
148
Yitzhak, Eliyahoo
80
Yosef, Ovadia
218
Zewra (Ottoman newspaper)
57n114
Zilberstein, A.
134, 135
Zionism
in Baghdadi satellite communities
103
in Iraq
government ban on
131, 185, 198
Jewish attitudes towards
4–6, 28n104, 50, 103–104, 139, 156, 174, 190, 198–199, 203, 215
Nahum’s position
205, 210
rejection
8, 95, 190
Zohar, Zvi
10, 82n55, 184