The transcription of commonly translated Arabic, Ottoman Turkish, and Hebrew words reflect common English language orthography (e.g. haham bashi not ḥakham bāshī or hahambașı). Less common words reflect the International Journal of Middle East Studies translation table. For modern individuals with Hebrew or Arabic names who have their own way of rendering them in Latin script, their spellings will be followed (e.g., Sassoon Khadduri, not Sāsūn Khaḍḍūrī). Geographical names are given in their commonly used modern English form.