acceptance 94 , 95 , 163
accessibility 33 , 86 , 112 , 179 , 180
Action Aid 31
active learning 11 , 30 , 60 , 136
actors 9 , 25 , 62 , 124
adaptability 177
adult education 4 –8 , 12 –15 , 19 , 21 , 26 , 29 , 31 –35 , 43 , 44 , 47 –51 , 56 , 61 , 66 , 72 , 95 , 98 , 106 , 115 , 119 , 121 –123 , 125 –127 , 129 –132 , 137 –139 , 143 , 144 , 152 –156 , 158 , 159 , 162 , 164 –166 , 174 , 176
Adult Education Centres 7 , 8 , 33 , 50 , 122 , 127 , 129 , 131 , 132 , 138
adult learner 4 , 5 , 8 , 9 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 31 , 32 , 36 , 61 , 66 , 68 , 72 , 75 , 80 , 81 , 83 –92 , 94 , 95 –97 , 98 , 104 , 105 , 113 , 117 , 123 , 126 , 129 , 132 , 133 , 143 , 153 , 155 –158 , 160 , 173
adult learning theory 10 , 152
adult literacy 31
adult migrants 5 , 7 , 8 , 12 –15 , 33 , 36 , 44 , 48 –51 , 62 , 66 , 67 , 74 , 80 , 81 , 85 , 87 , 96 , 98 , 101 –110 , 112 –119 , 121 –123 , 125 , 126 , 128 –130 , 133 , 135 , 136 , 138 , 143 , 152 –157 , 159 , 161 , 163 –166 , 173
Afghanistan 81 , 92
Africa VIII , IX , 24
analytical thinking 11 , 24
andragogical principle XIV , 11
Angelides, P. 131
Arab VIII , 137 , 142
Arabic 92 , 103 , 135 , 136 , 159
Arnesen A. L. 33
assessing learning 89
assessment 9 , 60 , 73 , 74 , 86 , 89 , 90 , 110 –112 , 119 , 129 , 133 , 175 , 177
assisted learning 23
Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) 14
asylum-seekers 15 , 143 , 166
austerity 170
authentic dialogues 174
authoritarian 11 , 23 , 72 , 93 , 115 , 140 , 162 , 174
autochthonous X
autonomous learner 16 , 169
Bauman, Z. 172
Bevelander, P. 126 , 143
Bible 128
Biggs, J. 22
Borg, C. 13 , 16
Boud, D. 135
Bowles, S. 127
Brockett, R. B. 22
Brookfield, S. 11 , 137
Brown, M. 13 –15 , 155 , 156 , 160 , 161 , 163 , 164
Buiskool, B. J. 33
Byram, M. 134
capable other 141
capitalism VIII , X , 24
cartographies 6 , 7 , 13 , 43 , 51
case studies 5 –8 , 12 –16 , 19 , 33 , 43 –46 , 48 , 51 , 152 –155 , 157 –160 , 162 , 165 , 175 , 176 , 178 , 180 , 181
Casey, L. 128
certificate 60 , 74 , 89 , 129 , 132
Charmaz, K. 123
childcare 82 –84 , 90 , 94 , 98 , 154 , 155 , 176 , 179
China 123
citizen 57 , 170
citizenship 15 , 44 , 46 , 50 , 56 , 57 , 74 , 108 , 143 , 166
Clayton, P. 134
Cleveland-Innes, M. 30 , 31
climate change IX
Coben, D. 31
cognitive 4 , 26 , 28 , 137
cognitive injustice X
college 48 , 83 , 89 , 90 , 94
colonial 24
common language 91 , 131 , 139 , 140 , 144 , 158 , 161 , 162 , 164
communication 9 , 30 , 35 , 51 , 56 , 59 , 60 , 63 –65 , 67 –69 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 88 , 118 , 124 , 133 –135 , 137 , 139 , 140 , 142 , 159 , 161 –164
community 29 , 31 , 36 , 51 , 80 , 81 , 83 , 84 , 87 , 89 , 90 , 93 , 116 , 139 , 156 , 163 , 173 , 174 , 176 , 178 , 180
comparative analysis 15 , 47 , 51
competences 30 , 34 , 45 , 134 , 139
competitiveness 57 , 170
conceptualisation 10 , 11 , 13 , 62 , 124 , 131 , 136 , 155 , 159
Connor, P. 126 , 143
control 4 , 10 –12 , 15 , 21 –23 , 26 , 45 , 69 , 72 , 74 , 80 , 116 , 118 , 125 , 132 , 136 , 140 , 143 , 144 , 153 , 161 , 162 , 164 –166
Council of Europe 122 , 126 , 128 , 132
Covid-19 16 , 169 , 172
Cross, K. P. 125
cultural difference 63 , 105 , 163
cultural expectations 97 , 98
culture X , XIV , 4 , 56 , 58 , 59 , 69 , 85 , 91 , 92 , 94 , 102 , 103 , 112 , 116 , 117 , 122 , 133 , 137 , 161 , 163 , 174 , 180
curriculum 9 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 51 , 66 , 69 , 71 , 86 –88 , 98 , 101 , 106 , 108 , 109 , 112 , 115 , 119 , 122 , 125 , 131 , 132 , 138 , 155 –157 , 165 , 175 , 178
Cyprus VIII , XV , 4 , 6 , 7 , 13 , 15 , 44 –46 , 48 –51 , 113 , 121 , 122 , 125 –131 , 135 , 136 , 138 –140 , 142 –144 , 152 , 153 , 155 , 156 , 158 –161 , 163 , 164 , 177 , 179 , 180
democratic 3 , 11 , 20 , 23 , 26 , 27 , 72 , 93 , 95 , 111 , 115 , 116 , 135 , 137 , 140 –142 , 162 , 163 , 166
democratisation 25
demographic IX , 6 , 13 , 14 , 44 , 79 , 110 , 119 , 127 , 171
Denzin, N. K. 123
Dewey, J. 20 , 21 , 26
Dialogue IX , 9 , 27 , 62 , 66 , 69 –71 , 73 –75 , 115 –117 , 124 , 132 , 134 , 137 , 139 –144 , 152 , 158 –161 , 163 , 164 , 166 , 174 , 176
Dickson, N. 14 , 50 , 79 , 153 , 154 , 157 , 158 , 161 , 163
Directorate for Research, Lifelong Learning and Innovation (DRLLLI) 7 , 101 , 109 , 114 , 116
District Labour Office 126 , 127
dominant framework 32
Dörnyei, Z. 65
Duff, P. A. 139
Early School Leavers (ESL) 34 , 48 , 108
education providers 6 , 81 , 132 , 154 –156
educational ‘Apps’ 93 , 161
educational activities 23 , 156 , 158 , 160 , 165
educator XIV , 11 , 15 , 23 , 27 , 61 , 66 , 86 , 91 , 101 , 103 , 107 , 111 , 113 , 114 , 117 , 119 , 123 , 125 , 131 –133 , 135 –142 , 153 , 159 , 161 –164 , 173 –174 , 177 , 179
educators’ motivations 129
English as a Foreign Language (EFL) 7 , 101
English for Speakers of Other Languages’ (ESOL) 7 , 14 , 80
emancipatory education 13 , 16 , 22 , 169 , 171
Emancipatory Learner-Centred Education (ELCE) 16 , 169 , 173 , 181
Emerson, R. M. 124
Emes, C. 30 , 31
employment IX , 7 , 35 , 44 , 49 , 50 , 55 –57 , 85 , 89 , 97 , 126 , 130 , 140 , 156 , 162
empowerment XIV , XV , 31 , 137 , 161 , 168 , 176
epistemological limitations 112
epistemology 9 , 10 , 13 , 62 , 66 , 80 , 82 , 86 , 106 , 112 , 119 , 123 , 124 , 131 , 152 , 155 , 158 , 159 , 166
established hierarchies 141 , 164
Estonia XIV , 4 , 6 , 7 , 13 , 14 , 44 –51 , 55 –58 , 61 , 63 , 74 –76 , 152 , 156 , 161 , 177
ethnic groups VIII , 98
ethos IX
European Union (EU) 34 , 47 , 57
Europe VIII , IX , XIV , 4 , 13 , 32 , 34 , 45 , 122 , 126 , 128 , 132 , 169 –171
European Commission 33 , 34
European Ministerial Conference on Integration 126
European Social Fund (ESF) 14 , 57
Eurostat 32 , 44 , 45
everyday learning practices 10 , 131 , 155
expectations 28 , 67 , 69 –71 , 97 , 98 , 102 , 103 , 107 , 109 , 127 , 128 , 133 , 154 , 156 , 157 , 160 , 177
experiential learning 11 , 23
Farsi 92
Fejes, A. 6
female adult learners 83 , 85
flexibility 5 , 20 , 71 , 86 , 90 , 115 , 131 , 132 , 156 , 165 , 170 , 177 , 179 , 180
France 33
Freire, P. XV , 21 , 26 , 27 , 31 , 174 ,
Fretz, R. I. 124
Gates, P. 28
gendered learning 84
General Medical Council (GMC) 29
Glasgow XV , 4 , 7 , 14 , 29 , 80 , 87 , 98 , 152 –158 , 160 , 161 , 163 , 165
Global Report on Adult Learning and Education 130
globalisation 24 , 25
globalised market 30
Gramsci, A. X , XV
Gravani, M. 13 , 15 , 50 , 122 , 123 , 131 , 155 , 156 , 159 , 160 , 162 , 164
Grech, M. 170
Greek VIII , 7 , 8 , 15 , 19 , 50 , 114 , 122 , 124 –141 , 156 , 158 , 159 , 161 , 164
Greek language for foreigners 7 , 50 , 122
Gu, Q. 28
guidance 96 , 130 , 132
guiding principles 44
Guiraudon, V. 127
Guo, S. 5
Guthrie, G. 10 , 24
Hajisoteriou, C. 131
Hall, G. 135 , 144
Hatzopoulos, P. XIV , 13 , 15 , 50 , 123 , 131 , 139 , 153 , 160
hegemonic IX , 171 , 175
hidden agenda 25
Hiemstra, R. 22
higher education XIV , XV , 19 , 28 –30 , 48 , 50
higher-order thinking 11 , 24
homeless 85 , 172
Houle, C. O. 22
human capacity 6 , 44 , 47
identity IX , XIV , 89 , 108 , 130 , 172 , 175
ideology 23 , 24 , 25 , 171
inclusivity 93
informal familiarisation 179
information needs 87 , 88 , 156 , 176
initial training 130
integration 5 , 7 , 12 , 14 , 32 –34 , 45 , 49 –51 , 55 –57 , 59 , 67 , 74 , 76 , 80 , 81 , 85 , 87 , 103 , 126 –129 , 153 –155 , 157 , 158 , 161 , 165 , 171 , 173 , 175
interaction 9 , 23 , 62 , 63 , 66 , 73 , 92 , 103 , 104 , 109 , 124 , 125 , 134 , 139 –142 , 144 , 153 , 158 , 160 –162 , 166 , 179
intercultural competences 139
intercultural interactions 125 , 134 , 140 , 142 , 144 , 158 , 162 , 166
interculturalism 161
internal pressures 10 , 64 , 102
International Master in Adult Education for Social Change (IMAESC) XIV , XV , 13
internationally-mobile workers 170
interviews 7 –9 , 13 , 61 , 67 , 80 , 101 , 106 , 107 , 123 , 124 , 128 , 139
intrinsic motivation 64 , 129 , 130 , 152 , 153 , 165
intrinsic-extrinsic continuum 102
Ioannidou, A. 123
isolation 98 , 139 , 180
IT skills 134 , 180
Italy 33
Jewish 142
Jõgi, L. X , XIV , 13 –15 , 50 , 153 , 156 , 160 , 161
Jones, R. 3 , 12 , 35
Jordan, R. K. 29
justificatory 4
Karu, K. X , XIV , 14 , 153 , 157 , 160 , 161 , 163
Kirk, R. 134
Kliebard, H. 10 , 24
knowledge X , 4 , 5 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 15 , 20 , 21 –24 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 65 –68 , 70 , 72 , 74 , 76 , 86 , 90 , 91 , 98 , 104 –107 , 115 , 117 , 119 , 125 , 131 , 134 , 136 , 139 , 141 , 155 –157 , 159 , 166 , 173 –178 , 180
Knowles, M. 10 , 11 , 21 , 22 , 31 , 62 –64 , 72 , 102 , 125 , 152
Korean 102 , 107
Kumaravadivelu, B. 130
Lahav, G. 127
language learning 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 14 , 35 , 50 , 59 , 62 –66 , 68 , 69 , 72 –75 , 125 , 133 , 134 , 137 , 143 , 152 , 161 , 165
Lattimer, H. 8
learner 3 –6 , 8 –16 , 19 , 22 , 24 , 29 –31 , 56 , 59 –62 , 64 –76 , 80 –85 , 87 , 89 –95 , 98 , 101 –112 , 114 , 115 , 117 –119 , 121 , 124 , 125 , 131 , 132 , 136 , 140 , 143 , 144 , 152 , 153 , 155 –160 , 162 , 164 –166 , 169 , 171 , 172 , 177 , 178 , 181
Learner-Centred Education (LCE) 3 , 8 , 10 –13 , 16 , 19 , 23 , 24 , 31 , 43 , 62 , 80 , 81 , 124 , 151 , 152 , 166 , 168 , 169 , 173 , 175 , 181
learning climate 9 , 123 , 152
learning outcomes 22 , 62 , 117 , 141 , 164
learning setting 75 , 139
learning strategies 22 , 134 , 141 , 144
legal migrants 15 , 143 , 166
Lentin, A. 133
Libya IX
Lifelong Learning XIV , XV , 5 , 7 , 34 , 48 , 49 , 57 , 74 , 101 , 105 , 106 , 116 , 163
linguistic affiliations 142
linguistic barrier 118 , 144
Linguistic Integration of Adult Migrants (LIAM) 126 , 157 , 165
living conditions 56 , 128 , 154
locality X
Lundahl, L. 33
MacPherson, S. 137
Mainwaring, C. 122 , 127
Malta XV , 4 , 6 , 7 , 13 –15 , 33 , 44 –51 , 101 –104 , 106 , 108 , 110 , 114 , 119 , 122 , 152 –154 , 156 , 159 –161 , 163 –165 , 177 –179
Martin, P. 33
Mayo, P. IX , XV , 12 , 31 , 138
Maltese as a Foreign Language (MFL) 7 , 101 , 105
medical education 29
Merriam, S. B. 21 , 22
Mezirow, J. 22
micro-habitats 172
Middle East VIII , 122
migrant adult learners’ motivations 5 , 8 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 33 , 36 , 49 , 50 , 62 , 67 , 87 , 98 , 101 –110 , 112 –119 , 122 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 129 , 133 , 135 , 143 , 152 , 153 , 155 –157 , 161 , 163 –166
migration VII –XI , XIV , XV , 5 , 6 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 19 , 32 –34 , 36 , 44 –47 , 49 , 51 , 55 , 56 , 80 , 82 , 121 , 152 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 174 , 175 , 176
Ministry for Education and Employment (MEDE) 7 , 101
Ministry for Home Affairs 48 , 177
Ministry of Education and Culture (MoEC) 122
‘modes of thought’ 25
motivations 9 , 10 , 15 , 82 , 84 , 85 , 98 , 102 , 104 , 123 –126 , 128 , 129 , 143 , 152 –155 , 165 , 166
Mtika, P. 28
Multicultural 14 , 80 , 139
multilingual 50 , 130 , 136 , 139 , 141 , 164
mutual understanding 91 , 141 , 174
narrative 4 , 5 , 23 , 26 , 107 , 117 , 126 –128 , 130 , 133 , 139 , 161 , 171 , 173
national IX , X , XIV , 3 –6 , 12 , 14 , 20 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 44 , 46 , 55 , 96 , 126 , 159
National Health Service (NHS) 88
National Records of Scotland (NRS) 44 , 79
native 91 , 102 , 112 , 134 , 158
Non-governmental Organisation (NGO) 7 , 31 , 109 , 155
Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET) 35
neo-liberal 25
new ways to learn 23
Newson, J. A. 169
non-verbal communication 9 , 124
North VII , VIII
objects 9 , 62 , 104 , 124 , 172 , 173
observation 7 –9 , 13 , 24 , 29 , 32 , 33 , 61 –65 , 67 , 70 , 75 , 76 , 87 , 92 , 101 , 104 , 106 , 108 , 123 , 124 , 136 , 137 , 139
online resources 114 , 115 , 119 , 165
Open Schools 123
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 33 , 131
Ozga, J. 3 , 12 , 16 , 35
Pakistan 46 , 61 , 81 , 85 , 87 , 89 –92 , 94 , 98
Papaioannou, I. XV , 15 , 153 , 155 , 157 , 159 , 160 , 162 , 164
participation 5 –7 , 9 , 11 , 15 , 30 , 32 –35 , 49 –51 , 56 –58 , 60 –66 , 80 , 107 , 112 , 122 , 123 , 126 , 129 , 132 , 136 , 152 –156 , 159 , 178 , 179
patron saint 20
Patton, M. Q. 123 , 124
pedagogical experimentations 125 , 153 , 166
pedagogies 5 , 6 , 26 , 35 , 50 , 119 , 159 , 178
peers 102 , 154
Pépin, L. 34
periphery states 24 , 25
Phillips, D. 12 , 36
philology 123 , 129
Pisani, M. 33
Plowden, M. 20
Poland 44 , 45 , 91
polarisation 24
policymaker 4 , 5 , 7 –9 , 20 , 26 , 28 , 61 , 65 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 71 , 76 , 101 , 109 , 114 , 116 , 123 , 124 , 131 –133 , 139
political artefact 24
Portugal 33
postmodern 26
powerlessness IX
practitioner XIV , 4
precariousness 15 , 166 , 180
pre-school children 94
problem-based learning 11 , 23 , 29 , 30
problem-solving skills 11 , 24
professional XIV , 29 , 50 , 61 , 66 , 67 , 101 , 102 , 113 , 117 , 120 , 129 , 130 , 156 , 173 , 179
professionalism 130
Programme Coordinator 55 , 65 , 71 , 73 , 80 , 81 , 83 –88 , 90 , 94 –97
Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) 33 , 36
quality of educational provision 130
refugee VIII , 15 , 35 , 46 , 47 , 49 , 57 , 59 , 101 , 126 , 143 , 166
relevance 10 , 15 , 68 , 86 , 87 , 102 , 105 , 116 , 119 , 125 , 131 , 133 , 134 , 155 , 165
research XIV , XV , 4 –9 , 12 , 13 , 19 , 25 –27 , 29 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 48 , 51 , 58 , 62 , 64 , 76 , 80 , 81 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 92 , 94 , 96 , 101 , 103 , 120 –125 , 128 , 133 , 134 , 138 , 143 , 152 , 154 , 156 –158 , 164 , 166 , 169
residence status 15 , 143 , 166
respect 6 , 9 –12 , 14 , 15 , 22 , 23 , 27 , 71 –73 , 94 –96 , 98 , 117 , 118 , 126 , 131 , 140 , 141 , 143 , 155 , 162 –164
Riddell, A. 31
rights 3 , 11 , 31 , 33 , 49 , 50 , 55 , 58 , 96 , 126 , 130 , 136 , 159 , 169 , 170 , 179
Roma 35 , 85 , 87 , 94
Romania 44 , 81 , 83 , 84 , 86 , 89 , 95
sans-papiers 15 , 143 , 166
Sava, S. 133
Saville, N. 5
Schweisfurth, M. 3 , 4 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 19 , 20 , 22 –25 , 27 –29 , 31 , 32 , 36 , 62 , 66 , 69 , 72 , 73 , 80 , 91 , 93 , 102 , 115 , 117 , 123 , 124 , 131 , 136 , 140 , 152 , 155 , 159 , 160 , 162
Scotland 6 , 7 , 13 , 14 , 44 –51 , 79 –81 , 83 , 87 , 96 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 159 , 180
Seale, C. 124
self-directed learning 11 , 21 , 22 , 29
self-sought informal strategies 116
Shaw, L. L. 124
shifting identities IX
Simpson, J. 128
Slade, B. 13 –15 , 50 , 79 , 153 –156 , 158 , 160 , 161 , 163
social act 16 , 169 , 174
social change XIV , XV , 4 , 5 , 9 , 13 , 19 , 22 , 26 , 31 , 35 , 43 , 124 , 152 , 165 , 170 , 181
social inclusion 33 –35
society 5 , 20 , 24 , 35 , 47 , 51 , 55 , 57 –59 , 62 , 64 , 67 , 69 , 74 , 85 , 117 , 126 –129 , 155 , 157 , 159 , 170 –173 , 175 , 177
solidarity 122 , 169 , 170 –172
South VIII , IX , 4
space 9 , 62 , 71 , 80 , 81 , 97 , 116 , 119 , 124 , 115 , 131 , 133 , 134 , 136 –138 , 140 , 144 , 154 , 156 –162 , 165 , 166 , 169 , 170 , 172 , 180
Spain 33
Spencer, J. A. 29
standardisation 15 , 108
student cohorts 119
summative results 117
Tabulawa, R. 24
tailor-made 172
teachers 6 –9 , 11 , 14 , 21 –23 , 25 , 27 , 30 , 48 , 57 , 60 , 61 , 65 , 69 , 72 , 74 , 87 , 110 –112 , 115 , 116 , 119 , 122 –126 , 130 , 132 , 139 , 140 , 153 , 162 , 163 , 178 , 179
teaching activities 93
technology-based teaching 160 , 165
Thompson, P. 28 , 69
time XIV , XV , 4 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 23 , 28 , 34 , 44 , 45 –51 , 61 –64 , 66 , 70 , 73 , 81 , 84 –86 , 91 , 95 , 98 , 101 –103 , 105 –107 , 110 , 112 , 113 , 116 –118 , 120 , 124 , 126 , 128 , 133 –135 , 138 , 139 , 158 , 160 , 163 , 176
tolerance 94 , 163
Tough, A. 21
training programme 59 , 65 , 67 , 139 , 157
travelling policy 3 , 4 , 12 , 35 , 36
Turkey VIII
Turkish invasion VIII
tutor 8 , 80 , 84 –89 , 91 –98 , 158 , 163
United Kingdom (UK) 14 , 20 , 28 –30 , 44 –48 , 50 , 79 , 113
unawareness 20
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 3 , 62 , 130
United States of America (US) 20 , 26 , 30
Villalba-Garcia, E. 134
Vykotsky, L. 141
Walker, D. 135
Welcoming Programme 7 , 14 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 61 , 69 , 73 –76
Whiteside, A. 128
Wildemeersch, D. 6
Woodward, C. A. 29
Workers’ Party 31
Yates, L. 139
zone of proximal development 141