Transliteration Tables
1 Hebrew and Aramaic
Consonants
|
l |
ל |
ʾ |
א |
|
m |
מ |
b |
בּ |
|
n |
נ |
ḇ |
ב |
|
s |
ס |
g |
ג/גּ |
|
ʿ |
ע |
d |
ד/דּ |
|
p |
פּ |
h |
ה |
|
f |
פ |
v |
ו |
|
ṣ |
צ |
z |
ז |
|
q |
ק |
ḥ |
ח |
|
r |
ר |
ṭ |
ט |
|
ś |
שׂ |
y |
י |
|
sh |
שׁ |
k |
כּ |
|
t |
ת/תּ |
kh |
כ |
-
The sign ʾ is omitted when initial (e.g., īsh for אִישׁ).
-
The doubling of letters prefixed by the definite article and in biblical “vayyiqtol” forms is generally not indicated (e.g., ha-kātūḇ, not hak-kātūḇ; va-yōʾmer, not vay-yōʾmer).
Vowels
|
ā |
◌ָה/◌ָ (gādōl) |
a |
◌ַ (furtive: ä) |
ă |
◌ֲ |
|
ē |
◌ֵה/◌ֵי/◌ֵ |
e |
◌ֶה/◌ֶי/◌ֶ |
ĕ |
◌ֱ/◌ְ (vocal) |
|
ī |
◌ִי |
i |
◌ִ |
ŏ |
◌ֳ |
|
ō |
◌ׂה/וֹ/◌ׂ |
o |
◌ָ (qāṭān/ḥāṭūf) |
||
|
ū |
וּ |
u |
◌ֻ |
-
The signs ī and ū are also generally used in cases of scriptio defectiva (e.g., nāḇīʾ for נָבִא [= נָבִיא] and qūm for ֻקם [= קוּם]).
2 Arabic and Judaeo-Arabic
Consonants
|
q |
ק/ق |
z |
ז/ز |
ʾ |
א/ء/ا |
|
k |
כ/ك |
s |
ס/س |
b |
ב/ب |
|
l |
ל/ل |
sh |
ש/ش |
t |
ת/ت |
|
m |
מ/م |
ṣ |
צ/ص |
th |
ת̇/ث |
|
n |
נ/ن |
ḍ |
צ̇/ض |
j |
ג̇/ج |
|
h |
ה/ه |
ṭ |
ט/ط |
ḥ |
ח/ح |
|
w |
ו/و |
ẓ |
ט̇/ظ |
kh |
כ̇/خ |
|
y |
י/ي |
ʿ |
ע/ع |
d |
ד/د |
|
gh |
ג/غ |
dh |
ד̇/ذ |
||
|
a/at |
ה̈/◌َة |
f |
פ/ف |
r |
ר/ر |
| – |
The sign ʾ is omitted when initial and followed by a vowel (i.e., without waṣla; thus: iqtidār for اقتدار, yet ḥasaba ʾqtidār for حسب ٱقتدار), as well as when final in plural verbs (i.e., when functioning as al-alif al-fāṣila; thus: yaʿmalū rather than yaʿmalūʾ). |
| – |
َة is represented by at when in construct or when the following word begins with alif (e.g., al-qiṣṣat al-ūlā for القصّة الأولى). |
Vowels
|
a |
◌َ |
ā |
◌َا (and ى maqṣūra) |
|
i |
◌ِ |
ī |
◌ِي (and final ◌ِيّ; yet non-final: iyy) |
|
u |
◌ُ |
ū |
◌ُو (and final ◌ُوّ; yet non-final: uww) |
-
Before alif al-waṣl the vowels ◌َا, ◌ِي, and ◌ُو are respectively represented by a, i, and u (thus: ʿalayhuma ʾl-salām for عليهما ٱلسلام, fi ʾl-kalām for فى ٱلكلام, and abu ʾl-kadhib for ابو ٱلكذب).
-
Tanwīn, though generally not indicated, is represented by un (for ◌ٌ), an (for ◌ً, ◌ًا, ◌ًى, or, when denoting any of the previous, final א), or in (for ◌ٍ or, when denoting the previous, final י).
-
The resolved diphthongs ◌َيِ (< ◌َيْ) and ◌َوُ (< ◌َوْ) are respectively represented by aï and aü.