1.1–2 The Book of Kells: Evangelist symbols on fol. 1v and fol. 2r 15
1.3–8 Figures with ‘see-through’ legs and variously compromised arms and hands attributed to the Scribe-Artist 16–17
1.9–16 Heads attributed to the Master-Artist 18
1.17–23 Simple hairstyles 24
1.24–32 Hairstyles variously formed of ‘french-curve’ elements 25
1.33–39 Varied bouffant hairstyles 27
1.40–45 Unique variations in hairstyles 28
1.46–52 Heads added to initials. Figs 1.46–9 show relatively simple hairstyles, while Figs 1.50–52 show instances with variously interlaced terminals 30
1.53–58 Initials showing heads with unique hairstyles 31
1.59–63 Lion-heads with manes attributed to the Master-Artist 32
1.64–69 Lion-heads attributed to the Scribe-Artist 33
1.70–85 Initial-zoomorphs showing crest variations 36–37
1.86–97 Rare crest-elaborations 38
1.98–112 Variations of simpler and more complex ‘eye-trails’ (Figs 1.98–102), manes (Figs 1.103–106), ‘cockscombs’ (Figs 1.106–111), and unique (Fig. 1.112) 40
2.1 London, BL, Harley 603, fol. 3v detail. Devils with long, unkempt hair 48
3.1 London, BL, Harley 603, fol. 66v, lower, Psalm 127 (128). A crowned king and queen at table. Below, left, a Maundy ceremony; right, a crowned king gives alms to the foremost of a group of beggars 74
3.2 Harley 603, fol. 66r, Psalm 125 (126). Workers plough, sow and carry home the harvest 79
3.3 Harley 603, fol. 66v, upper, Psalm 126 (127). Building of a city 81
3.4 Harley 603, fol. 65r Psalm 122 (123). Left, a master touches his servant with a sword; centre, left, a maid lays her head in her mistress’s lap; centre, right, a devil hooks the Psalmist who receives a spear from God 83
3.5 Harley 603, fol. 59v, lower, Psalm 116 (117). A group of seculars and possibly monks praise the Lord, depicted above right with angels 85
3.6 Harley 603, fol. 68v Psalm 132 (133). Left, the anointing of Aaron; right, seated figures (“brethren”) in a building, one of them female 86
3.7 Harley 603, fol. 60r Psalm 117 (118). The “righteous” 87
3.8 Harley 603, fol. 58r, lower, Psalm 113 (114–115). Moses and Aaron (?) lead the Israelites to the Red Sea 88
3.9 Harley 603, fol. 58r, upper, Psalm 112 (113). Above, “Princes” and the poor made to sit with them; below, the barren woman given a home and made a joyful mother of children 89
3.10 Harley 603, fol. 68r Psalm 131 (132). King David, enthroned, flanked by a woman and two armed men 89
3.11 Harley 603, fol. 67v lower, Psalm 130 (131). Left, humble men seated on the ground; right, a woman gives a ring to her departing son 90
3.12 Harley 603, fol. 68v lower Psalm 133 (134). “… servants of the Lord … in the house of the Lord” 92
3.13 Harley 603, fol. 71r Psalm 138 (139). The Three Marys at the Sepulchre 95
5.1 Seventh-century Northumbria: places mentioned in the text 123
5.2 Map of the Whitby headland, showing the trenches that have produced Middle Anglo-Saxon archaeology and the projected line of the boundary ditch 137
5.3a–d Copper-alloy pins from the 1993–2014 excavations: (a) Sf 31003, polyhedral; (b) Sf 31009, rounded biconical; (c) Sf 24504, flat; (d) Sf 31004, lozenge-shaped; (e) The gilt copper-alloy bird pin from the 1920s excavation, accession number W333; (f) The gold bird pin from the Balmaghie (Galloway) hoard 140
5.4 Spindle whorls from the 1993–2014 excavations, (a) stone, Sf 24569, diameter 36 mm; Sf 10207, diameter 41 mm; Sf 42296, diameter 33 mm; (b) clay, Sf 42124, diameter 43 mm; Sf 31336, diameter 46 mm 143
5.5 Clay loomweights from the 1993–2014 excavations. (a) Sf 42423, intermediate, diameter 85 mm; (b) Sf 11687, intermediate, diameter 84 mm; (c) Sf 31151, bun-shaped, imprints fingernails, diameter 92 mm; (d) Sf 3166, bun-shaped, stamped, diameter 81 mm 145
5.6 Charts comparing the Whitby loomweights with loomweights from other Middle Anglo-Saxon sites (a) Flixborough, Lincolnshire, (b) Brandon, Suffolk, and (c) Lundenwic (London) 146–147
6.1 Modern sample of spin-patterned linen woven by Lena Hammarlund, in the process of being flattened with a glass smoother 155
6.2 Detail of the spin-patterned linen used for the Dress of the Virgin, Aachen Cathedral 160
6.3 Detail of the needlework at the neck of the Dress of the Virgin, Aachen Cathedral 160
6.4 Diagram of the Dress of the Virgin, Aachen Cathedral, with details showing the needlework patterning at the neck and side gores 161
6.5 Upper section of the spin-patterned chemise of Sainte Bathilde 162
6.6 Reconstruction of the overall embroidered schematic design present on either side of a gore on the linen garment from Llangorse crannog 164
6.7 Detail of stitching showing part of a bird and a small lion motif worked in two-ply linen thread against a background of single silk thread with areas of wear revealing the tabby-woven linen ground on the linen garment from Llangorse crannog 165
7.1a The foliage embroidery discovered in the tomb of Bishop William of St Calais, front 173
7.1b The foliage embroidery discovered in the tomb of Bishop William of St Calais, reverse 173
7.2 Line drawing of the foliage motifs of Embroidery 1 174
7.3a Line drawing depicting the double brick couching method 175
7.3b Line drawing depicting the single brick couching method 175
7.4 Microscopic image showing an example of a pair of silver-gilt threads that does not continue to follow its original line but is used to outline another part of the motif as well 176
7.5 Microscopic image showing a detail of the laid-work embroidered on the leaves of Embroidery 1 177
7.6 Microscopic image showing three of the dots embroidered on the leaves of Embroidery 1 178
7.7 Microscopic image showing the infilled triangle of the chalice-like stand with the ground fabric showing through a gap in the infill, circled 179
7.8 Microscopic image showing a detail of the couched threads positioned along the top edge of Embroidery 1 180
7.9a The roundel embroidery discovered in the tomb of Bishop William of St Calais, front 182
7.9b The roundel embroidery discovered in the tomb of Bishop William of St Calais, reverse 182
7.10 Line drawing of the animals, roundels and foliage motifs of Embroidery 2 183
7.11 The roundel embroidery with areas that evidence the original larger design circled 184
7.12a Microscopic image showing a detail of underside couching on Embroidery 2 from the front 186
7.12b Microscopic image showing a detail of underside couching on Embroidery 2 from the reverse 186
7.13a Microscopic image showing a detail of the stem stitch outline around a roundel on Embroidery 2 187
7.13b Microscopic image showing a detail of the stem stitch outline around a lion on Embroidery 2 187
7.14a Line drawing depicting stem stitch worked the traditional way. Side view showing the stitch as it pierces the ground fabric 188
7.14b Line drawing depicting stem stitch as worked on Embroidery 2. Side view showing the stitch as it pierces the ground fabric 188
7.15 Both embroideries in their perspex case 191
7.16 Detail from St Kunugunde’s cope showing the embroidered foliage motif at the bottom right, Diözesanmuseum Bamberg 197
7.17 The Annunciation Silk with the lotus flower and leaves positioned in the centre and two corners of the lower edge of the textile 198
7.18 The St Servatius Amazon Silk with the woven leaves positioned in each corner of the textile 199
7.19 The embroidered episcopal sandals discovered in the tomb of Bishop William in Périgueux Cathedral, France 202
7.20 Detail of one of Archbishop Hubert Walter’s sandals 203
7.21 Fragments of two shoes that were thought to have come from Bishop William of St Calais’ tomb 204
8.1 Fragments of Anglo-Saxon sculpture, South Porch, All Saints’ Church, Bakewell, Derbyshire 211
8.2 Cross-head from St Mary’s Priory, Lancaster, Lancashire, late eighth century: (a) as currently displayed in British Museum showing inscription (b) as previously displayed in British Museum showing reverse with incised lozenge, and hole for central inset 212
8.3 Museum displays of early sculptures (a) Early Medieval Gallery, British Museum (b) Parthenon Marbles Hall, British Museum, with fragments from Athens, Greece (c) Main Gallery, Paestum Museum, Paestum, Italy, with fragments from temple site 214–215
8.4 W.G. Collingwood’s reconstruction of Anglo-Saxon monumental stone columns as crosses, including that at Masham 217
8.5 Polychrome Angel of the Annunciation, early ninth century, Lichfield Cathedral, Staffordshire 219
8.6 Remains of cross-shaft and cross-head, early ninth century, All Saints’ churchyard, Bakewell, Derbyshire: (a) east face showing rider, inhabited plant-scroll and bow of archer at base; (b) west face showing incomplete Crucifixion in cross-head and figures below venerating the cross/ crucifixion 222
9.1 Tenth- or eleventh-century gold and garnet ring from the West Yorkshire Hoard 233
9.2 Bewcastle Church and Cross 238
9.3 The Bewcastle Cross, north side 239
9.4 The Bewcastle Cross, south side 239
10.1 Location map: 1, Great Chalfield; 2, Bradford-on-Avon; 3, Little Chalfield; 4, Limpley Stoke; 5, Abson; 6, Bath; 7, Malmesbury; 8, Colerne 250
10.2 The east end of the north wall of the nave, Great Chalfield 251
10.3 Sculptural fragments set in the window sill 252
10.4 Sculptural fragments set in the window sill, horizontal view 252
10.5 Reflectance Transformation Imagery detail of the panel on the larger stone 254
10.6 Reconstruction of the carved stones to indicate the suggested form of the original composition 255
11.1 Elizabeth (Betty) Coatsworth in the Theodotus Chapel, Sancta Maria Antiqua, Forum Romanum, September 2009 263
11.2 Ruthwell Cross, first side of upper stone: The Archer with the Book in his book satchel 267
11.3 Ruthwell Cross, first side of upper stone: The Archer and the Visitation 269
11.4 Ruthwell Cross, The Visitation, showing gestures of Elizabeth and Mary 271
11.5 Ruthwell Cross, second side of upper stone: John the Baptist and the Agnus Dei 273
11.6 John the Baptist and the Agnus Dei, close up showing damage to John’s index finger and to the left foreleg of the Lamb 274
13.1 The Hereford Gospels, showing its chained binding, open at the St Mark Incipit page, fols 35v–36r 319
13.2 The Hereford Gospels, St Matthew Incipit page, fol. 1r 321
13.3 The Hereford Gospels, St John Incipit page, fol. 102r 324
13.4 The Chad Gospels, St Mark Incipit page, p. 143 327
13.5 The Hereford Gospels, text script with penwork minor initial and enlarged litterae notabiliores, fol. 78v 331
13.6 The Hereford Gospels, Genealogy of Christ, fol. 65r 332
13.7 The Royal Prayerbook (London, BL, Royal 2. A. xx), fol. 17r, detail 335
13.8 (a) (obverse) and (b) (reverse) Charter of Bishop Cuthwulf of Hereford, renting an estate on the River Frome to Ealdorman Ælfstan, Hereford, 840–852 (Hereford, HCA 4067) 337
13.9 The Book of Cerne (CUL, Ll. I. 10), fol. 43r, detail 338
13.10 The Hereford Gospels, detail of palimpsested text on fol. 93v 344
13.11a Hereford Cathedral Library, P. 2. 10, eighth-century uncial flyleaves, fol. 61v 353
13.11b Back board pastedown 353
13.12 Hereford Cathedral Library, P. 2. 10, front flyleaf fol. ir (CLA 2.158) 354
13.13 London, BL, Add. 37777, fol. 1 (Greenwell leaf) (CLA 2.177) 355