A.S. Narayana Deekshitulu v. the State of A.P
48
Abdur Rahman v. The Secretary to Government
45
administrator
106 , 220
advocacy for religious freedom
63 , 209 , 211 –213
affiliation
21 , 83 , 85 , 89 , 90 , 92 , 95 , 107 , 139 , 152 , 155 , 156 , 169 , 177 , 183 , 277 , 278
Africa
15 , 92 , 280 , 288 , 289
agency
5 , 6 , 109 , 115 , 118 , 124 , 125 –127 , 133 , 135 , 139 , 143 , 144 , 147 , 151 , 242
agreements of recognition (intese)
236
Alevi community
123 , 125 , 133 , 143
Alevi culture
6 , 124 –127 , 129 , 131 , 133 , 139 , 146
Alevi dedes
6 , 125 , 126 , 133 , 134 , 143 , 146
Alevi organization
125 , 126 , 129 , 138 , 142 , 144 , 146 , 147
Alevism
6 , 123 –129 , 132 , 133 , 135 –137 , 139 , 140 , 142 , 144 , 145
Algeria
66 , 70 , 75 , 89
All India Muslim Personal Law Board (aimplb)
40 , 43 , 47 , 49
Ammerman, Nancy
5 , 6 , 84 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 113
anti-religious sentiment
73
Arab-Muslim identity
74 , 65
Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights (echr)
87 , 94 , 96 , 224 , 226 , 283
Asad, Talal
107 –110 , 123 , 131 , 252
Asia
15 , 92
assemblages
13 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 27 , 28 , 131
assertive secularism
60 , 78
assimilation
129 , 144 , 145 , 147
Association for Religion Data Archives
249
Astley, Jeff
6 , 155 , 157 , 158 , 169
atheism
6 , 65 , 74 , 153 , 155 –158 , 162 , 164 , 166 , 169 –171
Atheist Union of Greece
85 , 95
Austria
4 , 9 , 14 , 23 , 25 , 27
authoritarian laïcité
5 , 62 –64 , 78
autonomy
6 , 39 , 60 , 107 , 116 , 124 , 126 , 151 , 153 , 154 , 157 , 159 , 162 , 164 –167 , 170 , 220 , 283
Baha’i International Community
276
ban on religious garments and symbols
21 , 22
Baptist World Alliance
209
Bauman, Zygmunt
8 , 290
Beck, Ulrich
8 , 271 –275 , 290
Beckford, James A
1 , 3 , 5 , 84 , 152 , 177 , 212 , 292
Belgium
4 , 9 , 14 , 23 –27
Berger, Peter L.
14 , 116 , 151 , 152 , 168
Bible
153 , 188
Bruce, Steve
14
Bulgaria
4 , 9 , 14 , 23 –25 , 27
Burchardt, Marian
4 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 24 , 37
bureaucratization
8 , 64 , 229
burqa ban
4 , 14 , 19 , 23 , 25 , 27
Canada
9 , 27 , 111 , 113 –115 , 117
Canadian Muslim organization
108 , 114 , 115
Casanova, José
15 , 19 , 86 , 212
Catholic Church 20, 160, 166, 212, 221, 222, 225, 228, 229, 233
chaplain
7 , 175 , 178 –187 , 191 , 222 , 223
Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
175 , 177
child marriage 241, 244, 249, 259
China
88 , 199 , 206 , 209 , 212
Christian-Democrats’ (dc)
223 , 224 , 226 –230 , 232 , 235 , 236
citizens’ right
53 , 105
Citizenship and Immigration Canada (cic)
111
citizenship
4 , 35 , 42 , 47 , 54 , 59 , 68 , 97 , 105 , 106 , 108 , 110 –113 , 115 , 117 , 118 , 145 , 153 , 160 , 166
civic education
97
Coalition of Progressive Canadian Muslim Organizations (cpcmo)
114 , 115
Coalition of Progressive Muslim Organizations (cpmo)
108 , 113
collective right
224 , 283
Commission of EU Catholic Bishops’ Conferences (comece)
276 , 277 , 283
concordat
221 , 223 –229 , 232 , 235
Conference of the European Churches (cec)
276
conflict resolution
272 , 286 , 287
conflict
2 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 37 , 44 , 60 , 88 , 91 , 106 , 113 , 115 , 126 , 128 , 136 , 137 , 147 , 167 , 191 , 187 , 191 , 201 , 202 , 220 , 221 –224 , 235 , 236 , 252 , 263 , 271 –274 , 278 , 281 , 282 , 286 , 287 , 289 , 292
Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
8 , 241 –257 , 259 , 261 , 262
converts
69 , 184
convict
7 , 177 , 178 –180 , 182 –191
couple
90 , 128 , 207
covid-19 context
25 , 133
cross-national analysis
3 , 7 , 8
cultural marker
123 , 135
curtailing religious freedoms
16
Czech prison system
177 –180
Czech Republic
9 , 175 , 177 , 178 , 180 , 183 , 185 –188 , 190
democratic society
97 , 114 , 281
Denmark
4 , 9 , 14 , 23 , 25 , 27 , 275
developing countries
9 , 281
dignity
24 , 47 , 48 , 51 , 113 , 124 , 161 , 167 , 274 , 288
diplomacy
276 , 282 , 283 , 291 , 292
discrimination
2 , 3 , 5 , 37 , 41 , 46 , 51 , 52 , 71 , 112 , 129 , 130 , 144 , 199 , 201 , 205 , 212 , 243 , 247 , 253 , 274
disestablishment
151
disrespect to human rights
7 , 170
diversity management
21
divorce
35 , 37 –41 , 46 , 49 –54 , 72 , 223
Dobbelaere, Karel
1 , 5 , 59 –62 , 86
Dressler, Markus
6 , 115 , 128 , 129 , 131 , 132 , 147
Durham, Cole W.
151
Eastern Europe
92
economic development
151
educational context
5 , 229
Egypt
65 , 76 , 77 , 212 , 262
empirical analysis
9 , 153
empowerment
05 , 145 , 147 , 262
Ennahda party
73 –77
equal citizenship
153
equality
5 , 15 , 41 , 47 , 48 , 51 , 60 , 63 , 67 , 69 , 71 , 72 , 110 , 113 , 115 , 152 , 155 , 164 , 243 , 252 , 256 , 261 , 262
ethnicity
251 , 254 , 271
ethnographic observation
18 , 179 , 260
EU policy-making
285 , 291
EU political dialogue
8 , 292
European Commission
275 , 276 , 279 , 280 , 282 , 286
European Convention on Human Rights
129 , 283 , 279
European Court of Human Rights 1, 23, 25, 26, 129
European institution
280 , 291
European Parliament
276 , 277 , 281 , 291
European Union (EU)
8 , 14 , 281 , 282 , 285 –287 , 291
European Union external policy 272, 289
European Union policy-making 272, 283, 284, 285, 291,
exclusivism 20, 153, 155, 156, 158, 162, 163, 164, 166, 169
exercise of power
7 , 176
exercise of religious freedoms
13 , 18 , 175 , 177 , 178
experiences of religious freedom
178 , 191
Finke, Roger
2 , 3 , 14 , 15 , 107 , 118 , 151 , 168 , 197 –203 , 209 , 212 , 214 , 215 , 258
Foucault, Michel
7 , 111 , 118 , 176 , 191
Fox, Jonathan
1 , 3 , 15 , 151 , 168 , 176 , 197 , 198n , 199 , 200 , 203 , 214 , 218 , 271 , 272 , 273 , 290
France
4 , 9 , 14 , 20 , 21 –28 , 60n , 105 , 117 , 255
Francis, Leslie
6 , 152 , 154 , 157 , 158 , 169
freedom of conscience
49 , 60 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 78 , 112 , 176 , 226 , 233
functional differentiation 5, 18, 60
gender equality
8 , 41 , 48 , 57 , 67 , 71 , 72 , 113 , 243 , 261 , 262
gender inequality
8 , 114 , 242 , 243 , 249 , 250 , 251 , 257 , 260 , 261
gendered spiritualities
119
geography
4 , 13 , 14 , 16
Gill, Anthony
2 , 15 , 151
Giordan, Giuseppe
1 , 5 , 83 –86 , 152 , 153 , 157 , 168 , 220 , 253
global actor
9 , 284 , 291
global religious freedom
3 , 7 , 206 , 207 , 215
global restrictions on religion
206 , 208 , 249
globalization
273 , 278
Gonella-Casaroli commission
223
Government Regulation of Religion Index (gri)
249 , 258 , 264
government restrictions
203 , 204 , 258
Greece
1 , 5 , 9 , 83 , 85 –88 , 88n , 89 –91 , 91n , 93 –97
Greek Orthodox Church
5 , 90 , 94 , 96
Grim, Brian
201 , 258 , 286
Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief
275
harassment
182 , 212
Hick, John
6 , 152 , 155
Hindu
37 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 45 –48 , 54n , 212 , 215 , 249 , 255 –258 , 264
human rights organizations
206 , 208 , 210 , 215 , 221
human rights regime
16
human rights
8 , 23 , 25 , 45 , 83 , 87 , 95 , 97n , 129n , 152 , 154 , 157 , 159 , 164 –168 , 170 , 206 , 208 –211 , 244 , 252 , 271 , 276 , 279 , 283 , 284 , 286 , 291
humiliation
182
identity marker
21 , 125 , 126 , 133
identity politics
36 , 123 , 131
imprisonment
66 , 91n , 175n , 178n , 181 , 188
inclusivism
6 , 151 , 153 , 155 , 156 , 158 , 162 –164 , 169
independent judiciary
7 , 107 , 118 , 197 , 198 , 202 –205 , 214 , 215
India
4 , 9 , 35 –54
Indian Supreme Court
4 , 40 , 42 , 51 , 52
inequality
8 , 114 , 242 , 243 , 249 –251 , 257 , 261 , 292
Insegnamento della Religione Cattolica (irc)
220 –236
institutionalization
132 , 140 , 146 , 147 , 178 , 186 , 191 , 235 , 236 , 246
interfaith dialogue
152
Intergroup on FoRB and Religious Tolerance
275 , 276
internal secularization
2
international relations
1 , 125 , 271 –273 , 277 , 279 , 290
International Religious Freedom Act
1 , 16 , 206 , 211 , 215
interreligious learning
152
interreligious perspective
6 , 153 –158 , 162 –170
Iraq
76n , 77 , 253 , 287
Islamist movement
64 , 65 , 73
Islamist party
5 , 75 , 77 , 78
Italy
6 , 8 , 9 , 23 , 24 , 154 , 156 , 158 , 163 , 167 , 168 , 171 , 220 , 222 , 228 , 232 , 236
jihad(struggle)
64 , 71
judgment
25 , 26 , 37 , 39 –47 , 48n , 50 , 54 , 87 , 115 , 149
judicial system
3 , 38 , 43 , 108 , 151
judicialization of politics
106 , 107
judicialization of religion
4 , 36 , 52 , 54
judicialization of religious freedom
6 , 52n , 106 , 107 , 118 , 157 , 161 , 165 –167
judicialization
4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 36 , 52 , 52n , 54 , 54n , 106 , 107 , 118 , 125 , 154 , 157 , 161 , 162 , 164 , 165 , 167 , 170 , 220 , 222 , 224 , 227 , 229 , 230 , 232 , 234 , 247 , 236
Kemal, Mustafa
63 , 64 , 256
Kosmin, Barry A.
171
Kuru, Ahmet
3 , 5 , 15 , 60 , 63n , 256
laïcité
4 , 5 , 14 , 19 –23 , 25 , 27 , 59 –65 , 67 , 73 , 74 , 77 , 78
law
1 –5 , 14 , 18 , 18n , 19 –25 , 27 , 35 , 35n , 37 , 37n , 39 , 40 , 41 , 41n , 45 , 46 , 48 –54 , 59 , 60 , 62 , 67 , 68 , 68n , 69 –71 , 74 , 78 , 83 , 86 , 87 , 89 , 90 , 97 , 107 , 110 , 112 , 113 , 116 , 139 , 140 , 143 , 175 , 177 , 191 , 201 , 204 , 220 –223 , 228 , 229 , 233 , 235 , 236 , 241 , 244 , 245 , 250 , 252 , 253 , 256 , 258 , 260 , 261 , 265 , 283 , 284n , 291
Lebanon
77
legal pluralism
54
Libya
75n , 77
limitation of religious freedom
1 , 52n , 69 , 97 , 198 , 200
lived religion
6 , 106 , 108 , 109 , 110
Mahmood, Saba
43 , 53 , 110 , 252 , 263
McGuire, Meredith
6 , 105 , 108 , 119
meaning of religious freedom
6 , 7 , 107 , 124 , 133 , 151 –154 , 158 , 162 , 164 , 166 , 170 , 171 , 228
Middle East
15n , 92 , 289
Mme. M.
105 , 106 , 117
mobilities
4 , 13 , 14 , 16 –20 , 23 , 26 , 27
Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum1985 air 945, 1985 scr (3) 844.
Morocco
1 , 70 , 77 , 105 , 117
mosque
64 , 66 , 69 , 74n , 77 , 236 , 256
multidimensionality of religious freedom
123 , 153 , 154
multiple modernities
15 , 131
multiple secularities
15 , 35
Muslim Canadian Congress (mcc)
108 , 113 –115
Muslim Personal Law
4 , 35 , 36 , 40 , 48 , 50 , 54
Muslim women
6 , 20 , 22 , 25 , 38 –41 , 41n , 43 , 44 , 46 , 47 , 47n , 51 –53 , 53n , 54 , 105n , 106 , 108 , 113 , 114 , 118 , 131 , 261 , 263
narrative identity
133 , 133n , 134 , 139 , 141 –143 , 146 , 147 , 148
national identity
115 , 117
niqab
6 , 20 , 23 , 25 , 74 , 105 , 105n , 106 , 108 , 112 –118
no religion
83 , 93 , 152 , 155 –158 , 168 , 169
non-believing employee
180
non-confessional
280 , 291
nondiscrimination
36 , 152 , 154
non-governmental organization (ngo)
17 , 18 , 26 , 71 , 209 , 211 –213 , 252 , 262
non-practicing Muslims
62 , 70
normative intervention
106 , 108 , 110 , 111 , 118
normative order
128
Office of irf
206 , 207 , 209 , 211
open election
198 , 202 , 203 , 205
oppression
41 , 46 , 53 , 66 , 114 , 144 , 189 , 288
Optional Protocol (cedawop)
241 , 242 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 260 , 261 , 263
organization
2 , 7 , 8 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 40 , 46 , 48n , 53 , 59 , 61n , 66 , 76 , 77 , 88n , 108 , 109 , 113 –115 , 125 , 126 , 129 , 130 , 135 , 137 –140 , 142 , 144 , 146 , 147 , 175 , 177 –179 , 191 , 197 –203 , 203n , 204 –216 , 222 , 227 , 228 , 242 , 244 , 252 , 255 , 262 , 264 , 275 , 276 , 279 , 280 , 281 , 285 , 289 , 291
Orthodox Christian
88n , 91 , 249
Orthodox Church
5 , 69 , 83 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 94 , 249
Pace, Enzo
5 , 84 –86 , 168
Palestine
77
passive secularism
5 , 60 , 61
peacebuilding
272 , 276 , 280 , 286 –288 , 292
penitential system 7
perception
6 , 7 , 18 , 37 , 48 , 114 , 153 , 154 , 156 –160 , 163 –170 , 220 , 224
personal choice
112
philosophical organization
280 , 291
pilgrimage
66
pluralist society
6 , 114 , 152 , 163
policy implementation
17 , 229
policy-making
8 , 126 , 220 , 271 , 272 , 281 , 283 –285 , 291
policy-mobilities approach
4 , 13 , 14 , 16 –20 , 23 , 26 , 27
political debate
114 , 290
political rights
245 , 252
political secularism
4 , 153
politicization
x , 8 , 221 , 235
politics of religious freedom
106
politics
5 , 8 , 16 , 18n , 36 , 37 , 39 , 72 , 73 , 86n , 106 , 107 , 113 , 123 –126 , 129 –131 , 136 , 147 , 153 , 220 , 227 , 235 , 252 , 271 –275 , 277 , 281 , 282 , 284 , 290 , 292
populism
19
post-communist countries
7 , 175 , 178
post-conflict condition
8 , 288
Prakash v. Phulavati
46n
prayer
45 , 66 , 83 , 96 , 97 , 138 , 141 , 156 , 179 , 183 –188
prison
7 , 20 , 66 , 71 , 175 –191
privatization of religion
14 , 36
privilege
5 , 111 , 118 , 245 , 246
protecting religious freedoms
6 , 70 , 97 , 140 , 152 , 164 , 191 , 198 , 206 , 207 , 209 , 210
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (pwdav)
52 , 58
Public interest Litigation (pil)
38 , 39 , 41 –43 , 46 , 49 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 54n
public policy
84 , 105 , 106
public spaces
26 , 70 , 118 , 167 , 224
punishment
7 , 27 , 176 , 181 , 210
Quaker Council of European Affairs (qcea)
276
Québec
4 , 14 , 20 –23 , 28
Québec’s Council of Intercultural Relations
21
Quran
40 , 43 , 50 , 64 , 66 , 67 , 69n , 71 , 105 , 153
R. v.N.S.
105 , 106
radicalization
113 , 177 , 190 , 282
religion and human rights
8 , 157 , 283
Religion and State Project
3 , 7 , 198 , 264
religion
2 , 3 , 4n , 6 , 14 , 18 , 19 , 26 , 27 , 36 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 49 , 49n , 54 , 59 –63 , 64n , 65 , 67 –72 , 75 , 77 , 78 , 83 , 84 , 85n , 86 , 88 , 91 , 91n , 93 , 96 , 97 , 106 , 108 , 109 , 116 , 117 , 125 , 140 , 143 , 147 , 155 , 158 , 162 –165 , 167 –170 , 175 –177 , 189 , 191 , 198 –202 , 206 , 207 , 210 –213 , 220 , 224 , 234n , 235 , 243 , 249 , 251 , 252 , 254 , 255 , 257 , 259 , 262 , 264 , 271 –273 , 275 –283 , 284n , 285 –293
religionization
6 , 8 , 123 , 125 , 130 –133 , 142 , 146 , 147 , 271 –293
religiosity
14 , 83 , 85n , 105 , 117 , 125 , 131 –133 , 152 , 153 , 186 , 187
religious communities
85 , 114 , 119 , 131 , 142 , 143 , 153 , 228 , 271 , 278 , 288
religious diversity
5 , 7 , 54 , 83 –85 , 87 , 89 , 94 , 98 , 151 –154 , 156 –158 , 163 –167 , 169 –171 , 286
religious economy
2 , 16
religious freedom measure
61 , 153 , 165 , 168 , 170 , 201 , 204 –207 , 249
religious freedom of a minority
50 , 54
religious freedom
1 –9 , 13 –16 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 26 –28 , 35 –37 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 48 , 52 , 52n , 54 , 59 –62 , 67 , 73 , 77 , 78 , 83 , 84 , 85n , 87 , 88 , 92 , 93 , 95 , 96 , 96n , 98 , 105 –108 , 110 , 111 , 113 , 118 , 123 –125 , 129 –133 , 135 , 143 , 148 , 151 –172 , 175 –191 , 197 , 198 , 202 , 205 –215 , 220 –229 , 233 –236 , 241 –244 , 249 , 259 , 260 , 272 , 275 , 283 –286 , 291 , 292
religious militancy
72
religious minority
1 , 3 , 20 , 21 , 37 , 67 , 69 , 70 , 155 , 157 –162 , 167 , 168 , 198 , 201 , 205 , 206 , 208 , 210 , 212 , 215 , 281 , 283 , 284n
religious pluralism
5 , 6 , 83 , 84 , 87 , 92 , 94 , 151 –155 , 170 , 171
religious practice
2 , 6 , 28 , 46 , 48 , 66 , 67 , 69 , 86 , 92 , 96 , 106 –111 , 113 –119 , 124 , 127 , 129 , 131 , 132 , 139 , 145 , 152 , 179 , 198 , 199 , 202 , 210 , 211 , 214
religious truth-claim
6 , 152 –156 , 162 , 163 , 165 , 168 –171
revolution
20 , 59 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 67 , 69 –78
Richardson, James T.
1 –4 , 5 , 8 , 83 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 111 , 116 , 118 , 151 , 168 , 202 , 220
Roman Catholicism
155 , 170
rosary
183 –185
rule of law
37 , 39 , 45 , 52 –54 , 177 , 283 , 291
Sandberg, Russell
1 , 2
Sarkissian, Ani
3 , 168 , 197 , 200
Sarkozy government
23
Second Vatican Council
212 , 223 , 234
secular diffusion
16 , 28
secular flows
18 , 19
secular repression
244 , 254
secular state
2 , 4 , 36 , 52 , 59 , 60 , 88 , 212 , 233
secularism
4 , 5 , 14 , 15 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 36 –39 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 48n , 52 –54 , 59 –62 , 64 , 65 , 78 , 86 , 86n , 132 , 153 , 221 , 230 , 232 , 236 , 259
secularity
2 , 4 , 13 –16 , 18 , 20n , 25 , 26 , 28 , 86 , 124 –126 , 130 –132 , 140
secularization
1 –5 , 13 –15 , 18 , 20 , 59 –61 , 61n , 62 , 63 , 77 , 78 , 83 –86 , 86n , 90 , 91 , 93 , 98 , 130 , 131 , 272 , 275 , 277
secular-religious divide
5 , 8
security
24 , 42n , 75 , 112 , 113 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 182 , 184 , 188n , 199 , 276 , 284 , 288 , 289
Shamim Ara v. State of UP
50
sharia courts (Dar-ul-Qazas)
38 , 43 , 44 , 45n
Shayarah Bano v. Union of India
46 , 47 , 54
sincerity of belief
105 , 106 , 117
Smt. Sarla Mudgal, President, Kalyani v. Union of India
38n
social construction of religious freedom
2 , 3 , 107 , 220
Social Hostilities Index (shi)
258
social movement organization
7 , 198 , 210 , 211 , 214 , 215
sociology of religion
13 , 16 , 18 , 27 , 28 , 62
Special Rapporteur on the freedom of religion or belief
207 , 213 , 284n , 285
Spickard, James V.
148 , 176n
spiritual leader
6 , 123 , 125 –127 , 132 , 138 , 148
Stepan, Alfred
15 , 271n
Sudan
77 , 206 , 207
Sullivan, Winnifred F.
1 , 36 , 177 , 190
Taylor, Charles
13 , 15 , 18 , 21 , 151 , 154 , 245
total institution
7 , 176 , 190
Tunisia
4 , 5 , 9 , 59 –78
Turkey
6 , 9 , 28 , 63 , 64 , 123 –125 , 127 , 129 , 132 –134 , 256 , 258
Uniform Civil Code
35 , 35n , 36 , 37 , 40 , 41 , 50 , 54
United Nation’s Committees on Freedom of Religion or Belief
211
United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
177
United Nations
8 , 177 , 207 , 223 , 241 , 242 , 244 , 244n , 245 –247 , 247n , 248 , 249 , 251 , 252 , 259 , 264
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
279
veiling
21 , 28 , 114
Vishwa Lochan Madan v. Union of India
38
Waldensian church
224 , 226 –228 , 231
Wohlrab-Sahr, Monika
1 , 15 , 37
Yang, Fenggang
3 , 5 , 84 , 85 , 152 , 199
Yemen
77 , 287
Zunera Ishaq v. Canada
105 , 106 , 108 , 110 –112 , 115 , 118