This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at
The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder.
The Open Access publication of this book has been made possible by generous funding from the research project The Medieval Iberian Treasury in Context: Collections, Connections, and Representations on the Peninsula and Beyond (PI Therese Martin, financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER “Una manera de hacer Europa”), and the International Center of Medieval Art and the Samuel H. Kress Foundation.
Cover illustration: Detail of seated figure on front of Pamplona casket © Antonio Garcia Omedes.
The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at
LC record available at
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download:
ISSN 0169-9423
ISBN 978-90-04-46913-6 (hardback)
ISBN 978-90-04-46920-4 (e-book)
Copyright 2022 by Mariam Rosser-Owen. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Hotei, Brill Schöningh, Brill Fink, Brill mentis, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Böhlau Verlag and V&R Unipress.
Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use.
This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.