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1 Casket made for Hishām II, c. 976, silver gilt and niello; Catedral de Girona © Colección Capítol Catedral de Girona. Autor 3DTecnics 20

2 Detail of signatures under the lockplate, casket made for Hishām II, c. 976, silver gilt and niello; Catedral de Girona © Colección Capítol Catedral de Girona. Autor 3DTecnics 20

3 Medallion with musicians, pyxis made for al-Mughīra, dated 968, ivory; Musée du Louvre, inv. OA 4068 © 2005 Musée du Louvre / Raphaël Chipault 21

4 Dinar minted 388/998, Andalus mint, stamped with ʿāmir; Tonegawa Collection 31

5 Side view of the minbar from the Andalusiyyīn Mosque, Fez, dated 980 and 985 © Fondation nationale des musées marocains 44

6 Recarved Umayyad backrest of the minbar from the Andalusiyyīn Mosque, Fez, dated 985 © Fondation nationale des musées marocains 45

7 Side panel of the minbar from the Andalusiyyīn Mosque, with Zīrid inscription and the date 980 © Fondation nationale des musées marocains 46

8 Tombstone of Jumʿa ibn F.tūḥ ibn Muḥammad al-ʿĀmirī, dated 985, marble; Victoria and Albert Museum, A.92-1921 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London 53

9 Fragment of a ṭirāz woven in the name of Hishām II, datable 976–1009, silk and gold thread; Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, inv. 298 © Ana Cabrera Lafuente 63

10 Fountain head in the form of a deer, bronze, mid-tenth century, H 61.6 cm; Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico, Cordoba, inv. CE000500 © Conjunto Arqueológico Madinat al-Zahra 65

11 Pyxis, datable 1004–8, ivory, chalice and paten, c. 1008, silver gilt; Braga Cathedral, Portugal Photo: Bruce White / Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art, reproduced with permission of the Tesouro-Museu da Sé de Braga 76

12 Enthronement scene from the pyxis made for Ziyād ibn Aflaḥ, dated 969–70, ivory; Victoria and Albert Museum, 368–1880 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London 76

13 Embroidery from the Monastery of San Salvador de Oña, tenth century, silk and gold thread; general view of the largest fragment © Centro de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales de la Junta de Castilla y León / Fotógrafo: Alberto Plaza 78

14 Arcades at the Aljafería, Zaragoza, late eleventh century © Kent Rawlinson 85

15 Pyxis, datable 1004–8, ivory; Braga Cathedral, Portugal. Photo: Bruce White / Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art, reproduced with permission of the Tesouro-Museu da Sé de Braga 88

17 Topographical reconstruction showing the proposed location of al-Madīnat al-Zāhira in relation to the medina of Cordoba, the River Guadalquivir, the main arterial roads, and Faḥṣ al-Surādiq © Matilde Grimaldi 96

18 Bronze disc in al-Manṣūr’s name, found in Calle Cruz Conde, Cordoba, diam. 3.4 cm; Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico, Cordoba, inv. CE009509 © MAECO / Foto: Silvia Maroto Romero 109

19 Roman stele reused to carve the inscription commemorating the restoration of the city of Lisbon by al-Manṣūr in 985; Museu da Cidade, Lisbon, inv. MC.ARQ.CSJ.40.EP.0009 © José d’Encarnação 117

20 Drawing of inscription in Figure 19 © Carmen Barceló 117

21 Fragment of an inscription commemorating the restoration of a bridge at Écija in 988; Museo Fuentes de Andalucía, H 17 cm, W 34 cm © Carmen Barceló 119

22 Inscription on the Puente de Alcántara, Toledo © Kent Rawlinson 119

23 Capital with ducks and a worm in the echinus, late tenth century, sandstone; Museo de la Alhambra, inv. R.4489 © Mariam Rosser-Owen 122

24 Capital with worm or snake above the volute, late tenth century, marble; Instituto Valencia de Don Juan, inv. 5.234, H 22.5, Max W 32, W (base) 22 cm © Cuauhtli Gutiérrez 124

25 Capital from Mérida with fleurons in its abacus, reused in Great Mosque of Cordoba, late first- or early second-century AD, marble © Rose Walker / Photo: JohnBattenPhotography 124

26 Capital with lions and griffins in the echinus: side with griffins, late tenth century, marble; Museo Arqueológico Nacional, inv. 52117, diam. 28, H max 36 cm © Mariam Rosser-Owen 126

27 Detail of the capital in Figure 26 © Mariam Rosser-Owen 126

28 Capital with elephant-headed volutes, late tenth century, alabaster; Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya-Girona, inv. 550, H: 22, diam 11.5, Max W: 14.3 cm © Arxiu d’imatges. Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya-Girona 127

29 Volute from al-Rummāniyya, c. 960s, marble; Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico, Cordoba. A. side with birds; B. front view with lion head © John Patterson/DAI Madrid; C. reconstruction drawing of the volute and associated fragments © Felix Arnold/DAI Madrid 128

30 Capital with lion-headed volutes, late tenth century, marble; Museo Arqueológico Nacional, inv. 52118, diam. 25, H 37 cm © Mariam Rosser-Owen 129

31 Capital with musicians: A. ʿūd player; B. ʿūd player; C. bowed instrument player; D. singer; late tenth century, marble; Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico, Cordoba, inv. DOCC133, diam (base) 26, H 43 cm © Mariam Rosser-Owen 130

32 Panel with dancing figures, mid to late tenth century, ivory, inv 13.141. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 131

33 Cyma in the name of Jaʿfar al-ḥājib, front view; 960–980, marble; private collection, Cordoba © Mariam Rosser-Owen 133

34 Left side of the cyma in Figure 33 133

35 Right side of the cyma in Figure 33 133

36 Evangelists capital, late tenth century? limestone; Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico, Cordoba, inv. CE007931, W (abacus) 42, H 36 cm © Mariam Rosser-Owen 134

37 Double capital, front view, signed by Bāshir (right) and Faraj (left), 980–990, marble; Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico, Cordoba, inv. CE028529 © Mariam Rosser-Owen 135

38 Double capital, back view, 980–990, marble; Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico, Cordoba, inv. CE028529 © Mariam Rosser-Owen 135

39 Double capital in ʿĀmirid tribune in Cordoba Mosque (east) © Concepción Abad Castro and Ignacio González Cavero 137

40 Double capital in ʿĀmirid tribune in Cordoba Mosque (west) © Antonio Vallejo Triano 137

41 Twinned capitals at the Aljafería, Zaragoza, late eleventh century © Kent Rawlinson 138

42 Phased plan of the Cordoba Mosque, indicating the different construction phases © Matilde Grimaldi 140

43 Vista through Cordoba IV, showing painted stone voussoirs and different coloured marbles of the columns (section 2.1.3.3) © Mariam Rosser-Owen 142

44 Minaret at the al-Qarawiyyīn Mosque, Fez, 956 © Péter Tamás Nagy 143

45 View of 21-lobed arch at entrance to maqṣūra (now Capilla de Villaviciosa), with 11-lobed arch flanking entrance on north side © Mariam Rosser-Owen 145

46 View of al-Ḥakam’s maqṣūra, from the screen of interlaced arches (Capilla de Villaviciosa) towards the mihrab © Mariam Rosser-Owen 145

47 View up into Capilla de Villaviciosa dome (the so-called ‘lucernario’) © Glaire Anderson 147

48 Inscription naming Hishām II, late tenth century, marble; Instituto Valencia de Don Juan, inv. 5.266, H 40, W 38, D 7 cm © Cuauhtli Gutiérrez 148

49 Plan of the Cordoba Mosque showing the ʿĀmirid interventions © Matilde Grimaldi 149

50 Selection of signatures in the ʿĀmirid extension to the Great Mosque of Cordoba: Aflaḥ, Fatḥ, Masʿūd, Naṣr, ʿĀmir, Khalaf al-ʿĀmirī © Mariam Rosser-Owen 151

51 View along the communicating wall between Cordoba III and IV, showing al-Ḥakam’s original eastern façade © Mariam Rosser-Owen 155

52 Puerta del Chocolate © Mariam Rosser-Owen 155

53 Window grille in situ in Cordoba IV © Mariam Rosser-Owen 159

54 Window grille from Cordoba IV, 987–994, marble; Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico, Cordoba, inv. 3.448, 153 × 98 cm © Mariam Rosser-Owen 159

55 Cordoba IV: double bays of lobed arches in the compensating zone along the interior of courtyard façade (section 2.1.1.2) © Mariam Rosser-Owen 161

56 Cordoba IV: five-lobed and pointed arches in the compensating zone around where Hishām I’s mīḍaʾa was located (section 2.1.1.3) © Mariam Rosser-Owen 162

57 Cordoba IV: increasingly decorative roll corbels, some with traces of colour (section 2.1.2.2), and the standard capital used throughout the ʿĀmirid extension (section 2.1.3.4) © Mariam Rosser-Owen 164

58 Cordoba IV: roll corbels with inscriptions the ʿĀmirid extension (section 2.1.2.2, Appendix 3B) © Mariam Rosser-Owen 165

59 View of the transverse arcade running from junction of Cordoba II+III into Cordoba IV (section 2.1.3.1) © Mariam Rosser-Owen 167

60 11-lobed arch at the junction of Cordoba I and Cordoba IV, terminating the longitudinal arcade (section 2.1.3.2) © Mariam Rosser-Owen 168

61 Reconstruction of the elevation of al-Ḥakam’s original eastern gates © Matilde Grimaldi 170

62 Detail of the arch of al-Ḥakam’s original Gate 2 © Mariam Rosser-Owen 172

63 Detail of the arch of al-Ḥakam’s original Gate 3 © Mariam Rosser-Owen 172

64 Traces of blind arcade above al-Ḥakam’s original Gate 3 © Mariam Rosser-Owen 172

65 Surviving section of al-Ḥakam’s original Gate 4 © Mariam Rosser-Owen 173

66 Vista along the ʿĀmirid eastern façade © Mariam Rosser-Owen 174

67 Plan showing the names and locations of the mosque’s gates and key internal inscriptions © Matilde Grimaldi 174

68 ʿĀmirid eastern façade: Gate 1: view and detail of inscription in archivolt © Mariam Rosser-Owen 175

69 ʿĀmirid eastern façade: Gate 2: view and detail of inscription in archivolt © Mariam Rosser-Owen 176

70 ʿĀmirid eastern façade: Gate 3: view and detail of inscription in archivolt © Mariam Rosser-Owen 177

71 ʿĀmirid eastern façade: Gate 4: view, detail of inscription in archivolt, detail of inscription in frieze above arch © Mariam Rosser-Owen 178

72 ʿĀmirid eastern façade: Gate 5: view, detail of inscription in archivolt which retains traces of red pigment on the surface of the letters, detail of inscription in frieze above arch © Mariam Rosser-Owen 179

73 ʿĀmirid eastern façade: Gate 6: view and detail of inscription in archivolt © Mariam Rosser-Owen 180

74 ʿĀmirid eastern façade: Gate 7: view and detail of inscription in archivolt © Mariam Rosser-Owen 181

75 Elevation of the transverse arcade along the qibla wall © Concepción Abad and Ignacio González Cavero 182

76 Transverse arcade, where it abuts the eastern end of prayer hall, supported by an ʿĀmirid column © Concepción Abad and Ignacio González Cavero 183

77 Transverse arcade along the qibla wall: arch to the west of maqṣūra naves, with rolls in intradoses © Concepción Abad and Ignacio González Cavero 183

78 ʿĀmirid tribune: 11-lobed arch at northern end, showing crypt of fourteenth-century Capilla Real beneath © Mariam Rosser-Owen 185

79 ʿĀmirid tribune: 11-lobed arch at southern end. The western double-capital is just visible at the bottom of the photo. © Concepción Abad and Ignacio González Cavero 185

80 ʿĀmirid tribune: reconstructed elevation © Concepción Abad and Ignacio González Cavero 189

81 ʿĀmirid tribune: reconstructed interior view © Concepción Abad and Ignacio González Cavero 189

82 Standardised arrangement of the decoration and placement of the inscriptions on the gates of the ʿĀmirid façade © Matilde Grimaldi 201

83 Reliquary of Saint Anastasios the Persian, in the shape of a miniature church, Byzantine, dated 969–970, silver, silver-gilt and niello, dims 39 × 19.6 × 20 cm; Cathedral Treasury, Aachen © Mariam Rosser-Owen 208

84 Suaire de Saint Lazare, late tenth century, embroidered silk and gold thread; general view of the largest fragment © Musée Rolin, Autun 216

85 Marble basin with heads of lion and deer from al-Rummāniyya, 960s; Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico, Cordoba, inv. CE006418, H 28.5 W 97 D 71 cm © Mariam Rosser-Owen 216

86 Pyxis made for al-Ḥakam II, c 964, ivory and silver-and-niello mounts; Victoria and Albert Museum, 217–1865 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London 220

87 Heraldic eagles on the Suaire de Saint Germain, Byzantine, about 1000, woven silk © Musée d’Auxerre 220

88 Pearl beading on a marble carving from the rooms adjacent to the Hall of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III at Madīnat al-Zahrāʾ, 956–61 © Mariam Rosser-Owen 225

89 ‘Miniature’ carving in marble on a volute from Madīnat al-Zahrāʾ, 950–970; Victoria and Albert Museum, A.104-1919 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London 230

90 Incised design along the top of a section of wall decoration from Madīnat al-Zahrāʾ, | indicating how the carving was planned, 950–970, limestone; Victoria and Albert Museum, A.118-1919 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London 231

91 Uncarved Roman sarcophagus excavated at Madīnat al-Zahrāʾ © Conjunto Arqueológico Madinat al-Zahra 234

92 Roman sarcophagus with decoration of arches, fourth-fifth century AD, found at Avenida de la Cruz de Juárez, Cordoba; Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico, Cordoba, inv. CE021992 © Rose Walker / Photo: JohnBattenPhotography 234

93 Marble panel with decoration of three arches, said to be from the Alcázar at Cordoba, 950s–60s; Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, inv. 50369. © Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid / Foto: Ángel Martínez Levas 234

94 Funerary stele of Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf: side with Roman inscription, third–fourth century AD © Archaeological Museum, Rabat 235

95 Funerary stele of Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf: side with Marinid tombstone, 1307; Archaeological Museum, Rabat © Péter Tamás Nagy 236

96 Funerary stele of Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf: side with basin decoration, late tenth century; Archaeological Museum, Rabat © Mariam Rosser-Owen 237

97 Griffin on the side of a Roman sarcophagus, 230–270 AD; Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, inv. 1999/99/185 © Mariam Rosser-Owen 239

98 Roman eagle, on an altar dedicated to Venus Victrix, Mérida, late second century AD; Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, inv. 20220 © Mariam Rosser-Owen 239

99 Ivory cosmetics box in Burgos, reverse; Museo de Bellas Artes, Burgos © Archivo Oronoz 245

100 Perfume bottle, repoussé bronze, found in the hoard from Olivos Borrachos, Cordoba, buried c. 1010; Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico, Cordoba, inv. CE003772 © Mariam Rosser-Owen 245

101 Tripartite arcade in the Upper Basilical Hall, looking onto the garden, Madīnat al-Zahrāʾ © Mariam Rosser-Owen 252

102 Volute inscribed li-Abī Aḥmad Jaʿfar, excavated in Valencia © SIAM (Servicio de Investigación Arqueológica Municipal), Ayuntamiento de València, inv. 1/237 254

103 Capital inscribed in the name of Abū Aḥmad Jaʿfar; Museo de Romero de Torres, Cordoba © Antonio Vallejo Triano 254

104 Pipe cover for a fountain basin: side 1, 971–9, marble; The David Collection, Copenhagen, inv. 25/2009 © Pernille Klemp 257

105 Pipe cover for a fountain basin: side 2, 971–9, marble; The David Collection, Copenhagen, inv. 25/2009 © Pernille Klemp 257

106 Pipe cover for a fountain basin: side 3, 971–9, marble; The David Collection, Copenhagen, inv. 25/2009 © Pernille Klemp 257

107 Pipe cover for a fountain basin: interior, 971–9, marble; The David Collection, Copenhagen, inv. 25/2009 © Pernille Klemp 257

108 Exploded view of a reconstruction of al-Manṣūr’s basin showing pipe covers and lion fountain heads © Matilde Grimaldi 258

109 Proposed reconstruction of al-Manṣūr’s basin with pipe covers and lion fountain heads © Matilde Grimaldi 258

110 Doorpost, 970–990, marble: right side; Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, inv. 1972/103/1 © Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid / Foto: Ángel Martínez Levas 261

111 Doorpost, 970–990, marble: left side; Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, inv. 1972/103/1 © Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid / Foto: Ángel Martínez Levas 261

112 Doorpost, 970–990, marble: underside; Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, inv. 1972/103/1 © Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid / Foto: Ángel Martínez Levas 261

113 Basin made for al-Manṣūr, 987–8, marble; Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, inv. 50428 © Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid / Foto: Ángel Martínez Levas 276

114 Al-Manṣūr’s basin: side which was originally the back © Mariam Rosser-Owen 277

115 Al-Manṣūr’s basin: side which was originally the front © Mariam Rosser-Owen 277

116 Al-Manṣūr basin: short side with eagles © Archivo Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid 278

117 Al-Manṣūr basin, details of the inscription: A. naṣr wa taʾyīd; B. li’l-ḥājib al-Manṣūr; C. Abī ʿĀmir Muḥammad; D. bi ʿamalihi bi-qaṣr al-zāhira © Mariam Rosser-Owen 279

118 Al-Manṣūr basin, details of the decoration: A. small deer with antlers; B. small griffins © Mariam Rosser-Owen 280

119 Lustre bowl decorated with a heraldic eagle, signed by Muslim, Egypt, late tenth–early eleventh century; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, inv. 63.178.1 281

120 Pamplona casket, 1004-5, ivory: front; Museo de Navarra © Antonio Garcia Omedes 283

121 Pamplona casket: left side © Antonio Garcia Omedes 283

122 Pamplona casket: back © Antonio Garcia Omedes 284

123 Pamplona casket: right side © Antonio Garcia Omedes 285

124 Pamplona casket: lid: A. front slope; B. back slope © Antonio Garcia Omedes 285

125 Pamplona casket, details of the decoration: A. peacock on the right lid slope; B. palmette leaf on lid; C. four-lobed knot motif; D. chainlink motif; E. animals biting onto shoots © Antonio Garcia Omedes 286

126 Pamplona casket, hidden signatures: A. ‘work of Faraj and his apprentices’; B. Faraj (lid); C. Rashīq (left side); D. Saʿāda (right side); E. ʿāmir on the hindquarters of horses © Antonio Garcia Omedes 287

127 Pamplona casket, hidden signature: A. Miṣbāh (front); B. Khayr (back) © Antonio Garcia Omedes 288

128 Basin made for ʿAbd al-Malik, datable 1004–7, marble: overall view; Dar Sī Saʿīd Museum, Marrakesh, inv. MAR.0.03/1071/92 © Mariam Rosser-Owen 290

129 ʿAbd al-Malik basin: original front, after Gallotti 1923, fig. 1 290

130 ʿAbd al-Malik basin: original back © Mariam Rosser-Owen 291

131 ʿAbd al-Malik basin: original left side (decoration and inscriptions effaced) © Mariam Rosser-Owen 291

132 ʿAbd al-Malik basin: original right side © Mariam Rosser-Owen 292

133 ʿAbd al-Malik basin: interior view © Mariam Rosser-Owen 292

134 Basin fragments in the Museo de la Alhambra, after Gómez-Moreno 1951, 188, fig. 248 295

135 Basin fragment showing the body of a bird, Museo de la Alhambra, inv. 277: A. front; B. interior profile, indicating that it comes from the side of a basin © Mariam Rosser-Owen 295

136 Suaire de Saint Lazare, late tenth century, embroidered silk and gold thread; details: A. horseman bearing shield inscribed ‘al-Muẓaffar, aʿazza-huʾllāh’; B. seated sphinxes © Lyon, Musée des Tissus, inv. MT 27600 / photographer: Sylvain Pretto 298

137 Embroidery from the Monastery of San Salvador de Oña, tenth century, silk and gold thread; details of various motifs: A. medallion with seated ruler; B. bird on horseback; C. heraldic eagles and harpy; D. peacocks with entwined necks © Centro de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales de la Junta de Castilla y León / Fotógrafo: Alberto Plaza 303

138 Chasuble in Fermo Cathedral, made from embroidered silk and gold thread, probably Almería, twelfth century; detail of the roundels depicting horseman © Jeremy Johns 305

139 Lid of the pyxis made for ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Sanchuelo, 999, ivory: overall view; Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, inv. EA.1987.3 © Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford 310

140 Lid of the pyxis made for ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Sanchuelo: inscription showing the patron’s name exactly at the front © Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford 310

141 Expanded view of the pyxis associated with the Ashmolean lid, private collection; after Breck 1923 310

142 Xàtiva basin, 1020–70, Buixcarró rosa; overall view; Museo del Almodí, Xàtiva, inv. A25 © Abigail Krasner Balbale 314

143 Xàtiva basin, details: A. garden majlis scene; B. jongleurs © Abigail Krasner Balbale 314

144 Basin with same shape as the Xàtiva basin but with vegetal decoration, mid-late eleventh century, stone unknown; Real Colegiata de San Isidoro, León; inv: IIC-3-089-002-0138 © Real Colegiata de San Isidoro 317

145 Casket, 1003–4, ivory with later metal mounts; Museum of Islamic Art, Doha, inv. IV.4.1998 © The Museum of Islamic Art, Doha 319

146 Doha casket; details: A. lion devouring man on front of casket; B. man spearing lion and griffin on back; C and D. lions attacking deer, metal inlay in eyes © The Museum of Islamic Art, Doha 319

147 Casket, eleventh century, alabaster: A. general view; B. interior showing kufic inscription inside the lid; Museo del Teatro de Caesaraugusta, Zaragoza, inv. 00134, dims 22.40 × 7.80 × 6.60 cm © Museo del Teatro de Caesaraugusta, Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza 320

148 Casket, early eleventh century, ivory; Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence, inv. 81/C: front view © Mariam Rosser-Owen 322

149 Bargello casket: lid © Mariam Rosser-Owen 322

150 Casket, early eleventh century, ivory: front view; Victoria and Albert Museum, 10-1866 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London 324

151 Casket, early eleventh century, ivory: left side; Victoria and Albert Museum, 10-1866 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London 324

152 Casket, early eleventh century, ivory: back view; Victoria and Albert Museum, 10-1866 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London 324

153 Casket, early eleventh century, ivory: right side; Victoria and Albert Museum, 10-1866 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London 325

154 Casket, early eleventh century, ivory: lid; Victoria and Albert Museum, 10-1866 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London 325

155 Casket, early eleventh century, ivory: grid of details; Victoria and Albert Museum, 10-1866 © Victoria and Albert Museum, London: A. Mounted huntsman, right lid slope; B. enigmatic motif of the disembodied head in a howdah, front lid slope; C. peacocks with entwined necks, front lid slope; D. paired camels in the lower panel on the left side; E. bird with scaley body, lower panel right side; F. deer biting shoot, interstices, lower left panel 326

156 Basin mentioning Bādīs ibn Ḥabbūs, in inscription recarved c. 1305; early eleventh century, marble; Museo de la Alhambra, Granada, inv. R.243 © Mariam Rosser-Owen 332

157 Bādīs basin: detail of lion-gazelle combat on the basin’s other long side © Mariam Rosser-Owen 332

158 Bādīs basin: one of the short sides with eagles © Mariam Rosser-Owen 332

159 Baptismal font, showing lions ‘on stilts’ as on the Bādīs basin © Real Colegiata de San Isidoro, León 334

160 Basin fragment, early eleventh century, marble; Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico, Cordoba, inv. CE006707, 50 × 40 cm © MAECO / Foto: Álvaro Holgado Manzanares 336

161 Small basin decorated on its interior with ducks and fishes early eleventh century, marble: interior view; Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, inv. 2012/53/1, dims. L 55 × W 40 × H 15 cm (4.2.3.1) © Mariam Rosser-Owen 337

162 Basin with ducks and fishes: detail of large duck; Museo Arqueológico Nacional © Mariam Rosser-Owen 337

163 Basin with ducks and fishes: detail of camel on exterior; Museo Arqueológico Nacional, © Mariam Rosser-Owen 337

164 Basin with ducks, fishes, turtle and waterweeds, late tenth–early eleventh century, limestone: front; Museo Arqueológico de Sevilla, inv. CE6572 (4.2.3.2) © Junta de Andalucía. Consejería de Cultura y Patrimonio Histórico / Foto: Manuel Camacho 339

165 Basin with ducks, fishes, turtle and waterweeds: side © Junta de Andalucía. Consejería de Cultura y Patrimonio Histórico / Foto: Manuel Camacho 339

166 Basin with ducks, fishes, turtle and waterweeds: detail of uncarved back © Junta de Andalucía. Consejería de Cultura y Patrimonio Histórico / Foto: Concepción San Martín 339

167 Small shallow basin with fishes, turtle and waterweeds, late tenth–early eleventh century, sandstone; Museo de la Alhambra, Granada, inv. R.3669 (4.2.3.3) © Mariam Rosser-Owen 340

168 Small shallow basin with fishes, turtle and waterweeds: details of chamfered corners: A. turtle; B. fish © Mariam Rosser-Owen 340

169 Fragment of the border of an ʿĀmirid basin, late tenth–early eleventh century, said to be in Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico, Cordoba (4.2.3.4) © Natascha Kubisch 341

170 Fragment of the side of an ʿĀmirid basin, late tenth–early eleventh century; Museo Arqueológico de Sevilla, inv. CE6611 (4.2.3.5) © Junta de Andalucía. Consejería de Cultura y Patrimonio Histórico / Foto: Manuel Camacho 341

171 Medallion with lion-bull combat, pyxis made for al-Mughīra, dated 968, ivory; Musée du Louvre, inv. OA 4068 © 2005 Musée du Louvre / Raphaël Chipault 350

172 Banner made for the Marinid Sultan Abū’l-Ḥasan, 1339–40, silk with tapestry decoration in silk and gold thread; Toledo Cathedral © Cabildo Primado, Toledo 367

173 Kalīla wa Dimna, illustration of the story of the ducks and turtle: Paris, Bib. Nat., MS Arabe 3465, fol. 67r; Syria, about 1200–1220 © Bibliothèque Nationale de France 374

174 Silos casket, made by Muḥammad ibn Zayyān, Cuenca, dated 1026–7, ivory; Museo de Bellas Artes, Burgos © Archivo Oronoz 387

175 Arcade in the Taifa palace, Alcazaba, Málaga © Rose Walker / Photo: JohnBatten. Photography 389

176 Capital, probably from al-Maʾmūn’s palace, Toledo, mid-eleventh century, marble; Museo de Santa Cruz, Toledo, inv. DO1272 © Rose Walker / Photo: JohnBattenPhotography 390

177 Decorative wall panel, probably from al-Maʾmūn’s palace, Toledo, mid-eleventh century, marble; Museo de Santa Cruz, Toledo, inv. CE400 © Museo de Santa Cruz 390

178 Decorative arch from al-Maʾmūn’s palace, Toledo, mid-eleventh century, plaster, glass; Convento de Santa Fe, Toledo © Víctor Rabasco García 391

179 Decorative arch from al-Maʾmūn’s palace: details; A. harpy B: sphinx © Víctor Rabasco García 391

180 Harpy from Castell Formós, Balaguer, mid-eleventh century, plaster; Museu Noguera, Balaguer © Rose Walker / Photo: JohnBatten. Photography 392

Maps

1 Map of the Mediterranean region highlighting locations mentioned in this book xxiv

2 Map of the Iberian Peninsula highlighting locations mentioned in this book xxvi

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