Index of Subjects and People

In: A Bibliography of Islamic Criminal Law
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Index of Subjects and People

Abbasids
Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, trial 1492, 1494
legal opinions on Bābak’s uprising 1500
beheadings 1511
caliph 1510
corruption 1491
courts 1507
crime literature 1509
Hallaj, Husayn ibn Mansur 1498
heresiography 1497
Ibn ʿĀʾisha 1499
maẓālim 1490, 1504
mutilations 1511
prisoners 1502
prisons 1506
public order 1496
qāḍīs 1501, 1505
rape 1495
women in court 1503
zandaqa 1493, 1508
abortion
Arab-Islamic culture 224
Arab law 184
birth control 194, 206, 207, 233
Cairo Population Conference 1994
classical Sunni fiqh 216
comparative perspective 189
contraception 183
disadvantaged fetus 225
discussions 220
divergent views 217
embryo 208
ensoulment 181, 182, 217
family planning 186
fetus
legal consequences of aggression against fetus 203
legal status 185
rights in Islam 187, 215
in Sunni Islamic law 197
forced 193
Indonesia 1824
international comparison 230
Iran 2054
Islam 188, 195, 196, 204, 209, 211, 219, 222, 227, 231, 232
Islamic ethics 199, 200, 216, 226
Islamic law 93, 184, 223, 229
Malaysia 2429
Middle East and North Africa 221
mother’s life in danger 218
Muslim-majority countries 192, 212, 228
Nigeria 2718
Ottoman Empire 2845, 2850, 2853, 2904
politics and practices 213, 214
pre-marital screening of disabled embryos 205
Qurʾān 1890
after rape 191
religious attitudes 1774
rising life 190
Sudan 3573, 3577
Turkey 2856, 2904
adultery ( see zinā )
Afghanistan
adultery 1558
apostasy 1514, 1530
blood feuds 1512, 1547
constitution 1526
and Sharīʿa 1552
crime and war 1524, 1553
Criminal Code
of (1924) 1523
of (2017) 1550
criminal law 1513, 1519, 1527, 1535
concept of crime 1549
search for penal code 1540
Criminal Procedure Code (2004) 1516, 1533
customary justice 1513
fair trial guarantees 1544, 1551
gender violence 1559–1561
honour killings 1545
human rights 1526, 1544, 1546
informal dispute resolution 1513, 1520, 1521, 1543, 1556
role of women 1521
Juvenile Code 1525, 1526
law reform 1518
legal pluralism 1546
legal system 1527, 1534, 1539
and international human rights standards 1538
and Islamic law 1536, 1537
non-state 1554
rebuilding 1555, 1557
reform 1548
moral crimes
and girls 1532
and men 1529
Pashtunwali 1512, 1517
rape 1558
sexual violence 2151
Sharīʿa
position in national law 1562
practice 1522
Taliban
administration of justice 2267
code of conduct 1542
and Islamic Courts Union 1515
judiciary 1528
law enforcement 1541
theft 1531
women 1526
safe houses (khana-yi aman) 1517
Africa
criminal law and criminal justice 1564
pre-colonial criminal justice in West Africa 1563
alcohol ( wine ) 253
Abu Zayd al-Balkhī 265
Al-Andalus 3416
Cairo 1701
consumption
for medical purposes 244
in Qurʾān 236, 254
Daghestan 1601
health 254
history 260
Ibn Rushd on drinking 263
identity 262
Islam and science 237
lawfulness 246
legal discourse 261
Maliki law 1074, 1075
Middle East 252
Nigeria 2666
Ottoman Empire 2865
prohibition 240, 241, 247
as taboo 259
alcoholism
social factors of delinquency 672
history 264
solution in Islam 255
Algeria
apostasy 1569
blasphemy laws 1565
blood money 1567, 1573, 3465, 3467
complicity 1568
crime and intentionality 3466
diya 3465
execution 1570
freedom of religion 1575
intentional homicide 1566
Islamic criminal courts 1571
proof 1574
shurṭa in Ottoman Algeria 1572
apostasy ( apostates )
abuse by state and non-state actors 316
Afghanistan 1514, 1530
Algeria 1569
Arab law 281–284, 352
blasphemy laws 83, 364, 389
Christian-Islamic context 321
and Christians in the Arab world 335
contemporary Islamic theology 423, 424
conversion 277, 298, 332, 343, 345, 392, 394
in the Abrahamitic religions 433
deradicalisation 392
sociological perspective 383
Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain 390
cyber-apostasy 370, 371, 403
death penalty 304, 342, 412
debate in contemporary Islam 336, 418
in the diaspora 397
divorce 289, 305
early Islam 1602, 1628, 1629
Egypt 392, 1650, 1656, 1659, 1680, 1682, 1684, 1695, 1710, 1712, 1737, 1758
excommunication 332
extremism 316, 317
former Muslims, narratives 347–349, 356, 382
freedom of expression 289, 321, 330, 380
freedom of religion 271, 286, 291, 299, 308, 319, 333, 351, 362, 412, 413, 429, 444
Al-Ghazālī 275
ḥadīth 294
Hanafi law 693
Hanbali law 693, 704
historical perspective 320, 422
human rights 291, 315, 321, 345, 353, 373
India 1804
Indonesia 1825, 1883, 1899
of intellectuals 339
international legal obligations 316, 334
Iran 1963, 2105, 2179
Islam 274, 278–280, 290, 292, 309, 329, 367, 387, 406, 407, 415, 439
Islamic international law 361
Islamic law 93, 281–284, 306, 359, 381, 384, 398, 406, 435, 436
an Ahmadi refutation 368
after Arab Spring 393
Islamic state 2264
Italy 420
Kuwait 308, 2308–2310, 2312
law 378, 446–448
Malaysia 1578, 2351–2353, 2412, 2416, 2420, 2434, 2435
Maliki law 1083
Mamluk period 2474
minority view 316, 317
modern application of 389
in modern Islamic thinking 338
Muslim conquest of Arabia 427
Muslim political theology 386
Netherlands 442
North African law 307
Ottoman Empire 2815, 2832, 2846–2848, 2871, 2945, 2949
Pakistan 3030, 3044, 3225
punishment 293, 295, 304, 315, 318, 324, 327, 328, 354, 366, 381, 391, 395, 405, 413
Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf al- 363
queer perspective 374
Qurʾān 291, 359
necessity of reevaluation 302
repression of dissent 414
and ritual prayer 445
Saudi Arabia 3357, 3365
selected jurisdictions 337
Shīʿī law 1345
Sudan 289, 3541
Sunna 326
Sweden 369, 392
and takfīr 389
as taboo 259
traditional view 316, 317
United Kingdom 442
Western societies 375
apostate(s) ( apostasy ) 269, 322, 426, 1270
Afghan 1514
Al-Bukhari’s hadith 409
Bangladesh 1579
becoming Christian 310
dār al-Islām 325
death penalty 440, 702
Egypt 1687, 1696
Iraq 2248
Italy 420
Jordan 2303
Malaysia 2424
Ottoman Empire 2905
political and legal status 400
punishment 440
Qurʾān 496
repentence 303
al-Shāfiʿī and al-Ghazālī 1331
Shiʿites 317
the state as apostate 3337
ʿāqila
Hanafi law 518
responsibility for blood money 515, 517
Arab League
Unified Penal Code project 1576
arbitration ( see settlement )
baghy ( see rebellion )
banditry ( see ḥirāba )
Bangladesh
Ahmadis 1579
apostasy 1582
Children Act (2013) 1580
criminal justice system 1577
death penalty 2977
homicide 1581
Islamisation of law 3166
offences against religion 1579
Taslima Nasrin affair 1578
bioethics
assisted suicide 488
autopsy 468
brain death 92, 460, 476, 480, 481
corpses, in medicine 482
decision to end life 489, 492
discourse 463
ectopic pregnancies 478
ethics of killing and saving life 467
frozen embryos 472, 474, 478
genetic engineering>
ḥurma 484
Islam 454
Islamic law 458, 475, 496
life science 471
medical ethics 462, 471, 486, 494
medical technologies 473
organ transplantation 232, 476, 483, 495
physical integrity 484
principles and application 493
problems and perspectives 456
surrogate parenting 204, 232
test tube babies 232
birth control ( abortion ) 202, 204, 210, 233
blasphemy
Al-Andalus 3406
Algeria (Tlemcen) 402, 1565
anti-blasphemy laws and terrorism 358
and apostasy 83, 364, 389
death penalty in Qurʾān 396
defamation of religions 273, 340, 386
dhimmīs 438
Egypt 1666, 1680, 1712
fiqh 323
freedom of speech 297, 380, 416, 431
Ibn Taymiyya 704
Indonesia 1823, 1844, 1848–1850, 1860, 1861, 1865, 1871, 1876, 1880, 1898, 1904, 1905, 1917, 1918
Iran 2104
Islam 350, 389, 411
Islamic law 330, 357, 404, 406
laws 378
Malaysia 2413
Mamluks 2500
modern application 389
modern law 357, 378
Muslim-majority countries 406, 434, 441
Nigeria 2783
Organisation of the Islamic Conference 379
Pakistan 2963, 2968, 2973, 2975, 2984, 2992, 2996, 3013, 3024, 3030, 3033, 3034, 3049, 3051, 3053, 3071, 3072, 3075, 3088, 3094, 3139, 3158, 3165, 3169, 3188, 3197–3199, 3204, 3211, 3225, 3226, 3228, 3230, 3232, 3256
political function in Islamic states 376
Saudi Arabia 3339, 3357
slander of the Prophet (sabb al-nabī) 438, 2500
and takfīr 389
traditional rules of 345
Turkey 3339
blood feuds ( see blood vengeance )
blood money
air carrier liability 512
blood feuds 509, 520
bodily harm 510
as clemency 513
as compensation 516
ḍamān 499, 503
early Islam 504, 1609
Egypt 1632
fiqh 506
and gender 511
and homicide 501, 507, 508, 510
from an Islamic jurist’s perspective 505
Libya 2329
medical cases 3313
Middle East 520
North Africa 514
as punishment or compensation 502
in restorative justice 500
Saudi Arabia 3313, 3320
Sudan 3480
Syria and Lebanon 506
and takāful 503
United Arab Emirates 3609
blood vengeance
Afghanistan 1512
Ingushetia 1598
Islamic law 521
Israel 2273, 2274, 2276, 2279, 2282, 2284
Jordan 2291, 2293, 2300
Middle East 509, 520
prophet Muhammad’s position 522
pre-Islamic 519, 522
Sudan 3486
bribery ( see corruption )
Brunei
freedom of religion 1584
human rights 1591
implementation of ḥudūd, differences with Malaysia 1587
Islamic criminal law 1588, 1589, 1596, 1597
LGBT rights 1595
socio-legal change 1592
Syariah Penal Code 1585, 1583, 1586, 1590, 1593, 1594
Caucasus
alcohol prohibition in Dagestan 1601
blood feuds in Ingushetia 1598
legal pluralism 1600
Sharīʿa courts 1599, 1600
capital punishment ( see death penalty )
children’s rights ( see juvenile justice )
Christian martyrs under Islam 417
codification
criminal law
Egypt 1717, 1733
India 1798
Malaysia 2428
Maldives 2460
Pakistan 3149
Somalia 3379
Sudan 3511, 3584
fiqh 1458
ḥudūd 668, 3149
Islamic criminal law 528, 1593
coercion ( see duress )
commanding right and forbidding wrong 39, 3359
comparative law and Islamic (criminal) law
Canada 529
China 530
Denmark 530
England 530
European system 529, 532, 533
France 530
Germany 530
Judaism 531
Russia 530
United States of America 530
contraception ( birth control )
Arab-Islamic culture 224
Islamic view 183, 232
conversion 343
and aid evangelism 394
Al-Andalus 3441, 3448
Algeria 1569
and apostasy 383, 2815
early Islam 1628, 1629
forced 3441
to and from Islam 277, 356, 408
Islamic perspectives on 394
Islamic tradition 332
Jordan 2303
Malaysia 2411
North Africa 2807
Ottoman Empire 2815, 2832, 2846–2848
women 2807
corruption
Bukhara 537
Indonesia 1837, 1852, 1869
Iran 2057, 2058, 2074
Islam 536, 539
Islamic law 534, 535, 538
Nigeria 2636
Ottoman Empire 2817, 2842, 2923
Pakistan 3175
white collar crimes 534
court(s)
Afghanistan 1515, 1544
Al-Andalus 3420, 3433, 3444
blasphemy 330
Caucasus 1599, 1600
and corrections 1197
Egypt 1650, 1651, 1684, 1695, 1734, 1737, 1743, 1744
freedom of expression 330
heresy 330
India 1786, 1800, 1815, 1819, 1821
Indonesia 1839, 1844, 1850, 1907
International Court of Justice 1045
International Criminal Court 1028–1030, 1032, 1036, 1041, 1044, 2071, 2146, 2566
Iran 2019, 2028, 2081, 2144, 2146, 2161
Islamic Courts Union (Somalia) 1515, 3370, 3375, 3378
Islamic law in contemporary courts 36, 62
Islamic State (ISIS) 2267
Israel 2285
Kenya 2306
Libya 2329, 2330
Malaysia 2389, 2393, 2389, 2393, 2422, 2423, 2426, 2427, 2442
oath and perjury 1154
Nigeria 2543, 2564, 2566, 2597, 2618, 2627, 2689, 2691, 2697–2699, 2725, 2742
Ottoman 2819, 2830, 2835–2838, 2841, 2851, 2852, 2857, 2858, 2894, 2785, 2916, 2918, 2919, 2924, 2947,
Pakistan 2974, 3016, 3041, 3054, 3074, 3092, 3125, 3152, 3202, 3238
Saudi Arabia 3301, 3330, 3348
Sharīʿa 861, 1599, 1600, 1630, 1743, 1744, 1755, 2393, 2389, 2393, 2422, 2423, 2426, 2427, 2442, 2618, 2627, 2691, 2698, 2699, 2725, 2742, 2835, 2841, 2851, 2852, 2895, 3041, 3125, 3152, 3330, 3348, 3370, 3375, 3377, 3378, 3433, 3444, 3628, 3638
Somalia 3370, 3375, 3377, 3378
Sudan 3511, 3512, 3560, 3565
United Arab Emirates 3598, 3605
Yemen 3628
Zanzibar 3638
crimes of passion ( see honour killings )
criminal law ( see country-specific entries )
criminal law reform
Abdullahi an-Naʿim’s reform proposal 540
critique of 542
Afghanistan 1533
Arab legal systems 543
Muslim countries 541
Pakistan 3244
Sudan 3450, 3454, 3455, 3463, 3484, 3535, 3544–3546, 3551, 3552, 3576
criminal procedure
Afghanistan 1516, 1533
British India 1798
Indonesia 1915
Iran 1995, 2007, 2016, 2045, 2071, 2153, 2160, 2242
Iraq 2249
Islamic 1032, 1150, 1152, 1176, 1181, 1195
Kenya 2306
Malaysia 2401, 2442
Nigeria 2587, 2730, 2731, 2765
Pakistan 3130, 3213
Saudi Arabia 3289, 3317, 3356, 3363
Sudan 3460, 3509, 3550
criminal responsibility, liability
and family relations 556
forensic psychiatry 552
Hanafi law 685
impact of immunity 564
injury resulting from premises 551
Iran 1945, 2015, 2086, 2106, 2107
Islamic criminal law 530, 544–549, 553, 555, 557, 558, 560–564
Malaysia 2368
medical negligence 494, 554
Muslim countries 559
Pakistan 3201
protection of diplomats 550
Syria and Lebanon 506
cyber crime 565–567
cyber apostasy 403
cyber pornography 1989
cyber-sectarian conflict 567
cyber vandalism 566
Daesh ( see Islamic State )
death penalty
for apostasy 304, 396, 412
for blasphemers 396
critique 576, 585
discretion 568
Egypt 580, 1704
Ilkhanate 2519
Indonesia 1830, 1887
Iran 527, 1938, 1939, 1943, 1944, 1948, 1971, 1996, 2011, 2091, 2101, 2150, 2154, 2193, 2198, 2205
Islam 569, 586
Islamic law 570, 575, 577–583, 588
Islamic world 571, 584, 587
juvenile death penalty 527, 571
Malaysia 2360, 2386
Nigeria 2569, 3340
Ottoman Empire 2818
Pakistan 527, 2977, 3148, 3163, 3164, 3233
Saudi Arabia 527, 3280, 3304, 3324, 3340, 3345, 3346, 3352, 3358
Sudan 527
and torture in Islamic thought 573, 574
United Arab Emirates 3593
United States of America 3618
and war 1438
Yemen 527
defamation
of religions, religious 340, 386, 404, 416, 590, 591
Pakistan 3191
Sharīʿa 592
defence
of honour 2292
Iran criminal law 2038
Islamic law 595, 597, 598, 602
private defence 600
of women’s chastity 607
provocation as defence in murder cases 599
repentance 1281
Saudi Arabia 3347
self-defence 594, 606, 608–610
and intoxication 601
social defence 596, 603, 604, 605
diya ( see blood money )
doubt ( see shubha )
ḥadd-avoidance in cases of doubt 658, 1060, 1061, 1065, 1067
in theft cases 1059
Islamic law 1062, 1063, 1064, 1066
drug(s) 249
addiction in Islamic history 234
hashish in Islam 257
Indonesia 1887
Iran 1947, 2036
laws 249
Malaysia 2386
prohibition 258
Saudi Arabia 3280
duress
Imami jurisprudence 2004
Iranian penal law 2004
Islamic law 611, 612, 614
and English, Malaysian law 613
Sudan 3501
early Islam
ʿAbdallāh b. al-Zubayr 1603
adultery
penalty 1470, 1619, 1621
hadīth 1620, 1622
alcoholic beverages 246
apostasy 1628, 1615, 1629
and religious minorities 1602
armed robbery 1625
blood money 504, 1609
conversion 1628, 1629
courts 1630
crime and punishment 1227
crucifixion 1604, 1625
Egypt
crime and punishment 1741
law and order 1742
policing, punishment, prisons 1754
executions 1617, 1618
fornication 1254, 1620
hadīth on beer 1606
heretics
burning 1617
punishment 1612
homosexuality 777
ḥudūd 644
Ibn al-Jawzī 1616
imprisonment 1130
induced miscarriage 1084
Jordan, homicide 2301
legal situation 1608
maẓālim 1613
Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya, imprisonment 1603
oath 1624
penal law in 1605
and pre-Islamic Arabs 1605
prison 1603
punishment
banishment 1627, 1627
community participation 1605
public humiliation 1627, 1627
song and punishment 1626
qasāma 1611
rape 1254
rebellion 1616
rebels 1617
shurṭa 1610, 1623
wine 245, 1614
Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya 1616
zinā 1254, 1470
economic crime ( see financial crime )
Egypt
abortion
contemporary debate 1648
in international comparison 1759
Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid 1631, 1633, 1634, 1641, 1644, 1645, 1658, 1663–1665, 1684, 1690, 1692, 1696, 1698, 1703, 1707, 1740, 1751, 1760, 1770
Adultery, 16th century 1654
alcohol consumption 1701
apostasy 1635, 1650, 1658, 1659, 1679, 1680, 1682, 1684, 1695, 1696, 1712, 1737, 1758
compared to Malaysia 1758
debate 1689
and ḥisba 1710
state council rulings 1687
trials, 14th century 1656
Bahāʾī 1737
Bedouin justice 1640, 1686, 1697, 1705
blasphemy 1667, 1680, 1712, 1714
blood money 1632
blood vengeance 1688, 1726
conversion 1636, 1685
corruption 1699
criminal law 1745
application, 19th century 1718, 1730, 1731
codification, 19th century 1717, 1724, 1725, 1727, 1733
dhimmīs 1729
homicide 1769
origins in Ottoman Egypt 1719
reform, 19th century 1652, 1724, 1725
transition to Western law 1638
criminal statistics 1747
death penalty 1655, 1693, 1704
duress 1753
early Islamic Egypt
crime and punishment 1741
law and order 1742
Farag Foda 1679
female genital mutilation (FGM) 1767
forensic medicine 1675
methods of identification 1671
post-mortem examinations 1746
freedom of expression 1711
freedom of religion 1738, 1739, 1750
ḥisba 1644, 1651, 1709, 1711, 1715, 1760, 1761
homicide
in 19th century 1723, 1732
homosexuality 1660, 1763, 1765, 1766
honour killings 1646
hymen reconstruction 1469
Islamic law
and forensic medicine 1669
and freedom of religion 1682
and human rights 1668
in Ottoman Cairo 1642, 1643
Islamic Penal Code project 1653, 1694, 1768
judicial organisation
in Ottoman Egypt 1706
position of religious matters 1713
judiciary, development 1728
justice, medieval 1700
legal order 1716
medicine and law 1678
murder trial 1734, 1735
Muslim Brotherhood and human rights 1681
organ transplantation 1469
Ottoman legal history 1677
Penal Code 1683
and Tanzimat 1639
Peters, Rudolph 1670
police in 19th century 1676
policing in early Islamic Egypt 1754
power abuse 1732
prisons
in early Islamic Egypt 1754
in 19th century 1674, 1720–1722
prostitution 1764
in 19th century 1673
public order 1661
punishment and physical pain 1672
qasāma 1647
rape 1662, 1723, 1732, 1756
in 19th century 1732
retribution 1667
Sharīʿa application 1708, 1716, 1735
courts 1755
debates 1657, 1691, 1702, 1748
Muhammad Saʿid al-ʿAshmawi 1752
Sharīʿa courts in the Sinai 1743, 1744
Sharīʿa law developments 1716, 3494
takfīr 1712
theft 1762
torture 1672
violation of the law 1749
violence in 19th century 1637
women
in Sharīʿa courts 1755
gender violence 1757
zinā 1729
euthanasia 459, 464, 465, 469, 470, 485, 487, 488
and e-fatwas 461
Islam 457
and Western Christianity 491
Islamic law 452, 453, 466, 477, 478, 490, 495, 497
and Islamism 455
and suicide 498
evidence
circumstantial 1186, 2432
forensic 1165, 1171
Islamic law 4, 1138, 1145–1147, 1149, 1156, 1161, 1173, 1180, 1194, 2378
India 1779, 1814
Malaysia 2378, 2432
Nigeria 2742
Ottoman courts 2858
Pakistan 2976, 3130
rape 1256
sexual violation 1252
signs as evidence 1177
of unbelief 432
United Arab Emirates 3594
excommunication ( see takfīr )
family planning
Islamic law 198
financial crime
fraud in Islamic law 617
compared with Arab, French, Lebanese laws 618
in investment funds 621
Islamic law 619, 620
money laundering 615, 616, 622–624
Iran 2164, 2199
parallel banking systems 624
terrorist financing 1381, 1387
fornication ( zinā ) 661, 672, 1254, 1468, 1469, 1474, 1485, 2752, 2837, 2958
foundling 625
fraud ( see financial crime )
freedom of expression 416, 419
Egypt 1711
Iran 2009, 2185, 2204
Islamic law 330, 406
freedom of religion 285–288, 291, 344, 365, 380, 399, 407, 419, 430
and apostasy 291, 351, 362, 412, 415, 444
Egypt 421, 1682
human rights 331, 360, 425
international law 421
Islam 415
Islamic countries 388
Islamic law 355, 413, 421
Malaysia 2351–2353, 2395, 2416, 2420, 2440
Nigeria 2693
Pakistan 2996
Qurʾān 268, 410, 425
Sudan 3553, 3571
gambling 626, 3610
gender ( see women )
genocide
international and Islamic law 627
rape as weapon of (ISIS) 2257
Germany
attitudes of young Muslims 1774
Islamic criminal law compared to German law 1772, 1773
religious defamation 1771
Gulf Cooperation Council
intellectual property rights 1775
and UN human rights treaties 1776
ḥadd, ḥudūd
adultery ( zinā ) 648, 650, 672
Al-Andalus 3440
Arab law 675
alcoholism 672
avoidance in cases of doubt ( doubt ) 658
Brunei 1587
circumstantial evidence (qarīna) 1186
codification 668
crucifixion 663, 667, 671
as deterrence 630
doubt 1060, 1061, 1065
general 632, 638, 652, 657, 659, 665, 669, 670, 677, 1304
Ghāmidī, Javēd Aḥmad on 654
in hadīth 644
hand amputation 635, 636, 649, 651
Abu Bakr ibn al-Mundhir on 651
by Islamists 660
pre-Islamic origins 676
implementation 637
international human rights 642, 887, 920
Iran 2028, 2125
Malaysia 2344, 2349, 2364, 2370, 2372, 2385, 2394, 2405, 2407, 2437, 2438, 2994
justification 630, 631
Libya 2339
Nigeria 2567, 2568, 2791, 2778
Pakistan 2968, 2979, 2994, 3068, 3125, 3126, 3128, 3145, 3149, 3153, 3240, 3263
procedure, role of witnesses in 645
public violence 643, 1348
Qurʾān 634, 678
reform 642, 646
reinstatement 675
replantation of an amputated limb 1299
Saudi Arabia 3303, 3336
Somalia 3380
state legitimacy 643
stoning 633, 636, 639, 641, 647, 648, 653, 656, 661, 662, 664, 666, 674, 1454, 1458
Arab women and stoning 1454
compared to Judaism 629
contemporary application 655, 1482, 1484
early Islam 1621
Iran 673
Maliki law 1102
Nigeria 673
its pre-Islamic origins 676
Qurʾān 664
Shiʿite jurisprudence 1344
Sunna 656
and ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb’ 640
verse on stoning 647
Sudan 3558
and taʿzir 628
theft ( theft ) 672, 1059, 1399
United Arab Emirates 3598
women’s testimony 1151
zinā 1483
Hanafi criminal law 4
alcohol 262
al-Fatāwā al-ʿĀlamgīriyya 684
apostasy 693
Ibn al-Humam on apostasy 693
ʿāqila 518
claims of men and claims of God 688, 690
criminal responsibility 685, 698
dār al-ḥarb and dār al-Islām 680
equality 689
features 679
general 682, 694, 695
government authority 687
al-Hidāya 696
homicide 2886
ʿiṣma 691
liability 2886
proof 686
Prophet Muhammad, insulting of 699
rape 1251
siyāsa 681, 1251, 2969
ṣulḥ, al-Kāsānī on 1319
ʿuqūbāt, procedural law 692
war, al-Sarakhsī on 683
Hanbali criminal law 4
apostasy, Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal on 702
crime and punishment 701
blood money for abortion 700
Ibn Taymiyya on blasphemy 704
al-Khiraqi, the mukhtaṣar of 703
punishments 705
hashish in Islam 257
heresy 302, 311, 329, 372, 377
Al-Andalus 3405
Aleppo 2940
Indonesia 1900
Islamic law 330
Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd case 1692
politicisation of 302
Saudi Arabia 3357
South India 1788
traditional rules 345
zindīq/zandaqa 314, 346, 1334, 1493, 1508, 3407
heretics 296, 312, 1612, 1617
ḥirāba (banditry)
Islamic law 450, 1271
jihadist ideology 451
new Sharīʿa perspectives 449
ḥisba
Al-Andalus 3382, 3387, 3396–3398, 3409, 3449
Egypt 1644, 1651, 1709–1711, 1715, 1760, 1761,
general 710, 716
Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad on 711, 712
as institution 697, 715, 718
jāhilī origins 709
legal ethics 713
literature 708, 714, 717
Malaysia 2359
Mamluks 2466, 2475
Mawardi on 1328
Morocco 2536
Nigeria 2545, 2715
Pakistan 3091
Seljuqs 2902
Spain 1078
Tilimsānī, Muḥammad al-ʿUqbānī al- on 707
Tunisia 3591
and violence 706
homicide
Al-Andalus 3410
Algeria 1566
and apostasy 276
Arab law 728
Bangladesh 1581
by casting evil eye 722
compensation 501, 507, 508, 510
defence 599
Egypt 1734, 1735
and gender justice 1448
general 720, 724, 725, 731
and 19th century jurisdictions 733
and honour ( honour killings ) 806, 1461, 2280
India 1779, 1813
infanticide 721
intentional homicide 276, 599, 644, 719, 722–726, 806, 1250, 1461, 1734, 1735, 1779, 1813, 1923, 2019, 2037, 2092, 2097, 2129, 2171, 2196, 2290, 2302, 2468, 2473, 2527, 2819, 2838, 2840, 2844, 2863, 2878, 2898, 3079, 3213, 3249, 3256, 3258, 3308, 3410
Iran 1923, 2019, 2032, 2037, 2092, 2097, 2129, 2171, 2196, 2290, 2302
Islamic law 727
Jordan 2301
Malaysia 2356
Maliki law 1071
Mamluks 2468, 2473, 2482, 2483
Morocco 2527, 2535
Nigeria 2669, 2767, 2965
oath, function 1155
Ottoman Empire 2819, 2879, 2880, 2838, 2840, 2844, 2863, 2878, 2898, 2950
Pakistan 2965, 3079, 3213, 3249, 3256, 3258
and qasāma 1250
Qurʾān 726, 729
and Tora 729
Saudi Arabia 3308
Shāfiʿī law 1338
sin and expiation 730
Sudan 3480, 3520
United States of America 3615
of ʿUthman 644
of women 806
wife killing, legal defences 732
homosexuality
African nations 769
Al-Andalus
in mujun literature 743
Arab literature 734
Arab world 748
Ar-Razī on 782
debate 777, 802
fatwas 793
female, history and representation 753
fiqh 786
general 737, 746, 752, 767, 774, 788, 791
genetic points of view 750
hadīth 741, 799, 800
history of 783
historical background 742
Ibn Ḥazm on 735
Islam 739, 745, 747–750, 751, 758, 760, 762, 765, 770, 773, 775, 776, 785, 792, 801
and colonial rule 736
Islamic law 734, 761, 779, 781, 786
Islamic theology of 738
lesbians 767, 789
LGBT rights 781
liwāṭ 739, 778, 779, 794
classical Arabic 768
hadīth 741
as seen by Muslim jurists 771, 778
Muslim states 781, 790
al-Suyuti on 741
Maghreb 743
male-male sexuality
bio-bibliography 787
Middle East 795
orthodox-religious milieu 780
prohibition in UN member states 757
and Prophet Muhammad 797
punishment
Iran 740
Malaysia 740
Pakistan 740
Saudi Arabia 740
Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf al- 744, 766
queer persons
Islamic texts 756
Sharīʿa 751, 755
international human rights law 755
Qurʾān 764, 772, 798
qurʾānic revisionism 796
same-sex
desires 738
unions 759, 763
sexual diversity
Muslim world 754
siḥāq (lesbianism) 778, 794
as taboo 259
transgender 767
transidentity 801
transsexual persons 751
vice lists, medieval 784
honour killings
Arab world 814, 2304
cultural representation 807
debate 903
Egypt 1646
general 809, 810, 812, 816, 818
and gender 804
historical roots 808
India 1782
Iran 2171
Islam 805, 813
Israel 2280
Jordan 2288, 2292, 2295,
legal issues 815
legislation 811
Ottoman Empire 2831
Pakistan 1461, 1782, 3062, 3076, 3104–3106, 3167, 3170, 3185, 3209, 3216, 3243, 3246, 3265
policy recommendations 815
prevention of 803
punishment of 803
Sharīʿa discourse 817
struggle against 806
honour preservation
in Sharīʿa 593
humanitarian law
and Islamic jurisprudence 872, 1269, 1440
human rights
Arab countries 832, 833, 897, 930, 986
Christianity and Islam 875, 881, 1002, 1005
compared to the West 922, 946, 947
contemporary Muslim thought 895, 913, 987, 929
and cultural diversity 989
and cultural relativism 826
debates/discourses on 869, 879, 906, 963, 994, 998
history in Islam 914
a critique 926
and ḥudūd 887
ICCPR 1004
implications for Africa 960
intercultural dialogue 908
international human rights obligations 821, 827, 851, 852, 853, 862–866, 900, 901, 911
international law 847, 873, 957, 959, 961, 966, 974, 1001
Islam 820, 823, 825, 835, 841, 842, 848, 849, 852, 855, 867, 874, 878, 882, 898, 909, 916–918, 921, 923, 924, 928, 931, 935, 936, 937, 942, 943, 945, 950, 952, 953–955, 964, 967, 975–982, 991, 1000, 1003
Islamic countries 829–831, 856, 857, 860, 861, 863, 886
Islamic criminal law 859, 861, 870, 871, 883, 905, 910, 920, 951
Islamic institutions 885
Islamic law 822, 828, 877, 889, 899, 919, 932, 938, 962, 968–970, 996
Islamic reservations to human rights conventions 939, 940, 971, 985, 993
Islamic revivalism 983
Islamism 834, 836–840, 858, 890, 941, 949, 952
judicial process 894
Mahmoud Taha and Abdullahi An-Naʿim, a critique 934
maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah 925
Middle East 915, 948, 949
non-Muslim minorities 915
and Muslim theologies 925
and Muslims in Western Europe 829, 902, 973
and re-Islamisation 984
right to change one’s religion 1004
Saudi Arabia 3314, 3341
and Sharīʿa 933, 990
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 827, 884, 927, 944, 972, 995
Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights 850, 873, 880, 884, 891–893, 904
universality debate 827, 848, 866, 868, 888, 896, 907, 912, 956, 958, 965, 992, 999, 1006
and the West 830, 843–846, 876
and Western domination 822
women’s rights and 988, 997, 1449
ijtihād
Islamic criminal law 1007
Ilkhanate
apostasy 2518
concepts of justice and injustice 2520
death penalty 2519
revenge and justice in 2055
imprisonment ( see prisons )
India
colonial period
apostasy 1804, 1816
Bengal 1801, 1785
case reports 1821
company criminal law 1802
court of Nizamut Adawlut 1786, 1800, 1819, 1821
crime and gender 1799
criminal justice in North India 1818
criminal law 1778, 1808, 1817, 1818
criminal procedure 1798
Indian Evidence Act (1872) 1814
Indian Penal Code (1860) 1787, 1806
Islamic criminal law 2741
Islamic law 1791, 1803, 1809, 1820
legal transition 1794
perjury 1815
rape 1796, 1797
Sudder Fouzdaree Adawlut 1821
transformation of Islamic law 1789, 1792
confession 1149, 1156, 1260, 1807, 1923, 1925, 2803
crimes of honour ( see honour killings ) 1782
criminal breach of trust 1795
criminal law, background 1781
medieval
criminal evidence 1779
passion killing 1779
police and administration of justice 1793
mens rea 1794
Mughal period
Akbar as heretic 1777
administration of justice 1812
crime and punishment 1780, 1810, 1822
intoxicants 1811
muḥtasib 1783
murder 1813
principles of law 1784
Muhammadan law 1790
rape 1805
Indonesia
abortion 1824, 1890
Aceh
freedom of religion 1919
Islamic (criminal) law 1826–1828, 1838, 1843, 1856, 1857, 1859, 1878, 1881, 1889, 1893, 1894, 1909, 1913, 1914
legal autonomy 1854
morality policing 2431
Muslim punks 1856
re-Islamisation politics 1873, 1874
Sharīʿa 1836, 1856, 1882, 1886, 1901, 1911
adat criminal law 1868
Ahmadis 1847
apostasy 1825, 1883
impact on marital life 1899
atheism 1866
bestiality 1834
blasphemy 1860, 1898, 1917
in the constitution 1918
and constitutional court 1850
in court 1844
and Danish cartoons 1880
and freedom of religion 1896
and human rights 1876, 1904, 1905
in Java 1871
law of (1965) 1897
legality of 1848
and mental illness 1861
and minorities 1823, 1849
and religious diversity 1865
capital punishment 1830, 1887
conversion 1845
corruption 1837, 1852
criminal law in colonial Java 1907
Criminal Procedure Code 1915
extremism, violent 1884
freedom of religion 1847, 1884, 1891
gratification 1855
heresy 1900
homosexuality 1833, 1834
incest 1834
Islamic criminal law
adultery, debate 1877
and anti-corruption 1869
Cikeusik trials 1846
criminalisation of husband wife relationship 1895
and domestic violence 1879
drafting of Islamic Criminal Code 1862
and the judiciary 1839
MMI Sharia Criminal Code 1885
punishment in 1829
and sexual misconduct in Central Java 1864
taʿzīr punishment 1910
Islamic law
attitudes 1888
background of enactment 1892
by-laws 1837
and female activists 1863
general 1835, 1841, 1842
implementation 1888
and Muslim punks 1875
and terrorism 1912
Islamisation 1908
Majelis Ulama Indonesia (Council of Indonesian Ulama) 1867, 1900
minorities, religious 1884
pornography 1870, 1884, 1903
restorative justice 1853, 1921
Sharīʿa
contestation among Minangkabau 1872
creeping 1908
and national law 1902
state and mobile phones 1858
sex crimes 1840, 1906
sexuality, control of 1832
takfīr 1867
theft 1916
thuggery 1920
vigilantism 1884
West Java, religious discrimination 1851
zinā 1831
intellectual property rights
Gulf Cooperation Council 1775
internet 1013
Islamic law 1008, 1009, 1011, 1014, 1016–1024
moral and financial rights 1012, 1015
and software piracy 1010
intent
concept of the person 1027
medieval fiqh 1025, 1026
International Court of Justice and Islamic law states 1045
International Criminal Court and Islamic criminal procedure 1032
and Islamic law 1028–1030, 1036, 1041, 1043, 1044
international criminal law
Islam 1033–1035
Islamic law 1031
international Islamic criminal law 1033, 1039, 1040, 1042
intoxicants 236, 238, 250
Mughal India 1811
early juristic debates 246
and self-defence 601
Sufism, in 243
Iran
abetment 2173
abject bodies 1949
abortion 2054
accused, rights 2208
apostasy 1963, 2104, 2145, 2179
and fatwas 2145
arbitration 2063
Bahāʾī and death penalty 1938
bar association 2080
blasphemy 2104, 2108
cannabis 2035
child abuse 1950, 1951, 2008
compensation 2141
Computer Crimes Law (2012) 2061
constitution
and conflict prevention 2156
and Khomeini’s directive (1988) 2165
corrections system 2111
corruption 2057, 2058
judicial 2074
courts
role of 2161
special court of the clergy
crime
classification 2041
and security 2010
statistics 2002
criminalisation 2090
criminal justice
and community involvement 2012
and Khomeini 2059, 2131
and restorative traditions 2155
criminal policy 2114, 2117
decriminalisation in 2049
and political change 1926
after revolution 2033
and schools of Islamic law 74
on violent crimes 2075, 2076
Criminal Procedure Code 1995, 2007, 2016, 2045, 2160, 2217, 2242
and citizenship rights 1995
and international criminal court 2071
punishment, intensification of 2119
same-sex crimes 2153
criminal responsibility, liability 2100, 2134
and compensation 2135
and crime/punishment proportionality 2203
and neuroscience 1945
criminology 2115, 2116
darughayi bazar 2025
death penalty 2105, 2150, 2205
abolition 2091
abolitionist movement 2198
and Bahāʾī 1938
and ethnic minorities 1943
for homosexuality 1948
and international legal standards 2193
and the media 2101
for minors 527, 1944, 2029, 2182
public executions 2011, 2073, 2105, 2190
public opinion 1971
role of lawyers 2105, 2154
as state terror 1996
and women
defence, legitimate 2038
drugs 1982, 2036
duress 2004
extradition 1969
fair trial 1978
family, criminal protection 2197
freedom of expression 2009, 2108, 2204
gender identity 1983
homicide 2037
Bibi Asilu case 2092
and conflict resolution 2129, 2196
proof of murder 1923
Qajar Iran 2019
qiṣāṣ and forgiveness 2032
Yazd 2097
homosexuality
death penalty 1948
history 2044
Islamic jurisprudence 2062
LGB in law 1935
lūṭīs in Qajar Persia 2024, 2236
punishment 740, 1941
reconstruction 2026
honour killings 2072, 2141, 2171
ḥudūd
avoidance 2028
law of 2077
human rights 1984, 1985, 1991, 2000, 2005, 2056, 2093, 2094, 2149
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (CDHRI) 1982
discourse of reformers 2005, 2184
and freedom of expression 2009
and ḥirāba (moharebeh) 2078
after the revolution 2085
and Sharīʿa 2143, 2204
violations under Sharīʿa 2042
and women 2065, 2056
independent activism 2240
international crimes 1981
International Criminal Court (ICC) 1927, 2146
Iran people’s tribunal 1936
Islamic law 1977
in post-revolutionary Iran 2027
under Safavids and Qajars 2186
transformation of 1975, 1976
judges and judicial process 2211
judicial organisation, law on 1928
judicial system
Qajar Iran 2021
after revolution 2128, 2147
jurisdiction
religious and state 2188
Muḥammad Bāqir Šaftī 2189
jurists, legal authority 2070
justice system 2066
informal 2089
juvenile justice 1922, 1942, 1979, 2121, 2243
child execution 525
Convention on the Rights of the Child 524
corporal punishment 1980
criminal responsibility 1964, 2106, 2107, 2015, 2086
death penalty 1944, 2029, 2182
legal status of children 1986
retribution (qiṣāṣ) for children 1952
rights of the child in Muslim states 523
law
enforcement 2244
fundamentalist impact on 2095
internationalisation and regionalisation 2152
in an Islamic state 2096
and political control 2209
and religion 2214
legality principle 2047, 2048, 2215, 2219, 2224, 2227
legal system 1593, 2066 2220, 2232
LGBT 1999, 2067
liability, in medical cases 192
mens rea 1933
money laundering 2164, 2199
muḥtasib 2020, 2022, 2025
narcotics 1946, 2113
offender 1947
opium use 2017
trafficking 2233
Penal Code
of (1982) 2126
of (2012) 2130
of (2013) 2212, 2216, 2218
assessment 1990
honour 2187
punishment
development 2157
Islamic 2226
sentencing postponed 2084
theoretical foundations 2050
translation of 1993, 2060, 2124
women, protection of basic rights 2158
penal law, criminal law 2176, 2210, 2223, 2228, 2229
area of application 2051
constitution 2136
crime danger management 2169
foundations 2213
history 1993, 2111
inflation 2030
influence of religion 1937
international instruments 2112
internationalisation 1997, 1998
Islamisation 2132, 2133, 2167
judges 2175
judgments 2239
in legal system 2194
Muharram 2200
muqaddasāt 2207
„ne bis in idem“ rule 2162
offense 2221, 2222, 2225
and political opposition 2168
proof 1930, 2018
provocation 1970
public decency crimes 2170
re-Islamisation 2052, 2231
after revolution 2006, 2183
rule of action 2241
on sacrilege 2185
suspension of sentences 2014
translation 2201, 2230
and universal jurisdiction
and Western law 2174
perjury 1934
police in Qajar Persia 2023
pornography 1989
prisoners, citizenship rights 2245
probation 1929
provocation 2195
punishment 1940, 1965, 2087, 2111, 2246
aims 2064
alternative sanctions 2088
attitudes as to 2034
compared to French law 2079
discretionary 2120
and gender 2141
proportionality 2046
public 2202
under Qajars 2122
Qiṣāṣ Act (1982) 2127
Ḥudūd and 2125
rape 1255, 1932
recent legal developments 1954–1962
rehabilitation of delinquents 2001, 2103
restorative traditions 2155, 2040, 2155
retribution (qiṣāṣ) 1973
for children 1952
law 2077
revolutionary courts 2144
right to counsel in criminal justice system 2163
right to privacy in criminal justice system 2159
rule of law 1992
Rushdie, Salman 276, 313, 1968, 2108
settlement
in homicide cases 2129, 2196
peaceful (of disputes) 2063
women’s peace initiatives 2140
sexuality
lesbian acts 1987
regulation 2118, 2123
sexual minorities 2237
sexual orientation 1983
sexual violence 2151
Sharīʿa
courts 2043
hermeneutics 2005
and national law 2098
smuggling 1931
special court for the clergy 1988
stoning 1966, 1972, 2053, 2082, 2180, 2181
suicide 2148
takfīr in Safavid Iran 2172
tax evasion 1994
testimony 2206
theft 2003
torture 2166
comparative perspective 2102
and public recantation 1925
and punishment 13th-18th century 2191, 2192
sexual 2178
transsexuality 2234
urban violence in Qajar Iran 2236
victim
rights 2110, 2137, 2138
in Iranian and international law 1967
violence, state’s monopoly 2142
wells, illegal digging 2109
women
and criminal law 2083, 2139
gender policing 1974
and imprisonment 2177
and jurisprudence 2235
legal status 2065
rights 2068
and suicide 2056
violation of their dignity 74
women’s rights in Sharīʿa law 2031
zinā 2099
Iraq
apostates, treatment 2248
criminal investigations 2249
criminal justice system 2253
homicide and bodily harm 2247
human rights and Islamic law in the constitution 2252
penal laws (1994) 2251
sexual crimes 2250
irtidād ( see apostasy )
Islamic State (IS, ISIS, Daesh)
administration of justice 2267
apostasy 2264
armed conflicts under Islamic law 2259
brutality under Islamic law 2260
bureau of justice and grievances 2263
challenges to international criminal law 2255
challenges to Sharīʿa 2255
Dabiq magazine, law and order 2258
ideology 2256
incineration of persons 2262
and Islamic law 2270
legal system 2265, 2268
police 2261
sexual violence 2254
social contract 2269
using rape as weapon of genocide 2257
violence in Raqqa 2266
Israel
Bedouin law 2272, 2275, 2277, 2281, 2282
blood vengeance 1461, 2273, 2274, 2276, 2279, 2282, 2284
family honour 2278
honour killings 2271, 2280
mediation 2275
religious freedom 3328
settlement 1461, 2281, 2283, 2285
ṣulḥa 2281, 2283, 2285
jihād
global 341
human rights jihad 941
Ibn Taymiyya on 1274
and incineration of persons 2262
jihadist ideology 451
and rebellion 1274
terrorist jihad 3346
Jordan
apostasy 2303
Bedouin justice 2287, 2300
criminal law and gender 2305
customary law 2293
homicide in early Islamic Jordan 2301
honour killings 2288, 2289, 2295, 2296, 2302, 2304
and civil society 2298
as intrafamily femicide 2292
and Jordanian Penal Code 2286, 2290
murder 2291
public discourse 2297
under Jordanian and Islamic law 2299
penal justice, traditional system 2294
judicial organisation in Islamic history 697
juvenile justice
Afghanistan 1525
Bangladesh 1580
Convention on the Rights of the Child 524
death penalty 525, 527, 571
Iran 1922, 1979, 2015, 2243
Muslim-majority states 526
Nigeria 2599
Pakistan 3004
rights of the child 523
Saudi Arabia 3288, 3312
Yemen 3627
Kenya
Criminal Procedure Ordinance 2306
Muslim courts, historical development 2306
kufr 270, 443, 1356
Kuwait
apostasy law 2308, 2309, 2312
case of Husayn Qambar ʿAlî 2312
and constitutionalism 2310
human trafficking 2311
punishment in Islamic and Kuwaiti law 2307
revitalisation of Islamic penal law 2313, 2314
larceny ( see theft )
laqīṭ ( see foundling )
law of the sea 1113, 1115
legality
Indonesia 1848, 1868
Iran 2048, 2215, 2219, 2224, 2226
Islamic criminal law 1046, 1049–1052
Maldives 2458
Nigeria 2565
Ottoman Empire 2880
Pakistan 3091
and the right to personal safety (haqq al-amn) 1047, 1048
Sudan 3585
suicide bombing 1363
legal maxims
and doubt 658, 1062, 1065, 1066
Islamic criminal law 1053–1057
Nigeria 2803, 2804
legal transfer 1058
legal uncertainties ( see doubt )
liability
in air carrier conventions 512
collective 517
criminal 553, 557–559
Iran 2100, 2203
Malaysia 2409
Ottoman law 2886
Saudi Arabia 3291, 3296
United Arab Emirates 3595
of vehicle drivers 1419
liʿān 1068
and DNA fingerprinting 1069, 1070
Libya
blood money
Adjābiya court 2330
Kufra court 2329, 2330
rules 2331
court system 2326
homicide in Tripoli (1843) 2340
human rights
of the accused 2320
and fundamental freedoms 2323
intellectual property rights 2328
Islam policy 2321
Islamic criminal law
reintroduction of 2322, 2324, 2332, 2335, 2339, 2341, 2342
Islamic law in 2333, 2336–2338
law and legislation 2327
law enforcement compared to Iran 2244
legal policy 2334
protection of life before birth 2315
recent legal developments 2316–2319
Sharīʿa, application of 2325
liwāṭ ( see homosexuality )
Maghreb ( North Africa )
conversion of women 2807
penal law and social change 2808
religious freedom 2805
transitional justice and gender narratives 2806
Malaysia
abortion 2429
accused, rights of 2354, 2376, 2377,
adultery 2400
apostasy 2351–2353, 2416, 2420, 2434, 2435
and civil society 2412
in Selangor 2424
blasphemy and human rights 2413
blood money
for homicide 2356
for wounding 2356
constitution 2374
conversion 2411
criminal justice 2369
criminal procedure in Sharīʿa courts 2442
Criminal Procedure Code 2401
criminal responsibility 2368
death penalty 2360
for drug traffickers 2386
discretionary punishment 2389
domestic violence 2388
evidence 2378
freedom of religion 2343, 2351–2353, 2357, 2395, 2416, 2420, 2440
ḥisba 2359
homosexuality 2453
liwāṭ 2393
punishment 740
ḥudūd 2364, 2370, 2385, 2394, 2994
Bill of Kelantan 2405, 2407
and constitution 2370
debate 2344, 2372, 2437, 2438
human rights and Islamic law 2446
human trafficking 2347
intellectual property rights 2362
Islamic criminal law
application 2346, 2363, 2399, 2419
circumstantial evidence 2432
codification 2428
contribution to planning of safe city 2436
and deterrence 2410
enforcement 2441
in ḥisba framework 2359
investigation procedures 2445
Islamic punishments, suitability of 2391
Kelantan Syariah Criminal Code 1993 2349, 2381, 2451
and major trends of Islam 2448
and Malay rulers 2433
and Malaysian criminal law 2402
in Malaysian federal structure 2361, 2392, 2443
Selangor Syariah enactments 1991
sexual offences 2382
Sharīʿa offences 2380
Syariah Criminal Offences Act (1997) 2414
Islamic law 2375, 2406
development 2379, 2408
and human rights 2350, 2403
implementation 2345
and national law 2373
on sentencing 2417
Islamic legal system 2447
Keris 2374
Ketuanan Melayu 2367
khalwat
as moral crime 2425
as Sharīʿa criminal offence 2396
kidnapping and hostage taking 2390
law
Islamisation 2358
politics and Islam, debate 2449
legal system 2444
liability 2409
maids, crimes against 2421
punishment
fines 2387
and gender 2450
and legal safeguards 2415
principles and philosophy 2404
rape
compensation for survivors 2398
legal reform 2384
restorative justice 2423, 2452
settlement (ṣulḥ) 2427
Sharīʿa
application 2397
and colonialism 2355
courts 2422, 2426, 2442
and cultural politics 2430, 2431
enforcement 2371
and fundamental liberties 2380
judiciary 2430, 2431
projects 2367
secularisation 2418
Sharia Lawyers Association 2454
status 2365, 2366
transformation 2430, 2431
sexuality, regulation of 2383
sexual offences 2382
taʿzīr 2348
Maldives
foreign fighters 2455
imprisonment 2456
legal system 2462
Penal Code project
codification 2458
criticism 2457
draft code 2460
paradoxes of codification 2461
response to criticism 2459
Mali
Islamic republic, possibility 2464
Sharīʿa, recent experience 2463
Maliki criminal law ( Spain (Al-Andalus) )
adjudication 1085
alcoholic beverages 1074, 1075
apostasy 1080
arbitration (taḥkīm) 3436
blasphemy 1080, 1083
blood money 1073
Cordoba (Al-Andalus) 3422, 3423
general 1077, 1088, 1093, 1104
ḥisba 1078
homicide 1071
Ibn Abī Zamanīn 1072
Ibn Habib, Wadiha 3386
insults, punishment 1076
judges 1090
Khalīl ibn Iṣhāq 1087, 1088, 1094, 1098
miscarriage, induced 1084
oath 1089, 1091
in Maliki and Moroccan law 2531
procedural law 1090, 1093, 1095–1097
proof 1090
qadhf 402
rape 1099–1101, 1103
rebellion 1080
retribution 1072, 1081
settlement (ṣulḥ) 3436
sexual violence 1079
slander of the Prophet (sabb al-nabī) 402
stoning 1102
usurpation (ghaṣb) 1082
wine trade 1086
witness 1089
zinā 1092
Mamluks
alcohol consumption 2481
apostasy in Mamluk period 2474
assassins 2482
blasphemy 2500
crime
and elite 2488
prosecution 2495
and punishment 2472
and social order 2478, 2494
criminal affronts 2490
criminal investigation in Cairo 2492
criminal underworld in Cairo and Damascus 2489
fornication 2481
fraud, Ibn Taghrībirdi on 2491
ḥisba 2465, 2466, 2475
homicide 2470, 2473, 2482, 2483
in Damascus 2468
homosexuality 2485
imprisonment, Al-Maqrizi on 2493
Islamic law 2499
justice under last Circassian sultans 2480
legal studies 2484
maẓālim 2471, 2486, 2487, 2497
qāḍī al-quḍāt in Cairo 2469
qasāma 2498
prisons 2480
prostitution 2481
punishment 2476
religious policy 2467
siyāsa and Sharīʿa 2496
takfīr in Egypt and Syria 2477
thieves 2482
masturbation 739
Mauritania
blood money in traffic accidents 2502
Code of Criminal Procedure 2513
constitution and human rights 2514
human rights 2505, 2514
Islam 2504, 2509
Islamic law, role of modern judge 2511
Islamic punishments
application 2510
in law 2506
juvenile justice 2508, 2516
legal system 2515
duality 2503
after independence 2501
Penal Code 2512
religious freedom 2517
wine, prohibition and consumption 2507
maẓālim
Abbassids 1490
Al-Andalus 3420
early Islam 1613
historiography 1106
institution 697
judicial independence 1105
Mamluks 2471, 2486, 2487, 2497
Mawardi 1329
mens rea
India 1794
international criminal law 1109
Iran 1933
Islamic jurisprudence and statute law 1107, 1108
Qatar 3278
money laundering ( see financial crimes )
Mongols ( see Ilkhanate )
Morocco
amputations 2529
apostasy 2525
blood money in Berber customary law 2522, 2528
blood vengeance 2522, 2530
crime and punishment, 16th century 2533, 2534
freedom of religion 2525
gender violence, reforms against 3311
ḥisba 2536
homicide 2527, 3536
oath in Maliki and Moroccan law 2531
penal law
customary law of the Swasa 2526
formation 2524
High Atlas 2523
and Islam 2521
Sherifian 2532
system 2537
necessity (ḍarūra)
Islamic law 1110, 1112
Islamic legal history 1111
criminal jurisprudence 1110
medical jurisprudence 1110
organ transplantation 483
Niger
effects of Nigerian Sharīʿa 2538
Nigeria
abortion 2718
the accused, rights of 2547, 2786
adultery ( zinā ) 2653
punishment 2571, 2642
alcohol 2666
Amina Lawal 2574, 2574, 2629
blasphemy 2783
bodily hurt 2965
Boko Haram and Islamic law 2566
commanding good and prohibiting evil 2747
compensation to victims 2716
court system 2736
criminal justice, Muhammad Bello on 2576
criminal law 2552, 2554, 2559, 2630, 2646, 2737, 2704, 2797
attempted crime 2711
Criminal Procedure Codes 2730, 2731
issues in criminal procedure 2587, 2797
criminal-victim relationship 2716
death penalty 2569, 2570, 3340
freedom of religion 2722
fundamentalist groups 2761
Hausa Islamic law 2754
ḥisba 2545, 2588
in Kano 2588, 2715
homicide 2669, 2965, 2767
ḥudūd 2567, 2568, 2572
Ibrahim Salih on 2791
human rights 2632
and Islam 2649
and Islamic criminal law 2557, 2590, 2743
and Islamic law 2722, 2750
and religion 2695, 2706
and sexual orientation 2553
and Sharīʿa 2610, 2710
Islamic law 2544
application 2769, 2777, 2802, 2665
and colonialism 2795
compared to India 2582
and democratisation 2615, 2616
history of application 2768, 2702
and international protection of women’s rights 2687
judicial practice 2592
and legal hybridity 2664
Northern Nigeria 2660
post-colonial 2709
practice and procedure in courts 2543
Southern Nigeria 2546
Zamfara State 2770
Islamic criminal law ( Sharīʿa )
adultery 2653
application 2778
colonial Nigeria 2741
and constitution 2620, 2626, 2690, 2691, 2712, 2719, 2720, 2721, 2752, 2779, 2782
cyber fraud 2775
and democracy 2723
enforcement by police 2694
and gender 2625
general 2600, 2745, 2789
homicide 2559
ḥudūd 2778
and human rights 2743
implementation 2568, 2550, 2584, 2598, 2602, 2717, 2724
courts 2564, 2597
judicial practice 2661, 2792, 2794
Kaduna State 2556
legal maxims 2803, 2804
Niger State 2735
punishments 2707
rape 2653
reflections 2628
reform 2638
reintroduction 2612, 2744, 2746, 2748
review 2749
Sharia Penal Code of Centre for Islamic Legal Studies 2589
and women’s rights 2785
Zamfara State 2735
Izala movement 2577, 2578
Jos, conflict in 2641, 2727
judiciary 2558
juvenile justice 2599
Kaduna
Sharīʿa crisis 2560, 2619, 2677
legal pluralism 2755
legal system 2681
Miss World crisis (2002) 2790
Penal Code(s) 2607, 2611, 2705 2714
and homicide 2767
Kaduna State 2765
Kano State 2644, 2645, 2753
Katsina State 2647
Niger State 2688
Zamfara State 2670, 2753
rape 2653
settlement (ṣulḥ) 2618, 2774
Sharīʿa
administration of justice 2541, 2776
cases, Court of Appeal 2689
challenges of 21st century 2678
and Christian-Muslim relations 2595, 2596, 2668
and Christians 2609, 2651, 2676, 2686, 2702, 2732, 2766
comparative perspectives 2733
compared to Sudan 2739
and constitution 2639, 2782
controversy 2650, 2631
and corruption 2636
court(s) 2627, 2697–2699, 2725, 2736
and crime in post-colonial Nigeria 2563
debates 2585, 2614, 2656, 2657, 2682, 2700, 2703, 2732, 2762
and democracy 2593, 2605, 2621, 2648
domestication 2548
and elections (2003) 2655
and enforcement 2694, 2708, 2715, 2781
and ethno-religious conflict 2643, 2561
extremist 2780
and federalism 2579, 2581, 2601, 2773
in a fragmented country 2674
and freedom of religion 2675, 2693
general 2539, 2540
history 2551, 2652, 2671, 2683, 2702, 2740
imbroglio 2796
impact of British conquest 2684
implementation 2565, 2606, 2658, 2659, 2662, 2680, 2685, 2724, 2728, 2734, 2764, 2776, 2787, 2800
Kaduna and Kebbi States 2713
and legal pluralism 2679
in legal system 2692
and national law 2726
Northern Nigeria 2663
panel in Osun State 2672
politics 2591, 2650, 2740, 2760, 2788
popular perceptions 2654
precedents 2573
recent experience 2463
and religious minorities 2549, 2580
restorationist movement 2667
resurgence 2701
and right to rehabilitation 2640
and secularity 2555, 2772
and social vices 2729
struggle for 2673
and territorial conflict 261
and youth 2756, 2758
Zamfara model 2756
stoning 2570, 2583, 2594, 2602, 2604
case of Safiya Hussaini 2542, 2623, 2624, 2633, 2637, 2642, 2696, 2742, 2798, 2799, 2803
and human rights 2771
violence, religious 2757
women
and domestic violence 2784
criticising Sharīʿa 2603
flogging 2622
human rights 2586
sexual offences 2634
and Sharīʿa implementation 2562, 2608, 2685
zinā (laws) ( adultery ) 2567, 2635, 2738
case of Amina Lawal 2574, 2575, 2602, 2629, 2759, 2763, 2798, 2799, 2803
case of Bariya Ibrahim Magazu 2522, 2751
conviction rate of women 2752
and local custom 2793
revival 2613
North Africa ( Maghreb )
conversion of women 2807
penal law and social change 2808
religious freedom 2805
transitional justice and gender narratives 2806
violence, crime and punishment 3446
Ottoman Empire
abortion 2845, 2850, 2853
Ottoman, Turkish and French approaches 2904
adultery 2837, 2899, 2958
alcohol consumption in Istanbul 2865
apostasy
Anglo-Ottoman relations 2945
and conversion 2815, 2832, 2846–2848, 2864
and Ottoman identity 2949
Rumeli 2871
apostates 2905
bandits 2826, 2905, 2933, 2948
beheadings 2834
bribery 2852, 2889
brigandage 2813
Bursa, court records 2851, 2852
cannibalism 2836
çarşaf, prohibition 2892
Christians in 2854
Code of Criminal Procedure (1879) 2917
corruption
fines 2842
gifting in the elite 2923
qāḍīs under Bayezid II 2888
correction of belief(s) 2814
counterfeiting 2862
court(s)
Küstendil 2924
Syria 2855
system 2918
crime
and bureaucracy 2903
Istanbul 2883, 2961
and market 2924
and political conflict 2860
against the state 2903
under Süleyman the Magnificent 2959
criminal law
comparative 2936
(old) Ottoman 2870, 2875–2877, 2935
transformation 2816
cruelty in law 2908
customary law, the Albanian Kanun 2926
death penalty 2818, 2928
dhimmīs
Kayseri 2895
Sharīʿa courts 2835
as witnesses 2872
drugs and intoxicants 2820
Ebuʾs-Suʾud 2881, 2884, 2939
embezzlement 2889
evidence in Ottoman courts 2858
gender
and Islamic law in Ottoman Syria and Palestine 2952
violence 2942
heresy
Aleppo 2940
policy 2814
homicide
Aleppo 2863
Bakhchisaray court 2838
Bosnia 2879, 2880
British victims 2898
by females 2819
Islamic jurisprudence and Ottoman law 2950
and liability 2886
Marmara 2878
political 2907
Rumeli 2844
homosexuality
Albania 2910
among slaves 2909
honour killing in Aintab 2831
infanticide 2824
insurgents, punishment of 2900
Janissaries, crimes among 2843
Jews, ritual murder accusations against 2840
judicial powers of the qāḍī 2893
judicial records, from Palestine 2944
justice system in the eyes of British travellers 2932
larceny 2849
laws 2811
collection 2960
legal history, Turkish-Islamic 2839
legal practice in Istanbul 2882
legal process
structure 2866
violence 2867
legislative process in the Tanzimat period 2951
liability in homicide 2885, 2886
narcotics 2930
oath 2925
Ottoman law, reception in the Arab world 2935
outlaws and violence 2833
Penal Code
(1858) 2812, 2873, 2912, 2955
translation 2830
penal institutions 2938
penal law 2829
adoption of Italian criminal code 2903, 2906
modernisation 2901
Tanzimat period 2869
transformation in 19th century 2913
Turkey (1918) 2891
piracy 2933, 2956
policing
the countryside 2915
under Selim III 2827
prisons 2937
Ottoman Tunis 2874
procedural law 2939
prostitution
and Islamic law 2823
Istanbul 2929
medieval Islam 739
and police 2958
public law 2810
public morality in Damascus 2922
public order 2813
punishment 2935
transformation 2934
Crete 2901
qāḍīs
and court procedure 2894
Damascus 2957
judicial powers of 2893
and Sharīʿa courts 2866
rebels in Anatolia 2861
reproduction
politics 2825
Salonica (Selânik), criminal justice 2868
settlement (ṣulḥ)
Ottoman law 2911
Sharīʿa courts 2841
Üsküdar and Adana courts 2947
sexual crimes
Aleppo 2940, 2941
Anatolia 2954
court 2920
legal-sexual discourses 2962
punishment 2851
sexual politics under Mehmet IV 2822
sexual violence 2953
Sharīʿa
and qānūn 2927
and state 2821
Shiʿites, persecution of 2885
slaves, female 2916
spreader of corruption 2817
stoning 2899
tax collection 2889
torture
abolition 2828
ban 2896
trafficking of women 2809
trial in Tunis 2921
underworld in Istanbul 2931
women
in court 2857, 2919
in Crete 2897
and crime 2859
and illegal occupations 2943
zinā 2885, 2887
Pakistan
adultery ( zinā ) 3055
apostasy 3030, 3044, 3225
blasphemy (laws) 2963, 2968, 2922, 2996, 3030, 3033, 3058, 3049, 3071, 3072, 3191, 3198, 3225, 3226, 3230
accusations in Punjab 2984
Asia Bibi case 3021, 3212, 3238
background history 3139
Christian response 3199
colonial and Islamic influences 3058, 3158
and constitution 3088
in court 2974
critique 3188
dissenting voice 3232
and forensic psychiatrists 2973
and fundamentalism 3228
Gojra murders 3256
and human rights 3051, 3169
implementation 3165
and Indian Penal Code 2975
and media 2974, 3013, 3204
and mental illness 3053
and minorities 3075, 3094, 3204
and non-Muslims 3197
popular justice 2983
punishment for 3034
Rahmat Masih case 3024
vigilante justice 3211
blood money (diya) 3020, 3043, 3214
and honour killings 3102, 3103, 3172
Ordinance on Qiṣāṣ and Diyah 3168, 3227, 3231
bodily hurt 2965
Christians in 3032
corruption 3175
crime
and criminal justice 3029
and criminology 2987, 3095
criminal courts and superdari 3202
criminal investigation 3206
criminal justice 2985
hegemonic role 3146
and punishment 2989
in tribal areas 3237
criminal law, major acts 3027
criminal procedure 3213
Criminal Procedure Code (1898) 3130
criminal responsibility 3201
criminology, Islamic perspectives 2987
customary law 3011
death penalty 2977, 3233
abolition 3163, 3164
for minors 527
unlawful use 3148
enforcement 2988
evidence, forensic 2976
Evidence Act (1872) 3130
Federal Shariat Court 3152
freedom of religion 2996, 3138
gender violence, reforms against 3311
High Court 3054
ḥisba bill 3091
homicide 2965, 3079
and Sharīʿa 3249, 3258
homosexuality, punishment 740
honour killings 2978, 2302, 3016, 3042, 3104–3106, 3167, 3185, 3209, 3229, 3243, 3246, 3265
and Constitutional Court 3016
and human rights 3076
as legacy of common law 1782
legislation 3057
rescue narratives 3261
and role of qiṣāṣ and diya 3102, 3103, 3172
and rule of law 3062
Sindh 3216
ḥudūd
Hudood Ordinances 3015, 3026, 3067, 3068, 3108, 3126, 3129, 3136, 3145, 3195, 3203, 3240
codification 3149
implementation 3086, 3119, 3121
laws 2994, 3018, 3052, 3077, 3093, 3122
manual 2993, 2998
pregnancy as proof of guilt 3017
and rape 3161, 3244
women, impact on 3263
human rights
Islamic human rights 3234, 3235
and Islamic law reform 3183
and Islamic punishments 3193
and parallel judicial systems 2981
and religious persecution 3023
and women 3150
informal settlement 3215
Islam and the state 2966
Islamic criminal law(s)
administration 3160
application 2997, 3247, 3248
Azad Kashimir Penal Code 3097
code of Islamic laws 3132
colonial heritage 3155
Criminal Law (Special Provisions) Ordinance (1968) 3130
Ehteram-e-Ramazan Ordinance (1981) 3125
Execution of Punishment of Whipping Ordinance (1979) 3125
hudood laws 3242, 3245
Ibn Qudāmah 3147
Indian Penal Code, and enforcement of Islamic criminal law 3127
in Indo-Pakistan 3056
major acts, amended 3133
North-West Frontier Province Prohibition of Dancing Act (1974) 3125
Offence of Qazf (Enforcement of Hadood) Ordinance (1979) 3125
Offences Against Property (Enforcement of Hadood) Ordinance (1979) 3125
Pakistan Ordinance on Qisas and Diya (1990) 3002
Pakistan Penal Codes (1860, 1979) 3048, 3123, 3130, 3096, 3108, 3128, 3184, 3257
personal injuries, law of 3147
Prohibition (Enforcement of Hadood) Order (1979) 3125
Qanun-e-Shahadat order (1984) 3007, 3120, 3130
and Western law compared 3162
Islamic law(s)
application 3251
of armed conflict 3220
and constitution 3138
judicial review 3035
judiciary system 3078
modernisation 3135
offences relating to religion 3159
politics 3060, 3061
precedent 3152
laws 3069, 3070
legal system 3329
Islamisation 3040
Council of Islamic Ideology 3134
criminal law 3118, 3196
Hudood Ordinances 3050, 3085
and judicial activism 3036
of law(s) 3014, 3019, 3050, 3081, 3114, 3143, 3154, 3166, 3173, 3182, 3186, 3218
and legal reform 3084, 3210
and women 3207, 3252–3254
Zia era 2999, 3005, 3050, 3080
judges between Sharīʿa and common law 3038
judiciary, reform of 3187
justice system, formal and informal 2972
juvenile justice 3000, 3004
law(s)
fundamentalist impact 2095
Islamisation 2980, 2982, 3065, 3087, 3092
reform of Islamic law 3025, 3183
Shiʿi, as alternative law 3001
tribal 3031
lawlessness 3157
legal
development 3109, 3111–3113, 3115–3117
reform 3082
system 3110, 3174
minorities in constitution 2964, 3192
religious 3064, 3181
minors and zinā 3255
Muslims and crime 3178, 3179
Penal Code 3047
police, policing 2988, 3012
prostitution 3236
punishment(s), qurʾānic 3217
qadhf, use of Qurʾān in court decisions 3074
rape (law) 3003, 3009, 3022, 3045, 3046, 3059, 3142, 3144, 3176, 3200, 3209, 3262
compared to Canada, Finland 3008
criminalisation 3101
in the Hudood Ordinance 3161
Karachi 3089
legal analysis 3266
marital 3090
Zina Ordinance 3177, 3260
religions, protection of 3156
retribution (qiṣāṣ) 3020, 3043, 3214
and honour killings 3102, 3103, 3172
Ordinance on Qiṣāṣ and Diyah 3168, 3227, 3231
sexual crimes 3037, 3262
sexual rights 3189
sexual violence 3107
Sharīʿa 2995
and anti-terrorism legislation 3151
implementation 3180, 3223
and international human rights 3190
social construction 3137
and state 3259
siyāsa 2968, 2969
suicide bombing 3028
takfīr and Ahmadiyya 3131
torture 3194, 3250
women 3073
anti-women laws 3205
crimes against 3066, 3215
in criminal justice system 2970, 2971
and ḥudūd 2979
human rights 3171
and international human rights law 3221
legal status 3264
moral regulation 3098
police abuse 3239
Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act (2006) 2990, 2991, 3015, 3119, 3140, 3141, 3219, 3224
Protection of Women’s Rights Bill 3241
and radical Islam 3039
status and legal reform 3083
violence against 3006, 3170, 3222
as witness 2967
Yousafzai, Malala 3021
zinā
debate 3099, 3100
pregnancy as proof 3017
use of Qurʾān in court 3074
and rape 3260, 3266, 3177
reform 3055
suspicion 3208
zinā bil-jabr 3153
Zina Ordinance 1461, 3010, 3041, 3063, 3122, 3124, 3125, 3255
Palestine, Palestinian Territories
blood money
blood vengeance 3268, 3272
customary law 3270
and conflict resolution 3273
Jerusalem area 3275
Palestinian Authority 3267
gender and Islamic law in Ottoman Palestine 2952
legal regimes, competing 3274
legal system in Gaza 3271
piracy in Islamic law 1113–1115
police
Al-Andalus 3417
Algeria 1572
Arab 1116
early Islam 1610, 1623
history in Islam 697
Islamic State (ISIS) 2261
Islamic world 1117
Nigeria 2694
Ottoman 2898, 2956, 2958
Pakistan 2988, 3239
Persian 1116
Saudi Arabia 3292
Sudan 3469
Tunisia 3591
Turkish 1116
policewomen 1118
Umayyads 1610
United Arab Emirates 3611
policing
Afghanistan 1558
Algeria 1565
Egypt 1666, 1754
Indonesia 1836, 1876, 1911
Iran 1974
Islamic State (ISIS) 2261
Islamic world 1117
Malaysia 2413
Ottoman Empire 2827, 2915
Pakistan 3012, 3169
Saudi Arabia 3284
Sudan 3470
United Arab Emirates 3611, 3612
political crime in Islamic jurisprudence 693, 1119
prevention
conflict 2156
crime 78, 555, 1180, 3306, 3320, 3332, 3333, 3336
Islamic doctrine 1126
and Islamic education 1120, 1121, 1127
of money laundering 2199
and qurʾānic teaching 1128
and religiosity 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124
and Sharīʿa 1125
prisoners
Abbassids 1502
Afghanistan 1529, 1532
Iran 2245
rights 1129
of war 1434, 1439, 1440, 1443, 1447
prisons
Abbassids 1506
early Islam 1130, 1603, 1754
concept of freedom 1133
Egypt 1674, 1720–1722, 1754
imprisonment, compensation for 1132, 1134
Iran 1925, 2142, 2177, 2178, 2190, 2245
Maldives 2456
Mamluks 2480, 2493
in the medieval Muslim West 1131
Ottoman 2937
Saudi Arabia 3290, 3335, 3348
Tunisia 2874
procedure
the accused, rights of 1143, 1144, 1150, 1163, 1164, 1188
Afghanistan 1516, 1533
Algeria 1570
Al-Andalus 3433
anti-money laundering 624
confession 1149, 1156
in courts 1166, 1197
criminal procedure
basic guarantees 1175
compared 1179
principles 1176
relevance for the West 1174
seen by modern scholars 1181
testimony 1152
under Sharīʿa 1176, 1190, 1195
detention, compared ( prisons, prisoners ) 1179
due process 1191
early Islam 1630
Egypt 1713
evidence 4, 1138, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1149, 1156, 1173
circumstantial 1169, 1186
confession 1149
forensic 1165, 1171
general 1194
and Islamic law 1182
personal 1161
qarīna 1169, 1186, 2432
fair trial 1148
forensic psychology 1167
gender 1162
general 4, 34, 1135, 1137, 1168, 1190, 1195
habeas corpus 1153
India 1798
Indonesia 1915
Iran 1995, 2007, 2016, 2045, 2070, 2119, 2153, 2160, 2242
Iraq 2249
Islamic law 4, 34, 102, 103, 1032, 1047, 1137, 1168
jurisdiction 1166
Kenya 2306
legal maxims 1057
legal personality 1198
Malaysia 2401, 2442, 2445
Maliki law 1090, 1095–1097
Mauritania 2513
Nigeria 2543, 2587, 2730, 2766, 2797
notary’s office 1196
oath 1136, 1154, 1160, 1184
in homicide cases 1155
Ottoman Empire 2894
Pakistan 3119, 3130, 3213
perjury 1154
procedural justice and human rights 1185
qasāma 1250
Saudi Arabia 3289, 3317, 3325, 3356, 3363
search and seizure 1192
sexual violation 1252
Sudan 3460, 3509, 3550, 3565
trial
and the qāḍī 1189
witnesses 1139, 1141, 1152, 1158, 1162
proof
formation 1170
general 1157, 1187, 1193
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya on 1177
Ibn Taymiyya on 1177
modern means 1172
and power of judges 1159
pregnancy as proof 3017
Sudan 3548
and testimony 1141
theory 1183
written 1178, 1196
punishment(s)
aims 123
Al-Andalus 3340
Algeria 3465
apostasy 293, 295, 304, 315, 318, 354, 366, 381, 405, 413
application 1225
banishment 1627
beheadings 1214, 1217
blasphemy 391
capital 568, 570, 571, 575, 576, 585, 1438
classification 1244, 1245
collective 1233
compared to
Christianity and Judaism 1230
French law 1222, 1226
corporal punishment, call for moratorium 1236, 1237
cruel 1215, 1940
determination of 1061
disproportionate 1219, 2046
and doubt 1061, 1067
early Arab society 1605
educational implications 1201
Egypt 1722, 1741
equality in application 1206
ethics 1239, 1240, 1241
general 1202, 1205, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1218, 1223, 1224, 1232, 1235, 1242, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247
ḥadd ( see ḥadd/ḥudūd )
Hanafi law 684, 696
Hanbali law 701
heretics 1612
homicide 722, 723
homosexuality 740
and human rights 1238
ignominious parading 1229
India 1780, 1810, 1813
Indonesia 1829, 1840, 1877, 1887, 1910
Iran 1940, 1941, 1966, 1980, 1989, 2034, 2035, 2046, 2048, 2064, 2103, 2119, 2122, 2150, 2157, 2193, 2202, 2203, 2226
Islamic history 95, 98, 99, 1227, 1228
Islamic law 9, 20, 45, 65, 66, 84, 85, 134, 141, 147, 156, 168, 172, 851, 1199, 1212, 1220, 1221, 1234
and contemporary legal trends 1200
and influence on law of Arab states 1203
legal character 1243
in legislation 73, 541, 640, 748, 811, 1081, 1199, 1231
Malaysia 2387, 2389, 2391, 2404–2406, 2415, 2421, 2450
Maldives 2456
Mamluks 2472, 2476
modern Muslim state 7
as moral and social agency 1211
Morocco 2534
in Muslim countries 1204
Nigeria 2571, 2572, 2707, 2751
Ottoman Empire 2842, 2851, 2900, 2934, 2959, 2961
Pakistan 2977, 2989, 3034, 3193, 3217
physical punishments 1216
public humiliation 1627
and public order 1210
purpose 1213
qiṣāṣ 1301
rape 1262
Saudi Arabia 3280, 3334, 3345, 3352, 3358, 3368
Seljuqs 2914
Somalia 3380, 3381
stoning 1344
Sudan 3465, 3543
tashhīr 1229
taʿzīr
theft
United Arab Emirates 3598
United States of America 3616
women 1452
zinā ( see zinā )
qadhf
in comparative perspective 589
Maliki law 1076
and rape 1260
qasāma
in jāhilī law 1249
in Jewish law 1249
Mamluks 2498
origins 1250
Qatar
criminal justice 3279
duality of legal system 3276
Penal Code
influence of Islamic criminal law 3277
mens rea 3278
qatl ( see homicide )
qatl al-raḥma ( see euthanasia )
qiṣāṣ
and ʿafw 1292
circumstantial evidence 1186
and disabilities 1300
gender factor 511
general 1293, 1298
for intentional bodily harm 1291
Iran 1952, 2125, 2127
in Islamic law 1298, 1304
Libya 2331
and medical ethics 1301
and non-Muslims as victims 1290
Pakistan 3002, 3020, 3043, 3102, 3103, 3168, 3172, 3214, 3227, 3231, 3248
parents, legal position 1296
replantation of an amputated limb 1299
as restorative justice 1297, 1302
and social peace 1295
Somalia 3372
Sudan 3559
in theology and jurisprudence 1248
in Victorian literature 1294
quinine, prohibition of 256
Qurʾān
Abortion 1890
alcohol 236, 254
apostasy 291, 396
corporal punishment 634
corruption 1852
crime prevention 1128
freedom of religion 268, 291, 410, 2395,
homicide 726
homosexuality 798–800
just society 64
kufr 443
law of crime 10
legal injunctions 2, 37, 106, 177, 178, 678, 3443
and Pakistani court decisions 3074
penal philosophy 112
retribution 1294
revisionism 796
sociology of crime 8
story of Lot 764
zinā 664
rape
adjudication 1264
Afghanistan 1558
classification 1261, 1264
Egypt 1662, 1756
evidence 1256
Ibn Hazm on 1099
India 1796, 1797, 1805
Iran 1932
Islamic law 1252, 1253
Islamic State (ISIS) 2257
Malaysia 2384, 2398
Maliki law 1100
marital 1259, 1265
Nigeria 2653
Pakistan 3003, 3008, 3009, 3022, 3045, 3046, 3059, 3089, 3101, 3107, 3142, 3144, 3161, 3176, 3177, 3200, 3209, 3244, 3259, 3261, 3266
punishment 1262
and qadhf 1260
Saudi Arabia 3348
and siyāsa in Hanafi law 1251
Sudan 3490, 3495, 3500, 3572, 3574, 3576–3578
victim
rights 1263
Iran 1255
protection 1257
and virginity 1258
and zinā 1254, 1260
rebellion ( rebels )
Al-Andalus 3442
early Islam 1616
Ibn Taymiyya on 1274, 1275
Islamic law 1266–1269, 1271, 1272, 1274, 1275
Maliki law 1080
Qurʾān 1273
Seljuks 1347
Shiʿi law 1347
women 1450
rebels ( rebellion )
and apostates 1270
early Islam 1617
Islamic State 2261, 2267
Ottoman Empire 2861
status 1276
repentance
apostate 303
as defence 1281
effects on penalty 1280
Islamic and canon law 1277
Islamic tradition 1278
as legal concept 1279
restorative justice
and diya 500
Indonesia 1853, 1921
and intimate partner violence 1287
Iran 2040, 2155
Islamic criminal law 1283–1286, 1288, 1289
Malaysia 2423, 2452
and qiṣāṣ 1297, 1302
Somalia 3372
theory and practice in Islam 1282
retribution ( see qiṣāṣ )
ridda ( see apostasy )
rights of God, rights of men 964
and ḥudūd 1304
as a legal heuristic 1303
and qiṣāṣ 1304
Rushdie, Salman 282, 284, 313, 401, 428, 2238
sariqa ( see theft )
Saudi Arabia
apostasy
ʿAbdallāh al-Qāṣīmī 3365
Hamza Kashgari 3357
the state as apostate 3337
arbitrary detention 3342, 3367
atheists 3365
black metal 3339
blasphemy 3339, 3357
blood money 3313, 3320
child abuse 3350
Committee for Ordering the Good and Forbidding Evil 3359
corporal punishment, role of physicians 3334
crime
of minors 3288
rates 3281
and social control 3364
criminal defense 3315, 3319
case of two British nurses 3319, 3347
criminal justice system 3330, 3331, 3338, 3344
compared 3281
criminal laws 3325
impact on crime prevention 3332, 3333
criminal procedure
homicide 3289
pre-trial 3317
right to a fair trial 3356
death penalty 3324, 3340, 3352
beheadings 3346, 3366
for drug offences 3358
economic and historic influences 3345
execution of ʿAbd al-Karim Maraʿi al-Naqshabandi 3299
and foreigners 3304
for minors 527
delinquency and social control 3293
dissidents 3365
drug offences 3280
expiation (kaffāra) 3320
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) 3321
gang rape 3348
gender violence, reforms against 3311
General Court of Qatif 3348
heresy 3357
homicide 3301
involvement of Western nationals 3308
homosexuality, punishment 740
ḥudūd 3336
human rights 3314, 3341
in criminal investigation 3287
and religious persecution 3023
and trial of the accused 3307
violations under Sharīʿa 2042
injuries, compensation 3294
internet fraud 3284
Islamic criminal law 3303, 3318, 3325
Compared to French, Kuwaiti law 3369
corporal punishment 3334
corporate criminal liability 3296
and crime prevention 3306, 3332, 3333
crime rates 3298
criminal medical liability 3291
deterrence of criminality 3354
ḥudūd crimes 3303
implementation 3320, 3336
proof 3326
terminology 3295
Islamic law 3323
and crime 3285
and digital forensics 3283
doubt 3286
impact of international law on application 3316
as legal system in 3302
and national law 3306
judicial system 3318
judiciary 3318
juvenile justice 3282, 3312
legal reform 3327
legal system 3309, 3329, 3353, 3360, 3361
legal theory, Wahhābī 3297, 3300
liwāṭ 3310
male guardianship 3341
offenders
adult in Damman prison 3290, 3335
treatment 3343
physicians in fiqh and Saudi law 3322
police organisation 3292
procedure 3318
rape 3348
religious freedom 3328
retribution (qiṣāṣ) 3320
rights of the accused 3363
sex segregation 3341
Sharīʿa 3349
application 3302, 3349, 3355
deterring criminality 3354
penalties and implemention 3336
role for security 3362
taʿzīr 3336
torture of US citizens 3368
unfair trials 3342, 3367
witnesses 3351
self-defence ( see defence )
Seljuks
concepts of justice and injustice 2520
ḥisba 2902
Shiʿi jurisprudence 1347
wine drinking 2914
settlement (ṣulḥ)
Al-Kāsānī on 1319
Afghanistan 1556
Algeria 3468
amnesty and pardon 1317, 1318
Al-Andalus 3436
Arab world 1309, 1312
compared to Western mediation 1324, 1326
concepts of mediation, conciliation, ṣulḥ, arbitration 1308
conflict resolution 1306, 1320, 1321, 1323
Iran 2063
Islamic law 1305, 1310, 1311
Israel 2283, 2285
Jordan 2287
Malaysia 2427
Middle East conflicts, mediation techniques 1315
Middle Eastern societies 1307, 1325
Nigeria 2618, 2774
Ottoman Empire 2841, 2911, 2947
Pakistan 3215
and reconciliation (muṣālaḥa) 1313, 1314, 1316
Sudan 3468
Syria 3588
victim-perpetrator reconciliation 1322
sex offences
Indonesia 1840
Qurʾān 1480
medieval Islam 739
Ottoman Empire 2962
Pakistan 3261
textual foundations 1481
sexuality ( homosexuality )
Afghanistan 1558
control 1479
criminalising 1477, 1478
Egypt 1764
Islam 745
Middle East 1463, 1465
sexually transmitted diseases 1327
sexual violence
Iraq 2254
Islamic State 2254
Jarchas 3389
Maliki law 1079
Ottoman Anatolia 2953
Pakistan 3107
Sudan 3490, 3518, 3572, 3579
Syria 2254
Shāfiʿī criminal law 4
adultery 1619
analogical reasoning 1340
apostasy 1330–1333
blasphemy 2500
general 1336, 1337, 1339
ḥisba 1328
liwāṭ 1335
maẓālim 1329
minhaj et talibin 1338
orthodoxy 1334
religious tolerance 1334
Shīʿī criminal law
abortion 2054
apostasy
of ʿAlī b. al-Faḍl 1345
Shīʿī Islam as apostasy 1349
blood money 1350
duress 2004
general 1354
heretics 3621
homosexuality, Mohsen Kadivar 1341
ḥudūd 1348
kufr and takfīr under the Fatimids 1356
rebellion and public order 1347
reform 1355
sexual deviancy 1351
suicide terrorism 1353
takfīr 1346, 1356
testimony 2206
transgender sex-reassignment surgery 1342
transgression (taʿaddī), in Fatimid fiqh 1343
ᴡalad zinā 1352
wrongful seizure of property (ghaṣb) in Fatimid fiqh 1343
shubha ( see doubt )
shurb al-khamr ( see alcohol )
shurṭa ( see police )
siyāsa
and drug traffickers 2386
Hanafi law 681, 1251, 2969
Islamic law 1358, 1359
Mamluks 2495
Pakistan 2968, 2969
post-colonial discourse 1357
sobriety in Sufism 243
Somalia
customary law, dispute resolution 3371
Islamic courts in Mogadishu 3375, 3377
Islamic Courts Union 1515, 3370, 3378
Islamic criminal law
applied by Harakat al-Shabaab 3380, 3381
hand cutting 3374
codification project 3379
Sharīʿa, recent experience 2463
transitional justice 3372, 3373
Spain (Al-Andalus)
alcohol consumption 3416
arbitration (taḥkīm) 3436
beheadings 3402, 3429
blasphemy 3406
conversion 3448
forced 3441
court(s)
composition 3447
records 3447
dhimmīs 3437
fatwas 3447
forum shopping 3434, 3435
heresy 3405
heretics 3401
heterodoxy 3391, 3394, 3404
ḥisba 3382, 3387, 3396–3398, 3409, 3449
homicide 3384, 3385, 3395, 3410, 3415
assassination of Abū Marwā al-Tubnī 3421
homosexuality 3399
ḥudūd adjudication 3440
Ibn Wafid 3439
Islamic judiciary 3431
Almoravid period 3411, 3414
and Christians 3392
Cordoba 3422, 3423
judges 3393, 3412
Islamic law as applied under Christian rule 3390
judicial pluralism under “Berber empires” 3438
law evolution 3410
liʿān 3433
maẓālim 3420
penal law 3413, 3418
Almoravids 3444
under Christian rule 3390
theory and practice 3426, 3427
trials under Islamic criminal law 3424
trials under Islamic law 3428
in the Wadiha of Ibn Habib 3386
police (shurṭa) 3417, 3419
prisons 3430
punishment 3408, 3446
Qurʾān as source of Islamic (criminal) law 3443
rape 3447
rebellion 3442
robbery 3425
settlement (ṣulḥ) 3436
sexual crimes 3432
sexuality 3383, 3388
sexual violence, in Jarchas 3389
takfīr 3445
violence 3403, 3446
witnesses 3447
women, violence against 3400
zandaqa 3394, 3404, 3407
stoning ( see ḥadd/ḥudūd )
Sudan
abortion
politicisation 3573
after rape 3577
adultery
Mariam Yahya Ibrahim Ishag 3568
penalty 3562
proof 3529
alcohol, proof of consumption 3529
apostasy
Mariam Yahya Ibrahim Ishag 3568
Mahmoud Muhammad Taha 3457, 3541, 3549
blood money 3465, 3467, 3480
blood vengeance 3461, 3486
CEDAW debate 3580
compared to Nigeria 2739
Comprehensive Peace Agreement 3505
corporal punishment 3543
Criminal Act 1991 3458, 3459, 3499, 3511–3514, 3554–3556, 3564, 3566, 3582
arrest 3455
detention 3455
ḥudūd 3558
international crimes 3463
revision 3530
trial 3455
criminal court 3560
criminal justice 3458, 3479
and National Security Forces Act (1999) 3496
criminal law
anthropology 3475
codification 3584
colonial 3474
history 3475
and maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa 3584
reform 3454, 3484, 3544–3546, 3551, 3552
repression 3535
criminal procedure 3460, 3509
arrest, detention, trial 3455
Criminal Procedure Act (1991) 3528
Criminal Procedure Code (1924) 3550, 3554
death penalty for minors 527
evidence law 3529
female genital mutilation 3539, 3575
freedom of religion 3472, 3553, 3567, 3571
gender justice 3580
homicide 3480
ḥudūd
proof 3529
remission 3529
human rights
and criminal justice 3482
and criminal law 3454, 3483
in the fundamentalist agenda 3453
and Islam 3456
and Islamisation 3471
and legal reform 3454, 3471
and religious persecution 3023
and Sharīʿa application 3540
Sudan law and international norms 3526, 3536
violations, government reply 3485
Hussein, Lubna 3491
intentionality 3465
and reconciliation 3466
International criminal law 3463
international humanitarian law 3536
Islamic law(s)
and authoritarian legal politics 3534
comparative analysis 3498
and English law 3489
history 3507
and human rights 3533
legal revolution 3497, 3531
in the legal system 3487
rejected at independence 3532
Islamisation
of criminal law 3517
critical assessment 3493, 3515, 3519
of laws and constitution 3519, 3570
of law and society 3515
judiciary
decolonisation 3503
role in human rights protection 3508
structure 3536
law
fundamentalist impact 2095
reform 3505, 3569
of torts 3506
legal politics 3534
legal system 3554
history 3534
sources used 3510
lay tribunals 3557
Mahdi legal methodology 3477, 3520–3522, 3524
military laws and international crimes 3463
National Interim Constitution 3505
non-Muslims under Sharīʿa 3462
Penal Code (1899) 3565
Penal Code (1924) 3550
Penal Code (1983) 3478, 3494, 3511–3517, 3542, 3583, 3585
blood money and retribution 3559
Christian point of view 3525
conflict with constitution 3561
duress 3501
methodology and repercussions 3523
and proof in Islamic law 3548
penal law
codification 3511, 3512, 3516
history 3473
under the Mahdi 3520, 3524, 3527
police and prisons 3536
policing 3470
prosecution 3536
public order law 3488
and rights of women and girls 3563
public order police 3469
rape 3578
and adultery 3576
prosecution 3490
law reform 3572, 3574
survivors 3495
reform
of criminal law 3504
of rape law 3500
Sadiq al-Mahdi on Islamic criminal law 3476
settlement (ṣulḥ) 3466, 3468
sexual offences 3490
sexual violence 3518, 3579
and law reform 3572
Sharīʿa 3464, 3547
and crime 3537
and national law 3513, 3514
and public security 3537
reform 3519
and social transformation 3492
Supreme Court case law 3511, 3512
Turabi, Hassan al- 353
women
and crime 3502
criminalisation 3481
human rights challenges 3452
under penal laws 3450
rights in Sudanese law 3451, 3581
Sufism
Ibn ʿArabi on punishment 1360
suicide
assisted 461, 488
comparative 1367
and euthanasia 498
in Islamic law 1362, 1366, 1370, 1371, 1372
suicide bombing 1361, 1363, 1364, 1368, 1369, 3028
suicide terrorism 1353, 1365
ṣulḥ ( see settlement )
Syria
administration of justice in non-governmental territories 3589
apostasy trials 14th century 1656
Bedouin law, conflict settlement 3588
blood money 3587
conflict resolution, alternative means 3590
court in Ottoman Syria 2855
criminal responsibility 506
gender and Islamic law
Ottoman Syria 2952
heresy, execution of Al-Suhrawardi (1191) 3586
public morality in 18th century Damascus 2922
takfīr 272, 437
application 300, 389
and blasphemy 404
Egypt 1712
Fatimids 1356
Imāmī jurisprudence 1346
India 1788
Indonesia 1867
Iran 2172
and essential Islam 385
in Islam 389, 437
literary works 432
Mamluks 2476
against Muslims 341
Nuh Keller 270
Safavid Iran 2172
Saudi Arabia 3300, 3337
South India 1788
Sweden 369
and violence 341
of women’s rights advocates 301
taʿzīr
authority of the qaḍi 1373
crimes 1375
fines 1376
and ḥadd 628
Indonesia 1910
Islamic criminal law 1374, 1377
Malaysia 2348
Pakistan 3153
Saudi Arabia 3336
terminology of Islamic criminal law 1378
terrorism
and banditry 449
and anti-blasphemy laws 358
anti-terrorism legislation and Sharīʿa 1384
Pakistan 3151
domestic 1382
financing 1381, 1387
international terrorism in Islamic law 1380, 1385, 1386
Islam 1379
Islamic law 1379, 1380, 1382
Indonesia 1912
Islamic responses 1383
suicide attacks 729, 1353, 1365
and transitional justice 1423
terrorist(s)
and bandits 451
jihad 451, 3346
trial in Islamic law 1388
testimony ( witnesses )
in ḥudūd, exclusion of women’s testimony in 1151
Iran 1923
in Islamic law 1139, 1141, 1152
of women in Islamic law 1140, 1142, 1151, 1162
theft (sariqa)
Afghanistan 1531
chattel recovery 1395
compared with US law 3619
Egypt 1762
ḥadd 1059
hand amputation 1393, 1401
Indonesia 1916
intellectual theft 1019
Iran 2003
Islamic law 1394, 1396, 1397, 1400, 1402, 3619
Ottoman Empire 2849
punishment 1390, 1399, 1400
Sayyid Qutb 1389
textual foundations in Islamic law 1398
United States of America 3619
wrongful appropriation 1391
tobacco
debate 242
Islam and science 237
prohibition 239
smoking in Islamic law 248
tort(s)
Arab countries 551
Islamic law 4, 124, 143, 551
liability (UAE) 3595
pecuniary damage 1392
torture
anti-torture movement in Middle East 1418
and death penalty 1405
critical reflections 1415
and forced confession 1406
and human rights 1412
interfaith view 1404, 1407
Iran 1925, 2102, 2166, 2178, 2191, 2192
and Islam 573, 574, 1412, 1414
Islamic law 1408–1410, 1416
medieval jurisprudence 1403
modern state 1417
Ottoman Empire 2828, 2896
Pakistan 3194, 3259
and public executions in middle period 1411
recognition 1408
Saudi Arabia 3368
Sudan 3496
United States of America 3617
and violence in the Arab world 1413
traffic accidents
expiation 1421
Islamic law 1420
liability of driver 1419
trafficking
drug 1887, 2233, 2386
human 2311, 2347, 2809
transitional justice
amnesty and pardon 1317
and Islamic law 1423, 1425
secular vs. Islamic law 1422
Maghreb 2806
Middle East and North Africa 1426
Muslim communities as stakeholders 1427
Muslim majority legal systems 1424
Somalia 3373
Sudan 3450, 3454, 3455, 3463, 3535, 3544–3546
Tunisia 3592
Yemen 3372, 3373
transsexuality 749
tribal
arbitration 3636
areas 3237
justice 3620
law 1428, 2293, 2329, 2330, 3624
reconciliation 2287
society 2330, 3031
Tunisia
ḥisba 3591
prisons and prisoners in Tunis 2874
transitional justice 3592
trial in Tunis 2921
Turkey
abortion 2856
black metal 3339
blasphemy 3339
capital punishment 3345
lessons for Nigeria 2719
sin and crime 2903
smuggling 1931
Umayyads ( see early Islam )
unfounded accusation of unlawful sexual intercourse ( see qadhf )
United Arab Emirates
death penalty 3593
diya
in Emirati jurisprudence 3609
specification of amount 3596, 3597
gambling 3610
ḥudūd, reversion of lower court decision 3598
Islamic law, position in legal system 3614
Penal Code
evidence 3594
incompatibility with Sharīʿa 3600
Islamisation 3602, 3603, 3607
policy recommendations 3599
and unification 3601, 3604
police reform 3611
policing 3612
prosecution, independence 3613
Sharīʿa
Emiratisation 3608
position in constitution 3605
in the pre-modern period 3606
tortious liability 3595
United States of America
Islamic law
lessons on corporal punishment 3616
lessons on death penalty 3618
and homicide laws, comparison with US law 3615
and theft, comparison with US law 3619
torture, lessons from Abrahamitic religions 3617
unlawful sexual intercourse ( see zinā )
violence
ʿAbbāsid state 1499
Afghanistan and gender 1559–1561
Algeria 1567
and apostasy 315, 318
domestic 1450, 1451, 1879, 2784
Egypt, 19th century 1637
gender 1459, 1559–1561, 1757, 2082, 2942, 3311
and heretics 1617
and ḥisba theories 706
honour-related 808, 810, 817, 818, 1461, 2295, 2302
intimate partner 1287
Iran 2082, 2142
Islam 274
Islamic law 160, 1266
Islamic State (ISIS) 2266
lawful 1060
against Muslims 341
Nigeria 2619, 2758
Ottoman Empire 2833, 2867, 2942, 2953
Pakistan 3006, 3107, 3208, 3222, 3243
public 96, 97, 643, 1348, 1411
and rebellion 1266, 1617
religious 316, 317, 417
sacralisation 2756
Saudi Arabia 3311
sexual 1079, 2151, 2254, 2953, 3107, 3389, 3518, 3572, 3579
against sexual minorities 2237
settlement 3588
Sudan 3490, 3518, 3572, 3579
and torture 1413
urban 2236
and vigilantism 1882
against women 803, 818, 1453, 1459, 1461, 1757, 2082, 2289, 3400
and zinā laws 1477, 1478
war
combatants in Islamic law 1434, 1447
and the death penalty 1438
international humanitarian and Islamic law 1430, 1433
and Islamic law
of armed conflict 1432, 1435, 1436, 1441
use of force 1442, 1445, 1446
and war crimes trials against Assad and ISIL 1444
prisoner of war in Islamic law 1434, 1437, 1439, 1440, 1443, 1447
and international humanitarian law 1440
retaliation 1431
and rules of killing 1429
Al-Sarakhsī’ on war 683
West Africa 1563
wine ( alcohol ) 235, 267, 2820
drinking and prohibition before Islam 251
drinking in Islam 266, 267
early Islam 1614
hadīth 238
Islam 245
Saljūq period 2914
witnesses
ḥudūd cases 645
Islamic criminal jurisprudence 1139
Saudi Arabia 3351
testimony 1152
women 2967
women
Abbassids 1503
Afghanistan 1521, 1532
Al-Andalus 3400
Arab women and stoning 1454
CEDAW 939
chastity 607
crimes 1464
in criminal law
Islamic 1056, 1460
Middle Eastern 1463, 1465
domestic violence ( under violence ) 1451
Islamic law 1450
Egypt 1646, 1696, 1755–1757
gender discrimination
Islamic countries 1456
in punishment 1462
gender justice, in Islamic law 1448, 1455
gender violence ( under violence ) 1453
and Sharīʿa discourse 1459
various settings 1461
and honour crimes 803, 806, 810, 817, 818
human rights 997
Indonesia 1826, 1827, 1862, 1889
Iran 1932, 1939, 2031, 2065, 2082, 2083, 2139, 2140, 2177, 2178, 2235
Jordan 2289, 2302
Mamluks 2484
Nigeria 2562, 2586, 2622, 2635, 2653, 2658, 2687, 2708, 2752, 2784, 2785
North Africa 2807
Ottoman Empire 2809, 2819, 2845, 2859, 2943
Pakistan 2302, 2966, 2967, 2970, 2971, 2990, 2991, 3006, 3015, 3041, 3063, 3066, 3073, 3083, 3098, 3100, 3140, 3141, 3150, 3153, 3167, 3170, 3171, 3186, 3195, 3205, 3207, 3208, 3215, 3219, 3221, 3222, 3224, 3227, 3239, 3241, 3252–3254, 3263, 3264
in police 1118
punishment 1452, 1462
rape 1257
Saudi Arabia 3348
Sudan 3450–3452, 3481, 3502, 3530, 3562, 3563, 3574, 3576, 3577, 3581
Sunni legal thought 1162
testimony 1140, 1142, 1151
women’s human rights 1449
women’s rights advocacy 301, 1457
zinā laws 1477–1479
Yemen
apostasy (ridda) of Kinda 3626
customary law 3620, 3624
death penalty for minors 527
heresy 3621
Islamic law and Jews 3633
juvenile offenders 3627
legal reform and Islam 3376
legal system 3625, 3634
murder before a Sharīʿa court 3629
non-state justice 3635
penal law 3632
prosecution (niyāba) 3630
rule of law 3631, 3634
tribal arbitration 3622, 3623, 3635, 3636
Sharīʿa courts 3628
Zanzibar
Islamic law, administration 3637–3639
zinā
Arab laws 1489
historical perspective 1469
hymen reconstruction 1476
iḥṣān 1472
as impediment to marriage
Indonesia 1831
Iran 2099
Islamic campaign against 1486
Islamic criminal law 1254, 1466, 1468, 1473–1475, 1485
laᴡs 1477–1479
Maliki law 1102
Nigeria 2567, 2574, 2613, 2635, 2738, 2751, 2793
Ottoman law 2887
Pakistan 1461, 3010, 3041, 3055, 3063, 3074, 3098–3100, 3122, 3124, 3125, 3153, 3177, 3260, 3266
punishment 676, 1467, 1470, 1471, 1483, 1484, 1487
and rape 1260
social factors 672
stoning ( stoning under ḥadd ) 664, 1482, 1484
walad zinā 1352
Western Arabia 1488
zinā laws, revival 1477–1479
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Series:  Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East, Volume: 161
Cover A Bibliography of Islamic Criminal Law
E-Book ISBN:
9789004472785
Publisher:
Brill
Print Publication Date:
02 Dec 2021

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