ʿAbbāsids
13 , 103 , 125 , 130 , 136 , 145n74 , 146 , 152 –154 , 156 , 159n131 , 162 –163 , 231n80 , 235n102
ʿAbd Allāh b. Jābir
173 –175
ʿAbd Allāh b. Musayyab
185
ʿAbd al-Malik (caliph)
122 , 135 –136 , 142 , 155
ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Hishām,
78
ʿAbda ibn al-Ṭabīb
122n6 , 147
Abraham
22 , 213 –224 , 229 , 231 , 235n100 , 239
Abū Dahbal al-Jumaḥī
134 , 151
Abū Dhuʾayb al-Hudhalī
133 , 138n44
Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī
158
Abū al-Fīl
134
Abū Rāʾiṭa of Tikrīt
101
Abū Ṣufra
154 –155 , 157 , 159
Abū al-Ṭayyib ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā
134
Achaemenid Empire
113 , 223n50
Adam
39
Aden
138
ʿAdī ibn Zayd
144 –145
Adriatic Sea
21 , 255 , 259 –260
Aegean region
245 , 254 –255 , 260
Afghanistan
100
Africa
6 –7 , 9 , 47
See also
North Africa
ahl al-dhimma
184 –185
Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-ʿUṭāridī
79
al-Aḥwaṣ al-Anṣārī
138 , 150 –151
al-ʿajam/al-ʿujm
134 –135 , 149n95 , 155n119
al-Akhṭal
141 –142 , 164
al-Akhnas b. Shihāb
132
Albania
21 , 245 –246 , 255 –258 , 260 –261
Aleppo
100
Alexandria
2 , 5n20 , 44n47 , 178
Allāh
45 , 56 , 66 , 145n76 , 146n82 , 147 –148 , 164 , 182 , 197n7 , 204
Amalfi
7
amīr al-muʾminīn
183 –184
ʿAmmār of Basra
101
ʿAmr ibn ʿAbd al-Jinn al-Tanūkhī
144
ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ
176
ʿAmr ibn Muzayqiya
153
Anatolia
100
al-Andalus
102 , 181
Anṣār
152
apocalyptic texts
214 , 221n40 , 223n50 , 228 –230 , 232n86 , 233 , 235 –236
See also
eschatology
Apulia
255
Arabian Peninsula
6 , 11 , 15 , 18 , 20 , 32 , 35 , 37 , 40 , 47 –50 , 91 –93 , 99 , 124 –126 , 128 –129 , 136 –139 , 144 , 148 , 152 , 153n109 , 157n123 , 158 –161 , 171 –172 , 175n7 , 184 , 190 , 198 –199 , 204 , 207 , 216 , 232 , 237 , 247
Arabic (language)
11 , 13 , 20 –21 , 24 , 33 , 38n26 , 47 , 50 , 76n8 , 85 , 89 –113 , 121 , 125n10 , 134 –135 , 139 , 144 –145 , 149n95 , 154 –156 , 171 , 173 –177 , 179 , 182 –191 , 195 –209 , 213
Arabic script
21 , 37 , 38n26 , 195 –209
Nabataeo-Arabic script
196 –198 , 201 –209
Arabicization
17 , 19 –21 , 24 , 89 –113 , 179 , 188 , 196 , 213
Aramaic (language)
13 , 93 , 97 , 100 –102 , 107n74 , 110 , 197 , 207 , 213 , 222
Syriac
13 , 15 , 32n5 , 47 , 95 , 112 , 126n14 , 183 , 201
Aristotle
96
Armenia
20 , 149
asbāb al-nuzūl
35 , 82 –83
al-Aʿshā Maymūn ibn Qays
132 , 139
Ashʿarī
134
Ashmūnayn (Hermopolite)
176 , 178n18
Asia Minor
33 , 246 , 260
ʿaṭāʾ
163 , 188
Athens
21 , 245 –255 , 260
Athenian Agora
248 –255 , 260
Aws
152 , 207
al-Azd
91 , 121 , 152 –163
Babylon
22 , 94 , 215n12 , 221 –224 , 227 , 228n69 , 235 , 238
Bactria/Bactrian (language)
94 , 175n6
Badr, Battle of
38 , 40n33
Baghdad
39n29 , 39n31 , 100 , 103
al-Balādhurī
99 –101
Basra
99 –101 , 111 , 121 , 135 , 141 , 149n95 , 153 –163
Believers
33 –40 , 44 –45 , 49 , 99 , 121n1 , 143n67 , 148 , 183 –184
Bible
35 , 59 , 63 , 76 , 144n68 , 145 –146 , 213n8 , 220
bilingualism
97 , 111 –112 , 177 , 179 , 182 –183 , 185 , 190n70 , 204n23
Black Sea
25 , 254
Bukhārā
108
Burquʿ
198 , 205
Buṣrā
138
Butrint
245 –247 , 255 –261
Byzantine Empire
2 , 4 –7 , 9 , 13 , 15 , 18 , 20 –21 , 24 , 32 –34 , 39 , 40n33 , 43 –50 , 95 , 99 –100 , 122 –124 , 128n16 , 134 , 145 , 171 , 174 , 176 –178 , 182 , 187 –190 , 212 , 219 , 222n48 , 223 –229 , 230n75 , 232 –233 , 235 , 238 –239 , 245 –248 , 252 –260
art and culture
9 –10 , 178 , 227
thema
247
trade
4 –6 , 9 , 21
Cairo.
See
Fusṭāṭ
calendar
48 , 174 , 182 –183
hijra
174 , 182 –183
Diocletian
183
caliphate
1 , 21 , 36n21 , 39 , 120 –164 , 179 , 188 , 225 , 227 , 247 , 260
Carthage
3 , 6 –7
Caucasus
33 , 100 , 123
central Asia
1 , 90 , 94 , 100 , 108 , 128n17 , 129 , 175n6
Chalcedon, Council of
18 , 41 –45 , 50
Chalcedonians
18 , 45 –49 , 52 , 212
Charlemagne
3
Children of Israel
35 , 45 , 220 –224
Chilperic ii
6
Christ
24n69 , 34 , 36 , 40 –42 , 235n103
Christianity and Christians
10 , 12 –18 , 20 , 24 , 32 –50 , 62 –63 , 65 , 93 , 95 , 98 , 107 , 110 , 120 , 126n14 , 200 , 212 , 213n8 , 217 , 220 –221 , 226 –227 , 229 , 230n74 , 233 , 235n103 , 236
Arabian
32n3 , 101 –103 , 143 –150 , 158n128 , 164 , 196 –198 , 202 , 204 –205
Eastern
18 , 42
Egyptian
98 –99
Syriac
16 , 141 –142 , 173 , 179 , 182 , 184
Cilicia
255
circumcision
149n97 , 156 –158 , 220n36
coins
7 , 14 , 16 , 179 , 181 , 182n29 , 202 , 250 –251
colonization
10 , 25 , 94 , 98 , 102 –103 , 107 , 113
exploitation colony
98
settlement colony
98 , 100 , 103
connectivity
3n10 , 6 –9 , 22 –23 , 25
Constantinople
9 , 42 , 47 –49 , 233 , 246 , 259
conversion
20 , 81n19 , 99 , 105 –113 , 147 , 185
Cook, Michael
12 –13 , 74 –75 , 79
Coptic (language)
93 , 95 –97 , 99 , 112 , 171 , 174 , 176 –177 , 179 , 182 –184 , 189
Copts
96 , 184
See also
Egyptians
Corbey, Abbey of
6
Corfu
246 , 255
Crete
47 , 254
Crimea
246
Crone, Patricia
12 –13 , 75 , 79 , 153 , 154n113
Crusades
39 –40 , 45 , 212n1 , 233n90 , 234n92
Ctesiphon
34 , 43n44 , 99 , 225n58
Cuypers, Michel
15
Cyprus
7 , 246
Damascus
34 , 100 –101 , 178 –179 , 186 , 188 , 234 –235 , 247
Dark Ages
245 –260
Deuteronomy
65
Dhū Nuwās
47 –49
Donner, Fred
15 , 126
Durayd ibn al-Ṣimma
137
Eastern Roman Empire.
See
Byzantine Empire
economic depression
4 –5
early medieval depression
3 , 6 –8
Egypt
6 , 9 , 19 –21 , 24 , 33 –34 , 41n36 , 98 –99 , 101 –103 , 171 –191 , 219 –220 , 233n90 , 246 –247
Egyptians
96 , 98 –99 , 171 –173 , 175 , 177 , 179 , 182 –186 , 188 , 190
See also
Copts
Eliezer
218 –219
Emesa
100
Emigrants
13 , 122 –124 , 126 , 128 , 134 –138 , 142 , 147 , 152 , 163 –164 , 183 –184
eschatology
35 , 150 , 214 , 220n36 , 222 , 229n70 , 231 , 233 , 236 , 238
eschaton
46 , 229 –230
See also
apocalyptic texts
Ethiopians
18 , 48
Ethiopic (language)
15 , 121
ethnogenesis
90 –91 , 121 , 127 , 131n23 , 135 , 137 , 152 , 154 , 162 –164
Europe
2 –4 , 13 , 18 , 34 , 46 , 56 , 69 , 74 , 78 , 86 , 121 , 178
(early) modern
2 , 10 , 94 , 125 –127 , 238
medieval
4 , 7 , 10 , 90 , 120
al-Farazdaq
141 –142 , 150 , 155 –159 , 161 , 163
fatḥ (pl. futūḥ/futūḥāt)
121 –124
Fatimid dynasty
98 , 233n90
Fayyūm
103 , 178
fitna
124 , 135
See also
war
Fusṭāṭ
102 , 171 , 175 –178 , 187
Galen
96
Gaul
3 , 9
Gaza
138n44 , 254
Geiger, Abraham
12
genealogy
152 –154 , 163 –164 , 214 , 220
Ghassānids
47 , 152
ghiyār
106
Gibbon, Edward
2 , 9 , 125
Goldziher, Ignaz
11 , 75 , 133n31 , 147n86
graffiti
196 , 206 –207
Greek fire
247 –248
Greek (language)
20 , 47 , 89 , 93 –97 , 100 –101 , 107n74 , 112 , 127 , 171 , 173 –177 , 179 , 182 –186 , 189 –190 , 197 , 204n23
Gregory the Decapolite
5
Hagar
213 , 215 –216 , 219 –221 , 239
Hagia Sophia
246
Hajj
77 , 139 –143 , 150 , 156 , 158 , 164 , 186
Ḥamza al-Iṣfahānī
160
heaven.
See
paradise
Hebrew (language)
15 , 213 , 215 , 223n50 , 229 –230 , 235n104
Hellenism
94 –96 , 175n6 , 177 , 189 –190 , 229
Heraclitus
33 , 223n50
Herulian invasion
249
Ḥijāz
125 , 132 –133 , 137 –138 , 140 , 150 –151 , 206 , 216
Ḥimyar
48 –49 , 91 , 93 , 153n109 , 160
Ḥimyarite (language)
93
al-Ḥīra
144 , 145n74 , 202 –204
homily
143 , 227n63 , 237 –238
houris
13
Ḥudaybiyya, Treaty of
39
Hudhayl
133 , 137 , 140
hymn
12 , 143
hypostatic union
41 –42
Iberian Peninsula
92 , 93n14 , 102 , 123
Ibn ʿAbbās
57 , 68 , 80 –82 , 84 –85
Ibn Ḥabīb
160
Ibn Hishām
77 –84
Ibn Isḥāq
79 –84 , 86
Ibn al-Kalbī
159 –160
Ibn Khaldūn
161
Ibn Khurdādhbih
5
Ibn Qutayba
131 , 145 , 160
Ibn Sallām al-Jumaḥī
130n19 , 144 , 159n131
identity
16 , 19 –21 , 25 , 33 –34 , 44 , 90 –91 , 95 –98 , 104 –105 , 110 , 120 –127 , 129 –133 , 135 –136 , 138 , 142 , 146 , 148 –150 , 152 –164 , 237
idolatry
36n20 , 108 , 143 , 155 –156 , 159 –160 , 216n21 , 217n24
Ifrīqiyya
7
Ihnās (Heracleopolite)
174 , 176 , 185
ʿIkrima
80 –85
imperial language
94
incarnation
36
inscriptions
14 , 129 , 152n107 , 153n109 , 160 , 172 , 190 , 196 –198 , 200 –202 , 204 , 206 –209 , 251
ʿAbd al-Masīḥ amulet
203 –205
Dūmah inscription
196 –197 , 204 , 206
Ḥarrān inscription
206 , 208
Iran
19 , 92 , 93n14 , 100 , 123 , 125n10 , 149n95 , 154 , 159
Iranian (language)
94 , 97 , 102
Iraq
13 , 20 , 24 , 93 , 99 –103 , 110 , 130 , 135 –136 , 138 , 141 , 145 , 149 –150 , 152 , 153n109 , 155 –156 , 159 , 162
Isaac
22 , 213 , 216 –221 , 227 , 239
Ishmael
22 , 213 –225 , 226n59 , 228 –236 , 238 –239
Ishmaelites
216 , 217n22 , 224 , 229 , 234
Islam
1 , 3 –7 , 10 –21 , 24 , 32 –38 , 40 , 44 –50 , 62 –65 , 69 , 71 , 75 –80 , 81n19 , 89 –92 , 143 –147 , 150 –152 , 156 –161 , 163 –164 , 171 , 183 , 213 , 215 –217 , 220 , 237 –240
Islamic law
20 , 56 –61 , 69 , 71 , 91 , 185 –187
isnād-cum-matn method
19
Israel
22 , 212 –214 , 220 –240
Istanbul
246
Italy
7 , 9 , 219 , 254 –255 , 259 –260
Jarīr ibn ʿAtiyya
141
Jerusalem
18 , 33 –36 , 38 , 40 , 45 –50 , 80 , 178 –179 , 186 , 212 , 218n31 , 225n58 , 233 , 236 –238 , 239n117
jizya.
See
poll tax
John the Baptist
10
Jordan
45 , 189 , 195 , 198 , 234 , 246
Judaism and Jews
12 –13 , 15 , 21 –22 , 24n69 , 35 –36 , 42 , 44 , 47 –48 , 62 , 65 , 81 –83 , 103 , 107 , 110 , 129n18 , 184 , 212 –240
Justinian i
246
Justinian Renaissance
2 , 22
Kaaba
80 , 139 , 141n58 , 216
Kaʿb ibn Mālik al-Anṣārī
134
Kaʿb ibn Zuhayr
148
Karaite
103 , 213 , 237 –238
Kassite (language)
94
al-Khazraj
152
Khurāsān
123 , 149n95 , 159
Kinda
91 , 133n31
Koren, Judith
13
Kufa
99 –101 , 122n6 , 145 –146
Kultursprache
96
Kushans
94
Lakhmids
152
language shift
93 –98 , 100n46 , 104 –105 , 109 –112
Latin (language)
89 , 112 , 126n14 , 189
Levant
3 , 9 , 20 , 39 , 93 , 95 , 177 , 189 –190
Lüling, Günter
12
Luxenberg, Christoph
13
Maʿadd
91 , 132 –136 , 138 , 143 , 145 –146 , 153n109 , 161
Marseille
2 –3 , 6
Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam
151
Marwānid era
121 , 124 , 127 –128 , 131 , 134 –139 , 141 –143 , 149 –152 , 154 –156 , 158 –159 , 161 –164 , 188
mawlā (pl. mawālī)
81 –84 , 108 , 109n79 , 111
Māzin ibn al-Azd
153
Mecca
18 , 33 –34 , 38 –39 , 45n48 , 46 –47 , 49 , 58 , 76 –78 , 80 , 82 –86 , 134 , 139 –143 , 155 , 186 , 206 –207 , 218
Medina
33 –34 , 58 , 79 –83 , 134 , 138 , 139n49 , 148 , 150 , 152 , 158 , 179 , 206 –209
Mediterranean Sea
1 –6 , 8 –9 , 11 , 22 –25 , 89 , 112 , 172 , 245 –247 , 258 –260
Merv
100
Mesopotamia
99 , 212 , 247
Messiah
42 , 203 , 221 , 223 , 228 –229 , 233 –239
Messianic era
22 , 229 , 233 , 235 –240
Middle East
56 , 89 –90 , 99n42 , 120 , 124 –129 , 131 , 135 , 137 , 164 , 212 –213 , 247
midrash
213n8 , 215 , 217 , 218n24 , 220 –221 , 223 , 225 , 227 –228 , 230n74 , 233 , 234n98 , 235n100 , 237 , 239
Minā
140 –141
mishnah
65
miṣr (pl. amṣār)
99 , 102 , 122
Monophysites
42 , 47 –50
Moses
151 , 217 , 226n60
Muʿāwiya
99 , 122 , 199 , 200 , 202 , 234n94
Muḍar
91 , 133n31
muhājirūn.
See
Emigrants
al-Muhallab ibn Abī Ṣufra
154 –155 , 157
Muhallabid family
153 –155 , 159 , 161 –162
Muhammad, the Prophet
3 , 18 –19 , 32 , 39 , 46 , 58 , 74 –86 , 132 , 134 , 143 , 148 , 151 –152 , 206
biography of
18 –19 , 34 , 36 , 75 –77 , 130n19 , 134
Muḥammad ibn Abī Muḥammad
80 –86
muʾminūn.
See
Believers
Muqātil ibn Sulaymān
161
al-Nābigha al-Dhubyānī
132 , 139 , 144n68
Najrān
32 , 36 , 48 –50
Naples
6
Naṣr ibn al-Azd
152 –153
Negus
36
Nestorian
42 , 46
network theory
22 –25
Nevo, Yehuda
13
Nicea, Council of
41
Nöldeke, Theodor
11
North Africa
3 , 6 , 99n42 , 100 , 123 , 245 , 247
Nuʿmān ibn al-Mundhir
139
al-Nuʿmān ibn Wāʾil al-Kalbī
132
Ottoman Empire
246 , 248
pagarch
176 , 180
Pahlavi (language)
202
See also
Persian (language)
Palestine
33 , 47 , 100 –103 , 178 , 212 , 213n7 , 215 , 225 , 233n90 , 233n91 , 238 , 246 –247
papyrus
2 , 16 –17 , 20 –21 , 171 –174 , 176 –178 , 180 , 182 –186 , 188 –190 , 201n18
paradise
13 , 46n49 , 49 , 59 –60 , 62 –65 , 69 –70 , 148 , 218 , 232 , 236
Paran
215 –216 , 239
Persia
4 , 22 , 32n1 , 33 –34 , 36 –39 , 40n33 , 45 –50 , 89 –90 , 93 , 100 , 125 , 134 , 154 , 159 , 212 , 221 –223 , 227 , 228n69 , 230n75 , 236n106 , 237 , 239 , 247
Persian Empire
18 , 33 –34 , 47 , 99 –101 , 113 , 123 –124 , 128n16 , 133 , 145 , 178 –179 , 190 , 212 , 222 –224 , 228n69 , 236n106 , 247
Persian (language)
15 , 93 , 95n27
See also
Pahlavi (language)
pilgrimage.
See
Hajj
piracy
5 –6
Pirenne, Henry
2 –3 , 6 –9
Pirenne period,
3 , 6 –7 , 9
plague
4 , 245
poetry
17 , 19 –20 , 25 , 76 –78 , 85 –86 , 121 –122 , 130 –152 , 155 –164 , 233n91
poll tax
176 , 186 , 187n56 , 189
Procopius of Caeserea
246
prophet
34 –37 , 216n18 , 221 , 233n90 , 235n100
Prophet, the.
See
Muhammad, the Prophet
proto-hamza
205
Qaryat al-Fāw
204
Qayrawān
100
qibla
46 , 80 –81 , 84
al-Qirqisānī
103
Quḍāʿa
91
Qurʾān
11 –20 , 32 –50 , 56 –64 , 67 , 69 –71 , 75 , 77 –78 , 81n19 , 82 –83 , 85 –86 , 92 , 121 , 122n4 , 124 , 135 , 141n58 , 143 , 145 –149 , 161 , 176 , 179 , 181 , 186 , 187n57 , 197 –198 , 200
early manuscripts
15 , 34 , 37 , 200
exegesis
18 , 35n12 , 43 –44 , 58 –59 , 75n6 , 85 , 145 , 161 , 218 , 222 , 235n100 , 236n106
Quraysh
76 –77 , 80 , 82 –86 , 123 , 140 –142 , 156 , 158 –161
Qurra b. Sharīk
179 –180
Qutayba ibn Muslim
108 , 159
Rabbi Aqiba
222 , 232n43
rabbinic literature
12 , 21 –22 , 213 –214 , 217n24 , 220 –221 , 223n49 , 235n100
Rabīʿa
91
al-Rādhāniyya (Radhanites)
5
radiocarbon dating
257
al-Rāʾī al-Numayrī
135
rasm
37 , 40
Reconquista
93n14 , 102
Justinian Reconquista
9
Reichssprache
94 –96 , 111
Revisionism
12 –14 , 171
Roman Empire
2 –4 , 8 , 22 , 23n65
Romania
2 –3 , 8
Rome
23n65 , 230n75 , 246
Saʿadyah Gaon
103
ṣadaqa
186
Safaitic script
196 , 204
Saʿīd ibn Jubayr
80 –85
Sāʿida ibn Juʾayya
138n44 , 140
al-Samawʾal ibn al-ʿĀdiyāʾ
143
Saracens
102 , 125n8 , 183
Sarah
214 , 216 –217 , 219 –220 , 239
Sasanian Empire.
See
Persian Empire
seals
177 –180 , 182 , 189
settlement patterns
19 , 24 , 97 –99 , 101 , 103 , 110 , 112 –113 , 122 , 136
al-Shammākh ibn Ḍirār
138 , 148
Sharia.
See
Islamic law
Sicily
7
Sinope
254
Ṣirma ibn Abī Anas
143
Sogdiana
108
Spain
1 , 3 , 9 , 20 , 90 , 102 –103 , 247
St. Willibald
5
Sufyān b. Qurʿa
185
al-Sulayk ibn al-Sulaka
137
Syria
4 , 19 , 24 , 37 –38 , 45 , 47 , 95 , 99 –101 , 103 , 138 , 141 , 144 , 149 , 152 , 154 , 183 , 207 , 233n90 , 246 –247
Taʾabbaṭa Sharran
137
Talmud
215n12 , 217n22 , 235 , 237
Ṭayyāyē
102
Temple Mount
218n31 , 237
thalassocracy
3 , 7
trade
2 –7 , 9 , 21 , 25 , 47 –48 , 50 , 128 , 231n80 , 247 , 254 –255 , 259 –260
Trinity
36
Tunis
7
Turkey
32 , 246 , 255
Umar i
4 , 157n125
Umar ii
4
Umayya ibn Abī al-Ṣalt
143
Umayyads
7 , 16 , 21 , 101 , 108 , 121 , 124 –126 , 128 –130 , 134 –139 , 141 –142 , 150 –155 , 158 , 160 –162 , 188 , 198 , 200 , 231n80 , 234 –235 , 247
Umayyad Mosque (Damascus)
10 , 186
See also
Marwānid era
ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān
99 , 148
Venice
7 , 222n43
Visigoths
90
Wahb ibn Munabbih
160
al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra
77
Wansbrough, John
12 , 13n45 , 37n23 , 75
war
5 –6 , 39 , 44 , 90 , 121 , 124 –126 , 128 , 133 , 135 –136 , 138n46 , 142 , 154 , 156 , 163 , 232 , 237
Persian-Byzantine
18 , 33 , 49 , 247 –248
Second Fitna
124 , 135
Wāsiṭ
100
wawation
197 , 201 –202 , 207 –209
Weil, Gustav
11
wine
2 , 18 –20 , 56 –71 , 149 , 178
Yathrib.
See
Medina
Yazīd I
21 , 198 , 200 , 205 –206
Yazīd ibn al-Muhallab
154 , 159
Yemenites
18 , 48 , 134 , 138n44 , 146 , 153n109 , 158 , 160 –161 , 178n22
Yuezhi
94
Yūnus ibn Bukayr
79 –81 , 84
Zayd ibn Thābit
81 –84
zakāt
186
Ziyād ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Bakkāʾī
79
Ziyād al-Aʿjam
149 –151 , 157 –159 , 161
Zoroastrianism
15 , 44 , 65 , 120 , 212 , 225n58
Zuhayr ibn Abī Sulma
140