Index
Note: Page numbers followed by an ‘n’ and another letter refer to table notes.
Ainu
57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 65, 66, 67, 76
Hokkaidō Ainu
58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 74, 75, 77
Kuril Ainu
58
Sakhalin Ainu
57–77 passim
Saru dialect
59, 63
Rayciska and Usoro dialects
57
Altaic
17, 184
Arabic
176
Barga
269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 292, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307
Barga-type standard Mongol
275
Bargut
113
Chipchin
273, 279
Interethnic New Barga
282
Solon Barga
273, 278
Bodic
81, 82, 83, 90
Bonan, Baonan (Mongolic)
41, 43n, 81, 86, 92, 94, 97
Eastern (Gansu) Bonan
83
Western (Qinghai) Bonan
83, 87, 95
Buryat (Mongolic)
100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 116, 116n, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 139n4, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177n3, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 250, 251, 252, 253, 266, 255, 271, 272, 272n11, 272n12, 274, 275, 276, 277, 280, 281, 282, 284n35, 289, 290, 292, 293, 293n38, 294, 295, 296, 296n40, 297, 298, 301n42, 302, 302n43, 304, 305, 306
Aga B.
250, 255, 255n, 166
Alar B.
111
Alar Tunka dialectal group
108, 167
Balagan B.
108ne
Bokhan B.
108ne, 108nf, 111
B. dialects
167, 169, 182, 184
B. varieties
251
Eastern (or Trans-Baikalian) B.
166
Ekhirit-Bulagat group
166, 167
Khori (dialectal) group
167
Khori B., Khori-Buryat, Khori variety, Khori dialect, Literary B.
166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 184, 274, 255n, 270, 274
Lower Uda B. variety
167
North Selenga dialect
166
Sartul B. dialect
166–184 passim
Shinekhen B.
250, 251, 253, 255, 274
Tsongol-Sartul dialectal group
167, 169
Tugnuy dialect
166
Unga B.
111
Western (or Cis-Baikalian) B.
166, 167, 273
Chakhar (Mongolic)
285, 286, 287, 297
Chalkan (Turkic)
6
Chinese
17, 18, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 81, 88, 107, 138, 139n5, 141, 142n11, 143, 146n21, 149n30, 150, 157, 160, 158, 162, 183, 187, 205, 251, 251n2, 252, 281n25, 269, 270n3, 271, 271n5, 271n9, 276, 276n15, 277, 278, 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 305, 306, 307
Linxia (Hezhou) dialect
45
Northern (Zhongyuan/Lan-Yin) Mandarin
81
Northwest Mandarin
38, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51
Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin (Putonghua)
38, 39, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 81, 82, 96, 274, 275, 284, 285, 286, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 304
Xining dialect of Northwestern Mandarin
45, 48, 49
Xunhua dialect of Northwestern Mandarin
45, 48
Daur, Dagur, Dahur, Dawoer, Dawur, Dagūr
127, 138–162 passim, 188, 196, 197, 226, 251, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275, 276, 277, 277n17, 278, 278n18, 278n19, 280, 280n23, 280n25, 281, 281n25, 281n27, 287, 288, 289, 292, 293, 295, 296, 296n40, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301n42, 304, 305, 306, 307
Butha Dagur
139, 145, 153n37, 278, 299
Daur-style standard Mongol
287
Hailar Dagur
138, 139, 140n8, 142, 143, 274
Nonni Dagur
138
Darkhat (Mongolic)
18n13, 169
Dariganga (Mongolic)
169
Dongxiang see Santa
Dukhan (Turkic)
200–208 passim
Enets (Tundra and Forest)
231
English
29, 40n, 47, 48, 49, 50, 67n, 75, 203, 299
Even
103n
Ewenki, Evenki, Ewenke (Tungusic)
103, 103n, 104, 113, 116, 117, 117n, 118, 119, 126, 130, 131, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145n19, 251, 252, 271, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 280n23, 291, 292, 300, 303, 305
Barguzin E.
103, 118
Boorji variety of Khamnigan E.
276, 299, 300, 306
E. dialect of Khamnigan
103
E. dialects of Buryatia
104
E. Nerchi (or Nercha Ewenki)
118
Khamnigan Ewenki
103, 131, 279, 290, 300
Namiatii variety of Khamnigan E.
276, 299, 300
Upper Aldan and Uchur-Zeya E. dialects
103
Finnish
107
Gangou
41
Gullah (Sea Island Creole)
40n
Hulunbuir Languages
268
H. interdialects
287
H. vernacular varieties
298
Japanese
58, 59n, 62, 63n, 64, 67n, 251n1, 257, 264, 281, 286, 289, 292, 297, 299, 305, 307
Kalmyk, Kalmuck (Mongolic)
15, 16, 18, 18n11, 28, 81, 106, 107, 110, 116n, 132, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 183
Sart-Kalmyk
18n11
Kangjia (Mongolic)
41, 81, 84, 86, 87, 95
Kazakh (Turkic)
85, 88, 105, 187, 200
Khalkha, Khalkha Mongol, Khalkha Mongolian
18n9, 18n10, 18n13, 22, 24, 31, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 106nd, 107, 108, 108ng, 111, 113, 114, 115, 120, 122–131 passim, 139n4, 143, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 178n, 179, 182, 183, 184, 200, 206, 274, 275nh, 282, 284, 287, 294n, 295, 297, 298, 302n, 306
19th century Khalkha dialects
108
Eastern Mongol (variety) in Urga
16
Khalkha regional variants
109
Khamnigan (Mongolic)
100–132 passim, 251, 279, 287, 288, 290, 292, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 305, 306
Khamnigan-style Standard Mongol
287, 299
Altan Kh.
124
Delyun Kh.
129
Gunui Kh.
124
Kurulga Kh.
122, 124, 129
Kyra Kh.
124
Manchurian Kh.
104, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 128, 280
Mangut Kh.
127, 130
Onon Khamnigan
102, 104, 107, 113, 116–130 passim, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 183
Tarbaldzhei Kh.
118, 124, 127, 130
Tokchin Kh.
124
Ulhun-Partiya Kh.
124, 127, 128
Uzon Kh.
124
Zugalai Kh.
129
Khamnigan Ewenki see Ewenki
Khorchin, Khorchin Mongolian
196, 251, 283, 283n29, 284, 286, 287, 290, 292, 295, 296, 297, 303, 304, 305, 306
Khorchin-type Standard Mongol
282, 284, 287, 292, 297, 299, 302
Tongliao variety of Kh.
283
Khotogoit
169
Kyrgyz (Turkic)
110
Latin
157
Manchu
17, 138, 139n5, 141, 143, 143n13, 144, 145, 148n22, 149n30, 150, 157, 158, 162, 187, 188, 189, 196, 197, 277, 278, 281, 280n25, 281, 287, 286, 287, 288, 292, 305
Manchu (Classical)
297
Spoken Manchu
150, 187, 189
Written Manchu
189, 298
Manegacha see Baonan
Manghuer (Mongolic)
81, 86, 87, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97
Mansi
230
Minhe Monguor
41
Mongghul
81, 86, 92, 94, 97
Karlong variety of M.
89, 90
Mongol
140, 143, 144, 275, 281n25, 286, 291, 292, 295, 296, 300, 302, 303
Middle Mongol
101, 102, 103n, 131, 196
Mongol proper
143, 169, 184, 293, 300
Standard Mongol, Standard Mongolian
251, 255, 274, 275, 275nh, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287, 292, 297, 299, 304
Written Mongol (or Classical Mongolian, Written Mongolian, Literary Mongolian)
17, 101, 102n, 128, 141, 162, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 183, 185, 254, 255, 273, 274, 286, 288, 292, 295, 297, 298, 299
Mongolian
2, 18, 18n9, 19, 21, 22, 24n31, 25, 27, 30, 31, 31n, 112, 142, 143, 144, 148, 150, 151, 154, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 169, 196, 202, 202n6, 203, 205n, 206, 251, 252, 253, 255, 269, 270, 270n3, 275, 279, 281, 281n25, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 295, 296, 298, 300, 303, 305
Common Mongolian
284
Inner Mongolian Standard Language
285, 286
Inner Mongolian Standard Mongol
286
Inner Mongolian varieties
282, 297
Mongolian proper
275, 275nh, 282n, 286, 287, 290, 294, 297, 298
Mongolic
4, 38, 43, 45, 50, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 101, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111, 114, 117, 119, 138, 139, 140, 166, 167, 168, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 177n, 178, 182, 183, 184, 251, 273, 274, 275, 276n15, 277, 278, 279, 279n22, 280, 283, 287, 291, 306
Amdo M.
82, 84, 86, 87, 89, 95
Common M.
90, 91, 94, 107
M. Languages
38, 40, 41, 45, 81, 105, 110, 113, 114, 196, 180, 251, 297
Proto-M.
101, 102, 105, 116
Monguor (Mongolic)
41
Nganasan
229–246 passim
Nenets (Tundra and Forest)
231
Norwegian
307n
Oirat, Oyrat
27, 275, 294, 295
Dörböt or Durvut
15n, 18, 22, 24n34, 28, 29, 30
Kalmyk-Oirat
81
Oirat Clear Script
28
Oirat dial(ects)
170, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 183
Oirat (dialects) in Mongolia
15, 32, 33
Oirat language
15, 17, 18, 21, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32
Oirat vernacular language
21, 28, 32
Torgut
24
Uriankhai, Urianxai
18, 24, 29, 107n
Zakhchin
15n, 18, 22, 23, 24
Ordos (Mongolic)
106, 107, 111, 113, 132
O. field data
110
Orochen (Tungusic)
144, 277
Öölöd, Ööld, Öölöt (Mongolic)
15n, 18, 22, 25, 26, 27, 251, 283, 290, 291, 292, 296, 297, 305
Manchurian Öölöd
275
Öölödized Barga, Öölöd-style Barga
294, 295, 303
Imin Öölöd
275
Persian
110
Russian
102, 104, 107, 112, 116n, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 129, 148n25, 154n39, 170, 171, 175, 203, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 229, 230, 231, 237, 238, 239, 246, 247, 251, 252, 278, 292, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 305, 307
Salar (Turkic)
41, 42, 45, 81, 82, 84, 85, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97
Amdo (Eastern) Salar
81, 83, 88, 89
Xinjiang (Western) Salar
81, 88
Samoyedic
231, 246
Sanskrit
107, 175
Santa or Dongxiang (Mongolic)
41, 81, 86, 89, 92n1, 167, 168
Sarig Yugur (Turkic)
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 94, 96
Sayan Turkic
200, 200n1, 200n2, 201, 202, 203, 203n8, 205, 206
Altay-Sayan varieties
200n1
Steppe Sayan Turkic
200n1
Taiga Sayan Turkic
200n1
Scandinavian
307n
Selkup (Uralic)
231
Shira (East) Yugur (Mongolic)
81, 92n
Shor (Turkic)
6, 110
Sibe (Tungusic)
187–197 passim
Sinitic
43n, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 96
Amdo Sinitic
81, 84
Solon
139n5, 142, 251, 277, 280, 287, 288, 290, 292, 293, 295, 297, 298, 303, 304, 305, 306
Soyot (Turkic)
3, 11, 200n1, 206
Tangwang (Sinitic)
41, 81
Tatar (Turkic)
110
Tibetan
38, 40, 41, 42, 42n4, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 81, 82, 83, 88, 91, 92, 92n, 93, 94, 97, 107, 112, 113
Amdo Tibetan
38, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 81, 82, 93, 94, 96
Central Tibetan
43, 51
Classical Tibetan
46
Lhasa Tibetan
46, 50, 51
Rebgong Amdo Tibetan
93
Standard Tibetan
93
Written Tibetan
50
Tibetic
81
Tofan (Turkic)
1, 3, 11, 200n1, 202, 206, 217–227 passim
Alygdzher variety of T.
220
Gutara variety of T.
220, 225
Nerha variety of T.
220, 222
Tuhan or Uyghur-Uryankhay, Uygar-Uriankhay) (Turkic)
3, 3n3, 200, 200n1, 203n9, 203n10
Tungusic
130, 138, 142, 187, 196, 251, 274, 275, 276
Turco-Mongolic
81, 82, 83, 89, 90, 93, 94
Amdo Turco-Mongolic
82, 83, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96
Turco-Mongolic languages
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96
Turkic
40, 81, 83, 84, 85, 91, 94, 110, 111, 176
Amdo Turkic
82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94
Common Turkic
92, 94, 95
Old Turkic
5, 90, 91, 95
Siberian Turkic languages
203, 218
Turkish dial
110
Turkmen (Turkic)
110
Tuvan, Standard Tuvan (Turkic)
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 200n1
Altai Tuvan
3, 200, 201, 202
Tere-Khöl varieties
200n1
Tozhu, Toju variety of Tuvan
1–11 passim, 200n1
Tuvan dialects
2, 3, 11
Uralic
230, 231
Uyghur (Turkic)
85, 88
Old Uyghur
107, 175
Modern Uyghur
187, 197
Uyghur-Uriankhay, Uyghur-Uryankhay see Tuhan
Uzbek (Turkic)
110
Wutun
38–52 passim, 81