| Figures | ||
| 1 | The city walls of Cartagena (Colombia). Photograph in the collection of the author | 7 |
| 2 | The fortress of San Felipe (Cartagena, Colombia). Photograph in the collection of the author | 7 |
| 3 | The capilla de indios built in 1540 in the form of an “open chapel.” Photograph in the collection of the author | 33 |
| 4 | The doctrina church. Photograph in the collection of the author | 33 |
| 5 | The mural of the “King of Death” in the portería. Photograph in the collection of the author | 35 |
| 6 | The mural of a jaguar. Photograph in the collection of the author | 36 |
| 7 | The upper façade of the Tlayacapan tecpán prior to the earthquake of September 19, 2017, showing embedded pre-Hispanic stones. Photograph in the collection of the author | 48 |
| 8 | Embedded stones in the espadaña of La Exaltación barrio chapel in Tlayacapan. Photograph in the collection of the author | 48 |
| 9 | Detail of the atrial cross at the Franciscan doctrina of Taximaroa (Michoacan), with an obsidian disk that represented the pre-Hispanic deity Tezcatlipoca. Photograph in the collection of the author | 49 |
| 10 | The c. 1580 relación geográfica map of San Miguel y San Felipe de los Chiichimecas (Guanajuato). Real Academia de Historia, Madrid. Reproduced under Creative Commons Mark 1.0. In the public domain | 51 |
| 11 | The sixteenth century Franciscan doctrina in Zacatecas. Photograph in the collection of the author | 53 |
| 12 | The Apostolic College of Santa Cruz de Querétaro. Photograph in the collection of the author | 54 |
| 13 | The church of the Apostolic College of Guadalupe in Zacatecas. Photograph in the collection of the author | 54 |
| 14 | San Fernando church (Mexico City). This is all that remains of the Apostolic College of San Fernando. Photograph in the collection of the author | 55 |
| 15 | The chapel and cloister of the hacienda San Nicolás | 59 |
| 16 | A building in the hacienda complex | 59 |
| 17 | The church of San Pedro y San Pablo. Photograph in the collection of the author | 61 |
| 18 | The first patio of the Colegio Máximo. Photograph in the collection of the author | 61 |
| 19 | The second patio of the Colegio Máximo. Photograph in the collection of the author | 62 |
| 20 | The church of the colegio of La Purísima Concepción in Zacatecas | 64 |
| 21 | The Augustinian doctrina San Pedro y San Pablo Yuririapúndaro. Photograph from the collection of the author | 70 |
| 22 | The Franciscan church at Tancoyol. Photograph in the collection of the author | 80 |
| 23 | The church and convento of building complex of San José y San Miguel mission. Photograph in the collection of the author | 85 |
| 24 | The church of San José y San Miguel mission. Construction started in 1768. Photograph in the collection of the author | 86 |
| 25 | The reconstructed neophyte housing built along the walls that surrounded the mission complex. Photograph in the collection of the author | 86 |
| 26 | One of the reconstructed defensive bastions built at the four corners. Photograph in the collection of the author | 87 |
| 27 | The ruins of the three-nave church built at Comondú in the 1750s. Arthur Walbridge North, Camp and camino in lower California: A record of the adventures of the author while exploring peninsular California, Mexico (New York: Baker & Taylor Company, 1910) | 100 |
| 28 | The ruins of the second site of rosario mission. Photograph in the collection of the author | 107 |
| 29 | The ruins of the Jesuit church at Guevavi. Photograph in the collection of the author | 116 |
| 30 | The Franciscan church built at Wa:k. Photograph in the collection of the author | 116 |
| 31 | The Franciscan church built at Tubutama. Photograph in the collection of the author | 117 |
| 32 | The ruins of the church at Cocóspera in 1977. Photograph in the collection of the author | 117 |
| 33 | A contemporary diagram of San Miguel mission.Biblioteca Nacional de Brasil, Rio de Janeiro. In the public domain | 127 |
| 34 | A diagram of San Juan Bautista mission showing its occupation in 1756. Pueblo de San Juan que es uno de los del Uruguay que se intentan entregar a Portugal. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris. In the public domain | 134 |
| 35 | Detail of an 1854 plat map of Santa Bárbara mission showing the ruins of the neophyte housing. John G. Cleal, Maps of private land grant cases of California, The Báncroft Library, University of California at Berkeley. In the public domain. From Robert H. Jackson, A Visual Catalog of Spanish Frontier Missions, 16th to 19th Centuries (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018), 514 | 187 |
| 36 | The mission complex at the second site of La Purísima mission reconstructed in the 1930s by the civilian conservation corps. Photographs in the collection of the author | 188 |
| 37 | The 1854 plat map of Santa Clara mission showing the sites of the two developed complexes. George Black, Maps of private land grant cases of California, The Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley. In the public domain. From Robert H. Jackson, A Visual Catalog of Spanish Frontier Missions, 16th to 19th Centuries (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018), 507 | 191 |
| 38 | The 1827 drawing of San José mission showing neophyte housing as well as several traditional conical shaped thatch dwellings. William Smyth, Framed Items from the Collection of The Bancroft Library, The Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley. In the public domain. From Robert H. Jackson, A Visual Catalog of Spanish Frontier Missions, 16th to 19th Centuries (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018), 521 | 193 |
| 39 | Detail of the 1854 plat map of San Antonio mission showing neophyte housing. George Black, Maps of private land grant cases of California, The Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley. In the public domain. From Robert H. Jackson, A Visual Catalog of Spanish Frontier Missions, 16th to 19th Centuries (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018), 498 | 196 |
| 40 | The Santa Cruz Mission Adobe which was neophyte housing built between 1822 and 1824. Photograph in the collection of the author | 197 |
| 41 | A reconstruction of the Soledad mission complex and neophyte housing based on archaeological excavations. Courtesy of Ruben Mendoza. From Ruben Mendoza, “María Santísima Nuestra Señora de la Soledad: The Archaeology and Architectural History of the Ex-Mission de la Soledad, 1791–1835,” Boletín 30:1 (2014), 46–81. Courtesy of Ruben Mendoza | 197 |
| 42 | Detail of the 1854 plat map of San Miguel mission. George Black, Maps of private land grant cases of California, The Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley. From Robert H. Jackson, A Visual Catalog of Spanish Frontier Missions, 16th to 19th Centuries (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018), 526 | 198 |
| 43 | A room in the restored Santa Cruz mission Adobe interpreted to show what it looked like when occupied by a neophyte family. Photograph in the collection of the author. | 199 |
| 44 | The restored chapel and complex at San Antonio de Pala. Photographs in the collection of the author | 242 |
| 45 | Detail of the 1854 plat map of San Luis Rey showing the mission complex. John G. Cleal, Maps of private land grant cases of California, The Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley. In the public domain. From Robert H. Jackson, A Visual Catalog of Spanish Frontier Missions, 16th to 19th Centuries (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018), 531 | 244 |
| 46 | The restored 1815 church and complex at San Luis Rey mission. Photographs in the collection of the author | 245 |
| 47 | The dam built as a part of the new irrigation system. Photograph in the collection of the author | 246 |
| 48 | The restored church at San Diego mission. Photographs in the collection of the author | 247 |
| Graphs | ||
| 1 | The population of San Antonio de Valero mission | 88 |
| 2 | Births and baptisms of converts recorded at San Antonio de Valero mission, 1718–1783 | 89 |
| 3 | The population of San Jose y San Miguel mission, 1721–1817 | 90 |
| 4 | Baptisms of converts, births, and burials recorded at refugio mission, 1808–1828 | 94 |
| 5 | Baptisms of converts, births, and burials recorded at rosario mission, 1774–1823 | 107 |
| 6 | Net change +/− in the mission populations, 1733 | 152 |
| 7 | Net change +/− in the mission populations, 1735 | 154 |
| 8 | Net change +/− in the mission populations, 1736 | 154 |
| 9 | Net change +/− in the mission populations, 1737 | 155 |
| 10 | Net change +/− in the mission populations, 1738–1740 | 156 |
| 11 | The population of Los Reyes Yapeyú mission, 1643–1803 | 158 |
| 12 | Baptisms and burials recorded on Yapeyú mission, in selected years | 158 |
| 13 | Females as a percentage of the population of Los Reyes Yapeyú mission | 164 |
| 14 | Females as a percentage of the total population of five missions among the Chumash | 214 |
| 15 | Crude Birth (CBR) and Death (CDR) rates per thousand population at San Francisco mission | 223 |
| 16 | Crude Birth (CBR) and Death (CDR) rates per thousand population at Santa Cruz mission | 228 |
| 17 | Crude Birth (CBR) and Death (CDR) rates per thousand population at San Juan Bautista mission | 228 |
| 18 | Crude Birth (CBR) and Death (CDR) rates per thousand population at San Miguel mission | 229 |
| 19 | The Population of the Villa de Branciforte, 1797–1846 | 261 |
| Maps | ||
| 1 | A contemporary map of the 1739 British attack on Portobelo, Panama. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. | 5 |
| 2 | A Spanish map of Cartagena de Indias. Biblioteque Nationale de France, Paris | 6 |
| 3 | A contemporary map of the 1762 British assault on Havana. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. | 9 |
| 4 | A map of the northern frontier of New Spain. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. | 22 |
| 5 | A c. 1760 map of the Jesuit missions of northern Sonora. Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid. Reproduced under Creative Commons license 4.0 | 111 |
| 6 | A c. 1762 map of Sonora showing the location of Cerro Prieto and the lands controlled by rebel Seri, Pimas Bajos, and Pimas Altos. Mapa de una porción de la Provincia de Sonora que manifiesta la Posizión de los enemigos, Yndios bravos. Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid. Reproduced under Creative Commons license 4.0 | 113 |
| 7 | An 1823 map of Sonora and the California. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. In the public domain | 122 |
| 8 | Detail of the map showing California | 123 |
| 9 | A c. 1759 map that shows the boundary adjustments under the Treaty of Madrid, as well as the Portuguese territorial advances from the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas line. [Mapa de América del Sur con la línea divisoria de las colonias pertenecientes a España y Portugal]. Pedro Cevallos sent the map to don Ricardo Wall, in a letter of February 20, 1759, sent from San Francisco de Borja mission. Secretaría de Estado, Legajos, 07399, 0014, Archivo General de Simancas, Madrid, Spain. In the public domain | 130 |
| 10 | A 1762 Spanish plan of Colonia do Sacramento. Plano de la plaza de la colonia del Sacramento en el rio de la Plata… Franco. Rodriguez. y Cardoso. 1762. Bibliothèque Nationale de France. In the public domain | 141 |
| 11 | A 1777 map of the central part of Laguna de los Patos showing settlements and fortifications. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. | 142 |
| 12 | A contemporary Portuguese map of the operations of April 1, 1775. Biblioteca Nacional de Uruguay, Montevideo | 144 |
| 13 | The Chumash villages and Missions. Robert H. Jackson, “Han ignorado la amorosa voz del Padre’: Reconsiderando los orígenes del levantamiento de los chumash en 1824 en la California mexicana,” Desacatos 10 (otoño-invierno 2002), 77–93 | 169 |
| Tables | ||
| 1 | The estimated population of selected puebla doctrinas, in selected years. Sherburne Cook and Woodrow Borah, Ensayos sobre la historia de la población: vol. 3 México y California (México, D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1980), 26–41 | 26 |
| 2 | The organization of the post-conquest altépetl of Cholula c. 1550. René García Castro, coordinador y editor, Suma de visitas de pueblos de la Nueva España, 1548–1550 (Toluca: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Facultad de Humanidades, 2013), 104–105 | 28 |
| 3 | Political organization of Cabeceras and Sujetos of the tributary province of Huaxtepec under Culhua-Méxica Rule. Susana Gómez Serafín, Altépetl de Huaxtepec: Modificaciones territoriales desde el siglo XVI (México. D.F.: INAH, 2011), 40 | 31 |
| 4 | Number of tributaries in the Cholula altépetl. Relación Geográfica de Cholula, Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas at Austin; René Acuña, ed, Relaciones geográficas del siglo XVI: Tlaxcala. tomo II (Mexico, D.F.: UNAM, 1984) | 32 |
| 5 | The estimated population of Morelos doctrinas, in selected years. Sherburne Cook, and Woodrow Borah, Ensayos Sobre Historia de la Población, vol 3 México y California, first Spanish edition (Mexico, D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1980), 27–30, 35, 38–39 | 39 |
| 6 | Visitas and number of tributaries of Chapulhuacán, c. 1571. Robert H. Jackson, “The Chichimeca Frontier and the Evangelization of the Sierra Gorda, 1550–1770,” Boletín: Journal of the California Missions Studies Association 28:1–2 (2011–2012), 119 | 73 |
| 7 | Visitas and number of tributaries of San Agustín Xilitlán in 1571. Robert H. Jackson, “The Chichimeca Frontier and the Evangelization of the Sierra Gorda, 1550–1770,” Boletín: Journal of the California Missions Studies Association 28:1–2 (2011–2012), 120 | 74 |
| 8 | Population and organization of the Sierra Gorda missions in 1743. Robert H. Jackson, “The Chichimeca Frontier and the Evangelization of the Sierra Gorda, 1550–1770,” Boletín: Journal of the California Missions Studies Association 28:1–2 (2011–2012), 120–121 | 76 |
| 9 | The number of soldiers stationed in the Sierra Gorda region in 1743. José de Escandón, Querétaro, February 23, 1743, in Lino Gómez Canedo, Sierra Gorda: Un típico enclave misional en el centro de Mexico (siglos XVII–XVIII) (Querétaro: Provincia Franciscana de Santiago, 2011), 197–198 | 77 |
| 10 | Population of the Sierra Gorda missions, in selected years. Robert H. Jackson, “The Chichimeca Frontier and the Evangelization of the Sierra Gorda, 1550–1770,” Boletín: Journal of the California Missions Studies Association 28:1–2 (2011–2012), 122 | 82 |
| 11 | Baptisms and burials recorded in the Sierra Gorda missions, 1744–1764. Robert H. Jackson, Demographic Change and Ethnic Survival among the Sedentary Populatiions on the Jesuit Mission Frontiers of South America: The Formation and Persistence of Misssion Communities in a Comparative Context (Leiden: Brill, 2015), 140 | 82 |
| 12 | Baptisms and burials recorded on selected ex-Sierra Gorda missions, 1792–1805. Robert H. Jackson, “The Chichimeca Frontier and the Evangelization of the Sierra Gorda, 1550–1770,” Boletín: Journal of the California Missions Studies Association 28:1–2 (2011–2012), 124 | 83 |
| 13 | Population of the Baja California missions in 1744 and total baptisms from date of foundation to 1744. Robert H. Jackson, Indian Population Decline: The Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1687–1840 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 58 | 97 |
| 14 | The population of San Francisco Xavier and Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe missions, in selected years. Robert H. Jackson, “Demographic patterns in the missions of central Baja California,” Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 6:1 (1984): 91–112 | 98 |
| 15 | Crude birth and death rates on selected Baja California missions, 1769, 1772, 1781–1782. Robert H. Jackson, “The 1781–1782 Smallpox Epidemic in Baja California,”Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3:1 (1981), 138–143; Robert H. Jackson, “Epidemic Disease and Population Decline in the Baja California Missions, 1697–1834,” South Calif Quart 63:4 (1981): 308–346; Robert H. Jackson, “Demographic patterns in the missions of central Baja California,”Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 6:1 (1984), 91–112 | 104 |
| 16 | Baptisms and burials recorded at three Baja California missions. Robert H. Jackson, “Disease and Demographic Patterns at Santa Cruz Mission, Alta California,” Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 5:2 (1983), 33–57 | 106 |
| 17 | The sex ratio (Males:Females) on selected Baja California missions. Robert H. Jackson, Indian Population Decline: The Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1687–1840 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 111 | 108 |
| 18 | Children under the age of nine as a percentage of the total population of selected Baja California missions. Robert H. Jackson, Indian Population Decline: The Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1687–1840 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 112 | 109 |
| 19 | Mean Life Expectancy (MLE) at birth on four Baja California missions. Robert H. Jackson, Indian Population Decline: The Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1687–1840 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 75, 79, 81, 84 | 109 |
| 20 | The distribution of the population of the seven eastern missions following the Guarani uprising. Robert H. Jackson, Demographic Change and Ethnic Survival among the Sedentary Populations on the Jesuit Mission Frontiers of South America: The Formation and Persistence of Mission Communities in a Comparative Context (Leiden: Brill, 2015), 73–75; Estado que manifiesta el en que se hallaban los treinta Pueblos de Yndios Guaranis del Paraná y Uruguay que estaban a cargo de los Regulares de la Compañía de Jesús, Coleção de Angelis, Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro (hereinafter cited as CA) | 136 |
| 21 | Distribution of the population of the seven eastern missions by mission. Robert H. Jackson, Demographic Change and Ethnic Survival among the Sedentary Populations on the Jesuit Mission Frontiers of South America: The Formation and Persistence of Mission Communities in a Comparative Context (Leiden: Brill, 2015), 75–76; Familias y Almas de los Pueblos de la Otravanda del Uruguay, y en que Pueblos estan repartidas. 1 de Enero de 1767, CA | 139 |
| 22 | Sources of income of six missions in 1787, in pesos. Robert H. Jackson, Demographic Change and Ethnic Survival Among the Sedentary Populations on the Jesuit Mission Frontiers of Spanish South America, 1609–1803: The Formation and Persistence of Mission Communities in a Comparative Context (Leiden: Brill, 2015), 29 | 146 |
| 23 | Livestock reported at Los Santos Mártires mission. Robert H. Jackson, Demographic Change and Ethnic Survival Among the Sedentary Populations on the Jesuit Mission Frontiers of Spanish South America, 1609–1803: The Formation and Persistence of Mission Communities in a Comparative Context (Leiden: Brill, 2015),170–171, note 18 | 146 |
| 24 | Livestock slaughtered and lost at Los Santos Mártires mission in 1790. “Libro de consumes de todas la especie de animales que ha saquado [sic] el Procurador de este Pueblo de Mártires con arrgelo a lo mandado por el Senor Then[ien]te Gov[ernad]or del Departamento D[o]n Gonzalo de Doblas…,” Archivo General de la Nación, Buenos Aires (hereinafter cited as AGN), Sala 9-17-9-3 | 148 |
| 25 | Net change +/− in the population of the Guaraní missions, 1733, 1735–1740. Catalogo de la Numeración Annual de las Doctrinas del Río Paraná/del Río Uruguay. Ano de 1738, CA; Robert H. Jackson, Demographic Change and Ethnic Survival Among The Sedentary Populations On The Jesuit Mission Frontiers of Spanish South America, 1609–1803: The Formation and Persistence of Mission Communities in a Comparative Context (Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2015), 213–215, 217–220 | 151 |
| 26 | Structure of the population of Nuestra Señora de los Reyes de Yapeyú mission in 1771. Padrón de Nuestra Señora de los Reyes de Yapeyú [1771], AGN, Sala 9-18-8-7 | 160 |
| 27 | Females as a percentage of the population of selected mission | 163 |
| 28 | Children (Párvulos) as a percentage of the total population of selected missions | 165 |
| 29 | Baptisms recorded on four missions established among the Chumash. John Johnson, “Chumash Social Organization: An Ethnohistorical Perspective,” unpublished PhD dissertation, University of California Santa Bárbara, 1988 | 174 |
| 30 | Baptisms and burials recorded on the Five San Francisco Bay Area missions. Appendix 5 | 178 |
| 31 | The number of cattle and sheep reported at selected San Francisco Bay missions. Robert H. Jackson, “Population and the Economic Dimension of Colonization in Alta California: Four Mission Communities,” Journal of the Southwest 33:3 (Autumn, 1991), 387–439; Robert H. Jackson and Edward Castillo, Indians, Franciscans and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 127–128 | 179 |
| 32 | Total baptisms and burials recorded on six central coast region missions. Appendix 5 | 181 |
| 33 | Reports of the construction of dormitories for women on the missions among the Chumash. Robert H. Jackson and Edward Castillo, Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 150–151, 156–159, 164, 166 | 185 |
| 34 | Reports of the construction of neophyte housing on the missions among the Chumash. Robert H. Jackson and Edward Castillo, Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 150–151, 156–159, 164, 166 | 186 |
| 35 | Reports of the construction of dormitories on the five San Francisco Bay Area missions. Robert H. Jackson and Edward Castillo, Indians, Franciscans and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 127–128, 167 | 189 |
| 36 | Reports of the construction of neophyte housing on the five San Francisco Bay region missions. Robert H. Jackson and Edward Castillo, Indians, Franciscans and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 152–155, 161–162, 167–168 | 190 |
| 37 | References to the construction of dormitories on selected central California missions. Robert H. Jackson and Edward Castillo, Indians, Franciscans and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 146, 147–148, 158, 161, 162–163 | 194 |
| 38 | References to the construction of Neophyte Housing on selected central California missions. Robert H. Jackson and Edward Castillo, Indians, Franciscans and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 147–149, 160, 162–163 | 195 |
| 39 | Neophytes reported absent from Santa Cruz mission on May 22, 1809. Andrés Quintana, O.F.M., and Estivan Tapis, O.F.M., Santa Cruz Mission, May 22, 1809, Lista de los Neófitos que oy 22 de Mayo de 1809, se hallan menos en esta Misión de S[an]ta Cruz, y sin esperanza de q[u]e vuelvan por su propia voluntad, The Alexander Taylor Collection, San Francisco Archdiocese Chancery Archive, Menlo Park, California (hereinafer cited as ATC), #2368 | 202 |
| 40 | Neophytes reported absent from Santa Cruz mission on November 20, 1819. Ramón Olbes, O.F.M., Santa Cruz Mission, November 20, 1819, Lista de los Neófitos de la Misión de S[an]ta Cruz q[u]e no viven congregados en d[ic]ha Misión, ATC 32369 | 203 |
| 41 | Females as a percentage of the population of five missions among the Chumash. Robert H. Jackson, Missions and the Frontiers of Spanish America: A Comparative Study of the Impact of Environmental, Economic, Political, and Socio-Cultural Variations on the Missions in the Rio de la Plata Region and on the Northern Frontier of New Spain. (Scottsdale: Pentacle Press, 2005), 361–362 | 215 |
| 42 | Sex ratio (Boys above age nine and Men: Girls and Women) on five missions among the Chumash, in selected years. Robert H. Jackson, Indian Population Decline: the Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1687–1840 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 113 | 216 |
| 43 | Mean life expectancy at birth in years and the gross reproduction ratio on four missions among the Chumash. Robert H. Jackson, “The Population of the Santa Barbara Channel Missions (Alta California), 1813–1832,” Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 12:2 (1990), 270 | 217 |
| 44 | Percentage of children born on five missions dead by age five. Sally McLendon and John Johnson, Cultural Affiliation and Lineal Descent of Chumash Peoples in the Channel Islands and Santa Monica Mountains. 2 vols. Report provided to the United States National Parks Service, 1999 | 219 |
| 45 | Párvulos (children under age nine) as a percentage of the total population of five missions among the Chumash, in selected years. Robert H. Jackson, Indian Population Decline: the Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1687–1840 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 114 | 220 |
| 46 | The age structure of selected missions among the Chumash in 1813. Robert H. Jackson, “Population and the Economic Dimension of the Colonization in Alta California: Four Mission Communities,” Journal of the Southwest 33:3 (Autumn, 1991), 412 | 220 |
| 47 | The percentage of children born at Santa Clara mission dead by age four and mean life expectancy at birth. Robert H. Jackson, “Disease and Demographic Patterns at Santa Cruz Mission, Alta California,” Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 5:1–2 (1983), 33–57; Robert H. Jackson, Indian Population Decline: The Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1687–1840 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 105 | 223 |
| 48 | Párvulos as a percentage of the total population of the five San Francisco Bay missions, in selected years. Robert H. Jackson, Indian Population Decline: The Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1687–1840 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 114 | 224 |
| 49 | Sex ratio (Men-Women above age 9) on the five San Francisco Bay missions. Robert H. Jackson, Indian Population Decline: The Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1687–1840 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 113 | 224 |
| 50 | Percentage of children born on four missions dead by age four. Sherburne Cook and Woodrow Borah, Essays in Population History. 3 vols (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1971–1979), III: 234–238 | 226 |
| 51 | Párvulos as a percentage of the total population of Santa Cruz mission. Robert H. Jackson, “Disease and Demographic Patterns at Santa Cruz Mission, Alta California,” Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 5:1 (1983), 42 | 227 |
| 52 | The age structure of selected missions in 1813. Robert H. Jackson, “Population and the Economic Dimension of the Colonization in Alta California: Four Mission Communities, “Journal of the Southwest 33:3 (Autumn, 1991), 412 | 227 |
| 53 | Female population at Santa Cruz mission as related to total population and the total number of baptisms of females. Robert H. Jackson, “Disease and Demographic Patterns at Santa Cruz Mission, Alta California,” Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 5:1 (1983), 42 | 230 |
| 54 | Widowers and widows as a percentage of total population on Santa Cruz mission, in selected years. Robert H. Jackson, “An Introduction to the Historical Demography of Santa Cruz Mission and the Villa de Branciforte, 1791–1846,” unpublished B.A. thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1980 (Manuscript on file in the McHenry Library, University of California, Santa Cruz), 22 | 230 |
| 55 | The structure of the population of Santa Cruz mission, 1834–1835. No Author, No Date, Padrón del Año de 1834 y 35, Santa Cruz Mission Libro de Padrones, Monterey Diocese Archive, Monterey, California | 231 |
| 56 | The Structure of the Population of Santa Cruz mission in 1845. No Author, No Date, Indios de Santa Cruz [en 1845], The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley | 231 |
| 57 | Grain production at San Diego mission, 1775–1832. Robert H. Jackson and Edward Castillo, Indians, Franciscans and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 114–115 | 236 |
| 58 | Number of livestock reported at San Diego mission, 1777–1832. Robert H. Jackson and Edward Castillo, Indians, Franciscans and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 123–124 | 238 |
| 59 | Supplies provided to San Diego mission from other missions, in fanegas and almudes. Annual reports for San Diego Mission 1777–1784 in Finbar Kenneally, O.F.M., Writings of Fermín Francisco de Lasuén (Washington, D.C.: Academy of American Franciscan History, 1965), 333–370 | 240 |
| 60 | Population, baptisms and burials recorded at San Diego mission, 1777 to 1784. Annual reports for San Diego Mission 1777–1784 in Finbar Kenneally, O.F.M., Writings of Fermín Francisco de Lasuén (Washington, D.C.: Academy of American Franciscan History, 1965), 333–370 | 241 |
| 61 | Total population, number of natives living at mission community, and grain consumption at the mission community. Annual reports for San Diego Mission 1777–1784 in Finbar Kenneally, O.F.M., Writings of Fermín Francisco de Lasuén (Washington, D.C.: Academy of American Franciscan History, 1965), 333–370 | 241 |
| 62 | The population of non-mission settlements in California, in selected years. Robert H. Jackson, “Non-Indian Settlements in Spanish and Mexican California,” Santa Cruz County History Journal 3 (1997), 75 | 254 |
| 63 | The vital rates of the population of the four Alta California Presidios, 1790–1834. Robert H. Jackson, Indian Population Decline: The Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1687–1840 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 155 | 255 |
| 64 | The indigenous population of non-mission settlements in California, in selected years. Robert H. Jackson, “Non-Indian Settlements in Spanish and Mexican California,” Santa Cruz County History Journal 3 (1997), 75 | 255 |
| 65 | The indigenous population of Monterey and Los Angeles, 1825–1837. Robert H. Jackson, Indian Population Decline: The Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1687–1840 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 45, 46 | 256 |
| 66 | The number of cattle belonging to selected missions, 1830–1839. Robert H. Jackson and Edward Castillo, Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 101 | 258 |
| 67 | The number of sheep belonging to selected missions, 1830–1839. Robert H. Jackson and Edward Castillo, Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 101 | 259 |
| 68 | The number of horses belonging to selected missions, 1830–1839. Robert H. Jackson and Edward Castillo, Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 102 | 260 |
| 69 | Indigenous laborers on Monterey Area Ranches in 1836. Robert H. Jackson, Indian Population Decline: The Missions of North-western New Spain, 1687–1840 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 50 | 260 |
| 70 | The ranch populations in the Santa Cruz Area in 1837. Robert H. Jackson, “Notes on the Population of the Villa de Branciforte,” Santa Cruz County History Journal 3 (1997), 113 | 261 |
| 71 | The structure of the population of Branciforte in 1828. No Author, No Date [1828], Padron de la Billa de Branciforte…1828, Pre-Statehood Document Collection, Special Collections, McHenry Library, University of California, Santa Cruz | 262 |
| 72 | The structure of the population of Branciforte in 1837. Santa Cruz Mission Libro de Padrones, Monterey Diocese Archive, Monterey, California | 262 |
| 73 | The structure of the population of Branciforte in 1845. No Author, No Date [1845], Población de la Villa de Branciforte [en 1845], The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley | 263 |
| 74 | The structure of the population of foreigners in Branciforte in 1845. No Author, No Date [1845], Población de Extrangeros en la Villa de Branciforte [en 1845], The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley | 263 |
| 75 | The age structure of the Villa de Branciforte, in selected years | 264 |