Bibliography
Primary Sources
Akhbār al-dawla al-saljūqiyya (Zubdat al-tawārīkh), by Ṣadr al-Dīn ʿAlī al-Ḥusaynī, (12th century). Translated by Clifford E. Bosworth as The History of the Saljuq State: A Translation with Commentary of the Akhbār al-dawla al-saljūquiyya. London: Routledge, 2011.
Bei shi 北史 [History of the Northern Dynasties], by Li Dashi 李大師 (570–628). Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1980.
Bretschneider, Emil. Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources. 2 vols. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1888.
Bretschneider, Emil. Notes on Chinese Mediaeval Travelers to the West. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press; London: Trübner & Co., 1875.
Da Tang Xi yu ji大唐西域記 [Great Tang Records on the Western Regions], by Xuanzang 陳褘 (602–664). Translated by Samuel Beal as Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang. 2 vols. London: Trübner & Co., 1884, rpt, Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 1969.
Dhayl taʾrīkh Dimashq, by Abū Ya‘lā Ḥamza ibn Asad Ibn al-Qalānisi (c. 1071–1160). Edited by Henry F. Amedroz as History of Damascus, 363–555 A. H., from the Bodleian MS. Hunt 125. Being a Continuation of the History of Hilal al- Sabi. Leiden: Brill, 1908.
Dīwān lughāt al-Turk, by Maḥmūd al-Kāshgharī (1005–1102). Translated by Zifa-Alua M. Auezova as Maḥmūd al-Kāshgharī: Dīvān Lugāt at-Turk. Almaty: Daik-Press, 2005.
Dongjing meng Hua lu 東京夢華錄 [Dreams of Splendor of the Eastern Capital], by Meng Yuanlao 孟元老 (c.1090–1150). Xianggang: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1961.
Fa guo ji佛國記 [A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms], by Faxian 法顯 (337–c. 422). Translated by James Legge as A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fâ-Hien of His Travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399–414) in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1886.
Frenkel, Yehoshua. The Turkic Peoples in Medieval Arabic Writings. New York: Routledge, 2015.
Göckenjan, Hansgerd, and István Zimonyi. Orientalische Berichte über die Völker Osteuropas und Zentralasiens im Mittelalter: Die Gayhani-Tradition (Ibn Rusta, Gardizi, Hudud Al-’Alam, Al-Bakri und Al-Marwazi). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2001.
Gui Qian zhi归潜志, by Liu Qi 劉祁 (1203–1250). Yuan Ming shiliao biji congkan edition. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1983.
Guihai yuheng zhi桂海虞衡志 [Well-balanced records of Guihai], by Fan Chengda 范成大 (1126–1193). Translated by James Hargett as Treatises of the Supervisor and Guardian of the Cinnamon Sea: The Natural World and Material Culture of 12th Century South China, Fan Chengda (1126–1193). Seattle-London: Washington University Press 2010.
Han shu 漢書 [Book of Han], by Ban Gu 班固 (AD 32–92). Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1986.
Hou Han shu 後漢書 [Book of the Later Han], by Fan Ye 范曄 (398–445). Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1981.
Ḥudūd al-ʿālam, by Anonymous author (10th century). Translated by Vladimir Minorsky as A Persian Geography 372 A. H.–982 A. D. London: Gibb Memorial Series XI, 1937.
Jacob, Georg. Arabische Berichte von Gesandten an germanische Fürstenhöfe aus dem 9. und 10. Jahrhundert. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1927.
Jahānnāma, by Muḥammad ibn Najīb Bākran (12th–13th centuries). Edited by Iurii E. Borshchevskii as Muḥammad ibn Najīb Bākran. Dzhakhan-name (Kniga o mire). Moscow: Nauka, 1960.
Jin shi金史 [History of the Jin dynasty], by Tuotuo 脱脱 (1314–1356). Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1980.
Jiu Tang shu 舊唐書 [Old Book of the Tang], by Liu Xu 劉昫 (888–947) and Zhang Zhaoyuan 張昭遠. Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1981.
Al-Kāmil fī al-taʾrīkh, by ʿAlī ʿIzz al-Dīn Ibn al-Athīr (1160–1233). Edited by Johannes C. Tornberg as Ibn-el-Athiri Chronicon quod perfectissimum inscribitum. 14 vols. Leiden and Uppsala: Brill, 1851–1876.
Al-Kāmil fī al-taʾrīkh, by ʿAlī ʿIzz al-Dīn Ibn al-Athīr (1160–1233). Translated by Pavel G. Bulgakov, and Shamsiddin Kamoliddin as Al-Kamil fi-t-taʾrikh: polnyj svod istorii. Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 2006.
Kitāb aḥsān al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm, by Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Muqaddasī (c. 945/46–991). Edited by Michael Jan de Goeje as Descriptio Imperii Moslemic, Kitāb aḥsān al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm. Leiden: Brill, 1906.
Kitāb aḥsān al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm, by Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Muqaddasī (c. 945/46–991). Translated by Basil A. Collins as The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions: A Translation of Ahsan al-taqasim fi maʿrifat al-aqalim. Reading: Garnet, 1994.
Kitāb al-aʿlāk al-nafīsa, by Aḥmad ibn Rusta Iṣfahānī (10th century). Edited by Michael Jan de Goeje as Kitāb al- al-aʿlāk an-nafīsa VII auctore Abū Alī Ahmed ibn Omar Ibn Rosteh et Kitāb al-boldān auctore Ahmed ibn abī Jakūb ibn Wādhih al-Kātib al-Jakūbī, Bibliotheca geographorum Arabicorum. 2nd edn. Leiden: Brill, 1892.
Kitāb al-buldān, by Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Faqīh al-Hamadānī (fl. 902). Edited by Michael Jan de Goeje as Compendium libri Kitāb al-Boldān, Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum. Leiden: Brill, 1885.
Kitāb al-masālik wa al-mamālik, by Abū al-Qāsim ʿUbaidullāh ibn Khurdādhbih (c. 820–912). Translated by Naila Velikhanova as Ibn Khordadbekh: Kniga putei i stran. Baku: Elm, 1986.
Kitāb al-ṣaydana fī al-ṭībb, by Abū Raiḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (973 – after 1050). Edited and translated by Hakim Mohammed Said as Al-Biruni’s Book on Pharmacy and Materia Medica. Karachi: Hamdard National Foundation, 1973.
Kitāb al-ṣaydana fī al-ṭībb, by Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (973 – after 1050). Translated by Ubaidulla Karimov as Farmakognozia v meditsine (Kitab as-saydana fi-t-tibb). Abu Reikhan Beruni: Izbrannye proizvedeniia, vol. 4. Tashkent: Fan, 1973.
Kitāb al-Yamīnī, by Abū Naṣr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-ʿUtbī (d. 1023). Translated by James Reynolds as The Kitabi-i-Yamini, Historical Memoirs of the Amir Sabaktagin and the Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna, Early Conquerors of Hindustan, and Founders of the Ghaznavide Dynasty. London: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1858.
Kitāb taḥdīd nihāyāt al-amākin li-taṣḥīḥ masāfāt al-masākin, by Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (973 – after 1050). Translated by Pavel G. Bulgakov as Opredelenie granits mest dlia utochneniia rasstoianii mezhdu naselennymi punktami (Geodeziia). Abu Reikhan Beruni: Izbrannye proizvedeniia, vol. 3. Tashkent: Fan, 1966.
Kua Ao ji跨鳌集 [Records of Kua Ao] by Li Xin 李新 (1062-?). Siku quanshu edition. Shanghai: Shanghai shangwu yinshuguan, 1934–1935.
Latāʾif al-maʿārif, by Abū Manṣūr ʿAbd al-Mālik ibn Muḥammad ibn Ismāʾīl al-Thaʿālibī, (961–1038). Translated by Clifford E. Bosworth as The Latāʾif al-maʿārif of Thaʿālibi: The Book of Curious and Entertaining Information. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University, 1968.
Lequan ji樂全集 [Lequan Collection], by Zhang Fangping 張方平 (1007–1091), Siku quanshu edition. Shanghai: Shanghai shangwu yinshuguan, 1934–1935.
Leslie, Donald D., and Kenneth H. J. Gardiner. The Roman Empire in Chinese Sources. Roma: Bardi, 1996.
Liao shi 遼史 [History of the Liao dynasty], by Tuotuo 脱脱(1314–1356). Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1980.
Lidai dili zhizhang tu歷代地理指掌圖 [Handy Geographical Maps through the ages], by Shui Anli 稅安禮 (d. 1099), facsimile edtition of the Song printed edition dated to 1130s and compiled by Su Shi 蘇軾 (1037–1101) was published as Songben Lidai dili zhizhang tu 宋本歷代地理指掌圖 [The Song Dynasty Book of Handy Geographical Maps through the ages]. Shanghai: Shanghai chubanshe, 1989. Ming dynasty printed edition is held in the National Central Library in Taiwan (No. 04161).
Lingwai daida 嶺外代答 [Notes from the Land beyond the Passes], by Zhou Qufei 周去非 (1135–1189). Shanghai: Yuandong chubanshe, 1996.
Lingwai daida嶺外代答 [Notes from the Land beyond the Passes], by Zhou Qufei 周去非 (1135–1189). Translated by Almut Netolitzky as Das Ling-wai Tai-ta Von Chou Ch’ü-fei: Eine Landeskunde Südchinas aus dem 12. Jahrhundert. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1977.
Liu, Mau-Tsai. Die Chinesischen Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost-Türken (T’u-küe). 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1958.
Mengxi bitan 夢溪筆談 [Dream Pool Essays], by Shen Kuo 沈括 (1031–1095). Shanghai (Beijing): Zhonghua shuju, 1959.
Ming shi 明史 [History of the Ming], by Zhang Tingyu 張廷玉 (1672–1755). Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1980.
Mirʾāt al-zamān fī tāʾrīkh al-aʿyān, by Yūsuf ibn Qizughlī Sibṭ ibn al-Jawzī (1186/87–1257). Edited by Ali Sevim as Mirʾāt al-zamān fī tāʾrīkh al-aʿyān: al-ḥawādith al-khāṣṣa bi-tāʾrīkh al-Salājiqa bayna al-sanāwāt 1056–1086, vol. 1. Ankara: Maṭbaʿa al-jamʿiyya al-tāʾrīkhiyya al-turkiyya, 1968.
Mulḥaqāt al-ṣurāh, by Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar Jamāl al-Qarshī (b. 1230/31). Translated by Shodmon Kh. Vohidov, and Bobur B. Aminov as Jamāl al-Qarshī, Mulḥaqāt bi-ṣ-ṣurāh. Istoriia Kazakhstana v persidskikh istochnikakh, vol. 1. Almaty: Daik Press, 2005.
Al-Muʾrib ʿan baʿd ʿajāʾib al-Maghrib, by Abū Hāmid al-Gharnātī (c. 1080–1170). Translated by Oleg G. Bol’shakov, and Aleksandr L. Mongait as Puteshestvie Abu Khamida al-Garnati v vostochnuiu i tsentral’nuiu Evropu (1131–1153 gg.). Moscow: Nauka, 1971.
Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-jawhar, by Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Masʿūdī (896–956). Edited and translated by Charles Barbier de Meynard as Maçoudi: Les prairies d’or. 8 vols. Paris: Imprimerie impériale, 1861–1874.
Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-jawhar, by Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Masʿūdī (896–956). Translated by Aloys Sprenger as El-Masʿūdī’s Historical Encyclopaedia entitled Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems. Vol. 1. London : Printed for the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1841.
Nan shi 南史 [History of the South], by Li Yanshou 李延壽 (fl. 659). Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1981.
Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq, by Muḥammad al-Idrīsī (1100–1165). Translated by Amédée P. Jaubert as Géographie d’Édrisi, vols. II. Paris: L’Imprimerie Royale, 1836–1840.
Pis’mo Razybakeeva Stalinu o rabote sredi uigur [The Letter by Razybakeev to Stalin about the work among Uyghurs], 11 November 1922, f.62, op.2, d.64, l.27–39, Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI), Russian Perspectives on Islam. https://islamperspectives.org/rpi/items/show/11036.
Al-Qānūn al-Masʿūdi, by Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (973–after 1050). Translated by Pavel G. Bulgakov and Boris A. Rosenfeld as Kanon Masʿuda (Knigi I–V). Abu Reikhan Beruni: Izbrannye proizvedeniia, vol. 5. Tashkent: Fan, 1973.
Qidan guo zhi 契丹國志 [Records of the Khitan State], by Ye Longli 葉隆禮 (13th century). Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1985.
Qing shi gao 清史稿 [Draft History of the Qing], by Zhao Erxun 趙爾巽 (1844–1927). Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1981.
Qingbo zazhi: fu biezhi清波杂志: 附别志 [Miscellaneous Notes from the gate of Qingbo: Attached Other Notes], by Zhou Hui 周辉 (b. 1126). Congshu jicheng chubian 叢書集成初編. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985.
Qiu Chang Chun Xi you ji 長春真人西遊記 [Travels to the West of Qiu Chang Chun], by Li Zhichang 李志常 (1193–1256). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985.
Qiu Chang Chun Xi you ji長春真人西遊記 [Travels to the West of Qiu Chang Chun], by Li Zhichang 李志常 (1193–1256). Translated by Palladius [Kafarov, Pyotr I.] as “Si yu tsi ili opisanie puteshestviia na zapad daosskogo monakha Chan Chunia, perevod 1866 goda.” In Pustynia Tartari, edited by Aider Kurkchi, 280–378. Moscow: DI-DIK, 1993.
Qiu Chang Chun Xi you ji長春真人西遊記 [Travels to the West of Qiu Chang Chun], by Li Zhichang 李志常 (1193–1256). Translated by Arthur Waley as The Travels of an Alchemist: The Journey of the Taoist Ch’ang-Ch’un from China to the Hundukush at the Summons of Chingiz Khan. London: Routledge Curzon, 1931.
Qutadghu bilig, by Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib Balāsāghūnī (c. 1019–1077). Edited and translated by Reşid Rahmeti Arat as Yusuf Has Hâcib, Kutadgu Bilig: Metin, Tercüme, Indeks. 3 vols. Istanbul: Millî Eğitim Basımevi, 1947–1979.
Qutadghu bilig, by Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib Balāsāghūnī (c. 1019–1077). Translated by Robert Dankoff as Wisdom of Royal Glory: A Turko-Islamic Mirror for Princes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.
Risāla, by Abū Dulaf al-Khazrajī (fl. 943–952). Translated by Alfred von Rohr-Sauer as Des Abū Dulaf Bericht über seine Reise nach Turkestan, China und Indien, Bonner orientalistische Studien, 26. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1939.
Risāla, by Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān (fl. 921–922). Translated by Paul Lunde, and Caroline Stone as Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North. London: Penguin Classics, 2012.
Saljūqnāma, by Ẓahīr al-Dīn Nīshāpūrī (d. 1184/85). Edited by Clifford E. Bosworth, and translated by Kenneth A. Luther as The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljūq-nāma of Ẓahīr al-Dīn Nīshāpūrī. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2001.
Siyāsatnāma, by Niẓām al-Mulk (1018–1092). Translated by Hubert Danke as The Book of Government or Rules for Kings: The Siyāsat-nāma or Siyar al-Mulūk of Niẓām al-Mulk. London: Routledge, 1960.
Song da zhaoling ji 宋大詔令集 [Collection of Grand Imperial Edicts and Decrees of the Song], by Song Shou 宋綬 (991–1041) and his descandants. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1962.
Song huiyao jigao宋會要輯稿 [Song Government Manuscript Compendium], by Xu Song 徐松 (1781–1848). Available via Scripta Sinica database in an electronic edition, prepared by the Institute of History and Language, Academia Sinica, Institute of Ancient Books Collection, Sichuan University, Department of East Asian Civilization, Harvard University, 2008.
Song shi 宋史 [History of the Song], by Tuotuo 脱脱 (1314–1356). Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1980.
Songchao shishi leiyuan 宋朝事實類苑 [Categorized Garden of Historical Facts of the Song Dynasty], by Jiang Shaoyu 江少虞 (12th century). Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1981.
Sui shu 隋書 [Book of Sui], by Wei Zheng 魏徵 (580–643). Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1980.
Ṭabaqāt-i Nāṣirī, Minhāj ad-Dīn Jūzjānī (b. 1193). Translated by Henry G. Raverty as Ṭabaqāt-i Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia, including Hindustan, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.), to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.), and the Irruption of the Infidel Mughals into Islam. London: Gilbert and Rivington, 1881.
Ṭabāʾiʿ al-ḥayawān, by Sharaf al-Zamān Ṭāhir Marwazī (fl. 1056/57–1124/25). Edited and translated by Vladimir Minorsky as Sharaf al-Zamān Ṭāhir Marvazī on China, the Turks and India. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1942.
Ṭabīblik kitābī, by Subḥān Qulī Muḥammad Bahādur Khān (1624–1702). Edited and translated by László Károly as A Turkic Medical Treatise from Islamic Central Asia: A Critical Edition of a Seventeenth-Century Chagatay Work by Subḥān Qulï Khan. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
Taḥdīd nihāyāt al-amākin li-tasḥīḥ masāfāt al-masākin, by Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (973- after 1050). Edited by Muhammad ibn Tawid al-Tanji. Ankara: Doğus Ltd, 1962.
Talkhīṣ majmaʿ al-ādāb fi muʿjam al-alqāb, by Kamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Razzaq ibn Aḥmad ibn al-Fuwaṭī (1244–1323). Edited by Mustafa Jawar. Damascus: Wizārat al-Taqāfa wa al-Irshād al-Qaumī, 1962–1967.
Taʾrīkh-i Jahān-gushā, by ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn ʿAṭāʾ-Malik Juwaynī (1226–1283). Translated by John A. Boyle as The History of the World Conqueror. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958.
Tiancheng gaijiu xinding lüling 天盛改旧新定律令 [Revised and Newly Endorsed Code for the Tiancheng Era, 1149–1169]. Translated by Shi Jinbo 史金波, Nie Hongyin 聂鸿音, Bai Bin 白滨. Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 2000.
Tieweishan congtan 鐵圍山叢談 [Collection of Talks from the Tiewei Mountain], by Cai Tiao 蔡條 (d. 1126). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1983.
Tong dian 通典 [Encyclopedic History of Institutions], by Du You 杜佑 (735–812). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1988.
Tongzhi 通志 [Comprehensive Records], by Zheng Qiao 鄭樵 (1104–1162). Taipei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1987.
Wei shu 魏書 [Book of the Wei], by Wei Shou 魏收 (507–572). Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1980.
Wenchang zalu 文昌雜錄 [Miscellaneous records of Wenchang], by Pang Yuanying 龐元英 (fl. 1080s). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1958.
Wenxian tongkao 文獻通考 [Comprehensive Examination of Literature], by Ma Duanlin 馬端臨 (1245–1322). Taipei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1987.
Xi you lu西游錄 [Records on the Journey to the West], by Yelü Chucai 耶律楚材 (1190–1244). Tranlsated by Igor de Rachewiltz as “The Hsi-yu-lu 西遊錄 by Yeh-lü Ch’u-ts’ai 耶律楚材.” Monumenta Serica 21 (1962): 1–128.
Xi you lu西游錄 [Records on the Journey to the West], by Yelü Chucai 耶律楚材 (1190–1244), Liujingkan congshu edition. Kyoto: Shangyu Luoshi, 1927.
Xin Tangshu 新唐書 [New history of the Tang], by Ouyang Xiu 歐陽修 (1007–1072) and Song Qi 宋祁 (998–1061). Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1981.
Xin wudai shi 新五代史 [New History of the Five Dynasties], by Ouyang Xiu 歐陽修 (1007–1072). Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1980.
Xu zizhi tongjian changbian 續資治通鑑長編 [Extended Continuation to Zizhi Tongjian], by Li Tao 李燾 (1115–1184). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju. 2004.
Youhuan jiwen 游宦紀聞 [Records of Official Travel], by Zhang Shinan 張世南 (12th–13th centuries). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1981.
Yuan shi 元史 [History of the Yuan dynasty], by Song Lian 宋濂 (1310–1381). Taipei: Dingwen shuju, 1981.
Yueshu樂書 [Book of Music], by Chen Yang 陳暘 (1064–1128). Siku quanshu edition, vol. 211. Taipei: Taiwan shangwu yinshu guan, 2008.
Yunlin shipu 雲林石譜 [Stone Catalog of Cloudy Forest], by Du Wan 杜綰 (12th century). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985.
Yunyan guoyan lu 云烟过眼录, by Zhou Mi 周密 (1232–1298). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985.
Zayn al-akhbār, by Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Ḥayy ibn al-Ḍaḥḥāk ibn Maḥmūd Gardīzī (11th century). Edited by Abd al-Hayy Habibi. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Bunyād-i Farhang-i Īrān, 1968.
Zayn al-akhbār, by Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Ḥayy ibn al-Ḍaḥḥāk ibn Maḥmūd Gardīzī (11th century). Translated by Clifford E. Bosworth as The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands, AD 650–1041. The Original Text of Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Ḥayy Gardīzī. London: I.B.Tauris, 2011.
Zhang Xinglang 张星烺. Zhong Xi jiaotong shiliao huibian 中西交通史料汇编 [Compilation of Historical Sources on Relations between China and the West]. 6 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1977.
Zhou li 周禮 [Rites of Zhou], by Liu Xin 劉歆 (c. 50 BCE–23 CE). Shenyang: Liaoning jiaoyu chubanshe, 2000.
Zhu fan zhi 諸蕃志 [Records of foreign people], by Zhao Rugua 赵汝适 (1170–1231). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985.
Zhu fan zhi 諸蕃志 [Records of foreign people], by Zhao Rugua 赵汝适 (1170–1231). Translated by Friedrich Hirth, and William W. Rockhill as Chau Ju-kua: His Work on Chinese and Arab Trade in the 12th and 13th Centuries, Entitled Chu-fan-chï. St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1911.
Studies
Abe, Massashi. “Results of the Archaeological Project at Ak Beshim (Suyab), Kyrgyz Republic from 2011 to 2013 and a Note on the Site’s Abandonment.” Intercultural Understanding 4 (2014): 11–16.
Akasoy, Anna, and Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim. “Along the Musk Routes: Exchanges between Tibet and the Islamic World.” Asian Medicine 3 (2007): 217–240.
Akasoy, Anna, Charles Burnett, and Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim, eds. Islam and Tibet: Interactions along the Musk Routes. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011.
Akasoy, Anna, “Tibet in Islamic Geography and Cartography: A Survey of Arabic and Persian Sources.” In Islam and Tibet: Interactions along the Musk Routes, edited by Anna Akasoy, Charles Burnett, and Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim, 17–41. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011.
Agostini, Domenico and Sören Stark. “Zāwulistān, Kāwulistān and the Land Bosi 波斯 – On the Question of a Sassanian Court-In-Exile in the Southern Hindukush.” Studia Iranica 45 (2016): 17–38.
Akin, Alexander. “The Jing Xing ji of Du Huan: Notes on the West by a Chinese Prisoner of War.” Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 5 (1999–2000): 77–102.
Allsen, Thomas T. Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1997.
Allsen, Thomas T. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2001.
Asimov, Muhammad S., and Clifford E. Bosworth, eds. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Age of Achievement A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, vol. 4, part 1. Paris: UNESCO, 1998.
Atwood, Christopher P. “The First Mongol Contacts with the Tibetans.” In Trails of the Tibetan Tradition: Papers for Elliot Sperling, edited by Roberto Vitali, 21–45. Paris: UMR 8155 (CRCAO) of the French National Center for Scientific Research, 2015.
Bagherpour, Kashani N., and Thomas Stöllner. “Iron Age Amber Beads from Vešnave/Iran.” Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 43 (2011): 71–78.
Barfield, Thomas J. The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China 221 B.C. to AD 1757. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1989.
Bartold, Vasily V. Turkestan v epokhu mongol’skogo nashestviia. St. Petersburg: Imperatorskaia Akademiia nauk, 1900, rpt. in Sochineniia I. Moscow: Vostochnaia literatura, 1963.
Bartold, Vasily V. “Dvenadtsat’ lektsii po istorii turetskikh narodov Srednei Azii.” In Sochineniia 5. Moscow: Nauka, 1968.
Baumer, Christoph, and Mirko Novák, eds. Urban Cultures of Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the Karakhanids: Learnings and Conclusions from New Archaeological Investigations and Discoveries. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2019.
Bazin, Marcel, Christian Bromberger, Daniel Balland and Ṣoḡrā Bāzargān. “Berenj “Rice”.” Encyclopædia Iranica, edited by Ehsan Yarshater. New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, 1989, IV/2, 147–163. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/berenj-rice.
Beckwith, Christopher. “The Location and Population of Tibet According to Early Islamic Sources.” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 43, no. 2/3 (1989): 163–170.
Beckwith, Christopher. The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University, 1987.
Bemman, Jan and Michael Schmauder, eds. Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the first millennium CE. Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universiät Bonn, 2015.
Bentley, Jerry H. “Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History.” American Historical Review 101, no. 3 (1996): 749–770.
Bielenstein, Hans. Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World, 589–1276. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
Biran, Michal. “Qarakhanid Studies: A View from the Qara Khitai Edge.” Cahiers d’Asie centrale 9 (2001): 77–89.
Biran, Michal. The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2005.
Biran, Michal. “Unearthing the Liao Dynasty’s Relations with the Muslim World: Migrations, Diplomacy, Commerce, and Mutual Perceptions.” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 43 (2013): 221–251.
Biran, Michal. “The Qarakhanids’ Eastern Exchange: Preliminary Notes on the Silk Roads in the eleventh and twelfth Centuries.” In Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the first millennium CE, edited by Jan Bemman, and Michael Schmauder, 575–595. Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universiät Bonn, 2015.
Biran, Michal. “The Non-Han Dynasties.” In The Blackwell Companion of Chinese History, edited by Michael Szonyi, 129–143. Oxford: Willey Blackwell, 2017.
Bosworth, Clifford E. The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran, 994–1040. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1963.
Bosworth, Clifford E. “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217).” In The Cambridge History of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol Period, edited by John A. Boyle, vol. 5, 1–202. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.
Bosworth, Clifford E. “An Alleged Embassy from the Emperor of China to the Amir Naṣr ibn Aḥmad: A Contribution to Sâmânid Military History.” In Yādnāma-yi Iraāni-yi Minorsky, edited by Mujtaba Minuvi, and Iraj Afshar, 17–29. Tehran: Tehran University, 1969, rpr. in Clifford E. Bosworth. The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia. XXII, 1–13. London: Variourum Reprints, 1977.
Bosworth, Clifford E. The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India, 1040–1186. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1977.
Bosworth, Clifford E. “ʿAlītigin.” Encyclopædia Iranica, edited by Ehsan Yarshater. New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, 1985, I/8, 887–888. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alitigin-the-usual-name-in-the-sources-for-ali-b.
Bosworth, Clifford E. “Bardhaʽa.” Encyclopædia Iranica, edited by Ehsan Yarshater. New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, 1988, III/7, 779–780. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bardaa-or-bardaa-arm.
Bosworth, Clifford E. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University, 1996.
Bosworth, Clifford E. “Ghaznavids.” Encyclopædia Iranica, edited by Ehsan Yarshater. New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, 2001, X/6, 578–583. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghaznavids.
Bosworth, Clifford E. “Khwarazmshahs i. Descendants of the line of Anuštigin.” Encyclopædia Iranica, edited by Ehsan Yarshater. New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, 2009, online edition. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khwarazmshahs-i.
Boyle, John A., ed. The Cambridge History of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol Period, vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.
Braund, David. “Nero’s Amber-Expedition in Context: Connectivity between the Baltic, Black Sea, Adriatic and India from Herodotus to the Roman Empire.” In Interconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic World, edited by Victor Cojocaru, Altay Coşkun, and Mădălina Dana, 435–456. Cluj-Napoca: Mega Publishing House, 2014.
Brophy, David. “Taranchis, Kashgharis, and the ‘Uyghur Question’ in Soviet Central Asia.” Inner Asia 7, no. 2 (2005): 163–184.
Buayixiamu 布阿衣夏木, and Aji 阿吉. “Kalahan wangchao yu Gaochang Huigu hanguo zhengzhi guanxi 喀喇汗王朝与高昌回鹘汗国的 政治关系探析 [Political relations between the Qarakhanid Dynasty and the Gaochang Uyghur Khaganate].” Ha’erbin xueyuan xuebao 哈尔滨学院学报 36, 12 (2015): 102–105.
Bubnova, Mira A., and Inna A. Polovnikova. “Iantar’ v Srednei Azii.” In Drevnie tsivilizatsii Evrazii: Istoriia i kul’tura, edited by Aleksandr V. Sedov, 124–135. Moscow: Vostochnaia literatura, 2001.
Bulliet, Richard W. “Abu Dolaf Al-Yanbui.” Encyclopædia Iranica, edited by Ehsan Yarshater. New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, 1983, I/3, 271–272. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-dolaf-al-yanbui-mesar-b.
Chaffee, John W., and Denis Twitchett, eds. The Cambridge History of China: Sung China, 960–1279, vol. 5, part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Chaffee, John W. The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of a Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750–1400. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
Charles, Melville B. “The Rise of the Sassanian Elephant Corps: Elephants and the Later Roman Empire.” Iranica Antiqua 42, (2007): 301–346.
Chavannes, Edouard. “Les deux plus anciens spécimens de la cartographie chinoise.” Bulletin de l’École française de Extrême-Orient 3, no.2 (1903): 214–247.
Chen Guanhan, Zhou Xinying, Wang Jianxin, Ma Jian, Mutalibjon Khasannov, Nasibillo Khasanov, Robert N. Spengler, Amridin Berdimurodov, Li Xiaoqiang. “Kushan Period Rice in the Amu Darya Basin: Evidence for Prehistoric Exchange along the Southern Himalaya.” Science China Earth Sciences 63 (2020): 841–851.
Chen Jiarong 陈佳荣, Xie Fang 谢方 and Lu Junling 陆峻岭, eds. Gudai Nanhai diming huishi 古代南海地名汇释 [Assembled explanations of ancient place-names of the Southern Sea]. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1986.
Cheng Minsheng 程民生. “Songren shenghuo shuiping ji bizhi kaocha 宋人生活水平及币值考察 [Living Standarts and Monetary Value of the Song Dynasty].” Shixue yuekan 史学月刊 3 (2008): 100–111.
Cheng Minsheng 程民生. “Qingming shanghe tu zhong de tuodui shi hu shang ma – jian tan Songchao jingnei de fenbu 《清明上河图》中的驼队是胡商吗—兼谈宋朝境内骆驼的分布 [Are the Figures of the Camel Caravan on Qingming shanghe tu Foreign Merchants? Distribution of Camels in Song Territory].” Lishi yangjiu 历史研究 05 (2012): 176–182.
Chou Yi-liang. “Notes on Marvazi’s Account on China.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 9, no. 1 (1945): 13–23.
Chugunov, Konstantin V. “Iantar’ sredi zolota kochevnicheskikh vladyk. Tsar’skii kurgan ranneskifskogo vremeni Arzhan-2 v Tuve.” In Iantar’ v drevnikh kul’turakh: Khudozhestvennye proizvedeniia iz sobraniia Ermitazha, edited by Olga Fedoseenko, 47–54. Saint Petersburg: Slaviia, 2010.
Cojocaru, Victor, Altay Coşkun, and Mădălina Dana (eds.). Interconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic World. Cluj-Napoca: Mega Publishing House, 2014.
Compareti, Matteo. “The Last Sassanians in China.” Eurasian Studies 2, no. 2 (2003): 197–213.
Curtis, Vesta S., and Sarah Stewart. The Age of the Parthians. The Idea of Iran, vol. 2. London: Tauris, 2007.
Dankoff, Robert. “A Note on khutū and chatuq.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 93, no. 4 (1973): 542–543.
Davidovich, Elena A. “The Karakhanids.” In History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Age of Achievement A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, edited by Muhammad S. Asimov, and Clifford E. Bosworth, vol. 1, part 1, 125–149. Paris: UNESCO, 1998.
Dawkes, Giles, and Gaygysyz Jorayev. “A Case of an Early Islamic city in Transoxiana: Excavations at the Medieval citadel in Taraz, Kazakhstan.” Archaeological Research in Asia 4 (2015): 17–24.
Dotson, Brandon. “The ‘nephew – uncle’ relationship in the international diplomacy of the Tibetan Empire (7th–9th Centuries).” In Contemporary Visions in Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the First International Seminar of Young Tibetologists, edited by Brandon Dotson, Tim Myatt, Kalsang Norbu Gurung, and Georgios Halkias, 223–38. Chicago: Serindia, 2009.
Dunnell, Ruth W. “Who are the Tanguts? Remarks on Tangut Ethnogenesis and the Ethnonym Tangut.” Journal of Asian History 18, no. 1 (1984): 78–89.
Dunnell, Ruth W. The Great State of White and High: Buddhism and State Formation in Eleventh-Century Xia. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1996.
Durand-Guédy, David, ed. Turco-Mongol Rulers, Cities and City Life. Leiden: Brill, 2013.
Duturaeva, Dilnoza. “Between the Silk and Fur Roads: the Qarakhanid Diplomacy and Trade.” Orientierungen: Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens 28 (2016): 173–212.
Duturaeva, Dilnoza. “Cengtan and Fulin: The Saljuqs in Chinese Sources.” Crossroads: Studies on the History of Exchange Relations in the East Asian World 15 (2017): 29–48.
Duturaeva, Dilnoza. “Qarakhanid Envoys to Song China.” Journal of Asian History 52, no. 2 (2018): 179–208.
Duturaeva, Dilnoza. “The Amber Road to China: Trade and Migration of Culture in Pre-Modern Eurasia.” In Migration and Identity in Eurasia from the Ancient Times to the Middle Ages, 251–267. Edited by Victor Cojocaru and Annamária-Izabella Pázsint. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Mega, 2021.
Duturaeva, Dilnoza. “From Turkistan to Tibet: The Qarakhanid Khaganate and the Tsongkha Kingdom.” In The History and Culture of Iran and Central Asia: From the Pre-Islamic to the Islamic Period, 305–327. Edited by Deborah Tor and Minoru Inaba. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 2022.
Eden, Jeff. Warrior Saints of the Silk Road: Legends of the Qarakhanids. Leiden: Brill, 2019.
Fairbank, John K, ed. The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968.
Fedoseenko, Olga A., ed. Iantar’ v drevnikh kul’turakh: Khudozhestvennye proizvedeniia iz sobraniia Ermitazha. Saint Petersburg: Slaviia, 2010.
Feng Chengjun 馮承鈞 and Lu Junling 陸峻嶺. Xiyu diming 西域地名 [Toponyms of the Western Regions]. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1980.
Feng Yongqian 冯永谦. Zhongguo taoci quanji 9 Liao Xi Xia Jin 中国陶瓷全集 9 辽西夏金 [The Complete Works of the Chinese Ceramics 9 Liao, Xi Xia, and Jin Dynasties]. Shanghai: Shanghai renmin meishu chubanshe, 2000.
Fiaschetti, Francesca, and Julia Schneider, eds. Political Strategies of Identity Building in Non-Han Empires in China. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2014.
Findley, Carter V. The Turks in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Fletcher, Joseph F. “China and Central Asia, 1368–1884.” In The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations, edited by John K. Fairbank. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968.
Forbes, Andrew, and David Henley. China’s Ancient Tea Horse Road. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Book, 2011.
Frachetti, Michael, and Farhod Maksudov. “The Landscape of Ancient Mobile Pastoralism in the Highlands of Uzbekistan, 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1400.” Journal of Field Archaeology 39, no. 3 (2014): 195–212.
Franke, Herbert, and Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368, vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Friedman, John B., Kristen Mossler Figg, Scott D. Westrem, and Gregory G. Guzman, eds. Trade, Travel and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia. London: Routledge, 2017.
Fujita Toyohachi 藤田丰八. Zhongguo Nanhai gudai jiaotong congkao 中国南海古代交通丛考 [Collection on relations between China and Lands of the Southern Sea]. Translated by He Jianmin 何健民. Shanghai: Shanghai shangwu yinshuguan, 1936.
von Gabain, Annemarie. Das Leben im uigurischen Königreich von Qočo (850–1250). 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1973.
Galambos, Imre. “She Association Circulars from Dunhuang.” In A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture, edited by Antje Richter, 853–877. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2015.
Ge Zhaoguang 葛兆光. “Xiangxiang tianxia diguo – yi chuan Li Gonglin “Wanfang zhigong tu” wei zhongxin 想象天下帝国—以(传) 李公麟《万方职贡图》为中心 [An Imaginative Great Empire: Focused on Li Gonglin’s Wanfang zhigongtu in the Song Dynasty].” Dan xue bao (Shehui kuxue ban) 旦学报(社会科学版) 60, no. 3 (2018): 36–48.
Genç, Reşat. Karahanlı devlet teşkilâtı: XI. yüzıl Türk hâkimiyet anlayışı ve Karahanlılar. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1981, rpt. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2002.
Gernet, Jacques. Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1962.
Glassé, Cyril, ed. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001.
Golden, Peter B. “The Karakhanids and Early Islam.” In The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, edited by Denis Sinor, 343–370. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Golden, Peter B. “Ethnogenesis in the Tribal Zone: The Shaping of the Türks.” In Peter B. Golden: Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes, edited by Cătălin Hriban, 17–63. Bucharest-Brăila: Romanian Academy and Brăila Museum, 2011.
Golden, Peter B. Central Asia in World History. Oxford: Oxford University, 2011.
Groom, Nigel. Frankincense and Myrrh: A Study of the Arabian Incense Trade. London-Beirut: Longman and Librairie du Liban, 1981.
Grossman, Heather E., and Alicia Walker, eds. Mechanisms of Exchange: Transmission in Medieval Art and Architecture of the Mediterranean, ca 1000–1500. Leiden: Brill, 2013.
Hansen, Valerie. The Silk Road: A New History. New York: Oxford University, 2012.
Hansen, Valerie. “International Gifting and the Khitan World, 907–1125.” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 43 (2013): 273–302.
Hansen, Valerie. The Year 1000: When Explorers Connected the World and Globalization Began. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2020.
Herrmann, Albert. “Die älteste türkische Weltkarte (1076 n. Chr.).” Imago Mundi 1, no. 1 (1935): 21–28.
Hillenbrand, Carole. “Women in the Saljuq Period.” In Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800, edited by Guity Nashat, and Lois Beck, 103–120. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003.
Hirth, Friedrich. China and the Roman Orient: Researches into their Ancient and Medieval Relations in Old Chinese Records. Shanghai & Hong Kong: 1885, rpt. Chicago: Ares, 1975.
Hirth, Friedrich. “The Mystery of Fu-lin.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 30, no. 1 (1909): 1–31.
Horlemann, Bianca. Aufstieg und Niedergang der Tsong-kha-Stammeskonföderation im 11./12. Jahrhundert an der Schnittstelle von Tibet, China und Zentralasien. Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang, 2004.
Horlemann, Bianca. “On the Origin of Jiaosiluo, the Founder of the Tsong kha Tribal Confederation in 11th Century Amdo.” Zentralasiatische Studien 34 (2005): 127–154.
Horlemann, Bianca. “The Relations of the Eleventh-Century Tsong Kha Tribal Confederation to Its Neighbour States on the Silk Road.” In Contributions to the Cultural History of Early Tibet, edited by Matthew Kapstein, and Brandon Dotson, 83–106. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
Hourani, George F. Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Medieval Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Hriban, Cătălin, ed. Peter B. Golden: Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Bucharest-Brăila: Romanian Academy and Brăila Museum, 2011.
Hsieh Ding-hwa. “Buddhist Nuns in Sung China (960–1279).” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 30 (2000): 63–96.
Hua Tao. “Central and Western Tianshan on the Eve of Islamization.” Journal of Asian History 27, no. 2 (1993): 95–108.
Hua Tao. “The Muslim Qarakhanids and Their Invented Ethnic Identity.” In Islamisation de l’Asie centrale: Processus locaux d’acculturation du VIIe au XIe siècle (Cahiers de Studia Iranica 39), edited by Étienne de la Vaissière, 339–350. Paris Louvain: Peeters, 2008.
Hua Tao. “Satuq Bughra Khan and the Beginning of Islamization in the Tian Shan Region.” In Islam, edited by Jin Yijiu. Translated by Chan Ching-shing Alex, 116–134. Leiden: Brill, 2017.
Huang Shijian 黄时鉴. Dong Xi wenliu shilun gao 東西文流史論稿 [History of Cultural Interactions between East and West]. Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1998.
Huang Shijian. “Liao yu “Dashi” 辽与”大食” [Liao and Dashi].” In Huang Shijian Wenji 黄时鉴文集 [Selected Works of Huang Shijian], 3 volums, vol. 2, 16–30, edited by Huang Shijian. Beijing: Zhongxi shuju, 2011.
Hucker, Charles O. A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford University Press, 1985.
Hunkan, Ömer Soner. Türk Hakanliği (Karahanlilar): Kuruluş-Gelişme-Çöküş, 766–1212. İstanbul : IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 2011.
Ilyasova, Saida R., Jangar Ilyasov, Ravshan Imamberdiev, and E.A. Ishakova. “Net blaga v bogatstve”: Glazurovannaia keramika Tashkentskogo oazisa IX-XII vekov. Moscow: Fond Marjani, 2016.
Ingstad, Helge, and Anne Stine Ingstad. The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L’Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001.
Itakura Masaaki. Li Gonglin’s Scroll Painting Five Horses. Tokyo: Hatori Shoten, 2019
Jiang Qixiang 將其祥. “Heihan chao ming cheng kao 黑汗朝名称考 [Study on the name of the Heihan dynasty].” Xiyu yanjiu 西域研究 1 (2001): 51–56.
Kamalov, Ablet. “Birth of Uyghur National History in Semirech’ye: Näzärγoja Abdusemätov and His Historical Works.” Oriente Moderno 96 (2016): 181–196.
Kamyshev, Aleksandr. “Monety Kitaia iz Kyrgyzstana.” In Numizmatika Tsentral’noi Azii, edited by Edward Rtweladze, vol 4, 57–65. Tashkent, 1999.
Kamyshev, Aleksandr. “Novye arkheologicheskie nakhodki s gorodischa Sadyr-Kurgan.” Izvestia Natsional’noi Akademii nauk Respubliki Kazakhstan 1 (2009): 284–292.
Kamyshev, Aleksandr. Numizmatika Kyrgyzstana. Bishkek, 2014.
Kamyshev, Aleksandr. “Monety na velikom shelkovom puti (Kyrgyzstan).” Arkheologiia Evraziiskikh stepei 6 (2017): 7–13.
Kapstein, Matthew T., and Brandon Dotson, eds. Contributions to the Cultural History of Early Tibet. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
Karaev, Omurkul. Istoriia karakhanidskogo kaganata. Frunze: Ilim, 1983.
Karev, Yury. “Qarakhanid Wall Paintings in the Citadel of Samarqand: First Report and Preliminary Observations.” Muqarnas 22 (2005): 45–84.
Karev, Yury. “Western Qarakhanids between Bukhara and Samarqand.” In Turco-Mongol Rulers, Cities and City Life, edited by David Durand-Guédy, 99–147. Leiden: Brill, 2013.
Kauz, Ralph, ed. Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2010.
Kemaloğlu, Muhammet. “Karahanlıların Menşe ve Kuruluş Faraziyeleri.” Hikmet Yurdu 6, no. 11 (2013): 415–424.
Kessler, Adam T. Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road. Leiden: Brill, 2012.
Kidirali, Darhan, and Gaybullah Babayar. “Taraz’da bulunan son Karahanli hükümdarlarindan birine ait mezar aniti.” Gazi Türkiyat 18 (2016): 19–41.
King, Anya. “The Importance of Imported Aromatics in Arabian Culture: Illustrations from Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Poetry.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 67, no. 3 (2008): 175–189.
King, Anya. “Eastern Islamic Rulers and the Trade with Eastern and Inner Asia in the 10th–11th Centuries.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute, New Series 25 (2011): 175–185.
King, Anya. “Tibetan Musk and Medieval Arab Perfumery.” In Islam and Tibet: Interactions along the Musk Routes, edited by Anna Akasoy, Charles Burnett, and Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim, 145–162. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011.
King, Anya. “Early Islamic Sources on the Kitan Liao: The Role of Trade.” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 43 (2013): 253–271.
Kochnev, Boris D. Numizmaticheskaia istoriia Karakhanidskogo kaganata, 991–1209 gg. Moscow: Sofiia, 2006.
Korobeinikov, Dimitri. “The King of the East and the West: The Seljuk Dynastic Concept and Titles in the Muslim and Christian Sources.” In The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, edited by Andrew C. S. Peacock, and Sara Nur Yildiz, 68–90. London: I.B. Tauris, 2013.
Korobeinikov, Dimitri. Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century. Oxford University Press, 2014.
Kovalev, Roman K. “The Infrastructure of the Northern Part of the ‘Fur Road’ Between the Middle Volga and the East During the Middle Ages.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 11 (2000–2001): 25–64.
Kozhin, Pavel. Kitai i Tsentral’naia Aziia do epokhi Chingizkhana: problemy paleokul’turologii. Moscow: Forum, 2011.
Kuhn, Dieter. The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009.
Kychanov, Evgenii I. Ocherk istorii tangutskogo gosudarstva. Moscow: Nauka, 1968.
Laufer, Berthold. Sino-Iranica. Chinese Contributions to the History of Civilization in Ancient Iran: With Special Reference to the History of Cultivated Plants and Products. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1919.
Leslie, Donald D. “Integration, Assimilation, and Survival of Minorities in China: The Case of the Kaifeng Jews.” In From Kaifeng to Shanghai: Jews in China, edited by Roman Malek, 45–76. Sankt Augustin: Monumenta Serica Institute and the China-Zentrum, 2000.
Li Jinxu 李锦 and Yu Taishan 余太山. “Tong dian” xiyu wenxian yaozhu 《通典》西域文獻要注 [Notes on the Chapter of the Western Regions in“Tong dian”]. Beijing: Shanghai renmin, 2009.
Li Yiyou 李逸友. “Zhaowudameng Ningchengxian Xiaoliuzhangzi Liao mu fajue jianbao 昭乌达盟宁城县小刘仗子辽幕发掘简报 [Brief Report on the Excavation of the Liao Tomb from Xiaoliuzhangzi in Ningcheng County, Zhaowu Dameng].” Wenwu 文物 9 (1961): 44–51.
Lieu, Samuel N.C. “Epigrahica Nestoriana Serica.” In Exegisti Monumenta. Festsschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams, edited by Werner Sundermann, Almut Hintze, and Francois de Blois, 227–246. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2009.
Lin Meicun 林梅村. “Yutian huama kao: jian lun Bei Song yu Yutian zhijian de juan ma maoyi 于阗花马考: 兼论北宋与于阗之间的绢马贸易 [On Images of the Khotan Horse: Silk and Horse Trade between the Northern Song and Khotan].” Xiyu yanjiu 西域研究 2 (2008): 44–54.
Lin Ying, and Yu Yusen. “The Arab Empire in Chinese Sources from the 8th Century to the 10th Century.” In Arabia, Greece and Byzantium: Cultural Contacts in Ancient and Medieval Times, edited by Abdulaziz Al-Helabi, Dimitrios G. Letsios, Moshalleh Al-Moraekhi and Abdullah Al-Abduljabbar, 311–320. Riyadh: King Saud University, 2012.
Liu, William Guanglin. Chinese Market Economy, 1000–1500. New York: State University of New York Press, 2015.
Lin Yingchun Linda 林盈君 and Adriana Rizzo. “Conservation of amber at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA: Regalrez® 1126 as a consolidant and adhesive for amber and copal.” Studies in Conservation 59.1 (2014): 100–103.
Liu Yingsheng. “A Century of Chinese Research on Islamic Central Asian History in Retrospect.” Cahiers d’Asie centrale 9 (2001): 115–129.
Liu Yingsheng. “A Lingua Franca along the Silk Road: Persian language in China between the 14th and the 16th centuries.” In Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea, edited by Ralph Kauz, 87–95. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2010.
Liu Yingsheng. Huayan yu fanyin: Zhonggu shidai houqi dongxi jiaoliu de yuyan qiaoliang 华言与蕃音: 中古时代后期东西交流的语言桥梁 [Chinese and Foreign languages: Linguistic Connections of the East-West Relations during the late Middle Ages]. Shanghai: Shaghai guji, 2013.
Liu Yuquan 刘玉权. “Guanyu Shazhou Huigu dongku huafen (zhaiyao) 关于沙州回鹘洞窟的划分(摘要) [About the Division of the Shazhou Huigu Cave (Abstract)].” Dunhuang yanjiu 敦煌研究 2 (1988): 9–11.
Lu Fuhua 吕富华. “Cong chutu de huren xunshihupo peishi kan xifan wenhua yinsu dui Liao wenhua de yingxiang 从出土的胡人驯狮琥珀佩饰看西方文化因素对辽文化的影响 [The Influence of Western Cultural Factors on Liao Culture from Unearthed Amber Ornaments of Hu People Tame Lions].” Chifeng xueyuanxuebao (hanwen zhexue shehui kexue ban) 赤峰学院学报(汉文哲学社会科学版) 35, no. 2 (2014): 15–17.
Lu Yun 陆芸. “Songdai Cengtan guo xin kao 宋代层檀国新考 [A New study on Cengtan during the Song dynasty].” Haijiao shi yanjiu 海交史研究 2 (2015): 26–32.
Lurje, Pavel B. “Description of the Overland Route to China in Hudud al-ʿAlam: Dates of the Underlying Itinerary.” Ouya xuekan 欧亚学刊 6 (2007): 179–197.
Makiko Onishi and Asanobu Kitamoto. “A Lesser Known Route: the Qinghai Route.” In Silk Road in Rare Books: Narratives on Cultural Heritage along Silk Road with Figures and Photographs from Rare Books. Digital Silk Road Project, National Institute of Informatics. http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/rarebook/07/, Japanese edition 2005, English revised edition 2010.
Mako, Gerald. “The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars: A Question Reconsidered.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi (2011): 199–223.
Maksudov, Farhod, Elissa Bullion, Edward R. Henry, Taylor Hermes, Ann Merkle, and Michael D. Frachetti. “Nomadic Urbanism at Tashbulak: A New Highland Town of the Karakhanids.” In Urban Cultures of Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the Karakhanids: Learnings and Conclusions from New Archaeological Investigations and Discoveries, edited by Christoph Baumer, and Mirko Novák, 283–305. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2019.
Marquart, Joseph. Osteuropäische und Ostasiatische Streifzüge: Ethnologische und Historisch-topographische Studien zur Geschichte des 9. und 10. Jahrhunderts (ca. 840–940). Leipzig: Dieterich, 1903, rpt. Hildesheim: Olms, 1961.
McClary, Richard P. Medieval Monuments of Central Asia: Qarakhanid Architecture of the 11th and 12th centuries. Edinburgh University Press, 2020.
Mernissi, Fatima. The Forgotten Queens of Islam. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993.
Michailidis, Melanie. “Samanid Silver and Trade along the Fur Route.” In Mechanisms of Exchange: Transmission in Medieval Art and Architecture of the Mediterranean, ca 1000–1500, edited by Heather E. Grossman, and Alicia Walker, 17–40. Leiden: Brill, 2013.
Millward, James A. Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. New York: Columbia University, 2007.
Mitchiner, Michael. “Evidence for Viking-Islamic Trade Provided by Samanid Silver Coinage.” East and West 37, no. 1/4 (1987): 139–150.
Moriyasu, Takao 森安孝夫. “The West Uighur and Tun-huang around the 10th–11th centuries.” Berichte und Abhandlungen der Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 8, 337–368. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2000.
Moriyasu, Takao. “Epistolary Formulae of the Old Uyghur Letters from the Eastern Silk Road (Part 2).” Osaka University Knowledge Archive 52 (2012): 1–98.
Mote, Frederick. Imperial China 900–1800. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Mustafaev, Shahin, and Henri-Paul Francfort, eds. Arkheologiia i istoriia Tsentral’noi Azii v trudakh frantsuzskikh uchenykh. 2 vols. Samarkand: IICAS, 2014.
Nashat, Guity, and Lois Beck, eds. Women in Iran from the Rise of Islam to 1800. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003.
Nastich, Vladimir N. “Monetnye nakhodki iz Kazakhstana i Kirgizii.” In Vtoraia Vsesoiuznaia Numizmaticheskaia Konferentsiia, 52–63. Moscow: Akademiia Nauk SSSR, 1987. http://www.charm.ru/info/library/New_finds.htm, 08.08.2016.
Nazim, Muhammad. “The “Pand-Nāmah” of Subuktigīn.” The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 3 (1933): 605–628.
Niyazova, Makhsuma. Drevnie i srednevekovye iuvelirnye izdeliia kak istochnik ob istorii kul’tury Bukhary (po arkheologicheskim materialam). Avtoreferat dissertatsii na soiskanie stepeni kandidata istoricheskikh nauk. Samarkand: Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, 2007.
Osman, Ghäyrätjan. Uyghurlar shäriqtä va ghäriptä, vol. 3. Urumchi: Shinjang xälq näshriyati, 2002.
Park, Hyunhee. Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Paul, Jürgen. “Islamizing Sufis in Pre-Mongol Central Asia.” In Islamisation de l’Asie centrale: Processus locaux d’acculturation du VIIe au XIe siècle (Cahiers de Studia Iranica 39), edited by Étienne de la Vaissière, 297–317. Paris Louvain: Peeters, 2008.
Paul, Jürgen. Zentralasien. Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte Band 10. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 2012.
Peacock, Andrew C. S. Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation. London: Routledge, 2010.
Peacock, Andrew C. S, and Sara Nur Yildiz, eds. The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris, 2013.
Peacock, Andrew C. S. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015.
Peacock, David and David Williams. Food for the Gods: New Light on the Ancient Incense Trade. Oxford: Oxbow books, 2006.
Peng Shifan 彭适凡 and Peng Tao 彭涛. “Cong Huren qian ma ci song tan Songdai Xiaode zhen ciqi de waixiao 从胡人牵马瓷俑谈宋代景德镇瓷器的外销 [Discussion on the Porcelain Export in Xiaode during the Song Dynasty following a Porcelain Hu man pulling a Horse].” Zhonghua wenhua luntan 中华文化论坛 1 (1995): 68–71.
Petech, Luciano. “Tibetan Relations with Sung China and with the Mongols.” In China among Equals: the Middle Kingdom and its Neighbors, 10th–14th centuries, edited by Morris Rossabi, 173–203. Berkeley: California University Press, 1983.
Peters, Rudolph. Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the sixteenth to the twenty-first century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Picken, Laurence. “Music for a Lion-Dance of the Song Dynasty.” Musica Asiatica 4 (1984): 200–212.
Pinks, Elisabeth. Die Uiguren von Kan-chou in der frühen Sung-Zeit (960–1028). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1968.
Pigarev Evgenii M., and Xiaolin Ma. “Nakhodki kitaiskikh monet na zolotoordynskikh gorodischakh Nizhnego Povolzh’ia.” Arkheologiia evraziiskikh stepei 6 (2017): 65–68.
Pritsak, Omeljan. “Die Karachaniden.” Der Islam 31, no. 1 (1953): 2–68.
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. “The Consonantal System of Old Chinese.” Asia Major 9 (1962): 58–144, 206–265.
Pulleyblank, Edwin G.. Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. Vancouver: British Columbia University Press, 1991.
Qian Boquan 钱伯泉. “Dashi, Heiyi Dashi, Kalahan wangchao kaoshi 大石、黑衣大石、喀喇汗王朝考实 [Study on Dashi, Heiyi Dashi and the Qarakhanids].” Minzu yanjiu 民族研究 1 (1995): 75–82.
Qian Boquan. “Yichang Kalahan wangchao he Song chao lian bing jingong Xi Xia de zhanzheng: Cangjingdong fengbi de zhenzheng yuanyin 一场喀喇汗王朝和宋朝联兵进攻西夏的战争—藏经洞封闭的真正原因和确切时间 [An Allied Force of the Qarakhanids and the Song Dynasty against the Western Xia: A Real Reason of Sealing of the “Library Cave”]. ” Dunhuang yanjiu 敦煌研究 2 (2000): 1–9.
de Rachewiltz, Igor. “The Hsi-yu-lu 西遊錄 by Yeh-lü Ch’u-ts’ai 耶律楚材.” Monumenta Serica 21 (1962): 1–128.
Rante, Rocco and Djamal Mirzaakhmedov. The Oasis of Bukhara: Population, Depopulation and Settlement Evolution, vol. 1. Brill: Leiden, 2019.
Raza, Syed Jabir. “Coinage and Metallurgy under the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 75 (2014): 224–231.
Richter, Antje, ed. A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2015.
Roberts, Sean R. “Imagining Uyghurstan: Re-Evaluating the Birth of the Modern Uyghur Nation.” Central Asian Survey 28, 4 (2009): 361–381.
Robinson, Jancis, ed. The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Rookmaaker, Leendert C. “Records of the Rhinoceros in Pakistan and Afghanistan.” Pakistan Journal of Zoology 32, no. 1 (2000): 65–74.
Rong Xinjiang 荣新江. “Qingming shang he tu huren xingxiang jiexi 《清明上河图》胡人形象解析 [Analysyis of the Image of a huren on Qingming shang he tu].” Xinjiang daily 11, June 23, 2009.
Rong Xinjiang. Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang. Translated by Imre Galambos. Leiden: Brill, 2013.
Rong Xinjiang, and Zhu Lishuang 朱丽双. “Cong jingong dao siyi: 10–11 shiji Yutian yu de dongjian Dunhuang yu Zhongyuan 从进贡到私易:10–11 世纪于阗玉的东渐敦煌与中原 [From Tribute to Trade: Eastward Dissemination of the Jades of Khotan into Dunhuang and the Central Plains in the 10th and 11th Centuries].” Dunhuang yanjiu 敦煌研究 3 (2014): 190–200.
Rossabi, Morris, ed. China among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th centuries. Berkeley: California University Press, 1983.
Rossabi, Morris. “The Silk Trade in China and Central Asia.” In When Silk was Gold: Central Asian and Chinese Textiles, edited by James C.Y. Watt, and Anne E. Wardwell, 7–19. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.
Rtveladze, Edward, ed. Numizmatika Tsentral’noi Azii, vol 4. Tashkent, 1999.
Russel-Smith, Lilla. Uygur Patronage in Dunhuang: Regional Art Centers on the Northern Silk Road in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2005.
Sakamoto, Kazuko. “Two Fragments of Luxury Cloths Discovered in Turfan: Evidence of Textile Circulation from West to East.” In Turfan Revisited: The First Century of Research into the Arts and Cultures of the Silk Road, edited by Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst et al., 72–83, 297–302. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 2014.
Schaeffer, Kurtis R., Matthew T. Kapstein, and Gray Tuttle, eds. Sources of Tibetan Tradition. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013.
Schafer, Edward H. Tu Wan’s Stone Catalog of Cloudy Forest. Berkeley: University of California, 1961.
Schottenhammer, Angela. “The Role of Metals and the Impact of the Introduction of Huizi Paper Notes in Quanzhou on the Development of Maritime Trade in the Song Period.” In The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400, edited by Angela Schottenhammer, 95–176. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
Schottenhammer, Angela. “China’s Emergence as a Maritime Power,” In The Cambridge History of China: The Five Dynasties and Sung China, 960–1279, edited by John W. Chaffee, and Denis Twitchett, vol. 5, part 2, 437–525. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Schottenhammer, Angela. “Transfer of Xiangyao 香藥 from Iran and Arabia to China – A Reinvestigation of Entries in the Youyang zazu 酉陽雑俎 (863).” In Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea, edited by Ralph Kauz, 117–149. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2010.
Schottenhammer, Angela. “Yang Liangyao’s Mission of 785 to the Calip of Baghdād: Evidence of an Early Sino-Arabic Power Alliance?” Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient 101 (2015): 177–241.
Sedov, Aleksandr V., ed. Drevnie tsivilizatsii Evrazii: Istoriia i kul’tura. Moscow: Vostochnaia literatura, 2001.
Sen Tansen. Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400. Honolulu: Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawai‘i Press, 2003.
Shao Guotian 邵国田. “Neimenggu Aohanqi faxian huren qi shi Liao ci xiang 内蒙古敖汉旗发现胡人骑狮辽瓷像 [The Discovery of the Liao Porcelain Statue of the Hu Man Riding a Lion in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia].” Beifang wenwu 北方文物 2 (1988): 38.
Shen Hsueh-man, ed. Schätze der Liao: Chinas vergessene Nomadendynastie, 907–1125. Zürich: Museum Rietberg, 2006 [German translation of Gilded Splendor: Treasures of China’s Liao Empire, 907–1125. New York: Asia Society, 2006].
Shiba Yoshinobu. Commerce and Society in Sung China. Translated by Mark Elvin. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies, 1970.
Shiba Yoshinobu. “Sung Foreign Trade: Its Scope and Organization.” In China among Equals: the Middle Kingdom and its Neighbors, 10th–14th centuries, edited by Morris Rossabi, 89–115. Berkeley: California University Press, 1983.
Shiratori, Kurakichi 白鸟库吉. Saiwai shidi lunwen yicong 塞外史地论文译丛 [Translations of Research on History and Geography of the Regions Beyond the Great Wall]. Changsha: Shangpang yinshuguan, 1938–1939.
Sinor, Denis, ed. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Skaff, Jonathan K. Sui-Tang China and its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Smith, Paul J. Taxing Heaven’s Storehouse: Horses, Bureaucrats, and the Destruction of the Sichuan Tea Industry, 1074–1224. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University Press, 1991.
So, Jenny F. “Scented Trails: Amber as Aromatic in Medieval China.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 23, no. 1 (2013): 85–101.
Sokolovskaia, Ludmila and Axelle Rougeulle. “Stratified Finds of Chinese Porcelains from Pre-Mongol Samarkand (Afrasiyab).” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 6 (1992): 87–98.
Stepanov, Aleksandr D. “Ritual’nyi klad sunskikh monet.” Izvestiia laboratorii drevnikh tekhnologii 1, no. 9 (2012): 147–154.
Sundermann, Werner, Almut Hintze, and Francois de Blois, eds. Exegisti Monumenta. Festsschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2009.
Szonyi, Michael, ed. The Blackwell Companion of Chinese History. Oxford: Willey Blackwell, 2017.
Ta La 塔拉 and Chen Yongzhi 陈永志, ed. Zhongguo chutu ciqi quanji 4 Neimenggu 中国出土瓷器全集4内蒙古 [Complete Collection of Chinese Art Unearthed in China 4 Inner Mongolia]. Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 2008.
Tanichi, Takashi. “Islamic Glass Vessels Excavated from Tombs dated 1018 and 1020 of the Liao Dynasty.” Orient 39 (2004): 39–51.
Tanner, Harold M. China: A History. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2009.
Tenishev, Edgem R., ed. Sravnitel’no-istoricheskaia grammatika tiurkskikh iazykov: Leksika. Moscow: Nauka, 2001.
Tishin, Vladimir V. “K probleme sootnosheniia plemennykh nazvaniy uigur i tokuz oguz i ikh otnosheniia k “deviati familiiam” kitaiskikh istochnikov.” Obschestvo i gosudarstvo v Kitae (2014): 131–40.
Tor, Deborah G. “The Islamization of Central Asia in the Sāmānid Era and Reshaping of the Muslim World.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 72, no. 2 (2009): 279–299.
Twitchett, Denis C. and Paul Jakov Smith, eds. The Cambridge History of China: The Sung Dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279, vol. 5, part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
de la Vaissière, Étienne. Sogdian Traders: A History. Translated by James Ward. Leiden: Brill, 2005.
de la Vaissière, Étienne. “Central Asia and the Silk Road.” In Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity, edited by Scott F. Johnson, 142–169. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
de la Vaissière, Étienne. “Diadi i brat’ia: kagany Ashina i tiurskii slovar’ rodstva.” In Arkheologiia i istoriia Tsentral’noi Azii v trudakh frantsuzskikh uchenykh, edited by Shahin Mustafaev, and Henri-Paul Francfort, vol. 2, 134–140. Samarkand: IICAS, 2014.
Valikhanov, Chokan Ch. Sobranie sochineniy v piati tomakh, vol. 3. Alma-Ata: Glavnaia redaktsiia kazakhskoi sovetskoi entsiklopedii, 1985.
Vasileva, Elena E. “Iantar’ v skifskoe vremia na Kavkaze.” In Iantar’ v drevnikh kul’turakh: Khudozhestvennye proizvedeniia iz sobraniia Ermitazha, edited by Olga Fedoseenko, 25–34. Saint Petersburg: Slaviia, 2010.
Vedeler, Marianne. Silk for the Vikings. Havertown: Oxbow, 2014.
Wang Tao. “Parthia in China: Re-examination of the Historical Records.” In The Age of the Parthians. The Idea of Iran, edited by Vesta S. Curtis, and Sarah Stewart, vol. 2, 87–104. London: Tauris, 2007.
Wang Zhen 王震. “Banca Banci kaozheng “般擦” “般次”考证 [Textual Research on Banca and Banci].” Guangxi keji lishi shifan xueyuan xuebao 广西科技师范学院学报 31, no. 4 (2016): 46–48.
Watt, James C.Y., and Anne E. Wardwell, eds. When Silk was Gold: Central Asian and Chinese Textiles. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.
Weerdt, Hilde de. “Maps and Memory: Readings of Cartography in Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century Song China.” Imago Mundi 61, no. 2 (2009): 145–167.
Weerdt