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Dilnoza Duturaeva
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Index

ʿAbbasids 10–11, 15, 20, 22, 25, 36, 38, 50–51, 53–54, 124, 126, 136, 139, 152
Abaoxing 219
Abensi 93
Abū Dulaf 47, 54
Abu Mansur Sabuktigin (founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty) 116, 126–129, 131
Abu’l-Qasim (Saljuq Sultan of Rum) 149
ʿAden 119, 137
Afghanistan 11, 21, 83, 113, 116, 125, 139
Afrasiyab (mythical king of Turan) 36, 73
Afrasiyab (settlement) 41, 95, 163, 170
Afrighids 24
Afutaihan 184
agarwood 135
agate 57, 164
Ahmad Sanjar (Saljuq Sultan) 23–24, 143–144, 155
Ahsikent, Namangan region 176
Ahududongemijiedu 63, 216
Ailao 183, 185
Ak-Beshim 88
Āl-i Āfrāsiyāb 12
ʿAli ibn Hasan/ʿAli Tegin 55–56, 67
Aligu (Tsongkha ruler) 108–110
Aliyan 125, 127–128
Almish (Volga Bulghar Khagan) 20
almond 147
aloe 43
Alp Arslan (Saljuq Sultan) 134 n. 71, 143
Altun Mountains 198
amber 7, 9, 40, 44, 57–59, 81, 83, 107, 163–164, 177–186, 188–189, 203–204, 207, 215
Baltic amber 58, 83, 164, 178, 180–184, 189, 204, 207
Amdo 34
Americas 59
ammonium chloride 57, 81, 83, 102, 215
Amu Darya 16, 21, 24, 151, 181, 189
An Jia, tomb of 163
An Lushan, rebellion of 177, 212 n. 2
Anatolia 7, 11, 22, 86, 133, 141, 143–144, 152
Anduo 215
anfusi (Pacification Military Commission) 222
Anhua 76
Antioch 123, 142
Anushtegin Gharchai 24
Anushtegins , see Khwarazmshahs
Anxi (Parthia) 215
Anxi Protectorate 88, 160
apricot 147, 184
Arabia 8, 15, 40–41, 50–51, 96, 100, 124, 129, 131, 133, 189–190, 192, 204, 207
Arabs 8, 35–38, 47, 50–51, 54, 58, 83, 122, 124, 137, 191–192, 207
Armenia 43, 142
armor 31, 58, 76
Arran 142
arrow 56, 58
Arslan Khan Ahmad ibn Hasan (Qarakhanid Khagan) 79–80
Artuj 46
Aryāmān Puhr 105
Arzhan 181
asafoetida 135, 137
asafoetida seeds 213
Atrāk 10
Atsiz Khwarazmshah 155
Australia 75
Axin (Ashin) 78–79, 84, 86–87, 216
Azerbaijan 142
Badakhshan 83
Baghdad 20, 22, 38, 43, 53–54, 73, 75, 122, 134 n. 71, 136, 139
Baghraj 54
Bahrein 137
Balasaghun 16, 38, 48, 54, 86, 88, 93, 113, 139, 142, 210
Balkh 11
Baltic region 57, 107, 179–180, 183, 186, 204
Baltic Sea 178
Baluchistan 21
banci/banca (caravan, envoy) 65–66, 68, 96, 152, 206, 216, 221
Banjū 121–122, 200
Banjūr 121
baoshun langjiang (Maintaining Submission Commandant) 135, 143, 153
Baowu (Princess of the Ganzhou Uyghurs) 76
Bardaʿa 43
Barkhān 17
Barkyaruq (Saljuq Sultan) 24, 144
Barskhan 126
Bashqirts 20
Basra 137
beaver 58
becket 153
Bei Yindu (Northern India) 116, 125
Beijing 158
belt, golden 77, 83, 153–154, 215, 218
belt, white jade 215
Bezeklik caves 103
bezoar 120, 131
Bianjing (Kaifeng) 122–123
birch wood 58
al-Bīrūnī 8, 20, 40, 42, 45, 113, 119–122, 132, 137, 180, 192, 200–202
Bishkek 176
Black Sea 50, 152, 178, 182
borax 135
Bosi (Persia) 46, 106, 116, 123–129, 131, 184, 209
Bosilan 124
bow 56
bread 38
bridle 43, 81, 153, 215, 218
brocade 18, 31, 44, 77, 81–82, 84, 108, 126, 128, 131, 134, 147, 215, 220
buffalo 135
Bughra Khan ibn Qadir Khan (Qarakhanid Khagan) 73
Bukhara 16, 20, 23, 42, 47, 51, 56, 143, 151, 179
buling (Commander) 66, 216
Bulkārs 20
Burana 48, 88
Burjān 20
Burma 124, 183
Bust 128
Byzantium, Byzantine 50, 123, 141, 145, 148–151, 185, 189
Cai Tiao 80
Cambay, Gulf of 127
camel 31–32, 40, 43, 69, 108, 131, 135, 139, 168, 172, 174, 176, 203, 207, 221
camel hair in different colors 131
camphor 40
Cao (Kaputana) 103
Cao Jin 76
Cao Xianshun 102
Cao Yangong 101
Cao Yanlu 101–102
Cao Yanrui 101–102
Cao Yansheng 101
Cao Yijin 101
Cao Yuanzhong 101
Cao Zongshou 102
Cao Zongyun 102
Caotou Dada (Straw-Head Tatars) 85, 99, 150
cap 58
carpet 31, 43
Caspian Sea 141
cassia 31
castoreum 58, 81, 83, 207, 215
cattle 32, 58, 147
Caucasia 179, 182, 188
Cege 55
Cengba (Zanzibar) 133
Cengjiani 135
Cengtan 37, 133–144, 153–154, 209
Chaghri Tegin 55, 117
Champa 136, 190–191
Chang Chun 157–158
Chanyuan, treaty of 30
Chen, Princess of 57, 164, 188
Cherchen 86, 150, 198
chestnut 184
Chigil 10, 13, 21, 93
Chīn (China) 60, 119
Chīnistān (China) 119
Chola 191
Chonghuls 150
Chu valley 96
chuzhishi (Commissioner) 101
cinnabar 183
cishi (Regional Chief) 101
clothes 215, 218–219
clove 81, 215
Congling (Pamir) 64, 86, 213
Constantinople 145
coral 31, 81, 83, 164, 183, 215
costus root 81, 135, 215
cotton fabric 128, 134, 147, 167
da shouling (main chieftain) 63, 66, 149
Dada (Tatars) 85, 87, 146
Dai state 184
Dali (Yunnan) 69
Damascus 40
damask 220
Dandan Oilik site 174
Dandanaqan 23
Dangxiang 31
Daqin (Baghdad) 75
Daqin (Roman Empire) 148
dārkhāshāk 44, 84
Dashi 8, 37, 48, 50–53, 55, 57, 61, 68–69, 92–93, 95, 106, 124, 126, 128–130, 132, 135, 143–144, 146, 150, 152, 156, 160, 162, 187, 191, 206, 216
dashi (Great Master) 213
date 135, 137, 147, 153
Dhofar 192
dog 44
Dongjing (Eastern Capital, Kaifeng) 122–123
Dongzhan (Tsongkha kingdom and its ruler) 64–65, 85, 87, 108–110, 147, 216
donkey 44, 81, 193, 196, 207, 215
dragon's blood (bright red tree resin) 135
dromedary 81, 147, 215
Du Huan 50
Du You 50–51
dujian (Military Commandant) 67, 215
Dulan 198
Dunhuang 37, 57, 63–65, 86, 98–105, 108, 197, 205
eagle 44
ebony 120
Egypt 11, 119
elephant 40, 43, 120, 134–135, 138–139
elephant tusk 137
dancing elephant 138, 213
Erenang 125
ermine 41, 44, 58
fabric 18, 39, 41, 43, 46, 56, 59, 82, 84, 96, 134, 167, 181, 207
Faghfūr 121
falcon 41, 44, 58, 62
fan (barbarians, foreigners) 50, 61
Fan Chengda 130
fangyushi (Defense Commissioner) 101
Faxian (Buddhist monk) 125
Faxian (Buddhist nun) 75–76
fennec 58
Ferghana 10, 53, 181, 189
fish 135
fish glue 58
fish teeth (walrus tusk) 58
Fo Maxiawu 136
fox 44, 58
frankincense 7, 9, 40, 52 n. 67, 57, 77, 81, 102–103, 110, 135, 153, 163, 177, 189–194, 196, 203–204, 207, 215
Fulin 37, 50, 61, 68, 86, 123, 133, 144–146, 148–152, 154, 173, 185, 216
fur 19, 21, 31, 38, 44, 56, 167, 207
fushi (deputy envoy) 67, 214
Fushun, Liaoning Province 178, 182
galangal 121
Gansu 31, 33–34, 47, 98–99, 114, 203
Ganzhou (Zhangye) 13, 47, 57, 64, 100–101, 194, 216
Ganzhou Uyghurs 7, 13, 32–33, 37, 47, 75–76, 100, 103–104, 114, 187, 206, 210
Gaochang (Turfan) 33, 37, 57, 64, 106
Gaoli (Korea) 69
Gaozu (Later Jin emperor) 212
Gardizī 43, 119, 201
garment 83, 154, 215, 218
gazelle 44
Genghis Khan 115, 156, 158–159
Ghazna 21, 39–40, 49, 51, 56, 74, 105, 115, 118–119, 122–123, 128, 130, 162
Ghaznavids 1, 3, 6–9, 11, 16, 18–24, 37, 39–43, 46, 51, 56, 73, 83–84, 106, 110–111, 113, 115–116, 118–120, 126–132, 138, 142–143, 155, 162, 170, 192, 208–210
Ghurids 139
Ghuzz 22
ginger 31
glass 131, 135, 137, 140, 153, 183, 207–208
glass jugs 213
glass vessels 164, 204
goad 43
goat 58, 135
gold 31, 39–41, 43–44, 82, 102, 131, 135, 147, 183, 201, 218
Golden Horde 177
gongfeng guan (Palace Servitor) 212
grain 147
grape 213
Greece 190
Greenland 19
guancha (Investigating Commissioner) 101
Guangzhou 122, 134, 136
Guashamen 64
Guazhou (Anxi) 64, 78, 86, 100–102, 187, 194, 196, 213
Guazhou Uyghurs 100, 192, 196
Guiyijun 100–103
guizhong baoshun houlin heihan wang (Specially Advanced and Faithful Commandant for Maintaining Submission Tughril Qarakhan king) 62, 215
Gujarat 127, 131
Gujayli 179
Gulin (Kollam) 134
gunpowder 120
Gurganj 20, 159
Gusieluduo (Kuz-Orda) 93
Gusiluo (Tsongkha ruler) 35, 108–110
haijixi 183
Hamadan 142
Han (Chinese) 61, 87, 158
Han dynasty 64, 166, 189–190, 212, 216
Hangzhou 91, 96, 133, 202
hanren 159
hawk 44
hazelnut 58
Hebei 122
heheisi (a type of Central Asian fabric) 57
heihan 13, 50, 55, 62, 79, 213, 216, 219–221
Heli Khagan 94
helisi (a type of Central Asian fabric) 57
helmet 76
Hexi Corridor 8, 25, 31–33, 67, 85, 96, 98–100, 103–104, 108, 114, 196–197
Heyi Dashi 126–127
Hezhou (Turfan) 101
hide 57–58, 207
al-Hind 39
Hindu Shahi 128
Hindukush 123
Holland 188
honey 58
honglusi (Court of State Ceremonial) 221
horse 9, 22, 30–32, 40–41, 43–44, 55, 75, 77, 81, 110–111, 128–129, 134–135, 139, 147–148, 151, 168, 174, 176, 193, 196–197, 199, 203, 206–207, 215, 218
houlin heihan 62, 218
hu (barbarians, foreigners) 50, 82, 141
huren 163–166, 168–170, 172, 203
Huang Tingjian 199
Huangtou Huihe (Yellow-Head Uyghurs) 85, 99, 146, 150, 216
Huershan (Khurasan) 155–156
Huigu/Huihe (Uyghurs) 13, 64, 69, 93, 95, 97, 156–162, 213
Huihe Ixilan 93
Huihui 156–157, 159–160, 162
Huihui Dashi 160
Huizong (Song emperor) 79
hujin (barbarian or foreign brocade) 81–82, 213, 215, 218
Hulumo/Hulumei 141
Hungary 1
Huolasan Khagan 94
al-Ḥusaynī 72
Hushimi (Khwarazm) 184
Ibn al-Athīr 23, 73, 113, 150–151
Ibn al-Faqīh 20
Ibn al-Fuwatī 38
Ibn Fadlān 20
Ibn Khurdādhbih 10, 138
Ibn Rusta 20
Ibrahim ibn Masʿud (Ghaznavid Sultan) 142
Ibrahim ibn Nasr (Qarakhanid Khagan) 38
Ibrāhīm ibn Yaʿqūb al-Ṭurṭūshī 58
Ibrahim Sandani 120
Iceland 19
Idiquts 7, 35, 37, 48, 92, 98, 105, 208
Idrīsī 140
Igdish/Idgish 13
Ikkinchi ibn Quchqar 24
incense 31
India 1, 7, 9, 11, 19, 21–22, 28, 37, 39–43, 46–47, 57–58, 63–65, 74–76, 81, 83, 86, 96, 100, 106, 110–111, 115–116, 119, 123–129, 131–132, 136, 138, 140, 157–158, 160, 162, 181, 189, 192, 200–201, 204, 207–210
Indian Sea 112
Indu Huihe (Indian Uyghurs) 157
Indus Valley 139
Iran 2, 11, 19, 21–24, 51, 57, 66, 81, 96, 100, 110, 123–124, 131, 133, 138, 140, 166, 179, 182, 184, 207, 209–210
Iraq 142
iron 29
Isfahan 134 n. 71, 151
Isfihsalar ibn Ilyas 18
Īsū 20
ivory 31, 53, 81, 83, 110, 135, 153, 207, 215
jacinth 40
jade 28, 55, 57, 68, 81–82, 102–103, 110, 164, 183, 207, 213, 215, 220
jade handle 213
jade pillow 212
jadeite 215
Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah 158
Japan 182, 185, 187
Jayapal 128
Jerusalem 142–143
jianjiao shangshu zuo pushe (Acting Vice Director of the Left of the Department of State Affairs) 102
jianjiao taiwei (Acting Defender-in-Chief) 101
jianjiao xingbushangshu (Acting Ministry of the Department of State Affairs) 102
jianshi (Commissioner) 67, 214
Jiaozhi 190
Jibin 183, 185
Jicini (Ghazna) 51, 130
jiedushi (Military Commissioner) 102
Jin dynasty 25, 48–49, 92–95, 97, 162
jinakhsī (a type of Chinese silk) 44
Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province 170
Jinsan 214
Jinzhou 64
jīt (a type of Chinese brocade) 44
Jixiang 213
Juandu (India) 64, 116
jujube 184
junjiedu (Military Commissioner) 101
junwang (Commander Prince) 101
Jurchens 1, 23, 25, 28–29, 32, 48, 61–62, 69, 91–93, 96–97, 104, 108, 114, 155, 159–160, 164, 173, 188, 205–206, 210
Jushi 64
Juwaynī 138
Juyan 64
juz (a type of Chinese brocade) 44
Kaifeng 62, 65, 67, 69, 84, 86, 91, 96, 99, 106, 114, 116, 122–123, 150, 162, 168–170, 172, 177, 194, 196, 198–199, 205
Kaiyuan, Liaoning Province 93
Kalla (Kollam) 137
kanzī (a type of Chinese cloth) 44, 56
Kashghar 10, 16–17, 23, 42–43, 46, 53–55, 61, 67, 73–74, 82, 86, 95, 99, 121, 142, 151
Kashgharia 11, 17, 37, 127
Kashmir 112
Kath 20
kaz (a type of Chinese brocade) 44
Kazakhstan 10
kehan 13
Khānfū (Guangzhou) 137
Khāqāniyya 12
Khargah 54
Khātūn sinī 86
Khazar Khaganate 11
Khazars 123
Khitans 1, 8–9, 21, 23, 25, 28–32, 39, 42, 44–46, 48–49, 56–57, 59, 61, 67, 69, 85–88, 93, 96–98, 104–105, 107, 109, 114–123, 150, 155, 158–159, 162, 164, 166, 168, 177, 186–188, 201, 206, 216
Khitāy 17, 38, 48, 60, 74, 119–120
Khiva Khanate 157
Khmer 44 n. 25, 124
Khotan 6, 16, 34, 36–37, 47, 53, 55, 57, 61, 65, 67–69, 73–74, 78, 81–82, 84, 86, 91, 95, 97, 99, 103, 106, 108, 114, 128, 138, 146 n. 140, 150, 164, 174, 176, 187, 196, 199, 203, 205, 207, 211
khuling (a type of Chinese silk) 44
Khurasan 11, 16–17, 23–24, 39, 43, 46, 53, 106, 117, 142–144, 156–157
khutū 44–45, 120–121, 137
Khwarazm 19–21, 24, 51, 58–59, 83, 142, 154, 156, 159, 180–181, 184–185, 188, 207
Khwarazmshahs 7, 11, 18, 24, 37, 95, 115, 154–155, 157–160, 162
khwīth (a type of Chinese cloth) 56
Kichmalka II, Kabardino-Balkaria 179
Kirghiz 21, 30, 33
knife 45, 148, 213
Kollam 136, 138
Korea 1, 182
Koreans 159
Koryŏ 31
Krasnaya Rechka (ancient Nawikath) 176
Kucha 16, 36–37, 57, 63–64, 187, 194–196
Kufa 50
Kūfū 121–122
kundur 189, 192
Kungangshan [Kunlun Mountains] 213
Kuz-Orda 93
Kyrgyzstan 86, 96
Lamagou, Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia 166
langjian (Commandant) 76
Lanhui Circuit 221
Lanmin Circuit 222
Lanpo (Laghman) 125
Lantian 82
Lanzhou 221
Laos 183
lapis lazuli 81–83, 137, 215
Lata (Larike) 127, 131
Later Jin dynasty 47, 55
Later Tang dynasty 47, 54–55
Leping, Jiangxi Province 170
Li Chongju 213
Li Decong 213
Li Gonglin 75, 151, 165, 173–174, 199
Li Shanming 213
Li Shengtian 212
Li Tao 7, 135
Li Xian 87, 216
Li Xin 28
Li Zhichang 157–159
Li Zongchang 213
Liangzhou 57
Liao dynasty 4–5, 8, 19, 23–25, 29–32, 36, 39, 44–49, 51–53, 55–57, 59, 67, 69, 81, 83, 105, 107–109, 114, 116, 119–122, 154–155, 160, 163–168, 182, 185–186, 188, 203–206, 208, 210
Lide 127
Lijiman 141–143
limonite 131
Lin’an 91
Lingwu County, Ningxia 92
Lingyi 152
Linhuang, Bairin Left Banner, Inner Mongolia 116
Linqin 147, 150
lion 80–82, 110, 164, 166, 184, 207, 216
litter 43
Liu Qi 156
liuyuansi dawang (Great King of the Bureau of the Six Divisions) 156
longyan (dragon salt) 81, 215
al-lubān 189
lukhtāy (a type of Chinese brocade) 44
lumber 31
Lumei 141, 144–145
Luo Asinan Sawen/Luo Asinan Siwen (Boyla Arslan Saghun) 66, 194
Luo Sawen/Luo Siwen (Boyla Saghun) 66, 77, 176, 213, 215, 220
Luoshimei (Khwarazm) 51, 155
Luoyang 122
Māchīn 60
Māfannā 137
Maghānja (Mainz) 58
Maḥmūd al-Kāshgharī 6, 20, 44, 66, 86–87
Mahmud I (Saljuq Sultan) 71
Mahmud ibn Sabuktigin (Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna) 21, 39, 41, 43–44, 56, 67, 73–74, 104–105, 118–120, 126, 130–131, 138, 140, 201
Majiatuo (Magadha) 116
Malayan Kunlun 124
Malik al-Mashriq (King of the East) 16
Malik al-Mashriq wa al-Ṣīn (King of the East and China) 16
Malik al-Rūm (King of Rum) 22, 150–151
Malik Shah I (Saljuq Sultan) 23–24, 71, 73, 134 n. 71, 142–144, 150–151
Maluoba (Mirbat) 52
Mamluk Sultanate 11
man (barbarians, foreigners) 130
Manchuria 25, 30
Manchus 29
Mangmi 108
al-Mansur (ʿAbbasid Caliph) 15
Manzikert 141
marine products 31
marten 58
Marwazī 20, 49, 55, 105, 113, 117, 119–122, 137, 180, 186
Māṣīn 60, 86–87
Masqat (Oman) 138
Masʿud I (Ghaznavid Sultan) 118–119
Masʿūdī 137, 139
Maurice (Byzantine emperor) 17 n. 26
Mawla 15
Mawla Amīr al-Muʾminīn (Agent of the Caliph) 15
Mawla Rasūl Allāh (Agent of the Prophet) 15
Mecca 20
medicine 31, 102
Mediterranean region 145, 178, 188–190, 192, 204, 207
Meigu (Princess of the Ganzhou Uyghurs) 76
Meilugudun 144–145
mendeisi (a type of Central Asian fabric) 57
Meng Yuanlao 69
mengguren 159
mercury 81, 83, 215
Miaodazhou 152
Miaoli 152–153, 162
Mielisha (Malik Shah) 143–144, 146, 148, 150
Mieliyilinggaiche 147, 149
Milefo 148
millet 38, 135, 147
Ming dynasty 7, 77, 91, 157, 159, 188
Minglaq 107
Mi-nyag 31
Miran 198
Mirbat 52 n. 67, 131, 192
Mogao caves 103
Mojiatuo (Magadha) 64
Mongolia 16, 25, 30, 50
Mongols 1–2, 29, 31, 34, 61–63, 66, 95, 115, 122, 136, 154, 156–160, 177, 210
Mosuluman Huihe (Muslim Uyghurs) 157
Muhammad Khwarazmshah 18, 156, 158–159
al-Muqaddasī 58, 137, 180
al-Muqtadī (ʿAbbasid Caliph) 73
musk 34, 41–42, 56, 74, 111–112, 121, 200
Myanmar 183
myrrh 135, 192
Nan Yindu (Southern India) 116
Nangeluoheluo (Nagarahara) 125
nanfan Jiaozhou (southern barbarians of Jiaozhou) 69
nanman (southern barbarians) 131
nanman wu xing fan (five families of southern barbarians) 69
Nanping Lao 185
nanren 159
Nanyang 82
narwhal horn 44
al-Nasa 120
Nasr ibn Ahmad (Samanid ruler) 47
Neidasimanlingyisichangsiba 222
Nepal 200–201
nephrite 81–82
Nicephorus Melissenus 149–150
Nimruz 142
ningyuan jiangjun (General Who Brings Repose to the Distance) 76
Nishapur 20
Nisidulingsimengpan 146, 149
Niẓām al-Mulk 71, 73, 118–119, 151
North Sea 178
Northern Wei dynasty 17
Nüren guo (Women Kingdom) 75
Oghuz 10, 20, 22, 54
Oman 52 n. 67, 131, 136–138, 140–141, 144, 192
orange peel 31
Ordos Corridor 31
Ordu-Baliq 30
Ordukent 88
ortoq 66
Osh 176
Ottomans 188
ox 135
Pakistan 125
palihe (a type of Central Asian fabric) 57
Pamir 64, 75, 86
Pang Yuanying 63–65
Pars 123, 137, 142
Parthians 183
peach 184
peacock feather 41
pear 147
pearl 28, 31, 38, 40, 57, 81, 83, 110, 135, 140, 147–148, 153, 183, 208, 215, 219
Pechenegs 20
pepper 38, 137
Persia 70, 116, 123–124, 131, 184–185
Persian Gulf 122–123, 136–138, 140–141
Persians 20–21, 35–36, 51, 82–84, 106, 112–113, 115–116, 123–125, 129, 131, 137, 140–141, 144, 159–160, 184, 189, 192
Peshawar 125
plum 184
Poluomen (Brahman) 64, 86, 116, 125–127, 213
porcelain 41, 46, 84, 95, 166, 170, 207, 210
Pu Tuopolici 143
Puhualuo (Bukhara) 51, 143
Punjab 125
al-Qaʾim (ʿAbbasid Caliph) 38, 136
Qaiṣar-i Rūm 151
qajaj (a type of Chinese brocade) 44
Qalin b. al-Shakhir 47
Qāmjū (Ganzhou) 105
Qandahar 128
Qara Khitai 4, 23–25, 29, 32, 37, 48, 92, 95, 97, 104, 107–108, 138, 144, 155, 188, 210
Qarluqs 10, 13–14, 21, 88
al-Qarshī 46, 53–54
Qatwan, battle of 23–24, 144, 155
Qay 21
Qiang 31
Qiantuoluo (Gandhara) 125
Qidans , see Khitans
Qing dynasty 157, 161, 188
Qinghai 8, 33–35, 86, 96, 99, 114, 197–198
Qinglongshan, Naiman Banner, Inner Mongolia 164
Qingtang 35, 64, 99, 147, 150, 198, 216
Qiniq 22
Qinzhou 68, 214, 216, 222
Qitā (Khitans) 121–122
Qitāy (Khitans) 8, 42, 45, 49, 60, 119–120
Qiuci (Kucha) 37, 57, 64
Qocho 35, 104–105
Qom 180
Qomul 57, 63–64
quanzhi liuhou (Deputy Commander) 102
Quanzhou 51, 129, 190
Qūjū (Qocho) 104
Qul-Tonga/Kul-Tonga 116, 118–119, 122
Qusdar 128
Qutb al-Din Muhammad 24
rabbit 58
raisin 38, 135, 137
Rawadids 52 n. 65, 143
Ray 20, 134 n. 71
rhino horn 28, 31, 57, 135, 137, 139
rhubarb 121
rice 128, 135, 140, 194
Rīn (Rhine) 58
Rinan 82
robe 38, 40, 76
Romans 183, 189–191
Rome 68, 141, 144, 190
rong 50
rose 121
ruby 40
rug 43
Rum 9, 22, 37, 132, 141–142, 145, 149–151, 154, 173, 208
Rūs 181
ruxiang 52 n. 67, 189
sable 20, 38, 44, 56, 58, 208
Sabuktigin (the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty) 21
saddle 81, 148, 215, 218
saffron 137
Ṣāhib al-Rūm (Master of Rum) 22
Saljūqiyya 22
saljuqs 71
Saljuqs 1, 3, 7, 9–10, 18–19, 21–24, 37, 61, 71–72, 110, 115, 132–133, 139–145, 150, 152, 155, 162, 209–210
Saljuqs of Rum 50, 61, 132–133, 142, 144–145, 148–152, 209
salt 29, 200
Samanids 11, 15–16, 18–21, 25, 42, 46–47, 53–54, 58–59, 105–106, 126–129, 131, 208
Samarqand 16, 23, 41–43, 55–56, 58, 67, 73–74, 105, 137, 144, 151, 155, 158–159, 163, 170, 210
Sandabil 47
sandalwood 44
Sanfoqi (Srivijaya) 40, 69, 134, 173
sappanwood 31
Ṣaqāliba (Slavs) 58, 180–181
Sassanids 51, 123, 138, 180
Satuq Bughra Khan 15, 53–54
Scandinavia 20, 59
scimitar 40
Seleucids 123
semuren 159–160
sesame 147
Shache (Yarkent) 88
shakardi (a type of Chinese cloth) 56
shalāshū (a type of Chinese cloth) 44
Shams al-Mulk Nasr ibn Ibrahim (Qarakhanid Khagan) 23
Shangjing (Supreme Capital of the Liao) 116
Shānjū (Shazhou) 86, 98
Shanming 213
Shash 54
Shazhou (Dunhuang) 37, 64, 78, 86, 98, 101, 187, 194, 196, 213, 216
Shazhou Uyghurs 55, 100, 103, 187, 192, 196
sheep 31–32, 58, 111, 128–129, 135, 147, 172, 207
Shen Kuo 160
Shengzong (Liao emperor) 46, 52, 56, 116
Shenzong (Song emperor) 7, 26, 63, 78, 84, 87, 99, 169, 173, 198, 206, 216
shi (Envoy) 67
shiboshi (Supervisor of Maritime Trade) 51
Shihr 192
Shihu (Danapala) 125
Shiraz 140
shizi heihan wang (Lion Qarakhan King) 80
shouling (chief) 218
Shui Anli 91
Shule (Kashghar) 61, 86, 88, 95, 128, 213
shumidu chengzhi (Military Affairs Chief Recipient of Edicts) 85
shumi fushi (Military Affairs Vice Commissioner) 156
Si Masumi/Hui Masumi 152
Siberia 25, 30, 155, 177, 181, 189
Sichuan 31, 34, 198
Sijistan 128
silk 18–19, 30–32, 38–39, 41, 44, 48, 56, 69, 74, 84, 111, 128, 134, 147, 163, 170, 178, 202, 207–208, 213, 215, 218–220
silver 30–32, 39–41, 43, 59, 66, 77, 83, 131, 135, 143, 147, 154, 170, 183–184, 201–202, 207, 219
silverware 215, 218
Simon de Monfort 149
al-Ṣīn 49, 60, 86–87, 105, 119–121, 137, 200–201
Sind 128
Siraf 137
siwen/sawen/sangwen (Saghun) 66
skin 41
skin of Barbary panther 44
Skythians 181–182, 188
slave 11, 15, 21, 31, 41–42, 44, 46, 58, 73, 181
Sogdiana 111, 123
Sogdians 2, 42, 59, 82–83, 86, 102, 105, 141, 163, 168–169, 177, 184, 205, 207–208
Sohar 52 n. 64, 137, 141
Song dynasty 2, 4–5, 7–9, 13, 19, 25–33, 35–37, 39–41, 44, 48–52, 54–55, 57, 60–69, 74–77, 79–84, 86–88, 91–92, 95–100, 102–111, 114–116, 119–133, 135–136, 141, 143, 145, 149–156, 159–160, 162–170, 172–173, 176–177, 182, 185–186, 188–189, 191–194, 196–203, 205–210
Song Xu 214
Spain 58
spices 31
squirrel 44, 56, 58
Sri Lanka 48
Srivijaya 40, 69, 134, 136, 173, 187, 190–192
steel 137
storax 131, 135
Su Shi 91
Suanduan Han (Sultan Khan) 158
sugar 18
Sui dynasty 50
Suiye (Suyab) 88
Suizhou 64
Sulaiman ibn Qutulmish (Saljuq Sultan of Rum) 149–150
Sulṭān al-Rūm (Sultan of Rum) 22
Sulṭān al-Sharq wa al-Ṣīn (Sultan of the East and China) 16
Sumatra 40 n. 8, 136, 138–140, 192
Sunduan (Sultan) 158
Sūwār 20
Suyab 88, 91
Suzhou 101, 216
sword 43, 45, 58, 148, 151
Syr Darya 10, 181, 184, 189
Syria 23, 142
Tabaristan 43
Tabghach Khan 16
tablet 76
Tabriz 52 n. 65, 143
Taiwan 91
Taizong (Song emperor) 116, 123, 214
Taizu (Liao emperor) 52
Taizu (Song emperor) 16, 85, 138, 213
takhjak (a type of Chinese silk) 44
Talas/Taraz 18, 41, 50, 54 n. 74, 157
tamarisk wood 137
Tamghach Khan Ibrahim (Qarakhanid Khagan) 23, 71
Tang dynasty 2, 17, 25, 29–30, 50, 64, 75, 77, 80, 84–86, 88, 99–100, 102, 110, 120, 122–123, 125, 148, 156, 160–162, 164, 168–170, 176–177, 189, 198, 209–210, 212
Tangjia 17 n. 26
Tanguts 1, 8, 25, 29, 31–33, 35–36, 41, 48, 61, 63–65, 67, 69, 81, 85–87, 92, 95–96, 98–100, 103–104, 107–108, 111, 114, 150, 158, 160, 164, 170, 177, 196–197, 201, 206, 210
Tarim Basin 16, 33, 203
Tashkent 161
Tatars 21, 86–87, 99, 108
Taugas/Taugast 17 n. 26
Tawghāj/Tabghāch 17, 48, 60
Ṭayy 51
Tazi (Tajik) 51
tea 7, 9, 18, 29, 31–32, 46, 84, 102, 111, 113, 121, 163, 170, 173, 197–204, 206–207
tejin 62, 215
Theophylact Simocatta 17 n. 26
Tiande (Bayannur) 85, 99
Tianzhu (India) 37, 64, 75, 116
Tiaoguanzhu (Tabghach) 79, 220
Tiaozhi 123
Tibet 5, 8, 29, 31, 33–35, 42, 80, 84, 86, 96, 98, 108, 111–114, 150–151, 153, 162, 173, 197–198, 200–201, 209
Tibetan Plateau 65, 198
Tibetans 7, 31, 34–35, 42, 111–113, 122, 160, 169, 197–198, 201, 203–204, 210
Tibetan Empire 33–35, 80, 110, 112–113, 198
Tigris 134 n. 71, 200
tiju (Intendant) 198
Timur Kuragan 43 n. 24
Timurids 188
Tirmith 11
Toghrul Beg (Saljuq Sultan) 139
Tokharians 141
Tokharistan 123
Tokyo 91
Tongsheng Mountains 214
Toqto’a 6, 62
Toquzoguz 161
tortoiseshell 28, 31
Transcaucasia 43
Transoxiana 11–12, 15–17, 22, 24, 37, 42, 46, 49, 53, 105–106, 126, 128, 131, 137, 142, 151–152, 157, 180, 184, 208
Tsongkha kingdom 33–36, 63–65, 67–68, 79–80, 85–87, 91, 99, 108–114, 150, 192, 195–196, 198, 206–207, 210
Tubbat (Tibet) 35
Tubo (Tibet) 35, 86, 173, 213
Tubo (peoples) 198
Tughril (Saljuq Sultan) 52 n. 65
Tughril Qarakhan Yusuf ibn Sulayman 62, 79
Tughril Tegin ʿUmar ibn Yusuf 79
Tujue 50, 106, 123, 132, 205
Tukhsi 21
Tuoba 17
Tuopoli/Tuopolici (Tabriz) 52
Turfan 13, 17, 32–33, 35, 37, 48, 57, 63–64, 86, 92, 94, 98, 100, 103–107, 114, 116, 119, 127, 129, 167, 186, 205, 208, 210
Turk Khaganate 10, 14, 25, 30, 88
Turkan Khatun 23, 71–73
Turkistan 21, 39, 41, 43–44, 48, 96, 117, 126, 152
Turkman 22
Tuyuhan 198
al-Ubulla 137
Ughuljaq Qadir Khan 18, 46, 54
Ūjam 122
al-ʿUtbī 40, 138
Ūtkīn 121–122
ʿUthman ibn Ibrahim 18
uwaysi 43
Uyghurs 7, 13, 31, 33, 35–36, 41, 47–49, 56, 63–66, 69, 80, 86–87, 94–95, 97, 99, 102, 104, 107–108, 112, 116–119, 129, 135, 156–157, 160–162, 168–169, 186, 195, 205, 210
Uyghur Khaganate 10, 13, 16, 25, 30, 33, 100, 110, 161
Uyghuristan 161
Ganzhou Uyghurs, Xizhou Uyghurs, Shazhou Uyghurs, Guazhou Uyghurs
Uyunids 52 n. 66
Uzgend 74, 151
Varang 181
veil 38
Veshnave 180
vessel 39–41, 43–44, 57, 83, 153, 213, 215
Vietnam 82, 136, 176, 183, 185
Vikings 19–20, 59, 181
Volga Bulgharia 19–20, 58–59, 180–181, 207
Volga Bulghars 10, 18–20, 54, 58, 83, 181
Volga Region 10–11, 20, 24, 177, 180, 188
waiguo 37, 50, 61, 124, 159
walnut 38, 137
walrus tusk 44, 58 n. 101, 59, 137, 207
Wang Anshi 26, 63, 173, 206
Wang Gui 214
Wang Yande 106, 167
wax 58
weapon 31, 43, 57
Wei Ding 221
Weiwu/Weiwu'er 160
Weiyu 94
wensishi (Commissioner for Merits and Moral) 221
Western Regions (Xiyu) 2, 37, 49–50, 54, 84, 88, 141, 144, 154–155, 157, 159–160, 166, 172–174, 178, 186, 199, 213
wheat 135, 147
wine 39, 113, 135, 140, 147, 157, 200, 213
wood bat 58
wool 31
wool silk 57
Wu (Han emperor) 49
Wuchang 125
Wudai shiguo (Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms) 25, 205
Wugusun Zhongduan 156
Wutaishan 75–76
Wuxun (Mazun) 52, 134, 136, 141
Wuxunnang (Uddiyana) 125
Xi Liao dynasty , see Qara Khitai
Xi Nü guo (Western Women Kingdom) 75
Xi Xia dynasty 25, 29, 31–32, 49, 69, 216 Tanguts
Xianpingfu (Kaiyuan) 93
Xiao Laabu 156
Xiao Shaoju 164
Xiao Wolila 156
Xiaoliuzhangzi, Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia 166
Xiaoshi (Qomul) 57
Xiawutan 141–143
Xiazhou 64, 127
xiehe 57
Xihe Circuit 65, 198, 206, 216, 221–222
Xijie (Western realm) 108
xijin (western brocade) 82, 215
Xinfuzhou (Khotan) 13, 146
Xining 35, 198
Xinjiang 16
Xiongnu 33, 64
Xirong 51, 101
Xitian (India) 130
Xizhou (Turfan) 13, 64, 92, 101
Xizhou Uyghurs 7, 13, 25, 32–33, 35, 98, 100, 103–107, 114, 131, 168, 186, 206, 210
Xu Song 7
Xuanzang 125
Хuanzong (Jin emperor) 156
xunluxiang 189
Xunsigan (Samarqand) 144, 155–156
Yaghma 10, 21
Yakutia 177
yalawach 38
Yameiluo Yameilan 134
yanei du yuhou (Inspector-in-Chief of Palace Guards) 101
yanei duzhihuishi (Commander-in-Chief of Palace Guards) 102
Yang Liangyao 122
Yanjū 122, 200
Yanjūr 121
Yao Jin 76
Ye Longli 56–57
Yebulian 93
Yelage kehan (Yaghlaqar Khagan) 75–76
Yelü Chucai 159
Yelü Dashi 24, 92, 94, 98, 144, 155, 160
Yelü Shuxue 156
Yelü Songshan 156
Yemen 112, 119, 137, 140, 192
Yichao jiedushi (Regional Military Commissioner) 101
Yili Huihe (Herat Uyghurs) 157
Yindu Huihe (Indian Uyghurs) 157
Yingtian 101
Yinnazhu 218
Yinshuwulonggu 94
Yinzhou 64
Yiwu 64
Yizhou (Qomul) 64, 101
Yongshi 125
Yongzhou 122
You Shixiong 68, 216
Youzhou 64
Yuan dynasty 29, 66, 157, 159–162
yuenuo (a type of cloth) 131
Yughur 49, 105, 120
Yuluhedi (al-Khatt/al-Qatif) 52
Yunnan 183
Yūrā 20
Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib 6, 38, 73, 207
Yusuf Qadir Khan 43, 55–56, 66–68, 77, 117, 138, 201
Yutian (Khotan) 37, 50, 57, 61, 64, 68–69, 78, 87–88, 106, 128, 146, 152, 194, 198, 200, 205, 212–216, 218–222
zaixiang (Grand Councilor) 76, 213, 215
Zaman-Baba 179
Zanj 120
Zanzibar 133, 140–141
Zeng Yu 173
Zhai Datai 75
Zhancheng (Champa) 173
Zhang Chengyi 85
Zhang Huaishen 101
Zhang Qian 49
Zhang Shinan 80
Zhang Yichao 101
Zhang Zeduan 170
zhangshi (Aide) 101
Zhangye 13
Zhao Rugua 51, 57, 75, 129–132, 141, 143, 155, 192
zhaotao fushi (Bandit-suppression Vice Commissioner) 156
zhaotao shi (Bandit-suppression Commissioner) 156
Zhejiang 218
Zhenzong (Song emperor) 68, 77–78
Zhetysu 10, 13–15, 37, 54
Zhezong (Song emperor) 65, 67
Zhi Moshan 213
zhizhishi (Military Commission) 221
zhong shu sheng (Imperial Secretariat) 221
Zhong Yindu (Central India) 116
Zhongguo (China) 147, 212–213
Zhonghua (China) 219
zhongshu menxia pingzhang shi (Joint Manager of Affairs with the Secretariat-Chancellery) 101
zhongshuling (Head of the Secretariat) 101
Zhongwo (Chonghuls) 146
Zhou Hui 78, 133
Zhou Mi 165
Zhou Qufei 129–130, 132
zhuke langzhong (Director of the Bureau of Receptions) 63
zhūnkī (a type of Chinese cloth) 56
Zhuochang (Cherchen) 146
Zhuolu County, Hebei Province 122
Zoukuo 93
zunkum (a type of Chinese brocade) 44
zuo shijin (Palace Attendant of the Left) 221
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