Subject Index

In: The Literature of the Sages
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Subject Index

academies
in Babylonia 39, 50, 316
Christian scholastic culture 422
in Palestine 37
accommodation 333, 348–50, 362, 407 see identity construction
acculturation 314
legal 357–58 see identity construction
aggada 264-65, 482, 544–46, 564
aggadic midrash 489, 579
aggadic stories, approaches to study of 550–53
as autonomous discourse 471
circulating independent of halakha 482, 576–77, 579
nuance, tension, contingencies 553, 573–75, 587–89, 593–96, 599–600
aggada and halakha
address same social and cultural tensions 552–55, 560–62, 573–75
aggada complicates application of halakha 590–94
aggada suggests alternative halakha 594–99
aggada that transmits legal content 482–83
aggadic dialectic 559–63
aggadic passages on legal biblical units 602–4
blurred units 490, 573
as genres 548–49, 564
halakha derived from narrative biblical units 490, 556–57, 604–8
heteroglossia 557, 559
legal narratives 550, 557–58
medieval classifications 545, 549, 554, 559
mixed units 479–80, 550, 573–75
nomos 486, 500, 557–59, 604
quasi-halakhic principles 554–55
spiritual or moral dimension added in aggada 584–89
supererogatory behavior 585, 590, 596–97
thematized in early rabbinic literature 463–70, 546
unity of, as single literary corpus 551–54, 557
narrative and law
aggada in Bavli
integrated with halakhic context 567–75
linked formally or subtly to halakhic context 576–84
preservation of aggadic material 576, 579
reworked/adapted to context 564–65, 577
story cycles 560n.61
aggada in Mishna
establishes authority of rabbis as interpreters of halakha 473, 486, 509, 516–17
ethics 503–8
framing halakhic discussion 472–74
liminality 471–72, 475
as literary frame 474–81
narrative forms 485–86
as paratext 473
points to wider social, ethical, existential questions 477–78, 482, 500
proverbs 494–96, 520
sacred history, emphasizing Sinai 481–82, 487, 508–11, 516–17
stories of sages 482, 484–86
style 528–30
theology 503
aggada in Tosefta
autonomous status 522
dominant position to halakha in same passage 522, 526–28
as framing halakha 523–24
independent agenda 526–28
independent units 524–26
moral ambiguity 530
sacred history emphasizing Yavne 531–33
style 528–30
aggada in Yerushalmi 565–67
Akavia b. Mahalalel 71
Akiva, Rabbi
esotericism 526
eventual dominance/reflection in Mishna 135–36
and exegesis 73–74, 115n.61
on free will 331
martyrdom 423–24
and R. Yishmael/two-schools hypothesis 124–37, 161–63
Akkadian 441–42
allegory
allegorical reading of biblical law (Leviticus Rabba) 603
Hellenistic/Christian approach to text 142–47, 151–53, 157–58
and metaphor, as opposed to metonymy 144, 151, 157n.213
logocentrism
allusion 95, 149, 156, 220, 223–27, 264
to Christian texts, motifs, traditions 284–87, 392
intertexts; intertextuality
ambivalence 259–60
am ha-arets 40, 511
Amoraic midrash compilations 217n.1; 236–42
and Bavli 241, 259–62
halakhic material in 600–611
‘homiletic midrashim’ 602, 610
Leviticus Rabba 603
parallels among compilations 237–40
rabbinization of Scripture 601–8
redaction 240–41
sermon format 324, 602
and Tannaic literature 236, 238
and Yerushalmi 237–41
ancestral laws 13–14, 27, 33, 110
ancestral traditions
R. Akiva 162
authority 21, 86
R. Eliezer 86–87
Hellenistic milieu 86
as human legislation 80
Pharisees 21, 66–68, 70–71, 105, 122
anonymous statements
in Bavli 224n.23, 248
in Mishna 195
in Tannaic midrash 124
redaction
apocalypticism 23, 24–25, 76, 288–89, 508
Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha
1 Enoch 77, 291–93
2 Baruch 288–90
Ascension of Isaiah 290
Ben Sira 274–80
Enoch traditions 274, 291
as ‘external books’ 273, 278
Maccabees, books of 65, 284–88
rabbinic allusions and informal borrowing 284–96
Testament of Solomon 296
Tobit 295–96
‘external books’; Second Temple literature
apodictic law 119–22, 484, 520
attributions to named rabbis, reliability 120, 131 historicity of rabbinic sources
aural reports see transmission
authority
human vs. divine/scriptural 66–67, 69–73, 80, 106n.29, 333, 563
of Mishna 100–102, 116
of oral Law 70–74, 112, 114, 118, 162n.227
of Scripture 20, 69–75, 80, 118–19, 161–62, 333
authority, rabbinic (constructions of)
in Avot 516–17
classification of laws as biblical or rabbinic 488–89
against competing claims 511
beyond halakhic 512
limits of 514
in mishnaic aggada 473, 482, 484–86, 509
vs. priestly authority 80, 116, 582
vs. prophetic authority 78–80, 86
vs. royal authority 572
transmission from Moses at Sinai 481–82, 487, 509, 516–17, 533
authority, rabbinic (in practice) 36
evidence from church fathers 49
impact beyond immediate circles 47–49
material evidence for rabbinic practices 24
and patriarch 40–42
autonomia 18
Avot 70, 322
dating 514
focus on Tora study 515
and Greco-Roman philosophy 331–32, 520
ideological frame to Mishna 515–17
image of rabbi 520–21
marginal to Mishna 517
particularism and universalism 519–21
transmission of Tora 517
virtue ethic 518–19
as wisdom literature 519–21
Babylonian rabbinic culture
academies 39, 50, 316
connection with Jewish communities elsewhere 50
cultural and legal developments 403, 413–16, 434
discipleship 423
embeddedness in Mesopotamian environment 46, 402–3, 410, 441–42
encounters with Christians 394–95
exilarch 104, 410
impact of Syriac Christianity 316, 376, 427–33
medicine, science, and magic 441
polemics against Zoroastrians 408
relationship to wider Jewish population 40, 49, 259
scholasticism 422
westward orientation 46
Bavli; Sasanian Persia; Syriac Christianity
Babylonian Talmud see Bavli
Bar Kokhba letters 317
Bar Kokhba revolt 29–30
baraitot 168n.253
independent clusters 200, 231
misidentified as memrot 197, 229
reworked in Bavli 202–4, 232–33, 254–59
reworked in Yerushalmi 233
status of 102n.17, 168
Tosefta and baraitot 196–204, 228–33
Bavli 217n.1
aggada integrated into halakhic context 567–75
and Amoraic midrashim 241, 259–62, 284–85
anonymous layer 224n.23, 248
awareness of tractate-level ordering 254
baraitot 200, 203–4, 228–33, 254–59
Christian parallels 378–95
Greco-Roman culture reflected in 402
intra-Bavli parallel sugyot 249–54, 262–65
knowledge of Tosefta as compilation 196, 218, 228–33
literary character/editorial practices 200, 204, 247–58, 262
‘proto-Talmud’ 249
redactional intention 252n.141
sugya anthologies 253
talmud kadum 245–48
and Tannaic midrashim 235–36, 254–59
terminology 200
tractate as redactional unit 561
and Yerushalmi 242–49, 260–62, 284–85
Babylonian rabbinic culture; baraitot; memrot; redaction; sugyot
Ben Sira 274–80
Bet midrash 36–37, 48, 324–25
calendar 347, 349
canon, Scripture as 20, 275–78, 326
capital punishment 43, 349, 352, 499
captivity 359–60, 363–64
case stories 485 narrative and law
Christianity
allegorical interpretation of Scripture 144–47, 151, 157–59
Christianization of the Roman empire 30, 313, 345–47, 374n.1
disputes over biblical exegesis 387–88, 390, 427, 563
eastern Christianity 46, 316, 375–78, 386–87, 421, 424–35
encounters with Christians 282, 394–95
polemics against 381, 386, 388–89, 421
references to Christianity 374n.1
Roman persecution of Christians 30
satire of 378, 386n.49, 392
supersessionism 346, 389–90
terms ‘Christian’ and ‘Christianity’ 375–76
church fathers; New Testament; Syriac Christianity
Christian traditions reflected in the Bavli 374–75
adaptation of Christian traditions 385, 387
familiarity with Christian interpretive traditions 390–92
familiarity with New Testament traditions 378–82
holy men 424–26
monastic sources 384–85, 387
polemics against Christian theological claims 386, 388–90
references to Christian traditions 378–92
references to Jesus 378–80
reflecting a shared source 383
church fathers
allegorical interpretation of Scripture 144–47, 151, 157–59
knowledge of rabbinic traditions 49
rabbinic awareness of later Christian literature 386, 391
Christianity
citizenship, Roman 355, 359–65
Jewish peoplehood as similar to concept of citizenship 359–60, 362
Common Judaism 36, 40
Constitutio antoniniana (Caracalla’s edict) 355, 360, 365
conversion (to Christianity) 30
conversion (to Judaism)
compared to Roman citizenship 363–65
forced by Hasmoneans 16
as legal fiction 363
status of converts 359–60
as voluntary membership 20
counter-models 348, 350, 352, 357, 392 identity construction; Romanization
critical editions 98, 627–29
critical theory 143, 147–48, 156, 349n.23
Dead Sea Scrolls see Qumran texts
deconstruction 141–48, 152 literary theory
debate, rabbinic embrace of 40, 84–86, 114, 513–14, 533 dialectical argumentation; pluralism
Delos inscription 13
demons 295–96, 420, 439, 442
Derekh erets 292n.71
destruction of Temple 22, 29, 32–33, 345, 347
rabbinic traditions about 34, 290, 297, 351, 509–10
dialectical argumentation 143, 159, 323, 513
dialogue stories with minim or philosophers 282, 333, 387–88, 390–92, 403, 434 minim; ‘others’
diaspora
Judean diaspora 13, 28
rabbinic connections to 47–48, 50
rabbinic views on diaspora 573–75, 598–99
revolts (115–117) 29
dictionaries 623–24
digitally aided analysis 630
digitization of rabbinic texts 625–27
discipleship 39, 189n.315, 423, 516
dispute see debate ; see Christianity; exegesis; Pharisees
documentary approach to rabbinic texts 132
doubt 25; 83–86; 104n.22; 481; 485 case stories; legal concepts
dualism 409
dual Tora oral Tora
echo (literary) 95, 143, 223, 264, 295–96
election, divine 344–45
R. Eliezer 69n.16, 71, 79, 86–87
elites
under Herod 17
rabbis as intellectual elite 48, 75n.38, 416n.67, 334–35
rabbis as local provincial subelites 313, 317, 348
in Roman Judea 32
at Qumran 75n.38
under Seleucids 15
enforcement, of rabbinic law 42, 49 authority, rabbinic (in practice)
epigraphical evidence see inscriptions
epistemology 83, 159, 414n.60, 468
eruv 39, 44
Esau (Rome as) 345–46
eschatology
Manicheanism 437–38
and moral relations 504
Rome’s eschatological destruction 352
Tannaic inheritance of Second Temple 24–26
and Temple 22
Essenes 23, 26, 330
esotericism
exegesis as legacy of 75–77
rabbinic 526
Second Temple era 14, 75, 86
ethics
in Avot 518–19
exceeding formal halakha 503, 507, 589
interpersonal relations 503–4, 585
mental states and inner life 505–6
piety and righteousness 507–8
in relations with gentiles 589
ethnarch 17, 41
ethnonation, Judea framed as 28
etiological stories 486, 509, 531
Evil Inclination 439–40
exegesis
as basis for authority 70, 73–75, 79n.55
disputes with Christians over 383, 387–88, 390, 427, 563
Eastern Christian 427–33
as innovation of Tannaic movement 123–24
at Qumran 74–75, 102n.18, 121
rabbinic vs. Greek or patristic 142–46
as source of law 118
interpretation; midrash; Scripture
exegetical principles
and complex derashot 121–22
Greek techniques 137–38, 314, 322–23
as institutional controls on interpretation 153
invented by Pharisees 110–11
modern study of 141n.152
reflecting ideologies 163
ribbuy and miut 74, 125n.93, 127n.97, 128
Sinai as source of 125n.90, 314
two-schools hypothesis 124–27, 133–35
used to interpret both biblical law and narrative 604
exempla 40, 485
exilarch 41, 410
expiation (kappara) 501, 503
‘external books’ 273–78, 281, 283–84, 327
Ben Sira 274–81, 327
festivals, Roman 347, 349–50, 599–600
First Revolt (66 CE) 18, 28–29, 298
fiscus Iudaicus 20, 345
folklore studies 150n.186, 295, 329, 394
free will 330–31
Gamliel, Rabban
encounters with ‘others’ 282, 334–35, 390, 434
Greek wisdom 318
leader of rabbinic Judaism 529
on Persian modesty 404–5
gender
Babylonian context 416–17
marital sex 553, 591–93
menstrual purity 416–17, 603
Mishna ideology of 191
rabbinic vs. Hellenistic attitudes 328–29
genealogy, as basis of Jewish peoplehood 364–65
generations of rabbis
and production of Mishna 175
rabbis as social network 35–36
reliability of dividing into 11, 35
tradents of oral Tora 70, 111
Yavne 71
gentiles 561, 589, 599–600
goy 45n.148
Greco-Roman culture see Hellenism/Hellenistic culture; Rome
Greek
ban against 317–18
knowledge and attitude toward 317–21, 326–28
substitution of Hebrew for Greek terms 180n.295
words in rabbinic literature 46, 311, 352
Hellenism/Hellenistic culture
halakha 66n.8, 464, 544, 546, 564
a halakha to Moses from Sinai 70, 74, 79, 115n.61, 162n.227
and Scripture 65–73, 118, 124, 127–28, 161
structure of meaning and community 497, 555–56, 604
aggada and halakha; ancestral traditions; law; oral Tora
halakhic midrashim see Tannaic midrashim
hasidim 585, 596–97
Hasmonean dynasty 16, 21, 27, 317–18
Hasmonean revolt 15, 27, 65, 110n.43, 285–88
heavenly tablets 77–78
Hebrew 47, 180n.295, 346
hekhalot texts 49, 273, 292, 423
Hellenism/Hellenistic culture
conceptions of law 333, 360–61
exegetical techniques 137, 314, 322–23
gender ideologies 328–29, 520
Greek literature and myths reflected in rabbinic texts 316, 328–29
‘Greek wisdom’ 317–20
impact on Sasanian Empire 311, 315–16
Judaism vs. Hellenism dichotomy 19
logocentrism 138, 142–45, 148n.177, 151–52, 156–58
paideia 164, 314–15, 320–25, 332
as pervasive/popular culture 313, 316, 321, 344
philosophy and philosophical schools 316, 330–35
rabbinic culture as manifestation of Hellenism 316, 335
rabbinic knowledge of Greek literature 276, 325–27
Second Sophistic 148n.176, 315, 324
Stoicism 148n.176, 330–33, 414, 505
Greek; Rome
heresy
binitarianism 436
as boundary maintenance 36, 562–63
and Christian exegesis 392
Christian views depicted by rabbis as heresy 389
dissent as Christian heresy 160
minim 275, 387–88, 435
hermeneutical principles/rules see exegetical principles
Herod the Great 17–18, 22
heteroglossia 557; 559 literary theory
high priesthood 13, 15, 16, 21–22, 27
Hillel and Shammai
apodictic teachings 122n.80
archetypal rabbinic disputants 85, 513
and debate on measures 82
and extra-scriptural tradition 70–71
Hillel’s affinity to Stoicism 331
and midrash as authority 108–9, 115, 118–9
Shammai and R. Eliezer 69n.16
historical-critical methods
diachronic development of texts 105, 221–24, 248, 255
language as transparent reflection of reality 142, 147, 154, 259–60
used alongside literary analysis 161–63, 260
Wissenschaft des Judentums 95, 104
redaction criticism; source criticism; Wissenschaft des Judentums
historicity of rabbinic sources 34–35, 120, 131 attributions to named rabbis, reliability
historiography
chronography 285
historical memory 33
Josephus, shared traditions in rabbinic texts 297–99
midrash as ‘creative historiography’ 138
modern, on centrality of rabbis 36
traditional Jewish 104, 110, 509
sacred history
Hiyya b. Abba, Rabbi (as compiler of Tosefta) 167
holiness
as legal status vs. numinous reality 497–98
and Syriac Christianity 428–29
and Zoroastrianism 405–7
holy men 424–26
hybridity 45
identity construction
accommodation vs. resistance 333, 348–50, 362, 407
anxiety and ambivalence 325, 334, 349, 352–54
appropriation vs. resistance of dominant culture 334–35, 352, 407–8
counter-models 348, 350, 352, 357, 392
heresy 36, 562–63
mimesis and mimicry 348–52, 362
the ‘other’ as a tool for 314, 402–4, 407–8, 563
rabbinic rivalry and hostility to Rome 44, 344–47, 352
resistance 333–35, 348–50, 352, 362, 407–8
shared structures of meaning with ambient culture 401–2
Romanization; self-definition
Idumeans 17, 20
Iggeret of R. Sherira Gaon 102–7, 113, 167–69
imperialism (Roman)
imperial ideology 44, 344–45, 350
imperial legislation 30, 313
Israel’s God depicted as an emperor 44, 352, 585
impurity
and expiation, in Bible 501
as immaterial 24
legal status 497
menstrual purity 416–17, 603
and physical Tora 326
ritual taxonomies 415–17
and theology 503
purity
incantation bowls 31, 46, 49, 294, 296
indeterminacy, of midrash 145–46, 152–55, 159
influence (foreign cultural) 312–13, 350, 356, 401, 431
influence (literary) 220, 244, 261–62 intertextuality
inscriptions
Burial inscriptions 317
digital collection 626
Mesopotamian 46
Paikuli inscription 419
Western 47–48
insularity, of Babylonian rabbis 40, 49
intention
dimension added with aggada 585
in fulfilling mitsvot 489–90, 505–6, 585
and purity 24
and religious experience 506
in repentance 501–2
virtue ethic in Avot 518
intention (editorial)
arrangement of memrot and sugyot 252–54
of baraitot 200–203
independent vs. edited parallels 231–32
Mishna/Tosefta parallels 182, 190–95
interactions, with wider cultures
influence vs. cultural fluidity models 45, 312, 316, 348, 350, 431
in Mesopotamia 46–47
in Palestine 43–46, 394–95
Sasanian Persia 316, 394–95, 402–3
sites of interaction 394–95, 402
Hellenism/Hellenistic culture; Sasanian Persia
interpretation
as creative act 139–40, 149–50
as play, rather than explication of authorial intent 152
as revelation 143, 333
exegesis; midrash
intertexts 155–58, 220, 221n.15, 223–26, 256
evoked texts 220, 224
intertextuality 95–96, 144, 147–48, 154, 218–27
as characteristic of rabbinic culture 144–48, 154–60, 203, 223
as creating meaning 144, 223, 255
focus on the reader 219, 221n.15
inner-biblical 150, 154, 221
intra-Bavli 262–65
limits of 220–21
links rabbis to biblical history 490–91
literary vs. historical approaches to parallel texts 96, 147–48, 154
repertoire, social/cultural 96, 259, 264–65, 330, 375, 383
as tool of analysis 227, 161–63, 254–265
trigger words 410, 418n.72
allusion; echo; influence (literary); intertexts; literary theory; motifs; parallels; redaction
Ioudaismos 19
iudaeus 20
ius civile 45, 361
Jerusalem
as administrative center 31
Aelia Capitolina 29, 33, 345, 347
Jews prohibited from living in 34
as pilgrimage site 31
as polis 15
Temple, Jerusalem
‘Jew’, as term 19
Josephus 28, 33, 68, 277, 330
emphasis on ethnonation 28
shared traditions with rabbinic literature 297–99
Josippon 273n.4
Jubilees 74, 77–78, 84, 278–79n.21, 481, 490n.63
Judah 13
Judaism 19
Judea
early Hellenistic 13–14
as Roman province 17, 28–29, 32
Judeans 13, 28
Judean as term 19–20
Justinian 30
Latin 180n.295, 317, 346, 352
law
biblical 505
as intellectual practice 40
personal status laws 358–60, 364
at Qumran 67, 74–76, 80–81
rabbinic law in practice 40, 42, 49, 360
Roman law 44–45, 180n.295, 317, 354–61, 412–13, 433
Sasanian law 410–16, 434–35
Syriac Christian 434–35
ancestral laws; ancestral traditions; halakha; heavenly tablets; legalism; narrative; Tora
legal concepts
divine law and natural law 333, 360–61, 466
doubt 25; 83–86; 104n.22; 481; 485
expiation and repentance 501–3
intent 501–2, 505
legal fiction, conversion as 363
measures 82–83, 86
mental categories 414
nominalism vs. realism 80–83, 363
ritual taxonomies 415–17
Roman legal concepts 180n.295, 317, 355–57, 361
self-knowledge 414n.60
supererogatory behavior 434–35, 585, 590
takkanot 358–59
legalism, rabbinic 356, 360–61
Letter of Aristeas 282
literary theory
deconstruction 141–48, 152
heteroglossia 557, 559
and historical-critical methods 161–63
‘influence’ 244, 261–62
intertextuality 95, 137–63, 218–21
midrash as interpretation 137–60
New Historicism 552
paratexts 473
and talmudic story 418n.72, 550
logocentrism 138, 141–44, 148n.177, 152, 156–57
Maccabees, books of 65, 284–88
magic 441
Manicheanism
eschatology 437–38
gnosticism 436
hagiographical narratives 440
Iranian mythology 421
redemption of ‘all the souls’ 437
texts 46, 293
manumission 359
manuscript witnesses 627
marginalization, of Jews under Roman legislation 30
marriage
family law 358, 364
marital sex 553, 591–93
as rabbinic concern 36
martyrdom
in 4 Maccabees 288
Jewish and Christian parallels and differences 423–27
Masoretic Text 376
master narrative 481–82, 487, 516–17, 533
material evidence 38, 47–49, 317
measures, rabbinic notion of 82–83, 86 doubt
Megillat Taanit 68, 279–80n.24, 283, 285, 628
memorization
and Greek rhetorical oratory 323
mnemonic function of mishna or midrash form 108–9, 119, 178
oral performance; pedagogy
memrot
baraitot appearing as 196–98
transferred/adapted 249–51, 252n.141
Mesopotamia
Akkadian 441–42
Ancient Near Eastern traditions 442
heavenly tablets 77
rabbis in 30–31, 39, 46–47, 402–3, 410, 441–42
science 75–76, 377n.18, 441–43
scribes 123
spread of Christianity 376–77, 394
Sasanian Persia
messianism
apocalyptic 288–89, 291–92
Bar Kokhba revolt 29
Christian 391
rabbinic 25, 26n.57, 345, 527–28
metonymy, of midrash 146, 149
as opposed to metaphor 144, 157n.213
Middle Persian texts see Pahlavi texts
midrash 74n.35, 99n.8, 103, 117, 121–23
contemporary practice biblicized 490–91
as creative act 138–40, 149–50
as dialogical 149, 151, 155, 159–60, 322–23
generative vs. supportive interpretation of Scripture 103–18, 123–24, 142, 161–63
pri ority of as indeterminacy 145–46, 152–55, 159
as inherent in revelation 151, 153, 333
intertextual interpretive practice 138–41, 147, 155, 221
as metonymic 144, 146, 149, 157n.213
midrashic vs. mishnaic form 99, 103–24
in Mishna 487
origins of 113, 120–23, 127
polysemy 142–43, 146n.169, 152–53, 155n.208, 159–60, 333
as referential network 606
as rejecting Hellenistic logocentrism 138, 141–46, 148n.177, 152, 156–57
in targums 136n.133
exegesis; interpretation; intertextuality; specific compilations
mikra (Scripture), as part of curriculum 71, 464, 467–68, 548
mikve 23–24, 503
military
militaristic rabbinic study culture 422
militarization of Roman East 30
Roman military supremacy 32, 350–54
spiritual vs. military power 350–51, 352–53
mimesis 353
mimicry 353
minim
books of 275
encounters with 390–92
and gnosticism 435
identity of 387–88
marked as non-rabbinic 390
separation from 562
minority, Jews as Roman 30, 313–14, 325
Mishna 165, 171, 464
aggada and halakha in 471–2, 474–77, 482, 528, 530
authoritative status 100–102, 116, 136, 473, 509
as curricular material 37, 100–101, 108, 166
early mishna 173–75, 184, 186n.307
framing story, lack of 481–82
ideology 191, 195
midrash in 137, 487–88
priority of mishnaic form vs. midrashic form 99, 103–24
proverbs 494, 520
redactional intention 190–94, 474–77, 482, 528, 530
ritual narratives 22, 107, 483–84, 509, 512
style 119–22, 180, 182, 484, 520
and Tannaic midrashim 134, 136
theology 497–503
and Tosefta 165–73, 178–94
ur-Mishna 185–87
Avot
motifs
adapted to Jewish contexts 387, 418
elements of cultural repertoire 223, 264–65, 295
shared, rabbinic and Christian literature 385–87
shared, Second Temple and rabbinic literature 289, 295–99
western literary motifs in Bavli 377
intertextuality
mythology
Ancient Near Eastern 442
Greek 316, 289, 328–29
Persian 419–21
nahotei 376 see transmission
narrative and law
case stories 485
degrees of narrativity in Mishna 483–84
etiological stories 486, 509, 531
exempla 485
as form of discourse 418n.72
framing narrative, absent in Mishna 481–82
master narrative 487–89, 516–17
nomos 486, 496, 500, 534, 557–58, 604
ritual narratives 483
in tension, expressing ambiguity 482–83, 558
aggada and halakha
nasi 41
natural law and divine law 333, 360–61, 466
Nehemia, Rabbi 169, 171–73
New Testament
rabbinic familiarity with major themes 379–80
rabbinic knowledge of Gospels 275, 281–82, 378–79, 382, 394
as source on rabbinic Judaism 66, 72, 73n.29, 81, 117
traditions reflected in Bavli 377n.19, 378–80, 386
Christianity; church fathers
nominalism and realism 81–83, 363
nomos
law and narrative together creating 534, 557–58, 604
modern term, defined 496
term in Septuagint 464
theology establishing 500
omnisemy 146n.169
Oniads 14
orality
explanation of variants 230–31, 240, 253
orality studies 96, 163–64, 188, 230–31, 247n.131, 298
oral transmission of Mishna and Tosefta 102n.17, 180n.295, 188–89
oral transmission reflecting shared cultural traditions 377, 394
rabbinic orality as response to Roman values 357
oral performance
and Greek oratorical practices 323
as study practice 97, 164–65, 189, 194
memorization
oral Tora
ancestral traditions (Pharisees) 27, 70
ban on writing oral Tora 164–65, 277–78
dual Tora 70, 74n.34, 78, 106, 112, 118n.71
and emergence of Mishna/midrash 105–6, 110–18
human vs. divine source of authority 66–67, 69–73, 80, 106n.29, 333
and midrash 140, 143
revealed at Sinai 70–74, 111–12, 118, 333, 487, 516–17
ancestral laws; ancestral traditions; halakha; revelation; tradition (extra-scriptural); transmission
‘others’
gentiles as ‘others’ 561
identifying ‘others’ in rabbinic literature 436n.163
rabbinic law constructed as distinct from ‘other’ 413–17
‘thinking with’ the ‘other’ 408
as a tool for identity construction 402–4, 407–8
Oxyrhynchus papyrus 47
paganism
cities of Palestine as pagan 33, 43, 325
‘Greek wisdom’ as 320
rabbinic reaction to polytheistic environment 334
Roman festivals 349–50, 599
Rome as pagan 345, 347
Pahlavi texts 31, 46, 406, 415, 430
paideia 148n.176, 164, 314–15, 320–25, 332
Paikuli inscription 419
Pairs (Zugot) 70, 110–11, 113, 116–17 generations; Hillel and Shammai; Shemaya and Avtalyon
Palestinian Talmud see Yerushalmi
paradosis21, 66–68, 70–71, 80, 86–87, 162 ancestral traditions
parallels (inner-rabbinic)
diachronic vs. synchronic study 194–95, 223–24, 248
as edited vs. independent 179–87, 190–91, 195–97, 200–204, 231–32, 238
literary/cultural vs. historical approaches to 95, 222–27, 248–49, 254–55, 259–60, 378
as a phenomenon 218n.4, 222–23, 249, 260, 314, 330
of structures and themes, not just language 189n.316, 243–51
variants 188–89, 202, 230–32, 240, 253
see specific compilations
parallels (to other cultural traditions)
to Christian sources, overt, covert, or veiled 378–95
cognate stories rather than isolated motifs 417, 420
genealogical vs. analogical 312–14, 330, 356, 403, 430
syncretistic, Iranian and Jewish mythical figures 420–21
specific compilations ; intertextuality; repertoire
parallel sugyot
adaptation of memrot 250–51
Bavli awareness of tractate ordering 154
definition 218n.4
inter-talmudic 242–49, 260–62
intra-Bavli 249–54, 262–65
inverted sugyot 153–54
macro vs. micro similarities 243–47
peripatetic sugyot 251–52
transfer of memrot 249–50
Bavli; Yerushalmi
paratexts 473, 515, aggada in Mishna; Avot
parnas 44
parody 383, 386n.49
Parthian invasion 17
particularism and universalism 519
patria potestas 364
patriarch 36, 38, 41–42, 44, 316, 318–21
pedagogy
and Greek curricula 322–23
midrash as pedagogical transmission of law 106, 113, 116, 123
pedagogical purposes of Mishna and Tosefta 101, 102n.17, 108–9, 114, 117, 194
at Qumran 123
paideia; study culture
performance studies 97, 164–65, 189, 194
Persian, in Talmud 46, 409–10
Pharisees
ancestral tradition 66–71, 74, 80, 86, 105, 111–14, 118, 122
disputes with Sadducees 21, 127, 162n.226
on free will/predeterminism 330–31
as innovators of hermeneutical techniques 111
mode of debates 85
as predecessors of rabbis 12, 27, 64–65, 68, 85–86
on prophecy 78n.52
purity practices 24
on resurrection 25
on sanctity of Tora 326
sectarianism 26–27
as similar to Stoics 330
views of law 81–82
Philo
and allegorical interpretation 144–45, 148n.176, 151–52, 157–58
concept of law 361
on miracles 81n.60
on narrative and law 466
Hellenism/Hellenistic culture
philology 621–24
piety
asceticism 604
rabbinic 36, 344, 604
Roman 344
at Qumran 75
supererogatory piety 585, 590, 596–97
piyyut 48
pluralism 85, 159–60, 333, 513, 533
politai 15
polysemy
contrasted with logocentrism 142–43, 148n.177
distinct from indeterminacy 152–53
distinct from omnisemy 146n.169
a late Babylonian invention 159–60
as a rabbinic virtue 142–43, 160n.221
postmodern approaches 143, 147–48, 156
power
divine 350–51, 498
Jewish as spiritual 350, 352–53
Roman 348–53
royal vs. rabbinic 672
prayer
affinities with Eastern Christian prayer customs 429–31
halakhic and aggadic discussions 574, 584–85
mental state 506, 573, 585
relationship with God 497–99, 506
priests
priestly gifts 36
purity 81
and rabbis 22–23, 80, 582
as scribes 118
supported by Seleucids 14
high priesthood
prophecy
as authority, vs. rabbinic 78–79, 333
and written vs. oral texts 277–78
purity
genealogical, in Ezra 13
impurity as immaterial 24
and intention 24
menstrual purity 416–17, 603
metaphor of relationship with God 503
and physical Tora 326
practices 23–24, 26, 39
as priestly concern 81
rabbinic concepts 24
Second Temple period sectarian concern 23–24, 26, 36, 81
Zoroastrian context for rabbinic concepts 415–17
Qumran texts
apodictic format 121–22
biblical exegesis 102n.18, 121
Community Rule 77
concealment and revelation 76–78, 122
conceptions of law and tradition 67, 74–76, 80–81
Damascus Document 76, 80, 84, 121n.80, 294, 481
eschatology 25n.55
Halakhic Letter (4QMMT) 84n.70, 330
legal instruction 123
notion of measurement 82–83
para-biblical literature 283, 292, 295
parallels with rabbinic texts 120, 283
and Temple 23
Temple Scroll 84, 283
rabbinic movement
continuity from Pharisees 12, 18–19, 27, 64–65, 68, 85–86
as counter-cultural 350
decline 37–38
displacing sacrificial cult 22–23, 36, 512, 603–4
emergence of 12, 27, 34, 36, 45, 64, 85
influence on majority of Jews 24, 36, 40–42, 47–50
insularity 40
as an organization 36
as orthodoxy 40
as pietistic 36
as Roman provincial phenomenon 45, 347
as school 39
as sectarian 24
as social network 35–36, 349
Tora scholarship as value 511–14, 591
rabbis; self-definition
rabbinization
midrash rabbinizing Scripture 601, 608–9
rabbis’ impact on majority of Jews 47–50
authority, rabbinic (constructions of); authority, rabbinic (in practice)
rabbis
dating 11
as elites 48, 75n.38, 117, 313, 321, 334–35
as embodiment of law 486, 512
genealogy 12
as heirs to Moses 517
as jurists 348
material evidence for 38
as mediators of law 485–86
and patriarch 42
as provincial legal experts 42
as Romans 347–61
soferim 117
Babylonian rabbinic culture; generations; rabbinic movement; specific names
rabbi, title 11, 48–49
Rav (Abba Arikha) 38, 46
realism and nominalism 81–83, 363
reception see transmission
redaction
final vs. dynamic 132, 192, 194, 240, 248, 601n.141
intention in 190–97, 200, 203, 231–32, 252n.141, 253–54
and intertextuality 203
see specific compilations
redaction criticism 96–97, 218, 221–24, 248, 262
and contextual-cultural analysis 421
religion, Judaism as 19
repentance 385–86, 431–33, 501–2
repertoire (network of shared cultural knowledge) 225–27, 264–65
Christian and Jewish 375, 377n.19, 383, 430
Greco-Roman culture 330
rabbinic and Second Temple texts 295–98
Sasanian culture 403
intertextuality; motifs; parallels
resh galuta 41
resistance 333–35, 348–50, 352, 362, 407–8 identity construction
resurrection 25
revelation
of dual Tora 70, 78–79, 106, 112, 118n.71, 333
and esotericism, at Qumran 76–78
and interpretation 78, 143, 151, 333 in Jubilees 78
master narrative of Mishna 481–82, 487, 509, 516–17, 533
revolts against Rome 351n.29
First Revolt (66 CE) 18, 298
Diaspora revolts/Kitos War (115–117) 29, 317
Bar Kokhba 29–30
impact of 33, 344–45, 350
rhetoric, as opposed to philosophy 143, 148n.177
ritual narratives 22, 107, 483–84, 509, 512
ritual taxonomies 415–17
Romanization, impact and responses to 43–46, 344–61
accommodation 348, 362
acculturation 357–58
appropriation 349–50
counter-models 348, 350, 352, 357
‘influence’ and ‘resistance’ vs. cultural fluidity 45, 312, 348–50
mimesis 348, 352, 362
mimicry 348–49, 351–52
refusal 43–44, 362
Rome as Esau 345–46
Rome as rival to Israel 344–47
Rome as wicked kingdom 44n.141, 347, 352
identity construction; Roman law; Rome; self-definition
Roman law
codification 357
imperial legislation 30, 313
ius civile 45, 361
Jewish use of judicial system 355
judicial system 354, 357, 361
legal concepts 180n.295, 317, 355–57, 361
rabbinic appropriation of 44–45
referenced in rabbinic texts 412–13
Syriac Christian use of 433
Rome
citizenship 355, 359–65
conquest and rule of Judea 16–18
as Esau 345–46
festivals 347, 349–50, 599–600
imperial ideology 44, 344–45, 350, 352
imperial legislation 30, 313
Jews as provincial minority 312–15, 325
leisure culture 324, 334, 347, 352
military supremacy and military culture 32, 350–54
power relations 328, 348–52
as rival to Israel 344–47
self-perceptions, Roman 344–45
as wicked kingdom 44n.141, 347, 352
Hellenism/Hellenistic culture; Latin; revolts against Rome; Romanization
sacred history 508–11, 516–17 Sinai; Yavne
Sadducees
and debates with Pharisees 81–82, 85, 110–12, 127, 162n.226, 326
Josephus’ description 26–27, 330
on Scripture 21, 66
Sefer Gezerata 283
sages see rabbis
Samaria 13
Samaritans 20, 363
Sanhedrin 110, 116
Sasanian Persia
Christianity 316, 375–78, 386–87, 402, 417, 421–35
diversity of 402
dynasty, Sasanian 31, 46
exilarch 41
Hellenization 311, 315–16, 402
kingship 410, 419
law 410–14
Manicheanism 402, 421
myth 419–21
nobility 41, 410
Persians depicted in Talmud 402, 404
rabbinic law and narrative in Sasanian context 402–3, 407, 410, 417–21, 441–42
Zoroastrianism 31, 402, 405–9, 415–17, 430, 433
Babylonian rabbinic culture; Bavli
satire 378, 386n.49, 392
scholasticism 83, 86, 422–23
science 75–77, 86, 335, 441
scribes 118
Scripture
as canon 20, 275–78, 326
as intertextual 150, 154
Pharisaic attitudes to 65–68
rabbinic attitudes 20–21, 68–74, 275–76
as rabbinic legal document 601–8
sacred status 325–27
as social practice 20–21
as source of authority 20, 66–75, 80, 118–19, 161–62, 333
and tradition 65–73, 118, 124, 127–28, 161
‘external books’; interpretation; midrash; mikra; Tora; tradition (extra-scriptural)
Second Temple literature 272–90
allusions in rabbinic works 284–96
mentioned in rabbinic works 279–84
style or themes 296–99
Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha; ‘external books’; Qumran texts
Second Temple period 18–27, 64–68, 74–78, 81–85
sectarianism
Babylonian rabbis as sect 40
as origin of Judaism and Christianity 314
and purity 23–24
and rabbinic movement 12, 24, 39
Second Temple 26–27, 64–66, 85
Seder Olam 285, 628
Seleucid empire 14–15, 285
self-definition
Christian self-definition 424, 427
construction of past 33–34, 79, 533
distinctiveness within culture of Greek East 315, 325, 334–35
gender concepts as site for 416–17
genealogical basis of Jewish peoplehood 365
peoplehood as participation in law 362
perfect law as defining chosenness 344–45, 354–55, 413
Roman self-definition 344, 361n.79, 354, 365
Rome as rival 344–47
spiritual vs. military power 350–51, 352–53
identity construction; master narrative
separatism 12
Septuagint 282, 376, 378, 464
sexual ethics
celibacy, Christian 428–29
Manicheanism 438–39
marital sex 553, 591–93
Zoroastrian 405–7, 416–17
Shammai and Hillel see Hillel and Shammai
shemʿata 549
Shemaya and Avtalyon 111, 116–17
Sherira Gaon, Rabbi 102–7, 113, 167–69
Shimon b. Yohai, Rabbi 284–85
Shmuel 441
sikarikon 33
Sinai
as basis for authority 118, 162n.227, 487–89, 509
a halakha to Moses from Sinai 70, 74, 79, 115n.61, 162n.227
as master narrative 481–82, 487, 509, 516–17, 533
oral Tora revealed at Sinai 111–12, 118, 333, 487, 516–17
revelation 70, 79, 333
slavery 45, 359–60
social network, rabbis as 35–36
Soferim 104n.22, 108–11, 113–17, 122–23
sorcery 408
source criticism 96, 218, 221–24, 248, 262
Stammaim 222
stam voice 248
study culture
discipleship 39, 189n.315, 423, 516
infinite obligation of Tora study 507
as intertextual oral performance 97, 164–65
midrash as 113
as militaristic 422
Palestinian vs. Babylonian 199
value of Tora study 553, 580–82, 603
memorization
study curriculum
analytical study over recitation 422–23
halakha and aggada as subjects in 546–47
organized around mishna and mikra 37, 71, 100, 464, 467
specialization, rabbinic attitudes on 467–69
tosefta 165–66
study house 36–37, 48, 324–25
sugyot
anthologies 253
inverted 253–54
parallel sugyot 217–18, 251–54
peripatetic sugyot 251–52
‘proto-sugyot’ 248
and rhetorical argumentation/controversia 323
synagogues 38, 47–49, 324
syncretism 420–21
Syriac 376
Syriac Christianity
Aphrahat 386–87, 427–31
biblical exegesis 427–33
celibacy 428–29
contact with Babylonian Jewry 316, 378
Ephrem 431–33
Īšōʿbōxt 434–35
law 433–35
martyrologies 423–27
Persian Martyr Acts 424
Peshitta 377, 386n.49
polemics against, rabbinic 421
prayer 429–31
scholasticism 422–23
sources 46
state of research on 375
takkanot 357–58
talmud kadum 245–48 see Bavli; parallel sugyot
Tannaic midrash compilations 98
aggada in 465, 471
anonymous statements 124
and Bavli 235–36
as compilations 234
intertextuality 99, 103
and Mishna 134, 136
origin 103
parallels among compilations 129, 136
redaction 130, 134
Sifra 235–36
and Talmuds 130, 229
two-schools hypothesis 35, 124–35, 161–63
and Yerushalmi 127–28, 234–35
Tannaim
reciters 199, 409
teachers 109
Targum Onkelos 292
Targum Pseudo-Yonathan 293–94
taxonomies 415–17
tefillin 21
Temple, Jerusalem
criticism of 22
depicted in Mishna 22–23, 80
destruction, impact of 22, 29, 32–33, 345–47, 351, 509–10
as economic institution 32
idealized 22, 504, 509
and purity practices 23
and Qumran texts 23
rabbinic historical memory 33
renovated by Herod 17, 22
ritual narratives 22, 107, 483–84, 509, 512
temple state 13, 15
testimony 69, 78n.48
theodicy 25
theology
in both aggada and halakha 560
divine power 498
divine response to prayer 498–99
God as actor within halakhic system 501, 608
God as emperor or king 44, 352, 585
God as judge 498, 501
in Mishna 497–503
personal relationship with God 502–3
repentance and expiation 501–3
reward and punishment 480, 499–500, 518–19, 560
Tobiads 13
Tora
compilation 14
as constitution 20
as perfect 344–45, 354–55, 413
as physical artifact 20, 326
and Temple cult 20
narrative and law; oral Tora; Scripture
Tosefta 165–66, 171
aggada in 521–34
as commentary or supplement to Mishna 168–69, 171, 175–76
dating 167, 197–98, 202, 228
‘early Tosefta’ 169, 171–74, 198, 228–30
as a formal collection 188, 196–97, 199
ideology, compared to Mishna 195
independence/autonomy from Mishna 171, 177, 179, 193–94
as opponent and companion to Mishna 192, 195
primacy to Mishna 174, 178–89, 194
redaction 173, 177, 192–95, 201, 228
style, compared to Mishna 180, 522
and talmudic baraitot 196–204, 228–33
and Tannaic midrashim 137
tradition (extra-scriptural)
for Pharisees 65–71, 74, 80, 105, 110–14, 118, 122, 127, 162
for rabbis 68–73, 80, 86, 118, 124, 161, 509
ancestral traditions; halakha; oral Tora
translations, modern 622–23
transmission
aural reports 68–69
of Christian traditions from West to East 375, 424
midrash as mode of 103, 113
orality 164, 180n.295, 188–89, 240, 253, 377, 394
of rabbinic traditions from Palestine to Babylonia 376–77
of sources by Bavli 222
of tradition from Pairs 111, 116–17
trauma, of Temple destruction 32–33
trigger words 410, 418n.72
two-schools hypothesis
hermeneutical ideologies 161–63
outlined 124–33
revisited 133–37
schools as social networks 35
terminology used by Akiva/Yishmael 129, 134–35
tsitsit 416
uncertainty see doubt
urbanization 33, 37, 43–44, 317, 348
universalism and particularism 519
variants
as result of intentional editing 202, 231–32, 253
as result of oral culture 188–89, 231
manuscript witnesses
wicked kingdom (Rome as) 44n.141, 347, 352
wisdom literature 494, 508, 519–21
Wissenschaft des Judentums
on aggada and midrash 137
on centrality of rabbis 36
critical editions 98
on early mishna 186n.307
on foreign influences on rabbinic cultures 312
historicist/positivist approaches 147, 154
interest in redacted documents 95
traditional historiography 104, 242
historical-critical methods; redaction criticism; source criticism
Yavne
emphasized in Toseftan aggada 531–32
origin of pluralism 85, 533
site of birth of rabbinic movement 79, 533
as symbol 85
Yavne generation 36, 71
Yehuda ha-Nasi (Rabbi) 11
as compiler of Mishna 167–71, 192, 194
Yerushalmi
and Amoraic midrashim 237–41
baraitot 198–204, 228–33
and Bavli 242–49, 260
dating 217n.1
knowledge of Tosefta as compilation 197–99, 218, 228–33
production of 37
redaction 204, 240
and Tannaic midrashim 128, 234–35
transmission and editorial practices 199, 204
yetser 439–40
Yishmael, Rabbi 72–73
and R. Akiva/two-schools hypothesis 35, 124–35, 161–63
Yoshua, Rabbi 36
Yosi b. Yoezer, Rabbi 109–111, 113–15, 117n.66, 120
Zoroastrianism
adopted by Sasanian dynasty 31
corpse exhumation 408
dualism 409
Jewish interactions with Zoroastrians 402
Pahlavi texts 406, 430, 433
polemics against 408
priesthood 407–9
rabbinic familiarity with Zoroastrian practices 405–7
repentance 433
ritual purity 415–17
Zugot 70, 110–11, 113, 116–17
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Series:  Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum, Volume: 16
Cover The Literature of the Sages
E-Book ISBN:
9789004515697
Publisher:
Brill
Print Publication Date:
06 Jul 2022

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