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Indexes

Index of Language Names

Amami 1, 6, 11, 25–26, 91
Aoya 10
Aragusuku 7, 14–15. 19, 124–125, 129, 142, 145–146, 150, 154
Chinese 268, 274
Eastern Japanese 189, 211, 227
English 274
Hachijō 1
Hateruma 16
Hichiku dialect 261, 293
Hirosaki 197
Hokkaido 217, 218
Hōnichi dialect 293
Iheya 12, 15, 17, 19, 58–90
Ikema 7
Ishigaki 6
Iwate 188
Izumo 6, 20, 227
Jana 14n
Japanese 1–3, 60–61, 67, 72–73, 177, 180
Eastern Japanese 1
Kyūshū Japanese 1
Mainland dialects of 1, 3, 6–8, 12–16
Standard Japanese (SJ) 3, 6–9, 11–17
Tōhoku Japanese 6–8
Western Japanese 1, 6, 8, 11n
Japonic 25
Japonic Family 1, 3–4
Typological overview of 4–18
Kagoshima 10
Kin 12–13, 15, 17
Kisogawa 6
Kunigami 58n1
Kyoto 10
Kyūshū dialects 252
Macro-Yaeyaman 155
Maisaka 10
Mitsukaido 189, 190, 211
Miyakonojō 10n5
Miyako 1, 3, 6–8, 15, 18n, 19, 124
Nagahama 10
Nakijin 10
Nambu 6, 7n, 9, 13, 16, 20
Nogata 263n2
Northern Ryukyuan 58, 91
Okinawa 25
Okinawan 1–3, 14n, 17–18, 58, 66, 75, 91
Northern subgroup 91
Proto-Northern 91n
Southern subgroup 91
Okinoerabu 17
Ōgami 7
Proto-Japonic 296–297
Ryukyuan 58, 155, 169, 183
Northern Ryukyuan 1–3, 7, 17, 25, 180
Proto-Kyūshū-Ryukyuan 3
Proto-Ryukyuan 6, 62n4
Southern Ryukyuan 1–3, 6–7, 155
The languages of 1–3, 6–13, 15–16, 18n
Satsugū dialect 293
Shiiba 7–8, 10n5, 12, 16
Shimokita 188, 195, 220
Shiraho 6–7, 12–13, 15
Shuri 60, 63, 116
Sino-Japanese 99, 300
Standard Japanese 228–229, 261, 271n11, 282, 296n1
Tohoku dialects 189, 190, 217, 220
Tokunoshima 6n, 11–12, 15, 17–18
Tokyo Japanese 189
Toyama 190
Tsugaru dialect 7, 188, 190, 197, 201, 211
Tsuruoka 190
Western Japanese 189
Yaeyaman 155, 157, 169, 176, 177, 178, 180
Yanagawa dialect 10n5, 11n, 12, 14–15, 20, 261–292, 301
Yeyama 1–3
Yonaguni 1–3, 6, 16
Yoron 13n7

Index of Modern Authors

Aso, Reiko 16, 155
Bhat, Darbhe Narayana Shankara 65, 97, 267
Bickel, Balthasar 269
Bossong, Georg 16
Comrie, Bernard 18, 211
Corbett, Greville 268
Davis, Christopher 178, 180
Dixon, R.M.W. 14, 16, 104n12
Filimonova, Elena 13
Fujiwara, Yoichi 246n11, 261
Gordon, Kelly Matthew 63
Greenbaum, Sidney 18, 133
Haga, Yu 210
Handschuh, Corinna 3
Harada, Soichiro 155, 161
Haspelmath, Martin 3
Hattori, Shiro 3, 28
Hayashi, Yuka 7
Hayata, Teruhiro 10
Hayes, Bruce 8
Hirako, Tatsuya 6
Hiratsuka, Yusuke 215
Hirayama, Teruo 1, 27–28, 265
Hiroto, Atsushi 228
de Hoop, Helen 17
Hyman, Larry 9
Ideguchi, Masahito 271n10
Igarashi, Yosuke 3, 130, 231
Inagaki, Masayuki 124, 129
Izuyama, Atsuko 155
Kageyama, Taro 278
Kambe, Hiroyasu 274, 285
Kamimura, Takaji 261, 293
Karimata, Shigehisa 167
Kato, Kanji 28, 271n10, 314
Katō, Yoshinari 228
Kenesei, István 96
Kibe, Nobuko 10n5, 13n7, 197
Kindaichi, Haruhiko 1
Kinjo, Kunio 108
Kobayashi, Takashi 270n
Konishi, Izumi 190
Kubozono, Haruo 11n
Kudo, Mayumi 219
Kyūshū Hōgen Gakkai 293
Ladefoged, Peter 6
Lawrence, Wayne 10, 91n, 155, 177, 180
Leech, Geoffrey 133
Lehmann, Christian 266
Matsuishi, Yasubē 269n6
Matsumori, Akiko 10, 62n4, 94, 95n, 190
Matsunaga, Kyōko 261
Matsuoka, Aoi 9, 261, 296, 301, 317
McCawley, James 8n, 296
Mistui, Momoko 324
Miyagi, Shinyū 160n
Miyaoka, Hiroshi 270n, 302, 317
Nagano Madsen, Yasuko 63
Nakagawa, Natsuko 155, 159, 191, 194, 203, 220, 222
Nakaichi, Kenzo 190, 199, 206
Nakamoto, Masachie 25, 28
Nakamura, Kyōsuke 263n2
Nichols, Johanna 269
Niinaga, Yuto 12, 300
Nosaka, Sachiko 224
Okano, Nobuko 261, 265
Onishi, Takuichiro 190
Otsuki, Tomoyo 189, 190, 197, 211
Ōnishi, Takuichirō 239n
Payne, Thomas E. 248n, 288
Pellard, Thomas 3, 7, 25, 58n1, 136, 151, 155, 183
Poppe, Clemens 10
Poser, William 11n
Prince, Ellen 220
Quirk, Randolph 133
Ryūkyū Hōgen Kenkyū Club 155
Sakai, Masashi 215
Sakimura, Hirofumi 25
Sasaki, Kan 189, 190, 201, 211, 217, 218
Sato, Kumiko 197
Sato, Satomi 219
Shibata, Takeshi 28
Shibatani, Masayoshi 265
Shimoji, Michinori 12, 14n, 15, 16, 18, 34, 62n3, 64, 70, 124, 142, 147, 180, 293, 317
Shiraiwa, Hiroyuki 215
Svartvik, Jan 133
Tabira, Kaoru 124, 141
Takahashi, Masataka 124, 146
Takano, Yosoe 261
Takata, Shoji 220
Takeda, Kōko 190, 201, 202, 220
Tanaka, Rumiko 261
Thompson, Sandra Annear 64
Tojo, Misao 1, 293
Tomosada, Kenji 228
Topinzi, Nina 8
Tōjō, Misao 227
Tsuhako, Toshiko 116
Uchima, Chokujin 98n5, 169
Uemura, Yukio 25, 105
Urabe, Yuko 157
Uwano, Zendo 9, 196, 230
Wang, Danning 124–125, 127n, 134, 136n, 147
Wetzer, Harrie 14, 305
Yakame, Hiromi 219
Yamazaki, Akie 217, 218
Yokoyama, Akiko 17
Yoshimachi, Yoshio 273
Zwicky, Arnold M. 104

Index of Subjects

A (agent-like argument) 97, 109–110, 114–115, 117
ability 83, 102, 117
see also circumstantial potentiality
ablative 75
ablative see case
accent 30, 62–64, 129–130, 265, 299
accusative 65, 75, 79–80
address noun 12
adjacency 316
adjectival noun see noun
adjectival stem
adverbial form of 105, 115
predicative form of 104–105
adjectivalization 107
adjective 14–15, 31, 34, 38–39, 96, 103–105, 107, 109, 131, 135, 138, 141, 143–144, 161, 166–167, 168, 177, 306–307
inflectional adjective 166–167
modal 107n, 110
non-inflectional adjective 167
non-verb-like 104n12
switch-adjectival 15
verb-like 104n12
i-adjective 14–15
na-adjective 14–15
see also nominal adjective; verbal
adnominal (words) 96, 99, 108
adnominal clause 171
see also subordinate clause
adnominal 31, 135, 140, 161, 169, 170–171, 266, 269, 276, 299, 318
adverbial clause see subordinate clause
adverb 31, 96, 109, 131, 139–140, 161, 266, 276, 299
affix 29–31, 39, 96, 160
prefix 160
suffix 160, 163, 164, 166, 168, 177, 178–179, 183
affixation see affix
alignment system 114
alignment 15, 146, 161, 176, 280–282, 314–315
ergative-absolutive 15
neutral 15–16
nominative-accusative 15–17
split intransitive 15–16
tripartite 15–16
allative 115
see also case
allophonic rules 93
anaphor 318
animacy scale 75, 79
animacy 11–12, 16, 20, 37, 142, 146, 165, 179, 251, 268, 277, 281, 300, 310, 315–316
animacy hierarchy 1–6, 108–109, 246
animacy-definiteness 246
animal 246
animate 71, 77, 235–236, 240, 297, 305, 315–316
human 235–236, 246
inanimate 235–236, 240, 246, 250, 297, 305, 315–316
non-human 243
anti-causative 217
argument 31, 131, 140–141, 266, 276–278, 280–282, 299, 308–309
ascending kernel 196
aspect 70, 76–77, 81, 51, 110–111, 115–116, 141, 149, 165, 178–179, 252–253, 283–284
past habitual 240, 252
present habitual 252
see also imperfective past form; suffix (inceptive)
aspiration 157
associative plural 12–13
athematic 301–302
attenuative 102
augmentative 32
auxiliary construction 265, 278–279
auxiliary verb construction (AVC) 312
auxiliary verb 143, 149, 279
see also verb
auxiliary 37, 46, 49
benefactive 77–78, 80, 111, 174, 247
benefactive auxiliary verb 247, 249
benefactive construction 251
bimoraic minimality constraint (BMC) 296n5
bound form 96
case 44, 49, 108–109, 124, 126–128, 131, 133–134, 140, 142, 146, 150, 277, 308, 310–311
alignment of 48
case marker 177, 180
case marking 75, 161, 171
see also differential subject/object marking
causative 49, 65, 69–70, 80, 137, 137n, 148, 212, 282, 319
coordination 150
quotative 131, 151
causativization 114–115
central vowel 229
circumstantial potentiality 102
see also ability
classifier 163, 169, 268, 300
clause-chaining 120, 183
clause-combining 181
coordination 181
insubordination 183–184
subordination 181–183
see also converb
clause 31, 51–53
clause-chaining 324–325
coordinated clause 287
coordination 324–325
insubordination 288
quotative clause 288
subordinated clause 287
subordination 324–325
cleft construction 222
cleft 324
clitic 30–31, 95–96, 126, 130, 132, 145, 160, 264–265
cliticization 29
inflectional 104
simple 104
see also particle
clusivity 13–14, 31
exclusive 13–14
inclusive 13–14
comitative see case
comparative see case
complement clause 182
complement 97, 105, 107, 108
completive see aspect
complex predicate 304, 313, 323
complex verbal phrase/predicate 242, 247
compound 46, 96, 98, 99, 104n13, 105, 108, 131, 138, 141, 143, 159, 165, 167–168, 173, 265, 278, 297, 304, 311–312, 320–321
verbs 109–110
compounding 67, 72, 83
conative 111
concessive 85
conclusive vs. adnominal distinction 189
concord 84, 112–113, 118
conditional 70, 79, 83, 85
conjunction 96, 131, 136, 150, 266
connective form 102, 110, 116, 119–120
consonant-ending root 200
consonant 6–7, 27, 28, 93–94, 125–129, 136–137, 157, 263–265, 295
affricate 157
complex onset 296
double glide 296
geminate 157, 295
nasal 157
syllabic 7, 93
continuative see aspect
converb 102, 161, 165, 181–183, 255, 256, 297, 303–304
clause-chaining 255–256
sequential 239n, 240n, 247, 249, 256
see also subordination
coordinate 85
coordination 52, 85, 118–119
copula 38, 99n, 101n, 102, 103, 105, 111, 115, 118, 227, 233, 241–242, 253
copula construction 249–250
copular verb 233, 240–241, 248, 256
special copular form 244
special n-series copular form 242
copular verb 138, 143–144, 272–273
copular 165–166, 167–168, 174, 177
counterfactual assumption see evidentiality
dative 65, 75, 80, 115
see also case
declarative 47, 79
deixis 318
demonstrative 31–32, 40–42, 97, 107–108, 132, 135, 139–140, 161, 162, 169, 170, 171, 267, 276
derivation 31, 70, 72, 35, 267n4, 271, 275, 304–305
derivational suffix 34–35
derivational 131, 137, 139
devoiced vowel 194
devoiced 229
differential object marking (DOM) 16, 189
differential subject marking 281
see also case; information structure
differential subject/object marking 315–316
diminutive 32, 63, 160, 163
diphthong 93
see also vowel; syllable
directional 111
distal demonstrative 206
distal 65, 73
dual 11
epenthesis 100
epistemic modality 314, 323
evidence-based inference see evidentiality
evidentiality 116–117, 314
exclamative 299, 306, 308
exemplification 300, 314
existential verb 271–273
experienced past tense 202
experiential 111
exsistential 37, 50
finite 302–306, 321, 324–325
focalization 118
focus concord see particle; suffix
focus 71, 83–85, 171, 174, 180–181, 183
foot 10, 271
see also minimal word constraint
fricative off-glide 229
fricative vowel 6, 7, 19
futatsugana 189
geminate 5, 7n, 8, 127–128, 196, 264
genetic relationship 25
genitive 65, 75, 245–246
see also case; nominative
glide 27–29, 93, 157
glossing 304
grammatical relation 97
indirect object 161
object 161, 171, 172, 176
grammaticalization 236, 312, 320–321
hearsay 179
honorification 240n
honorific 235, 240, 249
see also polite
honorificity 97–98
honorific 174
hortative 47
i-euphonic form 201
i-ombin 201
imperative 47, 70, 79, 82, 84
imperfective past form 101–102, 115–116
inalienable 310
inanimate 67, 71
inclusive/exclusive 162
indefinite 169, 245
indicative 69–70, 82
inferential 314, 323
infinitive form 102, 107n16, 110, 113
inflection 31, 100–102, 131, 136, 267n4, 270, 273–274, 302–306
inflectional suffix 34
obligatory 100–101
of non-finite verbs 102
optional 101–102
see also suffix
information structure 18, 117–118, 150, 286, 324
focus 324
topic 317, 324
see also differential subject marking
instrumental see case
insubordination 53, 86, 119–120, 151
interjection 96, 131, 266, 299
interrogative (words) 107–108, 112–113
see also pronoun; sentence type
interrogative 30, 43, 47, 73–74, 79, 82, 84
intonation 30, 63, 95, 125, 130, 145, 160, 175, 231, 254, 265, 299, 314
accentual phrase 231
intonation phrase 231
intonational phrasing 231
rising intonation 249
language contact 60
laryngealized 29
lexical innovation 91
light verb construction 37, 40, 45, 50, 106–107
limitative see case
limiter 171–173
liquid /r/ 231–232
loanword 61, 65n5, 68, 72, 74n7, 229
locative see case
marked nominative 3, 18–19, 75, 79
medial demonstrative 206
mesial 65, 73
middle voice 251
see also potential
minimal word constraint 129, 264–265
see also bimoraic minimality constraint (BMC); foot
minimality 8, 11n
mirativity 112n, 116
modal adjective see adjective
modal verb see verb
modality 81, 83, 116–117, 150, 253–254, 284–285, 323
deontic modality 247, 254
epistemic modality 253
evidential modality 254
hortativity 253
modifier 44
mood 31, 51, 64, 68–69, 82, 131, 136–137, 143–144, 161, 179, 181
moraic phoneme 91
mora 8, 19, 28, 30, 62–64, 94–95, 125, 128–130, 159, 230
morpheme 29, 31
morphophonological rules 99–101
natural class 297
negation 78, 80–81, 101, 103, 161, 164, 166, 167, 177
see also polarity
negative see negation
neutralization see neutralize
neutralize 229
Noborikaku 196
nominal adjective 266, 274–275
nominal 96–99, 109
address noun 300
clause see subordinate clause
formal noun 139, 141, 170, 276, 308–309, 324
lexical noun 134, 163, 170, 266, 268, 300
noun 161, 163, 168, 170–171, 176, 179
numeral 135, 142, 161, 163, 170, 268–269, 300
pronoun 126, 128, 130, 132, 134n, 135, 139–140, 142, 267–268, 276, 299
see also pronoun
nominalization 106
agentive 106
event nominalization 243
event/result 106
nominalizer 243, 248, 255–256
of adjectival roots 106
of verbal stems 106
referential nominalization 243
nominative-accusative alignment 216
nominative 64–65, 75, 79, 114, 246, 248
double nominative construction 248
see also case; genitive
non-finite 303, 325
noun 30–31, 33, 43, 46
address 108n
adjectival 96, 105–106, 109
concept 106
entity/human 106
formal 108, 112
lexical 98, 105
NP see nominal phrase
number 11, 31, 33, 97, 124, 132, 234, 267–268
dual 31–32
plural suffix 235–236
plurality 235
plural 31–32
singular 31–33
numeral 33, 64–65, 67–68, 98–99
onomatopoeia 106
P (patient-like argument) 97, 109, 114–115
palatalization 229, 232n2
particle 31, 96, 127, 130–131, 142, 146, 150, 160, 161, 179, 181, 182, 266, 277–278, 284–285, 287, 299, 314, 323–325
additive focus 118
adnominal 96, 105, 108
case 96, 108–109
conjunctive 96, 119
contrastive focus 104, 118
interrogative focus 113
nominative case 117
sentence-final 96, 113, 117
subordinator 102
topic/focus 96, 102, 117
passive 49, 63, 69–70, 80, 83, 137, 142, 148, 282, 319
past tense 202
PC root 64, 67, 71, 81
person 31
first-person 31–32
second-person 31
third-person 31
phonotactics 125, 127, 264
see also syllable
phrase 31
nominal 31, 43
predicate 31, 45
pitch accent 5, 9–10, 62, 159, 178
pitch patterns 94–95
pitch-accent system 94
plural 65–67, 74–75, 80, 97–98, 160, 161–162, 163, 299–300
additive 98
associative 98
polarity 50, 70–71, 80, 115, 130, 136–137, 143–145, 149, 164, 165, 177, 283
negation 36–38, 50
see also negation; polar question
politeness 31
polite 238, 240
possession 114
possessive 176–177
possessor-raising construction 317
potential 137, 252, 285–286, 320
ability 252
circumstantial possibility 252
see also middle voice
predicate 31, 50, 53, 138, 140, 142–143, 147, 278–279, 311–313
nominal predicate 31, 38, 46
prefix 102–103, 197
prenasalized consonants 194, 203
prenazalization 194, 203
preparative see aspect
progressive 36, 51
prohibition 113
pronoun 31–32, 41, 48, 61, 64–67, 73, 75, 79, 97–98
indefinite 107
interrogative 97, 107–108
personal pronoun 161, 170
personal 97, 108
reflexive pronouns 163
see also demonstrative
property-concept 64, 71
prosody 230–231, 5, 9
pitch accent 230
relationship between the segment and the prosody 232
see also intonation
proximal demonstrative 206
proximate 65, 73
question 95, 112
see also sentence type; polar
quotative clause 119
quotative 53
reduplication 138, 149, 166, 167–168
reflexive 61, 64–67
rendaku 8, 237
see also sequential voicing
resultative 37
see also aspect
root 31
PC 31, 34, 38–39
class 31
nominal 31
verb 31, 34
/r/-stem shift 302
S (single core argument) 97, 109, 114–115, 117
semiword 96, 99, 104n13, 108
sentence type 112–114, 314
command 279–280
content question 160, 169, 175
declarative 112, 130, 145, 160, 175, 279–280
exclamative 113
imperative 113, 130, 136–137, 145–146, 146n, 160, 175–176
interrogative 112–113, 130, 135, 139, 145, 276, 279–280
polar question 160, 175
sentence 64–65, 79, 84–85
sequential voicing 62, 96n, 265
sequential 31
serial verb construction (SVC) 312
simile 108, 112
singular 97–98
specifier 318
split adjectival system 305
standardization 229
see also Standard Japanese
stem 34
stem core 34
stress language 5, 9–10
subject 317
subordinate clause 114, 119
subordinate 85
subordination 52, 85, 150, 255–256
adnominal clause 245–246, 256
noun clause 256
quotative clause 256
suffix 31–32, 197
adjectivalizer 107
adnominal subordinator 119
adverbializer 105
adversative coordinator 120
assertive mood 112
causal subordinator 119
causative 102
classifier 98–99, 108
clause nominalizer 119
conjunctive coordinator 118
content question 112
converb marker 102
coordinator/subordinator 100
diminutive 98
focus concord 113–114
imperative mood 100, 113
imperfective 101
inceptive 102, 116
indicative mood 100, 112
infinitive 102
intentional question 112
intentional/hortative mood 100
interrogative mood 100
modal past 115–117
negative 101, 113, 115
nominalizer 106
non-past 103
passive 102, 115
past-tense 101
polar question 112
politeness 101
potential 102
predicativizer 104–105
prohibitive 113
self-question 112–113
sequential 102, 110
subordinator 119
verbalizer 106
sufixation see suffix
suppletion 103
suppletive form 166, 177
suppletive 305
syllable 5, 8, 29, 62, 93–95, 125–129, 157, 159, 264, 295
heavy 94–95
super-heavy 29, 94, 103
see also phonotactics
teduplication 283–284
tense 31, 51, 64, 68–71, 76, 78, 81, 100–101, 115, 149, 161, 164, 166, 174, 178, 181, 183, 283
modal past see suffix (modal past)
non-past 36, 51, 115
past 36, 51, 115
thematic vowel 238, 301
thematic 301–303, 312–313
tone-bearing unit 94
tone 9–10, 94–95
word 10
topicalization 117
topic 80–81, 83, 161, 171, 180–181
transitive adjectival construction 249
transitivity 315
valency 80, 114–115
causative 165, 177
passive 165, 177
see also alignment
verb 30, 34, 39, 96, 99–103, 131, 136–139, 141–144, 146–150, 151, 161, 164–167, 168, 171, 173–174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 266, 269–273, 301–305
auxiliary 104, 109, 110–112, 113, 115
existential 99n, 101n, 102–104, 114–115
lexical 109
modal 102, 110
non-finite 102
verbal
auxiliary verb 173–174, 178–179
copula 305
existential verb 165–166
light verb 168
verbal adjective 266, 273–274, 306
verbalization
of adjectival roots 106–107
of onomatopoeia 106
verbals 31, 34, 39
vocabulary 27
voice 31, 70, 76–77
vowel coalescence 242
vowel devoicing see devoice
vowel fusion 265, 271–272
vowel-ending root 200
vowel 6, 27–28, 91, 93–94, 124–129, 131, 136, 137n, 138, 148n, 155–157, 159, 263
diphthong 157, 295, 297–298
fusion 100
lengthening of 94–95, 103
long 91, 93, 94, 293, 295
shortening of 94, 103
Vowel Fusion Rule (VFR) 295–298
word class 130–131, 139–150, 161, 266, 299
word minimality 62, 64
word order 48, 161
word 95–96, 160
classes 96
independent 95
wordhood 311
World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) 3
zero-morph 103, 104, 106
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An Introduction to the Japonic Languages

Grammatical Sketches of Japanese Dialects and Ryukyuan Languages

Series:  Endangered and Lesser-Studied Languages and Dialects, Volume: 1
Cover An Introduction to the Japonic Languages
E-Book ISBN:
9789004519107
Publisher:
Brill
Print Publication Date:
19 Oct 2022

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