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Index

1815 constitution 40
1848 Thorbecke constitution 42
abbreviations XV
Africa
European expansion 1, 3, 23
Afrika voor de Afrikaanders 145, 146, 148, 149
Afrikaanders 4, 26
Dutch literature, in 5, 271–3
Afrikaans 16
official recognition 17
Afrikaner Bond 84, 145, 146, 148
Du Toit, role of 146–7
Afrikaners 5, 26 Dutch-Africans
Afrika voor de Afrikaanders 145, 146, 148, 149
apartheid myth, and 19
Calvinism, and 32–3
cultural heritage 17
literary tradition 18
national identity 275
Netherlands, relationship with 24
Tromp on 98–100
Aitton, D. 233, 234
Leesboek over Geschiedenis voor de scholen in de Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek 233
Alexander, Prince of Orange 165
Algemeen Handelsblad 72, 77, 116, 166
British annexation of Transvaal, on 96, 108–9
Cape Colony, reporting on 70, 75, 82, 116
circulation figures 1882 71
Jonkman visit, on 148
migration, articles on 195–6
ZAR leaders’ visit, on 152–3
Algemeen Nederlandsch Verbond (ANV) see General Netherlands Union
Amboina 83
Anglo-Boer Wars
casualties 110
Dutch neutrality and 116–21
Dutch Parliament, statement of 120–1
First 2, 4, 39, 107, 130, 176
pro-Boer propaganda 5, 28, 34, 268, 271–3
pro-Transvaal support 142–3
Second 28, 179, 208, 249, 251–2
women, role of 125–7
Angola 256
Anstruther, Lieutenant Colonel 110
Anti-Revolutionaire Partij (ARP) 121, 123, 137
anti-slavery propaganda 1, 88, 93–5
Antilles 29, 30
apartheid 5
Calvinism, and 32
denunciation of 23
Arnhemsche Courant
Burgers, on 70, 72
Association for Female Suffrage (Vereeniging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht 124
Association of True Afrikaners (Genootschap van Regte Afrikaners (GRA)) 217, 222
Atjeh 39, 175
Aurora Theatre Company 243
Barberton 195
Basutoland 198
Batavian Republic 37, 43, 137
Baud, J. C. A. 97, 101
Bechuanaland 256
Beelaerts van Blokland F.W.A. 193
Beelaerts van Blokland Gerard 57
Beelaerts van Blokland G. J. Th. 57, 81, 163, 176, 244
background 121–2
Congress for Dutch Language and Literature 256
NZAV, and 137
stamverwantschap movement, leadership of 121–3
Transvaal Boers, support for 121, 123
ZAR leaders’ visit to London 151
Beet, Dr N. 52
Belgium 36, 40, 64
Belgian Revolution (1830) 40
Belich, James 191, 197
Bergsma, Consul 207, 208
Besselaar, G. 232
Bethlehem 142, 143, 233
Bilderdijk, Willem 158
Blijdenstein, A. J. 129
Blink, H. 206, 238
Transvaal en omliggende landen 206
Bloemfontein 58, 62, 99, 142, 143
Bloemfontein Convention 1854 85
Bodenstein, Speaker 144
Boekhorst, J. K. M. 237–8
Boers Dutch-Africans
Afrikaansch-Hollandsch 252–3
Anglo-Boer Wars see Anglo-Boer Wars
Churchill on 220–1
Dutch, relationship with 34, 100
emigration following British annexation 109
indenture system 91–3
language 252–3
Natalia 52, 57
national consciousness 249
NZAV assessment of 135–6, 201
pro-Boer feeling among Dutch 5, 28, 34, 38, 128
pro-Boer literature 258–62, 268–9, 271–3, 274
radicalisation of pro-Boer movement 128
Transvaal 55
Tromp on 98–100
women, role of 125–7
Boersma, O. 238
Bok, W. Eduard 135, 194
Boomplaats 269
‘Boosterism’ 65, 74, 190, 197, 206
Borcherds, Petrus 47, 116, 245
Borgesius, Goeman 245
Boshoff, Jacobus N. 58
Botha, Louis 261
Boutens, P. C. 273
Brand, Johannes 142, 143, 245
bridgehead
definition 21
British
anglicisation of Dutch-Africans 3, 17, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222–3, 234, 240, 242, 257
Anglo-Boer Wars see Anglo-Boer Wars
anti-Boer propaganda 45–6, 47, 93, 115, 152–3, 225–6, 228, 230
communication services 82
cultural imperialism 213
Dutch politics, and 43, 101–3
economic power 81–5, 86, 108, 133, 139, 145, 149, 182, 203, 229, 277
language and customs 160, 229
merchant shipping monopoly 82–3, 277
military power 81–5, 86, 108
missionaries 115, 230
southern Africa, in 1, 2, 4, 21, 58, 68, 79–81, 139, 148–9, 175
stamverwantschap, and 85–6
West Indies 78
writings of English travellers 36, 44–6
Zulu threat 105–6
British annexation of Transvaal Republic 75, 77, 80, 85, 87, 105–6, 228
Anglo-Boer Wars see Anglo-Boer Wars
de Beaufort on 112–13
Dutch neutrality policy 87, 100–5
Dutch response 88, 93–8
Fruin on 113–14
Harting’s Protest 110–12, 116
language 216
liberal writing in response to 110–16
Loup on 113
petition against 97
Sand River Convention 85, 89–91, 119
slavery, and 91–3, 115, 152–3
stamverwantschap, and 87, 104–5
Veth on 114–16
Bronkhorstspruit 110, 157
Bryson, Mary 67
Buhrmann, H. Th. 180
burgerlijk 41
Burgers, Reverend Thomas 64, 65–8, 71, 85, 165, 172, 193, 245
background 67–8
British annexation of Transvaal 89, 96, 97
criticisms 77–8
fall of 76–7, 108
friendship and mutual trade treaty 74–5
liberals and 69, 72, 75–6
media coverage 68–71, 72, 77
President of Transvaal Republic, as 67–8, 76, 84
Schetsen uit de Transvaal 67–8
vision 72–4, 86
visit to Netherlands 2, 42, 48, 65, 70, 79, 85, 88, 108, 130, 153, 195, 217, 258
Buys, Professor J. Th. 129
Buys Ballot, Professor C. H. D. 129
Calisch, N. A. 128
Calvinist doctrine 32, 93, 160
Boers 271
Cape Colony 150, 174, 195, 275
anglicisation 3, 214, 222, 234, 242, 257
British influence 43–4, 47, 145, 199
colonists, descriptions of 44–6
country of birth records 188
Dutch financial institution, importance of 134
Dutch settlement 25
Jonkman’s visit 138–40
railways 178
writings of English travellers 36, 44–6
Cape Dutch 21, 29, 44, 252
British annexation of Transvaal, reaction to 96
characterisation by Lauts 50
Cape Emigrants 47, 50, 52, 55, 59, 62, 73, 108, 228, 269, 275
language 44
religion 66
slavery, and 115
Cape of Good Hope 1, 2
Cape Town 59, 83, 88, 96, 98, 116, 142
Jonkman’s description 139
migration 183, 198–9
steamship connection, call for direct 203
Carnarvon, Lord 85, 88, 139
Cetshwayo, King 105
Chamberlain, Joseph 139
Chesson, F. W. 94
letter to British 91–2, 152, 228
Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerk 31, 67, 83
Christian missionaries 36, 93–4
Churchill, Randolph 220–1
Cloete, H. 245
Cluysenaer, J. L. 177
Colley, Major General 110
colonial discourses 21
historiography 28–30
colonial nationalism 3, 14–15, 21, 132, 145–6, 148, 224, 277
colonialism 20–2
twentieth-century scholarship on Dutch 23–5
colony
definition 13–14
Committee for Emigration 180, 194–5, 200–1, 207
financial incentives 204–6
Committee for the Protection of the Interests of the Transvaal Boers 121–2, 123, 127
confessional parties
British annexation of Transvaal, on 89
rise of 39
Constantia 139
constitutional monarchy 42–3
Cor Pama Collection 5, 259–60
Cordes, D. 128
Coster, Herman 263
covenantal holiness 32, 33
Cremers, E. J. B. ‘Eppo’ 103–4, 105
Cultivation System 43
cultural imperialism 3, 4, 23, 213, 246, 248, 249, 274, 276
British 213, 221–2, 234, 237, 276
Mansvelt 213, 217–18, 222–3
cultural nationalism 11–13, 178, 212, 240, 275
cultural transmission 5
culture 230, 247
migration, role in 191, 199–200, 213
national identity, and 213
Curacao 256
currency values XVI
De Beaufort, W. H. 112–13, 114, 128, 221, 243
De Bourouill, Professor 172
De Bussy, J. H. 234
De Express 82
De Gids 38–9, 43, 73, 211, 269, 270, 276
British annexation of Transvaal, on 112–13, 114
De Groot, Hugo 245
De Groote, Hofstedt 60
De Heer, Elizabeth 124
De Hollandsche Afrikaan 180, 196–7, 199
De Hollandsche Afrikanen, en hunne Republiek in Zuid-Afrika 59
De Jonge, Cars 240, 263
De Jonge, G. 238
De Jonge, J. L. 103, 104
De Kaapsche Landverhuizers 49–50, 51
De Louter, Professor J. 136, 138, 145, 151, 154
De Maasbode 77–8
British annexation of Transvaal, on 89
De Marez Oyens, A. D. 177, 205
De Nieuwe Gids 270, 276
De Standaard 75, 76–7, 146, 153, 166, 171
Anglo-Boer Wars, reporting on 110
British annexation of Transvaal 88, 93–6, 109, 152
Kuyper as editor 68, 70, 89, 199
Kuyper’s Patrimonium speech 159
Lion-Cachet as columnist 82
migration editorials 199–200
ZAR leaders’ visit, on 153
De Tijd 76, 77, 79, 197
British annexation of Transvaal, on 89
circulation figures 1882 71
reporting on British annexation 88
ZAR leaders’ visit, on 152, 154
De Transvaal-Republiek en de Hollandsche Boeren 74
De Villiers, Sir Henry 141
De Volksstem 82, 195
De Waal, B. H. 198, 235
De Waal, H. F. J. 180
De Wet, Christiaan 260, 261
De Wet, Johannes 141
De Zuid Afrikaan 82
decolonisation 5, 29, 30
Dekker, Eduard Douwes 112
Max Havelaar 112
Delagoa Bay 52, 263, 265
railway line 69, 143, 151, 164, 168–79, 228
Di Afrikaanse Patriot 217
Di Geskidinis 222
di Taal 217, 222, 231
Diamond Fields arbitration 67
diphtheria vaccine 246
Disraeli, Benjamin 102–3
Dolf, de Boerenheld (‘Dolf, the Boer Hero’) 265–6
‘Doppers’ 67, 76
Droogstoppel, Batavus 111–12, 121
Drucker, H. I. 128
Du Toit, Andre 32, 134, 136, 137, 138, 154, 161, 164, 207
‘Afrikaans’ language 155
Committee for Emigration 194
Di Afrikaanse Patriot 217
GRA 217, 222
Jonkman, meeting 144–5, 149
Jonkman’s assessment of 146–7
Jorissen, and 165
migrants, message to 200–1
Program of Principles 145
South African Academy 163
Dullstroom 205, 208
Durban 97
migration 183, 198
Dutch-Africans (Hollandsche-Afrikanen) 23, 31, 46–7, 275 Afrikaners ; Boers
anglicisation 3, 17, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222–3, 277
characterisation by Lauts 50
civilising of 3, 94, 107–8, 127, 135–6, 161, 171, 201, 212–16
Dutch ‘rediscovery’ of 1–2, 4, 36
Dutch relationship with 100
icons for new Dutch national identity 50
language 4, 62, 63, 75
name, origins of 2
neo-Calvinism, and 32–3
religion 31–3
self, view of 4, 32
types of 217, 222
women, role of 125–7
Dutch East Indies 29, 30, 40, 43, 246
British influence 80
budget discussion 78
Dutch investment 175–6
Dutch national consciousness 1–3
Britain, role of 100–1
Dutch Red Cross 116, 119
financial support for 119–20
Dutch Reformed Church see Nederduitsche Gereformeerde Kerk (NGK) and Nederduitsche Hervormde Kerk (NHK)
Dutch-South African Association 166
Dutch Trading and Shipping Company 52
Dutch West India Company 43
East London 142, 192
economic power 1, 40
British 81–5, 86, 108, 133, 139, 145, 149, 182, 203, 229, 277
declining 41
Dutch imperialism, and 27
economic exploitation of subject peoples 20
education 3, 21, 39, 141, 151, 178, 247–8
Dutch-African history 225, 232–3
Dutch dictionary 234, 256
Dutch textbooks 134, 136, 203, 214, 231–5, 236, 239, 241, 247, 277
Higher Education Act 1876 224, 228, 243
Jonkman’s report 144–5, 147
public 76, 129, 239
pupil exchange scheme 242–3
Roman-Dutch law 244–6
study fund 228–33, 237
teachers 50, 52, 202, 203–4, 206, 207–8, 212, 215, 220, 230, 237–9, 239–42, 257
tertiary 62, 214, 216–17, 224–5
Elandslaagte 205
Elandslaagte 240, 262–3
monument 34
Elffers, Hubertus 231, 232
Elpis 47–8, 116
emigration see migration
Emigration Committee see Committee for Emigration
Emous, H. J. 162, 213, 216, 239–41, 242, 263
Estafette 83
ethnic nationalism 9
ethnicity 8–9
European nationalism 3, 12
Fabius, R. D. P. 137
foreign policy 64
Britain, relationship with 80
British 85–6
neutrality see neutrality policy
Fowler, R. N. 152
Free State 136
Free University 154, 163, 229
French Huguenots 1
Frere, Sir Bartle 112, 114, 139
Fruin, Robert 113–14, 115, 163
General Netherlands Union (ANV) 254, 256–7
establishment 249
George 57, 61
Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland 31, 66–7, 76
Germany
threat of 159
Gevers van Endegeest, D. T. 58
Gladstone, William 81, 119, 123
Golden Age 3, 36, 40–1, 157, 233, 249, 258, 269, 275
Graaff-Reinet 61
frontier farmers 44–5
Gratama, Oldenhuis 118
Groenendaal, Jacobus 52–3, 193
Groll, J. 173, 174, 177
Groot Zuikerboschkop 205
Gunning, Professor J. W. 154, 155–6
Committee for Emigration 180, 194
Het Studiefonds 231
Hamelberg, Hendrik 36, 48, 62–4, 69, 73, 80–1, 142, 193
Dutch-Africans, on 75
NZAV, and 133, 243
Oranje Vrijstaat, travel to 83
Hanover 67
Hanson, J. H. Jr. 205
Harting, Professor Pieter 48, 63, 113, 114, 115, 118, 127, 132, 145, 212, 214, 221, 274
Dutch capital raising appeal 170–1
Kuyper, and 138
Kuyper’s Patrimonium speech, response to 161–2
NZAV, creation of 127
Protest to the British nation 110–12, 116, 125, 136
vision for NZAV 128–30, 142
Heidelberg 109
Heineken, W. 128
Hesseling, D. C. 253–4
Het Drijfwiel 178
Het Nederlandsche Amerikaansch Weekblad 197
Het Studiefonds voor Zuid-Afrikaansche Studenten 228–33, 237
Het Vaderland 113
circulation figures 1882 71
Heydenrijk, Ch. J. A. 120
Hiddingh, Cornelius 54, 57–8, 73, 80
historiography 5
cosmopolitan 25
foreign scholarship on Dutch 25
insularity, and 26
provincialism, and 25–6
South Africa in twentieth-century Dutch 23–5
Hoffman, Josias P. 57, 58
Hofmeyr, Jan 140, 235
Hofmeyr, N. J. 245
Hogeweg. G. 273
Hogge, Major 89
Hollandsche-Afrikanen see Dutch-Africans
Hollandsche Handels-en Rederij Maatschappij 52
Hollandsche-Kapenaars 59
Honigh, Cornelis 269
Hooijer, J. H. 211
Hubrecht, A. A. W. 111–12, 113
Huet, D. P. M. 79, 91
Huguenots 1, 98
Iceland 30
identity formation 1
national see national identity
nationalism, and 13
railway construction, and 178–9
imagined community 33, 50
imperialism 10, 20–2, 278
‘armchair’ 211
British 29, 251
cultural see cultural imperialism
definition 20
French 29
illiberal authoritarian 20
late nineteenth-century Dutch 26–8
liberal humanitarian 20
Indische Nederlanders 27
Indonesia
post-colonial migration 29
insularity
historiography, and 26
investment 4–5, 73
Dutch capital raising 169–79, 208
investor questions (1884) 171–3
migration and 181–2, 191–6, 207–9
sovereign risk 174–6, 277
stamverwanten, and 84–5, 167–8, 170–1
Transvaal, in 65, 72–4, 151, 167–8
Jameson Raid 1896 258, 268, 273
Janson, J. H. 180
Java 78
steamship connection 83
Jebb, Richard 146
Jonkman, Dr Henricus Franciscus 126, 132, 154
appointment as NZAV delegate 132, 136–7
Cape Parliament 139–40
colonial nationalism, identification of 132, 145–6, 148, 214, 224, 247
colonial society, and 141–2
lessons from 148–9
media coverage of visit 140
migration, on 140–1, 193–4
nostalgia 138–9, 148
Oranje Vrijstaat 142–3
published conclusions 147
Transvaal 144–5
visit to southern Africa 137–49, 176, 192
Jorissen, Dr E. J. P 69, 76, 77, 133, 151, 193
dismissal of 150, 165–6
Dutch-South African Association 166
Joubert, General 109, 113, 207
‘Kaffer Wars’ 77
‘Kaffers’ 77, 78–9, 94, 201, 262
Kalff, Gerrit 250, 251, 274
Keuchenius, L. W. Ch. 120, 130
Khoi 1, 17, 45
purchase of land from 57
Kiewiet de Jonge, H. J. 257
Kimberley 73
kinship (stamverwantschap) 1, 2, 5, 35, 85
1840–1875 47–8
Afrikaans, and 17
British annexation of Transvaal, and 87, 104–5, 112–13
British power, and 85–6
cultural betterment, and 214–16
cultural nationalism 11–12, 41–2, 178
Dutch-Africans, defining 47
Dutch capital investment 84–5, 167–8, 170–1
emergence of 36
European view 18–20, 44–6
failure of movement 3–5, 15, 274, 276–8
First Anglo-Boer War, and 107–9
geography of 34
Harting’s Protest 110–12
ideology 6–7, 29, 64, 115, 127, 161, 178, 276
imperialism, and 27, 30
institutionalised 132–4
language, and see language
liberals, and see liberals
migration, and 204–6, 210, 212
movement 1–2, 15, 28, 33, 121–3, 148, 176, 248, 275–8
mythmaking 33–4, 115, 249–50, 268–9, 272, 273
neo-Calvinists, and see neo-Calvinists
nostalgia 138–40, 148
Tromp on 98–100
‘us’ and ‘them’ narratives 20–1
women and the movement 123–7
Kloos, Willem 270, 273
Knappert, Dr L. 254–5, 274
Koch brothers 150, 167–8, 175, 176
Koch, Otto 167
Koopmans, Johan 141
Koopmans-De Wet, Marie 141
Kotze, Chief Justice 165
Kretschmar van Veen, J. A. 177
Kruger, Paul 76, 113, 147, 261
arrest for treason 108
Europe, visit to 150–6, 164–5
Jonkman, and 137, 144, 149
Jorissen, and 165
NZAV contact 133–4, 137
President, proclaimed 109
railways 5
ZAR, election as President 142
Kruyt, J. H. 134
Kuitenbrouwer, Vincent 34, 136
Kuyper, Abraham 2, 31, 64, 144, 147, 149, 163–4, 212, 214, 267, 276
Boer women, on 126–7
Boers, assessment of 135
Burgers’ theology, and 68
Committee for Emigration 194
First Anglo-Boer War, and 107
nation, on 7–8
NZAV, and 123, 128–9, 132, 136, 138, 163–4
Ons Program 43
Patrimonium speech 156–61, 176
resignation from NZAV 123, 132, 136–7, 149, 164
theology of ‘common grace’ 31–2, 33
ZAR leaders’ visit 151, 154, 156–64
Kuyperians see neo-Calvinists
language 1, 3, 15–16, 101, 135, 148, 201, 230, 247
‘collective self-perception’, and 37
Congress for Dutch Language and Literature 256
Dutch-Africans 4, 62, 63, 75, 113
Dutch textbooks, problems with 231–2
education see education
Het Afrikaansch 253–4
invented traditions 16
literature see literature
migration, and 191, 199–200, 213
national identity, and 15–18, 155–6, 158, 215, 217, 235–6, 247, 249, 250, 251, 257, 274, 276–7
nationhood, and 7, 8
South African Language Union (Taalbond) 219, 222, 235–6
Te Winkel’s ‘Message to the Dutch People’ 251–3
Tromp on 99
Lauts, Ulrich 36, 47, 48–56, 59, 63, 66, 68, 69, 108, 115, 116, 193, 249, 275, 277
Afrikaner nationalist movement, and 55–6
background 48–9
Cape Dutch, characterisation of 50, 56
character 50, 55
De Kaapsche Landverhuizers 49–50, 51
dismissal from Royal Marine Institute 55, 56
Dutch Parliament, lobbying 53–4, 73
legacy 54–6
NHK, and 51–3
publications 49
recruitment activities 52–3
law
Roman-Dutch, teaching 244–6
Leemans, Dr C. 61
Lenting, L. E. 118–20, 130
Levy, J. A. 164
Leyds, Willem 123
liberals 2–3, 38–9, 76, 85, 276
Boers, assessment of 135–6
British annexation of Transvaal, on 89, 107, 121
Burgers, and 69, 72, 75–6
Kuyper’s Patrimonium speech, response to 161–2
liberalism 42
national consciousness 41
NZAV, conflict within 129, 130, 277
political power 42–3
pro-Boer enthusiasm 38–9
stamverwanten, direct contact with 134–6
stamverwantschap construction of 3–4
ZAR leaders’ visit 154
Lijdenburg 73
Lion-Cachet, Reverend Frans 67, 71, 75, 77, 162, 194
NZAV, and 133
resignation from NZAV 123, 137
writing for De Standaard 82
literature 5, 16–18, 249–50
anti-British 260–5, 273
caricatures and cartoons 264–5
children’s 263–4, 265–8
Congress for Dutch Language and Literature 256
Cor Pama Collection 5, 259–60
Dutch Association of Literature 232
Dutch publishers in southern Africa 234–5, 258
fiction 261–2
heroism 265–8
Impressionism 270
language, importance of 16–18, 249–50
nationalism 16–18, 258–9
poetry 260–1, 268–9
pro-Boer 258–62, 268–9, 271–3, 274
romance 265–6
writings of English travellers 36, 44–6
Livingston, David 32
London Convention 1884 123, 149
Looman, T. M. 233
Louis Napoleon 37
Louis, Wessel 69, 229–30
Loup, Macalester 113, 221
Lower House (Tweede Kamer) 39–40, 43, 63, 78, 102, 116
Dutch neutrality policy, on 118–21, 130
ZAR leaders’ visit 164–5
Lydenburg 52
Maarschalk, D. 173, 174
Majuba 31, 36, 95, 107, 109, 110, 113, 130, 150, 176, 181, 224, 249, 252, 268
Malay 17
Mankoroane 195
Mansvelt, Nicolaas 4, 216–23, 231, 239, 241, 242, 250
assessment of role 221–3
background 216
cultural imperialism 213, 217–18, 222–3
Dutch language, teaching 217–19
South African Language Union 219, 222
Superintendent of Education, as 219–20
Marais, Auditor-General 143
Marico 73
Merriman, John X. 140
metropole 14, 21, 22
Amsterdam as 1
British and Dutch compared 79–80
colony, relationship to 29–30
cultural transmission, and 5
superiority 3, 44, 213–14, 245, 276
Middelberg, G. A. A. 177, 209–10
Middelburg 142
migration 2, 3, 21, 141, 147, 151, 178, 179, 212
Argentina 192, 204
Australia, to 182, 186–7
Cape Emigrants see Cape Emigrants
chain 180, 182, 190, 199, 212
child 60–1, 83, 193
corporate/impersonal 182, 190, 208
country of birth records 188
cultural pull 191, 199–200
debates 209–10
destination statistics 185–7, 193
deterrence factors 181–2, 200–1, 207–8
discouraging Transvaal 77, 195–6
Emigration Fund 204
European 182–90
financial incentives 181–2, 191–6, 207–9
government guidance 198–9
government incentives 191–6, 202–4
ideological migrants 211
Jonkman’s report 140–1
kinship and 204–6, 210, 212
language pull 191, 199–200, 213
media coverage 196–8
migrants 183–4
motivations for 190
North America, to 1, 182–7, 191–3, 197–8, 204, 212
NZAV encouragement 180, 182, 200–6
post-colonial 29
railway construction 178–9, 207, 208
reasons for 184, 212
religion 183–4
slavery, impact of 185–6, 192
South America, to 182, 183
South-East Asia, to 183
southern Africa, to 1, 5, 33, 140–1, 142, 147, 180–212
teachers 50, 52, 202, 203–4, 206, 207–8, 212, 215, 239–42
Mijnssen, F. J. 260
Milner, Alfred 139
Moltzer, D. 177
Moltzer, Professor J. P. 242
Moorrees, Ds A. 235, 246, 247, 257
Movement of Eighty (Tachtigers) 270
Muller, H. P. N. 129, 211, 268
‘mutuality of being’ 2
Namibia 109
Natal 52, 88, 97, 145, 150, 195, 228, 256
railways 178
Natalia 52, 57
nation
‘constructivist’ position 8–9
definitions of 7–10
‘essentialist’ position 7–8
ethnicity, and 9–10
kinship and 6–7
sovereign community, as 9–10
national identity 41–2, 64, 155–6, 200, 275–6
‘collective self-perception’ 37
compartmentalised 36
culture, role of 213
Dutch-speaking farmers as icons 50
empathy with Boers, and 238–9
First Anglo-Boer War, and 107
French rule, impact of 37, 41
language and 15–18, 155–6, 158, 215, 217, 235–6, 247, 250, 251, 257, 274, 276–7
national consciousness 1–3, 23, 41–2
nationhood 7–10
religion and 31–3, 158, 160–1
Spruyt on 228
national service 61
nationalism 2–3, 250
colonial 14–15, 21, 132, 145–6, 148, 214, 224, 277
cultural 11–13, 178, 212, 240, 275
definitions 10–11, 12–13
Emous 240
ethnic 8
European, origins of 12
identity, and 13
language, and 15–16
literature and 16–18, 258
political 12–13
Nederduitsche Gereformeerde Kerk (NGK) 31, 32, 48
Cape Synod 65–6
Netherlands 65
Nederduitsche Hervormde Kerk (NHK) 31, 48, 51, 157, 267
Netherlands 65
southern Africa (NHK (Z-A)) 51, 66, 76
Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (NHM) 43
Nederlandsche Zuid-Afrika Vereeniging (NZAV) 4, 28, 123
Annual Report 132–3, 136, 137
Committee for Emigration, and 194
conflict within 129, 130, 136–7, 150, 162, 277
contact with stamverwanten 13 132
Dutch dictionary project 256
establishment 3, 111, 127
Harting’s vision for 128–30
Kruger, letter to 133–4
lessons from Jonkman Report 148–9
Management Committee 128–9, 133
migration, encouraging 180, 182, 200–6
study fund 228–33, 237
Neerlandia 240, 256, 257
neo-Calvinists 67, 68, 176, 215–16
British annexation of Transvaal 97, 121, 130
First Anglo-Boer War, and 107–8
kinship ideology, development of 95–6
national consciousness 41
NZAV, conflict within 129, 130, 277
stamverwantschap, and 2–3, 4, 31–3, 36, 38, 39, 76, 95–6, 276
ZAR leaders’ visit 154
Netherlands
Britain, relationship with 80
defence policy 103–4
French vassal state 37, 64
neutrality policy see neutrality policy
United Kingdom, creation of 40
Netherlands South Africa Railway Company (Nederlandsche Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij (NZASM))
assets, British seizure of 275
establishment 151
fundraising 168–9, 170–4, 177
importance of 177–9
investor questions 171–3
migration, and 33
Odeon meeting 1884 171–3
neutrality policy 4, 21, 27, 35, 39, 179, 274, 277
Anglo-Boer Wars, and 116–21, 130, 263
British annexation of Transvaal, and 87, 100–5
First Anglo-Boer War, and 107
Lower House, attack by 118–21
moral obligation, as 101
New Imperial History 23, 30
Nierstratz, P. A. 234
Nieuwe Rotterdamshe Courant
circulation figures 1882 71
Nieuws van den Dag
Burger, on 70–1
circulation figures 1882 71
North America 1
Norway 30
nostalgia 138–40, 148
Ockerse, Mr 172
Ode, G. A. 242
Ohrig, G.G. 52
Ohrig, Klijn en Kie 52
Ons Klijntji 236
Ons Tijdschrift 236, 257, 258
oorkonden (tributes) 28
Oostindie, Gert 29
Orange-Nassau, House of 40, 57
Oranje Vrijstaat 3, 21, 52–3, 62, 73, 84, 173, 195, 268
British policy 85
consul, appointment of 54–5
diplomatic recognition 64
Dutch coat of arms, use of 57
establishment 62
Jonkman’s visit 142–3
media 82
trade agreement with Netherlands 63
Owen, C. M. 89
Pama, Cornelis 259
Pannevis, Arnoldus 134, 217
Parliament (Staats-Generaal)
Cape 139–40
constitutional monarchy 42
Lauts, lobbying by 53–4
Lower House see Lower House
neutrality policy see neutrality policy
parliamentary democracy, growth of 39
Patrimonium 156–60
Pearston 61
Pedi 77
war levy 88
Penning, Louwrens 261–2, 273
De Held van Spioenkop 261
Vredeburg 261
Penning, W. L. 271
Perk, Dr M. A. 128
Pierson, Professor Nicholas G. 128, 129, 168, 171, 173, 175
Pietermaritzburg 97
pillarised (verzuild) society 38
Plettenberg Bay 140, 142, 192
Plokhooij, C. 262–3, 266
Port Elizabeth 142
Port Natal
claim to 57
post-Napoleonic period 35
Postma, Dirk 67, 83
Potchefstroom 51, 52, 66, 67, 72, 110, 235
Pretoria 56, 88, 98, 110, 142
booksellers and publishers 235
British capture 177, 220, 274, 275
investment opportunities 73
Jonkman’s report on 144
Pretoria Convention 1881 141, 149
renegotiations 150, 151
Pretorius, Andries 49, 59, 92, 269
Sand River Convention 89
Pretorius, Marthinus 54, 59, 67
arrest for treason 108
resignation 67
printing, advent of 15, 16
provincialism
historiography, and 25–6
race 1, 3
nation, defining 7, 8
railways 133–4, 135, 147
Delagoa Bay line 69, 143, 151, 164, 168–79, 228
Dutch capital raising 3, 5, 143, 167, 169–79
English troop movement 143
migration, and 178–9, 207, 208
Ratane 255
Peace in South Africa 255
Reitz, Chief Justice 142, 144
relevant dates XVII–XVIII
religion 1, 2, 58, 65–8, 86, 98, 148
Anglo-Boer Wars 110
cultural missionaries 215, 277
Kuyper’s Patrimonium speech 156–61
national identity, and 31–3, 158, 160–1, 249, 275, 276
politics, and 76–7, 153
pro-Boer literature, and 271
Renan, E. 9, 10, 50, 277
Retief, Piet 59
Rhodes, Cecil 21, 147
Rijkens, Reintjo 214
Robinson, Sir Hercules 141
Roman-Dutch law, teaching 244–6
Roorda Smit, J. A. 69
Rovers, J. H. 125
Royal Netherlands Historical Society 28
Russell, William Henry 109
Rustenburg 52, 66, 67, 73
Sand River Convention 1852 85, 89–91, 119, 152
Sanne, Tanta 261
Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, A. A. J. 116, 117
Schmull, D. H. 180
Schreiner, Olive 126
Schutte, Gerrit 23–4
Sekhukuni 77
Shepstone, Theophilus 88, 97, 112
slavery 1, 32, 78, 150
British annexation of Transvaal, and 87, 115, 152–3
emancipation of slaves 43
migration, impact on 185–6, 192
oorlamse 93
Sand River Convention 90
Transvaal Republic, evidence 91–3
Sloet tot Oldhuis, Bartholomeus 53–4
Smellekamp, J. A. 52, 53
Smit, General 161
Smith, Harry 269
Social Democratic Workers Party (Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiders Partij (SDAP)) 124
South Africa
Dutch historiography 23–5
South African Agricultural and Emigration Company 205–6, 207
South African Language Union (Zuid-Afrikaansche Taalbond) 219, 222, 235, 242
Ons Tijdschrift 236, 257, 258
vision 235–6
Spruyt, Cornelius Bellaar 4, 95, 201–4, 207–8, 216, 224–36, 230, 247, 255
assessment of role 236–7
background 224
Boers’ heroic future, prediction of 226–8
cultural imperialism 213
Dutch-African history, importance of 225, 232–3
Dutch textbooks 232–4, 239
Jonkman’s Report 224–5
language, on 254
national identity 228, 238
natives, on 227–8
pupil exchange scheme 242–3
Staats-Generaal see Parliament
stamverwantschap see kinship (stamverwantschap)
Stavenisse 57
Stellenbosch 99, 139, 218, 222, 231
Stellenbosch University 139
Steyn, Willie 268
Stuart, Jacobus 36, 48, 53, 59–60, 63, 69, 116, 193
background 59
De Hollandsche Afrikanen, en hunne Republiek in Zuid-Afrika 59
indenture system, on 92
land sale 59–60
Stucki, M. J. 232, 242
study fund 228–33, 237
Surinam 30, 43, 256
post-colonial migration 29
Switzerland 30
Tachtigers (Movement of Eighty) 270
Te Winkel, Jan 251–5, 274, 278
‘Message to the Dutch People’ 251–3
Teding van Berkhout, H. N. 180
telegraphic cable services 82, 182, 210
Tennant, Sir David 140
Theal, George McCall 228–9, 233
Timmer, H. H. 180
translations XVI
Transvaal 3, 21, 51, 65, 136, 195
British annexation see British annexation of Transvaal Republic
consul general, request to appoint 135
country of birth statistics 188–9
Dutch financial institution, importance of 147
investment opportunities 65, 72–4, 151
Jonkman’s visit 144–5
sale of land to Netherlanders 59–60
treatment of indigenous peoples 78–9
Transvaal Agriculture, Cattle Breeding and Industry Company 72
Treaty of Vereeniging 275
Trekboers 19
Trollope, Anthony 100
Tromp, N. 238
Tromp, Theodore M. 69, 98
background 98
Herinneringen uit Zuid-Afrika ten tijde der Annexatie van de Transvaal 98
NZAV, and 133
Reminiscences 100
Truter, Sir John 141, 245
Tweede Kamer see Lower House
Tweemaandelijksch Tijdschrift 270
United Provinces 36
United States of America 256
Homestead Act 1862 191–2
migration to 1, 182–7, 191–3, 197–8, 204, 212
universities
entry requirements 214, 216–17, 224–5, 243–7
study fund 228–33, 237, 263
University of Amsterdam 154
Utrechtse Dagblad 77, 125
Vaal River 49, 51, 53, 59, 66, 86, 89–90, 94, 108, 110, 143, 174
Valkoog 273
Van Berkhout, J. J. Teding 101
Van Breemen, B. H. 195
Van Broekhuizen, Ds. 262, 266
Van de Coppello, Kappeyne 101
Van den Wall Bake, R. 168, 174, 175
Van der Hoeven, Herman Agatho des Amorie 78
treatment of indigenous peoples, on 78–9, 91
Van der Hoff, Reverend 51, 52, 66
Van der Linden, Johannes 246
Van der Lingen, G. W. A. 245
Van der Looy, S. J. 267
Van der Tuuk, J. 232
Van Deyssel, Leopoldus 270
Van Duyl, A. G. C. 164, 180, 200–1
Van Eeden, Frederik 270, 272, 273
Gedachten over den Afrikaander Krijg 272
Van Gorkom, W. J. 69, 76
Van Heeckeren van Kell, Willem 102
Van Heijningen, P. A. C. 83
Van Houten, Samuel 244
Van Lennep, A. 209
Van Loo, C. J. 258
Van Lynden van Sandenburg, C. Th. 117, 119, 121, 122, 277
Van Namen van Eemnes, A. 129
Van Oordt, Dr J. W. 141
Van Prinsterer, Groen 55
Van Rees, W. A. 73
Van Rensburg, Janse 140
Van Riebeeck tercentenary celebrations 33
Van Scherpenzeel, Mr 177
Van Tienhoven, Gijsbert 244
Van Vuuren family 261
Van Welderen Rengers, W. J. 129
Van Winter, P. J. 178, 209
Venda
Boer attacks on 92–3
children as slaves 92–3, 276
Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) 21, 24, 35, 44, 46, 253
Dutch colonial history, and 29
employees and religion 32
Port Natal, claim to 57
slaves 1, 32
Vereeniging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht 124
Vermaas, J. C. 235
vertical pluralism 37
Verwey, Albert 270–2, 273
Volk en Katholicisme 271
Veth, Pieter 47–8, 59, 63, 94, 224
background 114
British annexation of Transvaal, on 114–16, 130
Onze Transvaalsche Broeders 114
Vis, Wilhelmina 124
Visscher, H. 238
Vissink, Ed. 238
Volksblad 82
volksplanting 29
Voor vrijheid en recht (‘For Freedom and Justice’) 266–7
Vredeburg (‘Peace Town’) 261
Vreed, Professor G. W. 91, 105
British annexation of Transvaal, on 96–7, 105
Vrije Vrouwen Vereeniging 124
Waar het om gaat in Zuid-Afrika, een woord tot het Nederlandsch Volk 251–3, 254
Waterbergen 73
Watermeyer, Judge 116
Wertheim, A. G. 172
Wertheim, Jac 128
Westenberg, Mr 173
Wilhelmina, Queen 28
stamverwantschap movement, and 124–5
Willem I 40
Willem II 42
Willem III 40, 57, 121, 165
Willeumier, C. M. J. 180
Wintgens, Willem 102, 103
women
Anglo-Boer Wars 125–7
Dutch-African society, role in 125–7
Dutch society, role in 124
Harting’s Protest, and 125
stamverwantschap movement 123–7
Wood, Sir Evelyn 141
Wormser, J. A. 234
Wurfbain, A. L. 172
Zaltbommel 61, 83
Zoutpansberg 92
Zuid-Afrikaan 140, 141
Zuid-Afrikaansche Handel-Maatschappij
collapse of 150, 167–8
establishment 167
Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR) 3, 84, 123
British attitude towards 81
Dutch investment 151, 168–79
gold, discovery of 177, 195, 202, 277
Kruger, election of 142
London, leaders’ visit to 150, 164–5
migration see migration
National Bank project 165–6
Netherlands, leaders’ visit to 148, 149, 150–6
public recognition, failure to gain 164–5, 176, 179
study fund 228–33, 237
teachers, recruiting 239–42
Zuid-Afrikaansche Schetsen (‘South African Sketches’) 267–8
Zuid-Afrikaansche Stichting Moederland (ZASM) 275
Zuid-Afrikaansche Taalbond see South African Language Union
Zuid-Afrikaansche Voorschotbank 181
Zulu 59
threat 105–6
Zululand 97

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Series:  European Expansion and Indigenous Response, Volume: 39
Cover The Dutch Rediscover the Dutch-Africans (1847–1900)
E-Book ISBN:
9789004521254
Publisher:
Brill
Print Publication Date:
11 Jul 2022

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