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Open Access

Index of Names

Aachen 81, 83, 96, 98
Council of (809) 83
Abān al-Lāḥiqī 318
ʿAbbās ibn al-Aḥnaf 357359
al-ʿAbbāsī 325326, 331, 337
Abbasid(s) 10, 143, 305, 322, 352353, 360, 519
Abbès, Makram 7, 519
ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd ibn Yaḥyá ibn Saʿd al-Kātib 317
ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan 316
ʿAbdallāh al-Taymīʿ 348350
Abdallāh ibn al-Mubārak 348
Abdallāh b. Mālik al-Khuzāʿī 369370
Abdulhamid II, Sultan 320
Abraham bar Hiyya 408
Abraham ibn Ezra 407
Abraham ibn Daud 408
Abū al-ʿAtāhiya 353
Abū al-Qāsim al-Kaʿbī al-Balkhī 364
Abū Bakr 323
Abū Bakr al-Rāzī 405
Abū Zayd al-Balkhi 323, 335336, 338
Achilles 23n2, 24, 25n9, 39n52
Achrida/Ohrid 115
Adam (Bible) 486
Adrianople 121
Aegean region 21, 28
Aegidius de Campis. see Gilles Deschamps
Aeschylus 227
Aesop 227, 231232
Agamemnon 23n2, 24, 25n9
Agesilaus 46
Agnadello 220
Agrippa 67
Aḥmad b. Sahl 364
al-Ahwāzī 318
al-Abbasi 337
Alain Chartier 385, 500
Albert II, Duke of Austria 180
Albrecht V, Duke of Bavaria 500
Alcalá de Henares 230
Alcos, King in the Sendebar 438
Alcuin 76
Aldo Manuzio (Aldus Manutius) 235
Alexander the Great, Emperor 13, 22, 36, 3840, 46, 67, 118, 176, 248250, 268269, 302, 316318, 320, 322, 325, 355, 381384, 387388, 404, 406407, 414415, 439, 484, 517518
Alexander VI Borgia, Pope 213
Alexander of Aphrodisias 270
Alexandria 47, 264
Alexios I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor 116117
Alfonso I, King of Aragon 408
Alfonso V, the Magnanimous, King of Aragon and Naples 535
Alfonso VI, King of Castile 408409, 429
Alfonso VIII, King of Castile 442
Alfonso X, King of Castile 180, 190, 406, 411413, 429, 435447, 456457, 463, 466, 518, 522, 526
Alfonso XI, King of Castile 406, 446447, 457458, 462, 466, 480, 501
Alfonso de la Fuente 413
Alfonso Pecha 461462
Alfred, King of England 184
ʿAli (son-in-law and Companion of the Prophet Muḥammad) 298299, 323
Alp Arslan, Seljuk Sultan 143
Alphonse of Poitiers, Count 527528
Ambrose of Milan (saint) 89, 243
Amiens 529
Amīr Ismāʿīl I ibn Aḥmad 349
(ps.) al-ʿĀmiri 304
Amplonius Rating de Berka 498
ʿAmr ibn ʿUbayd 353, 354n37
Amyntas III, King of Macedon 36
Amyot, Jacques 236
Anastasius 84
Andalusia 265, 408, 459, 521
Andersen, Hans Christian 461
Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor 121n67, 122
Andronikos III Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor 121n67, 122
Angelov, Dimiter G. 121122
Antisthenes 29, 41, 516
Anna Komnene, Byzantinian princess 116
Anne/Constance of Hohenstaufen, Byzantine empress 119
Anthoine Vérard 386
Antigone 306
Antigonid Macedon 28, 36, 39, 46
Anton, Hans Hubert 77, 81
Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor 41
Antwerp 231, 244
Anusirwan 329, 355, 367
Aouad, Maroun 306
Aquitaine 75, 77, 81, 8384
Ardashīr 140, 317, 320, 324325, 519
Aristotle 11, 22, 25, 2831, 3639, 41, 150, 170, 175, 177181, 227, 239241, 249250, 253255, 263268, 269272, 274275, 277, 279, 280290, 292294, 296299, 301308, 316317, 328329, 355, 381385, 387388, 403407, 414416, 421, 427, 439, 441, 443444, 484, 486487, 495497, 516, 518, 520, 523, 530
(ps.) Aristotle 302, 316, 380, 382, 403404, 417
Arizaleta, Amaia 404
Arkadios, Emperor 111
Arles 59
Armenia 369
Arno 198
Arnold of Brescia 166
Arnulf, King of Carinthia 97
Arrian 40
Artin 314
Ascham, Roger 242, 248
Asclepius 382
Ashʿarism 323
Asia 40
Asia Minor 21, 27, 39
Central Asia 145
al-Aṣmaʿī 353
Athens 21, 22, 26, 28, 33, 264, 515516
Atlantis 36
Augustine (saint) 79, 8586, 9192, 94, 200, 239, 412, 420421, 424, 463, 495496, 521
Augustine of Ancona 532
Augustus, Roman emperor 4849, 5862, 64
Avempace 264, 271, 277279, 283, 282, 295, 292299, 307, 332
Averroes 264267, 277279, 284, 286293, 295, 301, 305308, 339, 520
Avicenna 263, 272273, 276277, 335, 345
Avril, François 423
ʿAyn Jālūt 151
Ayyubid(s) 331
al-Azmeh, Aziz 326
Ibn al-Azraq 319
al-Badawī 321
Bade, Josse 236
Badr al-Dīn b. Jāmaʾa 152
Baghdad 146, 149151, 280, 370, 414
Balkh 344, 356, 360
Barmakid (lineage) 347, 357, 360362, 365369, 370n89
Barnabas, Bishop of Osma 448
Baron, Stephen 254
Barrau, Julie 166
Bartholomew of Bergamo 496
Bartholomew of Lucca 264
Bartolomeo Facio 535
Basel (city) 231, 233, 251
Basil I, Byzantine emperor 110n9, 114, 119
(ps.) Basil I 110, 114, 117
Basil II, Byzantine emperor 118119
Basileios Boulgarokton. see Basil I, Byzantine emperor
Bavaria 75, 500
Beauchamp, Alexandra 533
Belgium 418, 426
Benedict (saint) 81
Berges, Wilhelm 2, 10, 166, 514n2
Berlin 418, 427
Bernard (saint). see Bernard of Clairvaux
Bernard of Clairvaux 164166, 169, 175, 496
Berry 428
Berzebuey 437
Besançon 418, 423
Bidpai (Pilpai) 316
al-Bīrūnī 345
Bizzarri, Hugo 522
Blekinge 455
Bloch, Howard 451
Blount, Charles 246
Bodin, Jean 327
Boethius 87, 181, 254
Bologna 480
Bonaparte, Napoleon 314
Bonaventure 493
Boniface VIII, Pope 531
Booz, Ernst 2
Borgia, Cesare 208
Boris I Michael of Bulgaria 113, 519
Born, Leister K. 166, 190
Boso of Vienne 100
Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne 327, 281n48
Botero, Giovanni 222, 535, 537
Bourges 425
Brèche, Jean 228229, 236, 241, 243, 247, 251, 255
Bridget of Sweden (saint) 436, 456457, 462466
Briggs, Charles F. 515, 525, 534
Britannicus 61
Brittany 425
Bruges 232
Brunetto Latini 171, 179, 396, 531
Bruni, Leonardo 240
Brussels 251
Bryson 272
Budé, Guillaume 200, 228, 230, 235237, 241, 243, 247249, 535
Bulgaria 122
Burduben, philosopher 437
Bureus, Johannes 448
Burgos 410, 462
Burgundy 247, 422, 426428
Buyid(s) 144
Buzurgmihr 140, 154
Byzantium 67, 107109, 113, 518, 521
Byzantine literature 107109, 122, 124
Cahen, Claude 137
Cain (Bible) 486
Cairo 150n66, 152
Calais 498
(ps.) Callisthenes 303
Cambridge 230
Canterbury 166, 480
Capetian(s) 172, 190, 523534
Careggi 240
Academy of 240
Carloman 9091
Carolingian period 7475, 85, 96
Carolus-Barré, Louis 527
Cassander of Macedon 39
Cassius Dio. see Dio Cassius
Castiglione, Baldassare 221, 537
Castile 170, 190, 250, 404, 407413, 429, 435437, 439440, 446447, 456458, 466, 480, 501, 518, 526, 533
Castruccio Castracani of Lucca 207209, 211
Cathwulf 96
Cato 53n22, 231
(ps.) Cato 187, 233, 244, 528
Channel 187, 227, 528
Charlemagne 76, 78, 80, 83, 84, 9697, 99100, 476, 521
Charles the Bald, King, therefore emperor 75, 8687, 8991, 98, 476
Charles V, Holy Roman emperor 33, 214, 218, 221222, 227, 250
as Charles of Ghent 227, 229, 234, 239, 251, 535
Charles I, King of England 69
Charles V, King of France 190, 418, 422423, 426, 482, 498, 525, 534, 537
Charles VI, King of France 182n95, 189
Charles VIII, King of France 388, 425
Charles IX, King of France 236
Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily 531
Charles of Viana, son of King John II of Aragon 239
Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy 535
Charles Frederick of Cleves 230
Cheke, John 239
Chenard, Gaël 527
Chicago 429
China 320
Northern China 145
Christina, Queen of Sweden 448
Christine of Pizan (Pisan) 182, 186190, 534, 537
Cicero 33, 40n54, 5359, 61, 62, 169170, 181, 200, 207, 227, 237239, 241244, 247, 254, 482, 516517
(ps.) Cicero 238
Classical period 26
Classical age 326
Claude de Seyssel 246
Claudius, Roman emperor 6263
Clement IV, Pope. see Guy Foucois
Clement VII, Pope 212213, 216, 218220, 537
Cleopatra 47
Clovis 74, 517
Cologne 86
Companions (of the Prophet Muḥammad) 151, 321, 324, 329
Cosimo de’ Medici 197, 221
Constantine I, Byzantine emperor (saint) 6869, 112, 117
Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, Byzantine emperor 110n14, 114
Constantine X Doukas, Byzantine emperor 116
Constantine XI Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor 123
Constantinople 111, 113, 115, 121, 123
Córdoba 408, 411, 440
Corinth 26
Cottret, Monique 535
Creon 306
Crivelli, Lodrisio 536
Croesus of Lydia 2627
Crone, Patricia 345
Cronus 39
Crubellier, Michel 286
Cyprian 475
(ps.) Cyprian 79, 91, 94, 479
Cyprus 31, 114, 253, 488, 529
Cyrus, King of Persia 27, 3031, 516
Cyrus the Great. see Cyrus of Persia
Cyrus the Younger 28, 247
Dakhlia, Jocelyne 7, 12, 360
Damietta 528
Danès, Pierre 248
Daniel (Bible) 174
Dante Alighieri 377, 482, 532
Darling, Linda T. 7
Ibn Darrāj al-Qastallī 407
David (Bible) 78, 82, 89, 118, 521
Deiotarus of Galatia 57
Dejoux, Marie 527528
Del Punta, Francesco 417
Delaruelle, Etienne 7677
Demaratus 27, 30
Demetrios Chomatenos of Ohrid 117
Demetrios of Chytroi 114
Demosthenes 57
Demoulins, François 229230, 247248, 254
Dhū l-Ḥijja 352
Diçelem, Indian king 437
Diego de Valera 388
Digenes Akrites 117
Dio Cassius 67
Dio Chrysostom 40, 6667
Diogenes the Cynic 67
Diogenes Laertius 29
Dionysius of Syracuse 3334, 516
Dole 419420
Dominicus Gundissalinus 408
Domitian, Roman emperor 63, 65
Don Juan Manuel 415n34, 436, 448, 456459, 460, 462, 466, 527
Donatus 80
Duguet, Jacques-Josep 535
Dunbabin, Jean 159
Durand of Champagne 179, 524
Eberlin, Johann 229230, 243244
Edouard, Sylvène 535
Edward I, King of England 176, 183, 529
Edward II, King of England 186
Edward III, King of England 184186, 387, 396
Edward IV, King of England 499
Edward VI, King of England 227, 237, 238, 239, 242
Egypt 39, 314, 326
Ptolemaic Egypt 46
Einhard 97
Ekbert von Schönau 386
Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France, queen of England 480481, 485
Elisabeth of Valois, Queen of Spain 234, 244
Elizabeth I, Queen of England 242n33, 248
Elyot, Thomas 235, 237, 242243, 244, 248, 250, 537
Emir of Tarsos 114
Emminger, Kurt 114
Enea Silvio Piccolomini. see Pius II
England 5, 8, 11, 165, 170, 183, 184, 189, 228, 237, 395n64, 408, 428, 485, 525, 527, 529
Engelbert of Admont 180181, 189, 386, 389, 522
Enlightenment 308
Ennodius of Pavia 517
Ephesus 119
Epiros 117
Erasmus of Rotterdam 33, 200, 202203, 207, 210, 228, 230, 233236, 239, 241245, 248, 250254, 255, 535
Erfurt, University of 230, 395, 498
Eric (IX), King of Sweden (saint) 466
Erik Magnusson, King of Sweden 456, 462
Ermengarde 86
Ermoldus Nigellus 97
Etienne Tempier 296
Eugenius (Eugene) III, pope 165166, 524
Euhemerus 3839
Euphrates 117
Euripides 227
Europe 186, 212, 251, 255, 264, 314315, 320, 339, 379, 383, 403, 405, 417, 435436, 475, 483, 495, 526, 534536
Eusebius of Caesarea 68, 517
Eustache Deschamps 423
Eustratius 531
Evagoras 28, 3132, 46, 253, 516
Evrard de Trémaugon 377
Ezekiel (Bible) 178
Fadrique Alfonso de Castilla 438, 526
al-Fārābī 264267, 269271, 274277, 277282, 284, 286, 288301, 304305, 307308, 328, 339
Ibn Fātik 304
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman emperor 245
Ferdinand II, King of Aragon 211, 251
Ferdinand III, King of Castile 412, 435437, 440442, 446, 456, 457, 459, 460, 461
Ferdinand IV, King of Castille 447
Ferrara 422
Figueiras Pensado, Jesús 409410
Filelfo 235, 243, 247
Firdawsī 139, 140, 141, 154
Florence 197199, 203, 209, 212, 214, 216217, 220, 531532
Floris V, Count of Holland and Zeeland 387, 387n33, 523
Florus 247
Fontenoy 98
Forlì 536
Foucault, Michel 339
Fouchécour, Charles-Henri de 140, 146
France 5, 11, 170171, 173, 181, 189190, 210, 228, 247, 251, 416, 420421, 425426, 428429, 492, 500, 525, 527, 529
Francis I, King of France 210, 211, 218, 227, 229, 247, 248, 251
Francis, Count of Angouleme 229, 254
Francisco de Monzón 228, 230, 251
Franco, Bishop of Liège 86
Frank(s) 74, 78, 86, 95, 475
Freiburg 230
Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor 501, 503, 522n34, 526, 528
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia 223
Friedrich Motter 498
Froben, Jean 235, 245, 251
al-Fuḍayl ibn ʿIyāḍ 357359
Ibn Gabirol 407408
Galen 266, 304
Garcí Pérez 412
Gaul (territory) 248
Gaul, Niels 121122
Gautier, Paul 116
Gelasius 8485
Genequand, Charles 285
Genet, Jean-Philippe 168, 417, 419n37
Genoa 528
Geoffrey Chaucer 482
Georg II von Wertheim, Count 230
George II, King of Great Britain and Ireland 244
Georgios Galesiotes 120
Georgios Oinaiotes 120
Gerald of Cambrai (Giraldus Cambrensis) 482, 524
Gerald of Wales 164, 168169
Gerard of Cremona 409
Germany 209, 212213
Gervase of Tilbury 484485
al-Ghāzalī 146151, 154, 345348, 351352, 355, 357361, 371
(ps.) Ghāzalī 146148, 154, 369
Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan 199
Giancarlo, Matthew 162
Giannouli, Antonia 123124
Gīlān Shāh 143
Gilbert of Tournai 171172, 174175, 180181, 488, 492493, 524
Giles of Rome 161, 177180, 181, 247, 264, 384386, 396398, 403, 405406, 416422, 423, 424430, 436, 448450, 452, 466, 488, 492493, 494496, 498, 529534
Gilles Deschamps (Aegidius de Campis) 418, 423425
Giordano Pierleoni 166
Giorgio Vasari 536
Giraldus Cambrensis. see Gerald of Cambrai
Girolamo Savonarola 536
Gonzaga, Louis 248
Granada 410
Gratian, Roman emperor 174
Great Church (Haghia Sophia) 112
Greece 6, 2122, 26, 39, 516
Ancient Greece 21, 45, 280
Gregory of Tours 7475
Gregory the Great 80, 91, 94, 521
Grévin, Benoît 525
Gryphe, Sébastien 236
Guarino da Verona 231, 235236
Guenée, Bernard 160
Guicciardini, Francesco 197, 218221, 537
Guido of Valencia 411
Guillaume de Beles Voies (or Belesvoies) 418, 421422, 425, 429
Guillaume de Moerbeke 405
Guillaume Peyraut 524, 525
Guillebert de Lannoy 385
Guillén Arremón 412
Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden 448
Gutas, Dimitri 279282, 284286, 290291
Guy Foucois (future pope Clement IV) 527
Guy IX, count of Laval 418, 425
Gyges 27
Haake, Matthias 107
Hadrian I, pope 81
al-Harawī 331
Hartgar, Bishop of Liège 86
Hārūn al-Rashīd 347362, 364370, 518
Hebrew sacred-writing traditions 6
Heidelberg, University of 498
Hellenistic period/era 22, 4647, 515516
Hellespont 26
Henri de Gauchi 418422, 429, 448n27, 499, 534
Henri de Trévou 423
Henry II, King of England 166, 168169, 182n95, 232, 248, 480481, 485, 524, 527
Henry III, King of England 410, 529
Henry IV, King of England 384, 500
Henry V, King of England 188, 384, 500, 536
Henry VIII, King of England 229, 232, 237, 242n33, 254
Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal 244, 409
Henry of Lancaster, Prince of Wales. see Henry V, King of England
Heraclea 348
Herculaneum 39, 52
Heresbach, Konrad 230, 244
Herman the German (Hermannus Alemannus) 530
Herodotus 2628, 30, 37
Hesiod 21, 2325, 29, 38, 515
El-Hibri, Tayeb 352
Hillenbrand, Carole 345
Hincmar of Rheims 75, 77, 87, 8992, 9596, 99, 478, 481, 521
Ibn Hindū 304
Hohenstaufen (lineage) 444
Holland 455
Holy Roman Empire 5, 228, 441, 485
Homer 2125, 27, 29, 3841, 45, 227, 231, 233, 249250
Horace 227, 231
Huesca 407408
Hugh II, King of Cyprus 177, 488, 529
Hugh III, King of Cyprus 177, 488
Hugh of Saint Victor 479480
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 536
Hunayn ibn Ishāq 414, 415, 439
Ḥusayn al-Khātim 362
Hungary 525
Hunger, Herbert 110
Iberian Peninsula 6, 190, 404, 484
Imam, Imamate 322, 323, 327328, 520
India 78, 144, 267n11, 302, 316, 437
Innocent I, Pope 92
Innocent VIII, Pope 213, 218
Iran 137139, 146, 151, 154155, 343, 519
Irene Asenina Kantakouzene, wife of John V Kantakouzene, Byzantine emperor 122
Isaac I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor 118
Isḥāq b. Aḥmad 364
al-Iskāfī 331
Isabella, Queen of Navarre, daughter of Saint Louis 525
Isabella, Queen of England, wife of Edward II 525
Isidore of Seville 79, 85, 474475, 477, 521
Islam 67, 135, 136139, 141, 146, 148, 150, 152155, 265, 272273, 279, 290, 298299, 301302, 306, 308, 315328, 330, 339, 352
Isocrates 22, 24n6, 2833, 40n54, 46, 233234, 244, 253, 255, 516, 535
(ps.) Isocrates 233, 242243
Israel 78
Italy 5, 39, 52, 170, 179, 190, 203, 207, 212, 218219, 231, 235, 251, 427, 496498, 535536
al-Jabri, Mohamed-Abed 321
Jacobus de Cessolis 188, 384
Jacob van Maerlant 387, 389, 523
Jacob Zadique of Uclés 410411
Jacques Legrand 189
Jaén 463
Jaʿfar ibn Yaḥyā al-Barmakī 360362, 368
al-Jāhiẓ 331
Jambet, Christian 153
James I, king of Aragon 501
James II, king of Aragon 501
James of Viterbo 532
Jean d’Anneux 386
Jean Daudin 525
Jean de Joinville 501
Jean de Limoges 171n50, 524
Jean de Tournes 236
Jean de Vignay 485
Jean Gerson 189, 243
Jean Golein 385n26, 482, 525
Jean le Sauvage 251
Jean Wauquelin 418, 426
Jeanne of Navarre, Queen of Navarre, wife of King Philip the Fair 181n92
Jeanne III, Jeanne d’Albret, Queen of Navarre 229, 245, 247
Jefferson, Tom 517
Jerome (saint) 232
Jesus Christ 82, 210, 244, 462
Johannes von Indersdorf 386
John I Tzimiskes, Byzantine emperor 118
John II Komnenos, Byzantine emperor 117, 120
John III Vatatzes, Byzantine emperor 119120, 229
John VI Kantakouzenos, Byzantine emperor 122
John VIII Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor 123
John I, King of Castille 226, 410
John III, King of Portugal 229
John V, Duke of Brittany 425
John de Burgh 533
John (Ioannes) Argyropoulos 124, 240
John Lackland 528
John Philoponus 270
John of Antioch 485
John of Salisbury 10, 160, 161, 164, 166170, 177, 181, 190, 378, 445, 473, 479482, 524, 529, 532
John of Seville 383, 390, 397, 405406, 408409, 429, 483, 521522
John of Wales 176177, 179181, 182, 190, 496
John Quidort of Paris 532
John the Quaestor 113
John Thorpe 181, 190
John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania 230
Jolivet, Jean 524
Jonas of Orleans 75, 7677, 79, 8386, 89, 9192, 9496, 99, 476477, 481, 521
Jordan, William 527
Josiah (Bible) 78, 82, 521
Juan Daspa 412
Juan Fernández de Heredia 522
Juan García de Castrojeriz 180, 448, 459n69
Juan Gil de Zamora 180, 404
Judah Halevi 407408
Judah ben Moses ha-Kohen 412
Judah ben Solomon 408
Julian the Apostate 68
Julius II, Pope 203, 213
Julius Caesar 39, 40, 5558, 62, 227, 237, 247, 248249, 535
al-Jurjānī 272, 328
Justin 247
Justin II, Roman emperor 122
Justinian I, Roman emperor 122
Jupiter 65
Juvenal 227, 231
Kaʿba 351, 362
Kaiser, Maximilian 209
Kantorowicz, Ernst 76
Kashgar 135
al-Kattam 407
Kekaumenos 115
Ibn-Khaldūn 278, 281282, 314, 319
Ibn Khallikān 346n10, 347
Kharijism 323
Khorasan 146, 344345, 352, 364
Khusraw Anūshīrvān 139140, 154
al-Kindī 264, 268, 284
al-Kirmani 408
Kleinecke, Wilhelm 2, 166
Lachaud, Frédérique 168
Ladislaus, King of Hungary 235
Lambertini, Roberto 3, 376n2
Late Antiquity 107, 318, 326, 518
Le Goff, Jacques 525n50, 515, 527
Lenz, John 515
Lérida 407
Leo III, Pope 81
Leon (Leo) VI, Pope 115
Leo X, Pope 208, 213
Leonardo Bruni 198, 240, 536
Leuven 231232
Libanius 68
Liège 75, 86, 477
Lisbon 413
Litavrin, Gennadij G. 115
Livy 50n14, 58
London 418, 496
Lorenzo de’ Medici 211, 213, 218219
Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa, master of the Order of Santiago 410
Lothar I, King and Holy Roman emperor 84, 86, 98
Lothar II, King of Lotharingia 75, 8687, 89, 98, 477
Lotharingia 87
Louis de Challant 427
Louis the Pious, Emperor 7578, 8184, 89, 97100, 476
Louis II, Emperor 98
Louis VIII, King of France 168, 528
Louis IX, King of France 171172, 175, 190, 385, 427, 491, 492, 501, 515, 524525, 527528, 532, 535
Louis X, King of France 181, 524, 532
Louis XI, King of France 427, 491, 499
Louis XII, King of France 425
Louis XIV, King of France 223
Louis the German, King of East Franks 86, 89, 98
Louise de Savoie 249
Lucca 208
Lucian of Samosata 233
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus 3940
Lucius Sergius Catilina 54
Luna, Concetta 417
Luther, Martin 200, 202
Lyon 174, 231, 234, 236
Maas, Paul 117
Macedonia 441
Machiavelli, Nicolas (Niccolò) 7, 197, 203222, 248, 314315, 327, 330331, 333, 521, 536537
Macrobius 516
Madrid 409410, 416, 488
Maecenas 67
al-Maghribī 335
Magnus Eriksson, King of Sweden 435, 449450, 453, 455457, 463, 466467, 533
Maḥmūd of Ghazna 144
Mai, Angelo 121
Maimonides 289
Mainz 97
Council of (888) 97
Malik-Shāh 144145
Mamluk(s) 151, 314
al-Maʾmūn, Abbasid caliph 322, 345
Mancinelli 243
Manichaeism 317
al-Manṣūr, Abbasid caliph 141, 353, 368, 370, 519
Manuel II Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor 110, 123, 124n81
Manuels (lineage) 459460
Már Jónsson, Einár 514
Marchesina 119120
Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor 22, 30, 3841, 67, 517
Marcus Claudius Marcellus 5556
Marguerite of Provence, Queen of France, wife of Saint Louis 170, 524
María de Aguirre 415
Maria of Austria (Maria of Habsburg), daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman emperor 245
Mark (Bible) 165
Mark Antony, Roman emperor 47, 5759, 62
Marlow, Louise 3, 7, 138, 143, 518
Marsilius of Padua 264, 532
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland 234237, 242
Mary Tudor 227, 229, 246
Masrūr al-Khātim 362
al-Masʿūdī 140, 153, 268, 353
Matthew Kantakouzenos, son of Byzantine emperor John VI Kantakouzenos 122
Matthew of Aquasparta 531
Matthias Laurentii 533
Mathias of Linköping 450, 462, 464
Maurice, Roman emperor 113
al-Māwardī 137, 141, 319, 325, 327328, 344
(ps.) al-Māwardī 319, 344346, 348349, 351, 353356, 359363, 371
Mecca 149, 347
Medici (lineage) 197199, 209, 211, 214216, 536
Medici, Alessandro de’ 215, 220, 536
Medici, Giulio de’ 219
Melanchthon 230, 235, 244
Menander Rhetor 46
Mérida 410
Merovingian period 7475, 95
Mesopotamia 326
Meuse 81, 86
Michael VII Doukas, Byzantine emperor 116
Michael IX Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor 122
Michel Psellos 110, 127, 135
Milan 86, 232, 251, 428
Millás-Vallicrosa, Josep Maria 412
Miskawayh 264, 269, 271, 273, 282284, 287, 295, 304, 308, 328330
Mistras 123
Mithridates VI, King of Pontus 53
Mongolia 136
Mongols 138, 150151, 155
Montefeltro 211
Montesquieu 314
Mora Sten 464
More, Thomas 34, 281n48, 327
Moses (Bible) 208
Mountjoy, William 246
Mozart 535
Muʿāwiya ibn ʿAbī Sufyān 298299, 322323
al-Mubarrad 322
Mubashshir ibn Fātik 415, 439
Muḥammad 138139, 141142, 144, 149
Muḥammad Ali 314315
Muḥammad b. Malikshāh 345
Muhsin Mahdi 265
Mulhern, John J. 285
Munitiz, Joseph A. 118
Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ 141142, 316317, 323, 325, 518519
al-Muqannaʿ 344
al-Muqtadir 114, 518
al-Murādī 331, 333, 334
Muses 24
Musonius Rufus 66
Mutazilism 323
Ibn al-Nadīm 318
Naples 525
Naṣr II b. Aḥmad 143, 344, 353, 364
Navarre 171, 229, 245, 410, 524525
Near East 22, 38
Nebuchadnezzar 174
Nederman, Cary J. 515, 524, 534
Nero, Roman emperor 44, 6163, 516
Nerva 6365
Neustadt 498
Nicaea 118
Nicene Empire 119
Nicholas I, Pope 98
Nicholas I Mystikos, Patriarch 114, 518
Nicocles 28, 32, 46, 255
Nicolaus of Damascus 270
Nikephoros Blemmydes 110n10, 111n17, 119, 120, 123
Nikephoros Gregoras 122
Nikephoros II Phokas, Byzantine emperor 119
Nimrod 521, 525
Niẓām al-Mulk 143147, 154, 367, 519
Noreña, Carlos 60
Normandy 527
Norway 170, 455, 464466
Notker of Saint-Gall 98
Numa 66
Octavian Augustus. see Augustus
Odorico, Paolo 107, 518
Oedipus 25n9, 28
Onescritus 66
Oresme 241
Orléans 7576, 79, 83, 95, 421, 476477, 534
Orkhon River (Mongolia) 135
Otto IV, Holy Roman emperor 485
Otto of Habsburg, Duke of Austria 180
Ottoman(s) 251, 316
Ovid 227, 231, 233
Oxford 230, 385, 530
Païdas, Constantine 114
Palestine 151
Paris 83, 171, 230231, 404, 450, 479480, 491, 529530
Council of (829) 8384, 477, 521
University of 177178, 417, 492, 498
Paul II, Pope 212, 537
Paul the Persian 271
Paulinus of Aquileia 76
Pedro Alfonso de Huesca 407408
Pellegrin, Pierre 286
Perret, Noëlle-Laetitia 534
Persia and Persian Empire 6, 22, 28, 3031, 139141, 146147, 154, 303, 317, 382, 518
Peter (saint) 212, 537
Peter I, King of Castile 448, 534
Peter IV, King of Aragon 533
Peter, Infante of Aragon 533
Peter of Blois 480
Pharsalus 57
Philip II of Macedon, King 22, 28, 38, 57, 232
Philippe II Auguste, King of France 527
Philip III, King of France 171, 448, 491, 525
Philip IV, The Fair, King of France 178, 416418, 420, 421, 426, 494, 524, 529, 529, 532
Philip V, King of France 422n48, 532
Philip II, King of Spain 8, 227
Philip, Count Palatine of the Rhine 229
Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy 418, 426
Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy 234
Philip of Tripoli 161, 175, 389393, 397, 406, 483484, 522
Philippa of Hainault 396
Philippe de Commynes 521, 536, 538
Philo of Alexandria 65
Philodemus of Gadara 24n6, 3840, 47n8
Photios 113114, 110, 518
Piero II de’ Medici 219, 536
Pierre Salmon 189
Pindar 40
Pines, Shlomo 269
Pippin of Aquitaine 75, 84, 97
Pippin the Short, King of the Franks 7576, 78
Pirckheimer 236
Pisa 441
Pius II, pope 235, 243
Pius III, pope 213
Plantagenet (lineage) 168, 525, 527
Planudes 232
Plato 22, 2831, 3338, 41, 4546, 65, 67, 227, 239240, 252254, 263266, 270, 277, 284, 287, 292, 304, 306, 328, 516, 520
Plautus 227
Pliny the Younger 6365, 68, 517
Plotinus 264
Plutarch 40, 66, 227, 231, 233236, 241244, 247, 249250, 253254
(ps.) Plutarch 245
Poitiers 74
Poland 525
Poliziano 236
Polynices 306
Pompeii (city) 52
Pompey the Great 5356, 59, 249
Porphyry 266, 270
Portugal 228
Prinzing, Günter 518
Prophet (Muḥammad) 323324
Ptolemy of Lucca 178, 386, 487, 490, 530
al-Qalqashandī 319
Qara Khitai 145
Qudāma ibn Jaʿfar 304
Quierzy 96
Council of (857) 521
Quintilian 227, 23, 245
Quintus Curtius Rufus 40, 249
Ibn-Qutayba 319, 322323
Ibn Abd Rabbih 319, 322
Raqqa 349
al-Rayḥānī, Amin 318
Raymond, Bishop of Toledo 408409
Ravisius Textor 235
Raymond de Béziers 518
Ibn Razīn al-Kātib 335
Regino of Prüm 98
Rehoboam (Old Testament) 78, 521
Reinhardt, Volker 537
Reinsch, Diether R. 107, 116
Remi (saint), Remigius of Rheims 7475, 517
Renaissance 33, 203, 227228, 231, 234, 240241, 246, 258, 315, 330, 517, 535536
Rheims 9596
Rhine 227
Richard I, the Lionheart, King of England 461
Richard II, King of England 181, 189
Richard III, King of England 498
Richelieu 222
Rieger, Urban 230
Rinuccio d’Arezzo 232
Robles, Cristóbal de 410
Robles, Diego de 410
Robles, Lorenzo de 410
Robert Grosseteste 530
Roger Bacon 176177, 381n15, 392393, 483484, 522
Roger Waltham 189
Romanos I Lakapenos, Byzantine emperor 115, 117
Rome 39, 46, 4852, 54, 5658, 62, 65, 166, 209, 212214, 216, 218, 220, 231, 421, 467, 518, 524, 529, 537
Roman Empire 39, 49, 58, 66
Roman Principate 4950
Roman Republic 39, 4950, 5253
Roueché, Charlotte 115
Rudolph Agricola 238, 243
Rumi 382
Ruska, Julius 405
Saffarid(s) 144
Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī 268
Ṣāḥib al-Muṣallā 368
Sahl b. Hārūn 318, 323
Saint Augustine. see Augustine
Saint Louis. see Louis IX
Saint Martin in Liège 419, 499
Saint Mihiel 81
Saladin 331
Salamanca 230, 414
Salamis 28, 31, 253
Salim Abu al-ʿAlaʿ 317
Sallust 247
Samanid(s) 144, 344, 364
al-Sammāk 354355
Samarqand 364
Sancho IV, King of Castille 180, 447, 459
Santiago (city) 415
Santiago (Order of) 409, 410
Saragossa 407408, 410
Sardis 27
Sassanid(s) 135, 139140, 142, 145, 149, 152154, 316317, 520
Saul (Bible) 78, 521
Savoy 427
Scandinavia 6, 455
Scania 455, 464
Scève, Maurice 236
Scipio Aemilianus 49, 250
Scotland 232, 235236
Sedulius Scottus 75, 7778, 80, 8589, 92, 95, 99, 477, 521
Seljuq(s) 143144, 146
Seneca 44, 6063, 169, 177, 181, 227, 238, 241, 254, 440, 482, 516
Seville 404, 408, 412
Sextus Pompey 59, 63
Sforza (lineage) 536
Shapur 316
Shaqīq al-Balkhī 356, 358
Shiism, Shiites 298299, 323
Sicily 28, 33
Simon de Montfort 529
Simonetta, Giovanni 536
Simonides 31
Simplicius 270
Ibn Sīnā. see Avicenna
Sirechuel, Persian king 437
Sixtus IV, Pope 212, 218
Slavic world 111
Smaragdus of Saint-Mihiel 7678, 8083, 85, 92, 476, 481, 521
Socrates 22, 2930, 33, 247, 516
Solomon (Bible) 78, 82, 252, 254, 521
Solon 27
Sophia, wife of Roman emperor Justin II 111
Spadaro, Maria Dora 115
Spain ( Iberian Peninsula ) 77, 228, 251, 404406, 408, 437
Spalatin, Georg 228
Sparta 21, 2729
Stagirite. see Aristotle
Staubach, Nikolaus 8687
Stevenson, Tom 515
Strasbourg 231, 315
Strauss, Leo 265
Stuart, Robert 425
Sturm, Johann 230
Sufyān al-Thawrī 353
Sulaymān al Qaysī 407
Sulla 57
Sweden 435436, 450, 453457, 462, 464466
Symeon of Bulgaria, Tsar 115
Synesios of Cyrene 111, 121, 123
Synesius 68
Syracuse 31, 516
Syria 39, 46, 151, 154, 155, 314, 519
al-Ṭabarī 349, 353
Tacitus 60, 247
Taifa kingdoms 407
Tarquin the Proud 50
Tassilo, Duke of Bavaria 76
al-Tawḥīdī 335
Ibn Taymiyya 151152, 326
Teresa of Léon 409, 429
al-Thaʿālibī 338, 344346, 348349, 351, 353, 359360, 364367, 371, 519
Thebes 40
Themistius 68
Thenaud, Jean 230
Theobald V, Count of Champagne 491
Theodore Doukas, Despote in Epira, Emperor at Thessaloniki 118
Theodore II Laskaris, Byzantine emperor 120
Theodosius I, The Great, Roman emperor 89
Theodosios II, Roman emperor 118
Theognostos 118119, 121
Theophanes Sphenodaimon 114
Theophano, Byzantine empress 118
Theophylact (Hephaistos) 116
Theophylact Simocata 112
Theresa/Tharasia, Queen of Portugal 383
Thibaut IV, King of Navarre, count of Champagne 524
Thibaut V, King of Navarre, count of Champagne 171, 385, 524525
Thionville 84
Thomas Aquinas 161, 177181, 200, 386, 416, 449, 463, 487491, 494495, 497, 529530
Thomas Becket 166, 169
Thomas Hoccleve 188190, 384, 534, 537
Thomas Magistros 120
Thorndike, Lynn 409
Thucydides 26, 28, 227, 247, 331
Tiber 212
Tiberios I 112113
Tiberius, Roman emperor 60
Timaeus 304
Ibn al-Ṭiqṭaqī 325, 335, 337
Tito Livio da Forlì 536
Tixier, Jean 235
Toledo 404, 406, 408, 412, 415, 530
Toulouse 528
Tours 229, 480
Trajan, Roman emperor 40, 6368, 517
Transoxiana 344
Trent
Council of (1547–1563) 222, 537
Tribur 97
Council of (895) 97
Tunis 528
Turin 458
Turk(s), Turkish 3, 136n5, 314, 316n6
al-Turṭūshī 329
Tuscany 531
al-Tūsī 138, 150, 153, 272, 319, 328
Ubl, Karl 515
Uclés 410411
ʿUmar I ibn al-Khaṭṭāb 355
ʿUmar II ibn ʿAbd Al-ʿAzīz 147, 352, 353
Umayyad caliphat, Umayyads 304, 316, 322
Uppsala 456
Urbino 211
ʿUthmān 323
Vadstena 448
Valdemar Attertag, Danish king 455
Valencia 181
Valerius Maximus 177, 247
Valla, Lorenzo 232, 535
Van Dorp, Maarten 232
Vannes 425
Varberg 455456
Vasco da Lucena 247
Vegetius 179, 247
Velleius Paterculus 60
Venantius Fortunatus 7475
Venice 220, 231
Vergerio 243
Vettori, Francesco 197, 209220, 537
Vienna 386
Viking(s) 86
Villey, Michel 489
Vincent of Beauvais 171172, 173175, 179180, 479, 481, 482, 488, 490492, 524525, 529, 532
Virgil 227, 233
Vittorino da Feltre 231
Vives, Juan Luis 228, 230, 232233, 235, 242, 244, 246, 250
Voltaire 222223
Walter of Milemete 189, 387, 388n36, 389
al-Wāṯiq 322
West 85, 315, 317, 320, 324, 327, 330331, 333, 339340, 403, 435, 444, 477, 518, 520521, 523
Christian West 379, 416, 430
Latin West 135
Westminster, abbey of 499
White, Stephen J. 523
William II, King of Sicily 485
William, Duke of Cleves 230, 245
William Hastings 499
William of Moerbeke 241, 263, 486, 530
William of Ockham 532
William of Pagula 182, 184186, 533
William of Paris 530
William Peraldus 174175, 180, 522
William of Wurtemberg 244
Wimpfeling, Jakob 229, 239, 243244
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 162163
Xerxes I, King of Persia 21, 2627
Xenophon 22, 2831, 33, 38, 40, 46, 227, 239, 243, 247248, 250, 254, 516, 535
(ps.) Yaḥyā ibn al-Bitrīq 380, 382, 405, 519
Yaḥyā ibn Khālid b. Barmak 360, 365, 367370
Yunus ibn Ishāq 408
Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib 135
Yūsuf al-Muʾtaman ibn Hud 407
Ẓahīrī al-Samarqandī 145
Al-Zahrawi 408
Zakeri, Mohsen 318
Zetino, Díaz (friar) 415
Zeus 2325, 39, 515

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