Chapter 11 The Maurits Sabbe Library in a Digital Environment: Collection Management Challenges of an Academic Theological Library in the 21st Century

In: Theological Libraries and Library Associations in Europe
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Ward De Pril
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Abstract

As a research and heritage library, the Maurits Sabbe Library (KU Leuven Libraries) has a triple role to fulfil with regard to its users, in particular researchers and students of the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies (KU Leuven): provide access to, manage and permanently preserve resources in the field of theology and religious studies. The nature of these roles is fundamentally changing in relation to digital technology developments, especially in the last decade. In this contribution we discuss how the Maurits Sabbe Library, as a ‘hybrid library’, provides access to its core collections (research collections, special collections, and legacy collections) and manages and preserves them in the context of the 21st-century digital network environment.

Résumé

En tant que bibliothèque de recherche et patrimoniale, la Maurits Sabbe Library (KU Leuven Libraries) a un triple rôle à remplir vis-à-vis de ses utilisateurs, en particulier les chercheurs et les étudiants de la Faculté de théologie et d’études religieuses de la KU Leuven : fournir un accès aux ressources dans le domaine de la théologie et des études religieuses, ainsi que les gérer et les conserver de manière permanente. La nature de ces rôles est en train de changer fondamentalement en relation avec les développements de la technologie numérique, surtout au cours de la dernière décennie. Dans cette contribution, nous discuterons de la manière dont la bibliothèque Maurits Sabbe, en tant que ‘bibliothèque hybride’, fournit l’accès à ses collections de base (collections de recherche, collections spéciales et collections de préservation) et les gère et préserve dans le contexte de l’ère du numérique.

Zusammenfassung

Als Forschungs- und Kulturerbebibliothek hat die Maurits-Sabbe-Bibliothek (KU Leuven Libraries) eine dreifache Aufgabe gegenüber ihren Nutzern zu erfüllen, insbesondere gegenüber Forschern und Studenten der Fakultät für Theologie und Religionswissenschaft der KU Leuven: Zugang zu Ressourcen im Bereich der Theologie und Religionswissenschaft zu gewähren sowie diese zu verwalten und dauerhaft zu bewahren. Die Art dieser Aufgaben ändert sich grundlegend im Zusammenhang mit den Entwicklungen der digitalen Technologie, insbesondere im letzten Jahrzehnt. In diesem Beitrag wird erörtert, wie die Maurits-Sabbe-Bibliothek als ‚hybride Bibliothek‘ Zugang zu ihren Kernsammlungen (Forschungssammlungen, Sondersammlungen und Bewahrungssammlungen) bietet und diese im Kontext der digitalen Netzwerkumgebung des 21. Jahrhunderts verwaltet und bewahrt.

1 The Maurits Sabbe Library and Its Collections

The history of the Maurits Sabbe Library (KU Leuven Libraries) has been fairly extensively studied.1 The creation of the library in 1969 – originally called ‘Bibliotheek Godgeleerdheid’ or ‘Theology Library’ – was closely connected to developments in the Catholic University of Leuven/Louvain (scission of the University), Belgian society (the community question and fastly accelerating secularisation) and the Church (the implementation of the decisions of the Second Vatican Council) during the 1960s. The scission of the University in October 1968 after a fierce student revolt earlier that year resulted in the division of the Theology Faculty in two separate faculties. The Dutch-speaking Faculty of Theology became part of the ‘Katholieke Universiteit Leuven’, and its French-speaking counterpart of the ‘Université Catholique de Louvain’, located at Louvain-la-Neuve. The process was accompanied by a fundamental reorganisation of the Louvain Faculty of Theology.2 The new-born Dutch-speaking Faculty of Theology had to content with several difficulties: the small number of students, the impending demise of the international dimension with the departure of the Francophone community and the lack of buildings and scientific infrastructure.3 Partly driven by the new approach of the training of priests as promoted by the Second Vatican Council and partly driven by the aspiration to extend the target group of the Faculty from priest students to members of religious orders and congregations and to laics, the Faculty merged with other institutes offering theological training to religious and laics, respectively the Centre of Ecclesiastical Studies (CKS) and the Higher Institute of Religious Sciences (HIGW). In order to further extend the Faculty’s target audience, and at the same time to consolidate its international influence, a complete English speaking programme with a bachelor’s, masters and doctoral degree was put into place. But to continue its international reputation the Faculty also needed scientific infrastructure, a theological laboratory that could function as an international research centre. In this regard too, the scission of the University of Louvain in 1968 acted as a catalyst, as it caused a far-reaching reorganisation of the University Library of Louvain. In reaction to the fastly increasing publication output in the 1960s, the university administration decided to decentralise the collection and create faculty libraries within the Group of Human Sciences. These faculty libraries were given the autonomy to develop their own collections in accordance with the needs of Faculty researchers and students.

For the first time in its history since 1432 the Louvain Faculty of Theology had its own faculty library, first in a small room in the Maria Theresia College, but from 16 October 1974 onwards in a new building, specifically designed by architect Paul Van Aerschot to house the theological library.4 The first academic librarian was Maurits Sabbe (1924–2004), professor in biblical exegesis and academic secretary of the Dutch-speaking Faculty of Theology. In 2004, the year of the demise of Maurits Sabbe and the thirtieth anniversary of the library, the Academic Council decided to name the Library of Theology after Maurits Sabbe as to honour his exceptional merits. The library was considered as the crowning touch of the newly organised Faculty of Theology.5 Yet, from the outset, the ambitions were not limited to catering for the needs of researchers and students from this Faculty. In a disruptive period in the history of the Church in Flanders, marked by an increasing process of secularisation, the new library was of great importance to guarantee both the continuation of theological research and the preservation of the precious book collections owned by religious orders and congregations.6 Luckily the new library could count on the benevolent cooperation of religious orders and congregations in Flanders. Especially the agreement with the Flemish Jesuits of 19 March 1969 was of essential importance to realise the ambition of developing a research library with an international renown. The collection of the Jesuits housed in Heverlee was a model library of theology, containing about 220,000 volumes with a balance between works on exegesis, dogmatics, moral theology and church history.7 This excellent collection was truly the foundation of the new library. The arrangement with the Jesuits marked the beginning of a history of deposits and donations from about 80 religious institutions in the following decades. It turned the Maurits Sabbe Library into the Flemish deposit library for religion.8 Since its early beginnings, this passive acquisition was supplemented by an actively pursued acquisition policy to make sure that the Maurits Sabbe Library would achieve conspectus level 4 (research level) or 5 (comprehensive level) for every theological subdiscipline. As a result of this collection development policy, the collection of the Maurits Sabbe Library has reached – in only five decades – a size of about 1.3 million volumes.

2 The Collections of the Maurits Sabbe Library in the Digital Age

This specific history of the Maurits Sabbe Library defines the nature of its collections: heritage and legacy collections on the one hand and research collections on the other. Regarding these collections, the Maurits Sabbe Library as a research and heritage library has a threefold role to play: provision of access to information (dispensing function), organisation of information (bibliographic function) and long-term preservation (archival function).9 The nature of these roles has changed and is changing in relation to digital technology developments, especially in the last decade. Information technology has affected the management of collections first operationally, but more and more also strategically: the digital age urges us to reconsider our notion of collections and collection development and the services related to them. Basing herself on the survey of Clifford Lynch on 40 years of library automation,10 Sheila Corrall identified four phases in library use of ICT since the late 1960s: “moving from the modernisation achieved by automation of library routines, through innovation accomplished by experimentation with new capabilities to the transformation represented by the digitisation of library materials (including both the conversion to digital formats of existing stock and the routine acquisition of new content as electronic media).”11 The fourth phase added by Corral emphasises the switch to network-based collections and collaboration (federated search, open access, institutional repositories). To a large extent the Maurits Sabbe Library has run through theses phases, that should not be seen as strictly chronologically following each other. In the 1990s the Maurits Sabbe Library was primarily concerned with print collections, retrospective conversion and preservation. In 2020 these concerns are still present, but are completed with, among others, electronic collections, digitisation, surfacing special collections on (inter)national platforms and creating virtual research communities.

Figure 11.1
Figure 11.1

Reading rooms of the Maurits Sabbe Library

© Alexander Dumarey

2.1 Research Collections

The development of an internationally renowned research collection has been a core mission of the Maurits Sabbe Library since its early beginnings. Just as many other academic libraries the Maurits Sabbe Library pursued a systematic collection development instead of developing the collection as a function of current needs. In anticipation of future research the collection development had to encompass all disciplines of theology, later on defined as conspectus level 4 (Research level) and conspectus level 5 (Comprehensive level) for a number of focal points (just-in-case model of collection development). In the print era of local collections, the quality of the library was intrinsically related to the size of its collection.12 Ownership of books and journals was the most evident means to provide access to information, and at the same time guaranteed its preservation for future generations of scholars. With the rise of electronic content in the 1990s the ‘bought’ collection was supplemented with ‘licensed collection’. In the network environment since the 2000s new types of collections were added: open access collections and institutional output.

2.1.1 The ‘Bought’ and ‘Licensed’ Collection

The provision of access to content started to change in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when journals began to shift to digital format. In these early days, the Maurits Sabbe Library, like most other libraries at the time, added electronic access to the subscribed print title (bundle of print and electronic journal). From the years 2000 onwards the University Library started making agreements with publishers for long-term contracts, usual within the Flemish Elektron consortium.13 Initially this was limited to bibliographic databases such as Web of Science, but later on this was expanded to full text collections of the largest publishers. These so-called ‘big deal’ packages of journal content allowed for much more content and at the same time included perpetual access rights. The downside of ‘big deals’ however was that the selection power of the librarians diminished.14 The Maurits Sabbe Library maintained this dual strategy, subscription to title level bundles of print and electronic journals and participation in ‘big deals’ on the level of the university library as a whole, until 2018. Major obstacles to opt for e-only journals remained, mainly the uncertainty about future access to journals, and to a lesser extent arguments from user convenience, like the loss of visibility of journal content (especially of the latest published issues) or the convenience of reading journal content in print instead of from a screen. The question of perpetual access to journal content remains of paramount importance for theological libraries. Yet, it becomes ever more difficult for a theological library to assume the responsibility for long-term access and preservation of the journals it subscribes to, at least by means of ownership of the print version, if only because some journals no longer provide a print version.15 Inevitably this responsibility has to be partly externalised to third parties like JSTOR or Portico.16 In 2018, the Maurits Sabbe Library decided to shift a large part17 of its journal titles to e-only provided that digital perpetual access rights are available, either licensed by the publisher himself, or by investing in databases offering perpetual access to relevant journal titles (ATLAS Plus, JSTOR, ProQuest Central). To contribute in long-term preservation plans for journal content, KU Leuven Libraries decided in 2017 to invest in third party initiatives (Portico). With regard to user convenience a subscription to the browse and alerting tool for institutionally licensed e-journals BrowZine took away some issues.18 Overall, for most researchers the immediacy of access of journal articles and the ability to search and data-mine with greater ease outweighs the advantages of a print version.

2.1.2 Databases and Software

In the 1990s the Maurits Sabbe Library also purchased its first databases on CD-ROM, databases with primary source materials such as Corpus Augustinianum Gissense, Ad fontes, and Patrologia Latina. These databases initiated the trend towards end-user searching: the end-user can perform searches without mediation of an expert. The databases on CD-ROM were networked via a NetMan server and thus available off campus via the KU Leuven intranet. Their major disadvantage though was their failing ability to keep up with new developments. Subscription to online databases soon proved to be a better model. In 2015 KU Leuven Libraries decided to put the NetMan server offline marking the definite end of databases on CD-ROM. In the meantime the Maurits Sabbe Library had started up database subscriptions on bibliographies, reference works (encyclopaedias, lexica) and primary source materials. Especially the databases of searchable primary texts are a major benefit for research to biblical studies scholars and church historians.19 Currently the user has access, via LIMO, to more than 60 online databases, both licensed and in open access, in the field of theology and religion.

The Maurits Sabbe Library also decided in the years 2000 to provide software to facilitate Bible research by purchasing licenses for BibleWorks and later on for Logos (since 2017). Users could make use of this software via desktop PC’s in the library. In recent years though, this service gradually loses its usefulness as both researchers and students prefer to work on their laptop and therefore purchase their own license.

2.1.3 Monographs

Although the first aggregator companies to offer an e-book service to libraries also go back to the late 1990s, monograph acquisitions have shifted much more slowly to digital formats than did journal subscriptions.20 Until recently the number of purchased e-books was very small compared to the number of print books. There are several reasons for this: challenges in the acquisition of e-books (high prices, digital management rights restrictions, a variety of business models among publishers …21 ); the limited availability of e-books among non-Anglo-Saxon publishers; lack of appropriate means for reading long-form scholarly works on a screen, and – again – concerns about long-term access and preservation. Purchasing of e-books in the Maurits Sabbe Library only started after 2010. The preferred model was outright purchase instead of a subscription model. Initially e-books were bought from third-party aggregators but after some years e-books were preferentially purchased from the publishers themselves to avoid digital rights management restrictions. There are many different types of e-books like reference books such as encyclopaedias and handbooks, scholarly monographs, e-textbooks …22 The policy of the Maurits Sabbe Library has been to acquire reference works, handbooks, e-textbooks, collected essays, conference proceedings, and festschrifts preferentially in an electronic version. For economic reasons scholarly monographs are purchased in print (paperback), unless otherwise requested by the user,23 just as (religious) art books, which are not well suited for an electronic format.

In 2020, the Maurits Sabbe Library has taken a major step towards switching to e-books by stepping into Evidence-Based Acquisition (EBA) projects with several publishers. Unlike Patron-Driven Acquisition, EBA allows librarians to select annually which e-books they purchase with perpetual access rights: they can make this selection in accordance with the collection profile of their library and are not bound to the use of these resources by their patrons. In the meantime, the user gets access to far more content of the publisher than in the case of a pick-and-choose model. The disadvantage is the potential confusing situation for the user: it is very well possible that an e-book he/she has had access to via the catalogue, is no longer available some months or years later, in the case it was not selected by the librarian.

2.1.4 Open Access Content and Institutional Output

Since 2015 the percentage of open access publications in total publications has reached 40%.24 Evidently, the growth is far more spectacular in the sciences and social sciences than in humanities in general and theology in particular.25 The impetus for open access in humanities/theology tends to be lower since humanities journals cost considerably less than science journals, and monographs tend to be more important in the theological disciplines, whereas open access policies primarily address journal articles.26 On the level of KU Leuven and KU Leuven Libraries, open access policy is developed to ensure that institutional output is published in a professional and sustainable way in open access (inside-out movement). The role of the Maurits Sabbe Library is limited to harvesting relevant open access resources and making them accessible in the managed search environment of Limo (outside-in movement).

Part of the open access policy of KU Leuven is the development since 2007 of an institutional repository LIRIAS (Leuven Institutional Repository and Information Archiving System). LIRIAS archives doctoral dissertations and publications of researchers affiliated to KU Leuven (Green Open Access). LIRIAS is fully integrated in LIMO.

2.2 Special Collections

In the last decade the value of special collections in the academic library has grown significantly. The reasons for this increased value are closely related to the breakthrough of a digital network environment.27 On the one hand, as electronic resources become increasingly available and the collection of large research libraries seems homogenised, special collections offer an opportunity to distinguish the identity of an academic library.28 A library that can make available for research and education unique resources like rare books, manuscripts or archives – and thus clearly distinguishable from ubiquitous mainstream scholarly content –might set itself apart in attracting scholars and students.29 In a digital environment these special collections undeniably become more and more iconic.

On the other hand, and more importantly, digitisation and open licensing of digital cultural heritage has immensely increased access to special collections, bringing major benefits to research and education.30 Whereas before digitisation the use of special collections was mostly limited to the immediate community served by the library, access to this heritage content can now be opened up for the international scholarly community. Next to the already mentioned databases with primary source materials, the digitisation of special collections has been an important step in facilitating theological research by providing convenient access to primary historical sources. Thanks to increased accessibility via digitisation general and special collections can become part of a continuum of research resources.

In 2011 an Imaging Lab was installed at KU Leuven Libraries for high-end digitisation of valuable documentary heritage.31 The first major digitisation projects on heritage collections of the Maurits Sabbe Library date from this period, most importantly the full digitisation of the most valuable item in the collection, the Anjou Bible, an illuminated manuscript created at the court of Naples in the 14th century (1340).

In 2016 structural digitisation programs were launched, among which incunabula and 17th-century jesuitica printed in Flanders. Yet, digitisation remains a costly and time-consuming activity. Therefore, when cataloguing old prints, part of the digital strategy is to systematically check for copies digitised elsewhere. In principle, the old prints from our own collection are not digitised if a high-quality digitised copy is available elsewhere, in these cases the link to that copy is sufficient. To increase the speed of digitisation, the options of mass digitisation have been explored, but until now without concrete results. In addition to professional digitisation attention is also paid to long-term preservation in a repository of KU Leuven (Teneo) managed by LIBIS.32

Digitisation of heritage content does not automatically make it more open, retrievable or accessible. In the past ten years KU Leuven Libraries developed and implemented its open data policy: the available data created through digitisation of public domain library materials are offered as open data to be downloaded and freely used by everyone interested.33

The digitised collection items can be consulted through LIMO, where users can search the full library catalogue and view items that have a digital representation online. Parts of the collection of the Maurits Sabbe Library were soon available through aggregator platforms such as Flandrica.be (since 2012).34 To increase the findability and accessibility of the digitised heritage a new platform, Digital Heritage Online,35 was developed by KU Leuven Libraries in 2019 as to provide one clear access point and a search environment for this content. Digital Heritage Online gathers all digitised heritage objects from KU Leuven Libraries collections, with objects dating from the ninth up to the 20th century, in one viewing interface. The platform enables all interested users to browse these digitised objects in an open and visually appealing way. To exploit the potential of our highly accessible heritage collections for research and education they are presented as coherent collections of materials. In Digital Heritage Online items can be clustered, among others, on the basis of content theme or material type. In this way a researcher immediately gets an overview of all digitised items in the collection about for instance Martin Luther or the Capuchins in the Low Countries. On the other hand, the KU Leuven Libraries exhibition platform EXPO (developed in 2019) thematically discloses heritage content by means of virtual expositions and thus comes closer to the museum emphasis on exhibition and education.36

Since 2020 the digitised heritage collection of the Maurits Sabbe Library is also available via ReIReSearch.37 ReIReSearch is a fine example of how new technological capabilities now make it easy to disclose, find, access and reuse large amounts of data. By bringing together and making easily accessible important collections of institutions from across Europe, researchers can improve the quality and efficiency of their research.

The digital network environment that thus has taken shape over the last ten years with regard to heritage content also led to far-reaching cooperation between heritage institutions. In 2008 the network organisation ‘Vlaamse Erfgoedbibliotheek’ was founded to bring together six Flemish libraries, among which KU Leuven Libraries, with important heritage collections.38 This cooperation enabled to set up large-scale projects to disclose, digitise and valorise documentary heritage in Flemish libraries, making it better known and accessible for a national and international audience.39 In recent years the scope has widened to cross-sectoral cooperation. In 2017 KU Leuven Libraries was a founding member of the regional network organisation ‘Erfgoedlabo’ to gather Louvain heritage institutions.40 One of the goals of the organisation is to provide common solutions for digital challenges transcending the separate abilities of the partners. Within KU Leuven itself a new institute named HERKUL was created in 2021 to gather heritage institutes like the Maurits Sabbe Library to stimulate inter- and transdisciplinary cooperation in the field of, for instance, digital humanities or digital technologies facilitating the management of cultural heritage.41

Finally, the impact of digital technology in the field of special collections is exemplified in the foundation in 2016 of a Book Heritage Lab, housed in the Maurits Sabbe Library.42 The Book Heritage Lab realises state of the art research into the material aspects of book and documentary heritage. The Book Heritage Lab has given a new impulse to the collection management of the Maurits Sabbe Library. The performed heritage research using the latest digital and digitisation technologies results in expertise about conservation of valuable books and manuscripts and supports the library in developing strategies for the preservation of its heritage and legacy collections. The interaction between heritage science and digitisation technologies is so intense that in 2021 the Book Heritage Lab and the Imaging Lab were brought together in a core facility of KU Leuven, namely VIEW: Core Facility for Heritage Science and Digitisation Technologies.43

Figure 11.2
Figure 11.2

The Book Heritage Lab in the Maurits Sabbe Library

© Alexander Dumarey

2.3 Legacy Collections

One of the major challenges for the collection management of the Maurits Sabbe Library in the digital age is ensuring that the potential of print resources for research is not discarded. Research collections will be more and more available in a digital format, while special collections get priority in (prestigious) digitisation projects, but what about legacy collections? By ‘legacy collection’ is meant here “a collection of bibliographic items or collections which reflect that portion of a Library’s holdings which is the result of former teaching, research and broader cultural collecting.”44 It is that part of the collection which is not rated either as special or highly functional and therefore not likely to be (fully) digitised in the long-term future. These legacy collections are kept in closed stacks, what further complicates their visibility for our users. Yet, it is quite evident that theological scholarship will suffer if these resources are ignored.45 Especially for historically oriented studies in the field of mission, religious orders and congregations, devotions, spirituality, liturgy and the like it is imperative to make sure that (younger) scholars do not overlook these resources, as they are used to the convenience of the digital world marked by immediate access to the full-text.46

In the Maurits Sabbe Library we have deployed three strategies to keep these collections under the attention of researchers.

First of all, these resources have to be catalogued and made retrievable in LIMO together with all other materials in all formats. As these collections were mostly donated or deposited by religious orders and congregations in the decades after the foundation of the Maurits Sabbe Library in 1969, in large volumes – often several 10,000s of books and journal volumes at a time – the library was faced with an immense backlog of more than 350,000 volumes in 2010. To solve this issue the Maurits Sabbe Library, together with KU Leuven Libraries, decided to invest in a project to eliminate the backlog. The project was launched on 1 July 2011. It took more than seven years and the employment of more than a hundred collaborators (staff, volunteers and job students) to add 266,280 records in Limo. A wealth of new research materials had been made accessible to scholars.

Secondly, if patrons in the digital age “expect to get everything they need full-text and immediately and are frequently disappointed by anything less,”47 the available technology allows us to partly accommodate them with regard to the print legacy collections. Since 2019 staff and students of KU Leuven can request a scan of journal articles and book chapters via LIMO. The library staff scans the article and within a reasonable time the library user receives an e-mail with a link to the scan. In September 2019 the Maurits Sabbe Library decided to activate this scan-on-demand service for all its non-heritage items in closed stacks. If users are not certain whether a book is interesting for them, they first can ask a scan of the table of contents. In this way the accessibility of our legacy collections has been greatly improved.

Thirdly, it has become fairly easy to virtually unify collections from different institutions in one search platform. This enables the library to highlight a specific subcollection and complete its own holdings with the holdings of other relevant institutions to make it even more interesting for researchers finding all relevant data in one place. The Maurits Sabbe Library has, for instance, a very rich collection of journal titles on mission history. Unfortunately this collection is not much used by researchers. Therefore we are in the process of setting up a new LIMO-based discovery tool allowing for an integrated search in the catalogues of cooperating institutions.48 In addition to the discovery platform a website will be created as central platform containing the link to the common catalogue and offering information about the collaboration, content of the search platform and research initiatives to encourage research on the material. This platform is the centre of the virtual research community and communication about the project. We hope this will turn out to be a fine example of deploying digital tools to lead researchers to the print legacy collections.

3 A Continuum of Research Resources

From an administrative perspective, it is logical to divide our collections into research collections, special collections and legacy collections, and to implement a specific policy for each of these sub-collections to stimulate findability, accessibility and use in teaching and research and to guarantee sustainable preservation. From a user perspective, however, it is desirable to achieve true integration of all materials in all formats (print, electronic, digitised). A fundamental condition to realise these is the seamless recoverability of print, electronic and digitised materials through federated search in LIMO, while for the latter two formats also instant access is made possible.

In the discussion of special collections and legacy collections we already pointed to the option of presenting coherent collections of materials as a means to facilitate research on specific themes, e.g. all available rare books on Luther or all journals related to mission history. In these cases the material type, together with the topic, was a criterion to cluster materials. Evidently, it is also interesting to create thematic subcollections containing all kinds of material: archives, rare books, journals, reference works, older and recent monographs, etc. Through its collection development by donations and deposits the Maurits Sabbe Library acquired various collections with partially overlapping collection profiles. For instance, the library of the Jesuits and the library of the seminary of Mechelen – both deposited to the Maurits Sabbe Library in 1969 – contained rich subcollections on Jansenism. Added with later donations of scholars in the field like Lucianus Ceyssens and Émile Jacques, the Maurits Sabbe Library acquired an impressive collection on Jansenism, probably the largest in Belgium.49 The richness of such a collection invites further research and consequently developed into an important research focus at the Louvain Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies. In 1983 a Centre for the Study of Jansenism was founded. In turn, the intensified research stimulated the purchase of new research material or of documentary heritage related to Jansenism. The Centre tries to systematically collect, identify, order by content and catalogue resources. The addition of subject headings, based on UDC, makes it possible to quickly find all Louvain Jansenistica, regardless of the material type.

Another example is the Study and Documentation Centre Capuchins in the Low Countries, created in 2011 after the Maurits Sabbe Library acquired in 2008 the library of the Flemish Capuchins, which included a rich collection of early printed books and archival materials. The purpose of the Centre is to stimulate research on this collection in its integrity, both at KU Leuven and internationally. Cataloguing, adding subject headings and tagging makes it possible to seamlessly retrieve the collection in LIMO. But extra means and tools are employed to increase accessibility of the collection and thus to facilitate research. The most important one is of course digitisation, not only of rare books, but also of maps, illustrations, journals, and archival material. The website of the Centre creates a kind of virtual research community, by developing a new Capuchin lexicon for the Low Countries and Belgium, publishing articles on the Capuchins in the Low Countries and giving updates about research on the Capuchins worldwide.50

A final example is the Centre for the Study of the Second Vatican Council. The Centre was created in 1969–1970, but really started with the transfer of the library and the extensive archive of Msgr. Gerard Philips in 1972.51 The Belgian and in particular Louvain influence at Vatican II has been substantial. As an immediate result of this influence many of the Belgian council participants possessed an elaborate private collection of all types of sources documenting the Council’s history from the inside.52 From the very outset of the Centre’s existence, it was not only intended as a unique documentation centre but also a centre of research into the theological and historical significance of the Second Vatican Council. In this respect, its accommodation in the Maurits Sabbe Library meant an enormous advantage: the history of the Second Vatican Council has always been one of the most important focal points in the acquisition policy of the Maurits Sabbe Library: scientific publications in European languages were systematically monitored and purchased. In addition, together with the archives, the private research collection of former participants in the Council was often donated to the Centre for insertion in the collection of the Maurits Sabbe Library. Finally, the Maurits Sabbe Library also acted as a publisher of publications of the Centre, in particular the many inventories of personal archives and text editions of council diaries, notes and memoirs.53 The presence of both the primary sources and an exceptionally rich research collection creates a special added value for researchers. Since the mid-2000s the Centre started digitising its archives, initially for the sake of better conservation, but soon also to increase the non-physically bound access to the documents. A milestone was the complete digitisation and disclosure in the LIAS database of the personal archives of the Dutch Cardinal Johannes Willebrands.54

4 Conclusion

Like all academic libraries, the Maurits Sabbe Library has gone through the various stages of library automation: from automating library processes in the 1970s, to replacing the traditional card catalogue with an online public access catalogue in the 1980s to gradual switching from print to electronic content from the (late) 1990s and 2000s onwards. The library evolved from a traditional to an ‘electronic library’ – to be distinguished from ‘digital library’ –, but in the end the electronic library to a large extent continued the roles and mission of the traditional library with new technical means.55 In the last decade the way the library performs its dispensing, bibliographic and archival function is in a process of transformation due to the network environment.

With regard to the dispensing function the change is most noticeable for special collections. In the digital age the previously nearly invisible heritage collections are now among the most visible and freely available content offered by research libraries.56 Although the Maurits Sabbe Library continues to invest in services to enable physical access to original materials and occasional physical exhibits, the most important means of access to special collections is through its digital surrogates, as is also shown by the given that the number of requests for the consultation of the physical items declines every year. Consequently, the emphasis in heritage services is shifting towards digitisation. With regard to providing access to (mainstream) research materials, the library is losing its monopoly on the provision of access to information, as the open access movement gains ground. As a result, the value added to that content, i.c. the bibliographic function, is gaining in importance: the ability to help users find the right material from the ever-growing mass of content.57 By creating managed virtual research environments that are efficient to use, a library can continue to act as intermediate between the user and the resources. A milestone in this regard was, in 2011, the introduction of LIMO, a discovery service making accessible, via one search interface, the various collections of the library, both printed, digital, and digitised, but also the research repository of the KU Leuven, open access content and Primo Central, a central index with articles and e-books from the major publishers. Thanks to careful cataloguing of resources with the addition of subject headings and tags, relevant sources of information can be found more efficiently. We have seen that digitised heritage collections are presented as coherent collections of materials on the basis of theme and material type. Another example concerns the tagging of licensed and open access databases, so that users can, for example, immediately get an overview of all bibliographic databases in the domain of theology and religion. In the managed research environment of LIMO, the library helps to identify through the wealth of material available what is most useful to support theological research. Another avenue for the future currently being worked on is the creation of specific LIMO search platforms for thematic subcollections of the Maurits Sabbe Library and other relevant libraries, embedded in a portal website with a view to creating a virtual research community around the themes in question.

In the digital age preservation of research collections is a major issue to the extent that owned collections are making place for licensed or open collections. We have seen that in recent years the Maurits Sabbe Library is struggling how to realise its archival role regarding e-journals. The development of a policy with regard to the preservation of open access and other born digital content of strategic interest for research at the Louvain Faculty of Theology is on the agenda for the coming years. On the other hand the digital age also offers major opportunities as digital technology helps heritage preservation, both by supporting heritage and conservation science and by the sustainable preservation of digital surrogates of heritage materials.

The ways in which the Maurits Sabbe Library delivers its collections and services have substantially changed in the last decade. Has it developed into a digital library? Certainly not. The Maurits Sabbe Library operates as a hybrid institution serving scholars’ needs by providing access to both print and digital resources. Certainly in the field of theology and religion print and digital collections are synergistic. In the late 1990s the name ‘hybrid library’ was crafted as “to reflect the transitional state of the library, which today can neither be fully print nor fully digital.”58 The hybrid library is thus a managed combination of print and digital collections and information resources with the aim of providing the best of both worlds to the end user. On the one hand theologians and religious scholars use digital information and tools ubiquitously to facilitate the research process,59 while on the other hand theological studies are still heavily dependent on older print materials. In the digital age, the Maurits Sabbe Library can only fulfil its roles and mission as a hybrid library providing researchers with efficient access to a critical mass of digital content, but at the same time ensuring their connection with the physical collections held by the library, supporting the development of digital infrastructure and tools, and preserving both the print and digital collections.

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1

See Mathijs Lamberigts, “De Faculteitsbibliotheek,” in De Faculteit Godgeleerdheid in de KU Leuven (1969–1995), ed. Lieve Gevers and Leo Kenis, Annua Nuntia Lovaniensia 39 (Leuven: Leuven University Press – Uitgeverij Peeters, 1997), 267–288; Mathijs Lamberigts and Leo Kenis, “De Maurits Sabbebibliotheek van de Faculteit Godgeleerdheid,” and Jan Roegiers, “De Leuvense Bibliotheek Godgeleerdheid 1445–2010,” in Omnia autem probate, quod bonum est tenete: Opstellen aangeboden aan Etienne D’hondt, bibliothecaris van de Maurits Sabbebibliotheek, ed. Mathijs Lamberigts and Leo Kenis (Leuven: Peeters, 2010), 1–20, 21–38 resp.; Chris Coppens, Mark Derez, and Jan Roegiers, eds., Leuven University Library 1425–2000: Sapientia aedificavit sibi domum (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2005), esp. 439–443.

2

See Lieve Gevers and Leo Kenis, “Louvain, La Faculté de théologie,” in Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XXXIII, fasc. 192–193a (2020): 255–270.

3

Lieve Gevers, “A Faculty of Theology in Upheaval: The Process of Separation and Renewal at the Catholic University of Leuven,” in Louvain, Belgium and Beyond: Studies in Religious History in Honour of Leo Kenis, ed. Mathijs Lamberigts and Ward De Pril, Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 299 (Leuven: Peeters, 2018), 445–462, p. 457.

4

Cf. Maurits Sabbe, ed., De Bibliotheek van de Faculteit der Godgeleerdheid: Plechtige opening 16 oktober 1974, Annua Nuntia Lovaniensia 19 (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1975), 18–19.

5

Lamberigts, “De Faculteitsbibliotheek,” 267.

6

Lamberigts, “De Faculteitsbibliotheek,” 283.

7

Lamberigts, “De Faculteitsbibliotheek,” 271.

8

For an overview of the major donated and deposited collections, see https://bib.kuleuven.be/english/msb/special-collections/major-subcollections.

9

The definition and description of the three roles of library collections (archival, dispensing, and bibliographic) is taken from Michael K. Buckland, “The Roles of Collections and the Scope of Collection Development,” Journal of Documentation 45, no. 3 (1989): 213–216.

10

Clifford Lynch, “From Automation to Transformation: Forty Years of Libraries and Information Technology in Higher Education,” Educause Review 35, no. 1 (2000): 60–68.

11

Sheila Corral, “The Concept of Collection Development in the Digital World,” in Collection Development in the Digital Age, ed. Maggie Fieldhouse and Audrey Marshall (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 3–25.

12

Cf. Klaus Kempf, “Bibliotheken ohne Bestand?: Bestandsaufbau unter digitalen Vorzeichen,” Bibliothek, Forschung und Praxis 38, no. 3 (2014): 365–397.

13

Elektron vzw is an association of universities, colleges, scientific institutions and the Flemish government with the aim of promoting cooperation on electronic sources of information in the context of education, research, services and policy. The members make agreements for the joint purchase of databases and electronic journals and negotiate the best license conditions for the use of these databases, in view of enabling the widest possible use for educational and research purposes. See https://elektronvzw.be/.

14

For a discussion of the disadvantages of ‘big deals’, see Mel Collier and Hilde Van Kiel, “E-Journals in Business Planning for Digital Libraries,” in Business Planning for Digital Libraries: International Approaches, ed. Mel Collier (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2010), 67–78, p. 72.

15

Cf. Lisa Spiro and Geneva Henry, “Can a New Research Library Be All-Digital,” in The Idea of Order: Transforming Research Collections for 21st Century Scholarship, CLIR Publication 147 (Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources, 2010), 5–80, p. 26: “Most faculty no longer believe that their institution must assume local responsibility for preserving journals and reference works, as long as they are preserved somewhere.”

16

Cf. Lorcan Dempsey, Constance Malpas, and Brian Lavoie, “Collection Directions: The Evolution of Library Collections and Collecting,” Portal: Libraries and the Academy 14 no. 3 (2014): 393–423, p. 396.

17

Not all journal titles are available in e-only format. In addition, the Maurits Sabbe Library decided to maintain the bundle of print and electronic journals for a limited number of ‘core-titles’, being journal titles of key importance for research at the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies.

18

On BrowZine, see Susan E. Swogger, and Brenda M. Linares, “BrowZine: A Method for Managing A Personalized Collection of Journals,” Medical Reference Services Quarterly 35, no. 1 (2016): 83–93.

19

Cf. Danielle Cooper et al., “Supporting the Changing Research Practices of Religious Studies Scholars,” Ithaka S+R, 8 February 2017, https://doi.org/10.18665/sr.294119.

20

Cf. Michael Levine-Clark, “Access to Everything: Building the Future Academic Library Collection,” Portal: Libraries and the Academy 14, no. 3 (2014): 425–437.

21

See K.N. Rao, Sunil Kumar, and Manorama Tripathi, “E-Book and Print Book Price and Desirability for University Libraries: A Comparative Study,” The Electronic Library 26, no. 1 (2018): 82–102, p. 85.

22

Hazel Woodward, “E-Books: Business Planning for the Digital Library,” in Business Planning, 79–91, p. 81.

23

Since 2018 our users can indicate in a purchase suggestion form whether they prefer the print or e-version of a monograph. See https://bib.kuleuven.be/english/msb/collection/purchase-suggestion.

24

Data about open access to publications can be found on the European Commission Website: https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/strategy/strategy-2020-2024/our-digital-future/open-science/open-science-monitor/trends-open-access-publications_en [accessed June 7, 2021].

25

According to the European Commission Website the percentage of open access publications in the field of philosophy, ethics and religion amounts to 23.7%.

26

Andrew Keck, “Foundations for an Open Access Policy,” in Shifting Stacks: A Look at the Future of Theological Libraries in Celebration of Atla’s 75th Anniversary, ed. Matthew Collins, James Estes, and Myka Kennedy Stephens (Chicago: Atla Open Press, 2020), 33–41, p. 36. See also Cooper, “Supporting,” 41: “Religious studies scholars continue to have minimal awareness of open access and their publishing motivations remain governed by the benchmarks of tenure and promotion, in which open access is not a priority.”

27

Lorcan Dempsey, Constance Malpas and Brian Lavoie list three characteristics of the network context: (1) reduced transaction costs of collaboration e.g. with regard to systems infrastructure; (2) a data-driven environment; and (3) changing research and learning needs like data curation, new forms of scholarly publishing, data mining, online learning or MOOC developments. See Dempsey, “Collection Directions,” 344–349.

28

Jae Jennifer Rossman, “Investigating the Perceived Value of Special Collections in the Academic Library,” Journal of Library Administration 60, no. 6 (2020): 631–644.

29

Clark, “Access to Everything,” 433.

30

Cf. Melissa Terras, “Opening Access to Collections: The Making and Using of Open Digitised Cultural Content,” Online Information Review 39, no. 5 (2015): 733–752.

34

Flandrica.be is a portal for integral digitised material from Flemish heritage libraries. In addition to publications produced in or acting on Flanders, this digital library also contains special unica (such as manuscripts) that are part of the Flemish library heritage. See http://www.flandrica.be/.

36

Cf. Dempsey, “Collection Directions,” 406.

37

ReIReSearch is a search platform developed by LIBIS as part of the ReIReS project to address the growing need of scholars in religious studies to discover more data, regardless of location with a platform where disparate digital resources and databases are searchable in a unified and standardised way. See https://reiresearch.eu/.

42

See https://theo.kuleuven.be/apps/press/bookheritagelab/. The Book Heritage Lab is headed by professor Lieve Watteeuw.

44

J.P. McCarthy, “Some Thoughts on Legacy Collections,” Library Management 28 no. 6/7 (2007): 347–354.

45

Cf. McCarthy, “Some Thoughts on Legacy Collections,” 349.

46

Cf. Bethany R. Levrault, “Integration in Academic Reference Departments: From Print to Digital Resources,” The Acquisitions Librarian 18, no. 35–36 (2005): 21–36, p. 26: “As a result of the Web’s ubiquitous influence, particularly as a starting point for research, many students will simply ignore the materials available in other formats, even if those materials are more suitable for a particular assignment.”

47

Levrault, “Integration in Academic Reference Departments,” 23.

48

KADOC (Documentation and Research Center on Religious Culture and Society, https://kadoc.kuleuven.be/english/index) and Mikado (Missionsbibliothek und katholische Dokumentationsstelle, https://www.mikado-ac.info/home.html). An example already realised of this strategy is the Jesuit Armarium: Book Collections of the Jesuits of the European Low Countries, a new portal with a joint electronic catalogue, where the data of three institutions (Maurits Sabbe Library, KADOC and Ruusbroec Institute Library) with regard to book collections of the Jesuits of the European Low Countries were brought together in a uniform way and made accessible to everyone.

See https://limo.q.libis.be/primo-explore/search?vid=JESUITS&fromLogin=true&lang=en_US.

49

Mathijs Lamberigts, “Centrum voor de Studie van het Jansenisme,” Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 66, no. 1 (1990): 236–239, p. 236.

51

Lamberigts, “De Faculteitsbibliotheek,” 284; Maurits Sabbe, “Les Archives de Vatican II à la Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,” in Sources locales de Vatican II, ed. Jan Grootaers and Claude Soetens, Instrumenta Theologica 8 (Leuven: Bibliotheek van de Faculteit Godgeleerdheid, 1990), 39–45, pp. 39–40; Karim Schelkens, “The Centre for the Study of the Second Vatican Council in Louvain: Historical Developments and List of Archives,” Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 82, no. 1 (2006): 207–231.

52

For a list of archives preserved in the Centre, see https://theo.kuleuven.be/en/research/centres/centr_vatii/centr_vatii-arch.

53

These sources are published in the series Instrumenta Theologica. See https://bib.kuleuven.be/msb/over/publicaties/instrumenta-theologica.

54

The digital Willebrands archives can be accessed through http://abs.lias.be/Query/archivplansuche.aspx.

55

Cf. Aike Schaefer-Rolffs, Hybride Bibliotheken: Navigatoren in der modernen Informationslandschaft (Berlin: Simon Verlag für Bibliothekswissen, 2013), 16–17.

56

Cf. Lynch, “From Automation to Transformation,” 65.

57

Clark, “Access to Everything,” 431.

58

Chris Rushbridge, “Towards the Hybrid Library,” D-Lib Magazine 7 (1998): 7–8.

59

Cooper, “Supporting,” 39.

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Theological Libraries and Library Associations in Europe

A Festschrift on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of BETH

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