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Index

al-ʿAbbās ibn ʿAlī 61–62
ʿAbbāsids
Betrayal of ʿAlīd supporters 42–43
Caliphate 5, 10, 10n32, 12, 25n80, 27, 30, 34n10, 43, 54n12, 59
Civil war and anarchy at Samarrāʾ 30
Decline 43
Destruction by the Mongols 40
Patronage of history writing 76, 93, 121
Revolution 34, 42, 44, 76
ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbbās 90, 99, 99n10, 105
ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ 110–111
ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ḥawza 64
ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿUmar 79, 110
ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Zubayr 51, 79
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Abī Bakr 70
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAwf 35, 36, 126, 133–135, 139–147, 142n8
Abū Bakr al-Sīddiq
At the Battle of Yamāma 96
Death 4, 111
Historical presentation of 37
Reputation 56
Ridda Wars 4, 115, 153–155
Term as Caliph 23, 33, 56n16, 84n3
Abū ʿUbayda ibn al-Jarrāh 154, 157
Abū Mikhnaf, Lūṭ ibn Yaḥya 1, 2n2, 10, 14, 19, 25n78, 52, 53, 57, 58, 64, 87, 118
Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī
Appointed as ʿAlī’s representative 89–91, 95, 105
Appointed as Governor of Kūfa 132
Description of character 90, 105, 113
Negotiation with ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ 91, 100n13, 105, 116–117
Revelation of arbitration decision 92, 106–110
Tricked by ʿAmr 95, 104n, 120, 136
Abū Nuḥ al-Ḥimyarī 97
Abū Shāma, Shihāb al-Dīn al-Makdisī 19n72, 45
Abū Sufyān ibn Ḥarb 1, 85n4, 90, 94, 129
Adab 38
Adharbayjān 132
Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal 11, 103, 104
ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr
At the Battle of the Camel 33, 109, 126
Rivalry with ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 33
al-Amīn ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd 30
Aleppo 44, 45
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
Assassination of 21, 24, 26, 29, 34, 37, 77, 83, 84, 85, 91, 92, 96, 151, 155
At the shūrā of ʿUthmān 125–133, 135, 136–148
Erasure of title at the Battle of Ṣiffīn 63, 90, 105, 121
Rivalry with ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr 33
ʿAmmār ibn Yāsir
As link to the generation of Companions 89, 96, 113
Death at Ṣiffīn 66, 96–100
Dispute over occasion of death 99–100, 104
Hadith that he will be killed by “the rebel band” 96–99, 96n2, 98n4
Amīr al-Muʿminīn, title 63, 90, 91, 105, 115
ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ
Appointed representative of Muʿāwiya at Ṣiffīn 90, 95, 105, 110
Assassination attempt 84, 91
Character of 80, 97, 98, 104, 110, 114, 115, 120
Conquest of Syria 156
Governor of Egypt 98, 112, 115
Lurking around the shūrā of ʿUthmān 144–146
Negotiation with and deception of Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī 90–95, 104–107, 113, 116–117
Proclamation of Muʿāwiya as Caliph 85, 107, 121, 136
Stratagems at Ṣiffīn 90–95, 100–104, 100n13, 107, 119, 137, 161
Wooing of allegiance 110–115
ʿAmr ibn Saʿīd 58
al-Andālūs 76
Andrae, Tor 17, 17n62
Anṣār 4, 5, 29, 89, 110, 117, 125, 154–157
Apostasy 5, 66, 121, 155
see also Ridda
Armenia 132
al-Ashʿath ibn Qays al-Kindī 95n1, 113, 127
al-Ashtar see al-Mālik al-Ashtar
ʿĀshūrāʾ 54–57, 61
Assassins (Ismāʿīlī hashāshīn) 40
Awāna ibn al-Ḥakam 14
ʿAyn Jālūt, Battle of 40
Ayyūbids 8
Badr, Battle of 3, 96, 140
Baghdad 2, 7, 11, 12, 42, 43, 43n24, 45, 57
Destruction of 40, 45
Founding of 30, 31
Bāghy (Rebellion)
al-fīʾa al-bāghiya (“the rebel band”) 96, 96n2
Bakhtiyār 31
Balādhūrī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥya 25n78, 51n4, 52
Banū Hāshim 33, 125
Banū Nadir see Jewish Tribes of Medina
Banū Qaynūqāʿ see Jewish Tribes of Medina
Banū Qurayza see Jewish Tribes of Medina
Banū Umāyya 125, 152
Bayʿa
Described 114
Due to ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 89, 91, 94, 110, 114–116, 122, 126
Due to al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī 69
Due to ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān 145–147
Due to Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya 79
Burayr ibn Salīma 64
Burḥān al-Dīn Fazarī 9
Būyids 30, 31, 43, 44, 57
Byzantium 4, 41, 42, 44, 54, 128, 132
Cairo 40, 45
Camel, Battle of the 20, 22, 24, 27, 33, 85, 89, 91, 92, 94, 107, 109–111, 113, 126, 128, 139
Crusades 2, 40, 44, 46
Damascus 7, 8, 9, 27, 37, 58, 91, 125, 128
As a center of scholarship 40–46
al-Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad 6, 7, 9
Dhū al-Kalāʿ al-Ḥimyarī 97–98
al-Dīnawarī, Aḥmad ibn Dāʾūd 13, 51n4, 52, 112
Dūmat al-Jandal 86, 92, 105–106, 136, 137, 140
Edessa 44
Egypt 11, 30, 40, 45, 47, 59, 98, 110, 112, 127
Fāṭima bint Muḥammad 33, 56, 66, 69, 138
Fāṭimids 25, 30, 44, 45, 58, 59
Fiqh 7, 37, 39, 136, 137
Ghadīr Khumm ḥadīth 84n3, 137, 138n1, 160
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥamīd Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad 155
Ḥadīth 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 23, 25n80, 37, 38, 54, 55, 57, 77, 84n3, 87, 96, 96n2, 97, 104, 104n19, 128, 137, 138, 158, 159, 160
Hamdānids 30
Ḥamza ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib 62
Hārūn al-Rashīd, Caliph 30
al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī 83, 160
Hāshim ibn ʿUtba al-Mirqal 98, 98n4
Ḥudaybiyya, Battle of 63, 65, 90, 104, 105, 121
Hujr ibn ʿAdī 64, 95n1
al-Ḥurr ibn Yazīd
Death 64–65
Fighting at Karbalāʾ 64–65, 68
Interaction with al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī 68, 69–74, 75, 79
al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī
At Karbalāʾ 61–66, 68–75
Character 79–80, 137
Charge of over-veneration of 53–60, 80, 136
Corpse desecrated 51, 57–58, 66
Death 21, 24, 29, 31, 34, 36, 43, 51, 53–60, 65–67, 75–77, 79n29, 83, 84, 108, 121, 137
Denied water at Karbalāʿ 65, 75
Grandson of the Prophet 76, 159, 160
Inspiration for sectarian action 25, 36
Interaction with al-Ḥurr 68, 69–74, 75, 79
Leading armies in prayer 65
Rebellion against Yazīd 26, 30, 51, 59, 75, 76, 78–79, 83, 86, 108, 136, 148
Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī 1n1, 3n5, 4n8, 25n78
Ibn Abī al-Dunyā 58
Ibn al-ʿAdīm 7, 9, 45, 120
Bughyat al-ṭalab fī taʾrīkh ḥalab 45, 97, 129
Ibn Mufliḥ, Muḥammad 78
Ibn Muljam 83–84, 85, 155
Ibn al-Nadīm, Muḥammad 12, 86
Ibn al-Qalānisī, Ḥamza ibn al-Asad 8n20, 45
Ibn Taymiyya, Aḥmad 9, 78, 79, 80, 107
Ikhshidīds 30
ʿIlm 138
Iraq, Conquest of 4, 4n8, 30, 156
Isnād/asānīd 3n5, 8, 39, 53
Isrāʾīliyyat 9
Jaʿfar ibn Abī Ṭālib 62
Jamāl al-Dīn al-Mizzī 9
Jarīr ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Bajalī 89, 113, 114, 127
Jazīra 37, 156
Jerusalem 44, 45, 55
Jewish tribes of Medina 152n1
Kaʿba 97
Kaʿb ibn Jābir 64
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Isbahānī 9
Karbalāʾ, Battle of 51–80
As a historical event 31, 52, 75
As a site of memory 24–27, 36, 43, 52, 76
Consistency of presentations of 21–22, 53–60
Khabar/akhbār 39, 57, 100, 104, 128, 135, 144, 145, 147, 159, 161
Khalīfa ibn Khayyāt 52
Khārijī/Khawārij 13
Alleged hypocrisy of 101, 121, 136, 137
Assassinations and assassination attempts 83–84, 91, 92, 136, 155
Emergence of 26, 85, 103, 105
Historiographical reputation 88, 99–100, 104
Khūrāsānīs/Abnāʾ al-dawla 30, 43
Khurūj (disobedience to proper authority) 107
Kūfa 11, 51, 60, 64, 68, 69, 70, 89, 90, 91, 96, 110, 113, 127, 132
Abandonment of al-Ḥusayn’s cause 51, 59
Bribery of notables against al-Ḥusayn 71–73
al-Madāʿinī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad 14, 87, 144–145
al-Mālik al-Ashtar 90, 101, 102, 105, 110, 114
Mālik ibn Nusayr al-Baddī 73, 74
Mamluk Dynasty 2, 8, 9, 40, 46
al-Maʾmūn ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd 30
al-Manṣūr, Caliph 30, 42
Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam 79
Marwānids 25n80, 47
al-Masʿūdī, ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn 7, 12, 25n78, 52, 117
al-Māwardī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥamamd 155
Mongols 2, 40, 45, 66, 163
Sack of Baghdad 40, 45
Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān 9
Appoints Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya as successor 51, 76, 78, 128
Assassination attempt against 84, 91
As ṭāliq 115–118
At the Battle of Ṣiffīn 14, 26, 31, 75, 84–122, 137, 151
Becomes Caliph 24, 34, 37, 42, 77, 83, 91–92, 95, 104–107, 121, 136, 155
Character 80, 92–93, 120, 161
Claim of vengeance for ʿUthmān’s murder 26, 94, 105, 106, 110, 112, 115, 126–129, 131
Death 79
Governor of Syria 85, 88, 94, 125–6, 156
Legitimacy and legality of rule 80, 85–86, 92, 104, 115, 117, 121–122, 129, 136–137, 148
Refuses to give bayʿa to ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 26, 33, 85, 89, 94, 111, 114, 117
Rebellion against 64
al-Mukhtār 25, 30, 30n2, 52, 65
Muʿtāzila 13
Muḥājirūn 5, 29, 89, 109, 117, 125, 154, 156, 157
Muḥammad al-Nafs al-Zākiyya 25, 30
Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ 110–111
Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar ibn Ṣāliḥ 58
Muhammad, the Prophet
As moral exemplar 46
As “Seal of the Prophets” 32, 153
Companions of 29, 33, 35, 46, 56, 89, 96, 107, 113, 133, 159
Death 4, 23, 28, 152–156
Narrative 151–156
Succession to 23, 28–30, 32, 34, 129, 137, 151–155
Muir, Sir William 17
Mujammiʿ ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-ʿAʾidhī 71–72
al-Muʿtaṣim billah, Caliph 10, 30
al-Mutawakkil, Caliph 72
Nāʿila bint al-Furāfiṣa 125–128
Nahrawān, Battle of 103, 105
Naṣr ibn Muzāhim al-Minqarī 2n2, 16, 53, 87, 116–119, 162
Naṣṣ 138
Nubia 127
Nūr al-Dīn Zangī 43–45
Persia 4, 30, 40, 127
Qays (tribal confederation) 30
Qays ibn Mushir 71–72
Qurʾān 9, 13, 23, 25, 29n1, 37, 56, 74, 90, 95, 100–103, 100–101n13, 107, 114, 115, 116, 127, 132, 146, 152, 153, 158
Qurrāʾ 103, 103n18
Raqqa 88
Rāshidūn (“rightly-guided”) caliphs 32–34, 32n8, 41, 84, 104, 121, 129, 131, 148
Ridda see Apostasy
Ridda Wars 4, 5, 115, 153–155
Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ 35, 110, 126, 132, 139, 141–144, 142n8, 156
Ṣaʿṣaʿa ibn Ṣūḥān 118–119
Sābiqa (“Precedence”) 5, 111, 112, 156
Sabuktakīn 31
Sahl ibn Ḥanīf 104
Salāḥ al-Dīn al-Ayyūbī (Saladin) 40, 45
Saljūqs 44
Samarrāʾ, Anarchy at 30
Saqīfa 28, 151, 152–155
Ṣayf ibn ʿUmar 10, 14, 14n57, 16, 111, 115
Shams al-Dīn al-Dhahabī 9
Shams al-Dīn al-Isbahānī 9
Sibṭ ibn al-Jawzī 6, 8n20, 45, 78
Ṣiffīn, Battle of 83-
Arbitration at 21, 90–92, 94–108
As a piece of the fitna narrative 9, 20–21, 24, 83–86, 88–92, 120–122
As a political dispute 31, 109–111
As a site of sectarian grievance 37, 63, 84–86, 118–120
“Sunnī Revival” 40–46
Syria/al-Sham: Conquest of 44, 132, 156
Ṭāʾif 4, 134, 157
Ṭabaristān 10, 11, 132
Tahrīf 9
Talḥā ibn ʿUbayd Allāh 33, 35, 89, 92, 94, 107, 109–111, 117, 125–126, 139, 141, 143
Ṭalīq/ṭulaqāʾ 115–118
tawabbūn (“Penitents”) 25, 51, 60
Tughril Beg 44
Tūlūnids 30
Turks 7, 30, 31, 43, 44
ʿUbayd Allāḥ ibn ʿUmar 98
ʿUbayd Allāḥ ibn Ziyād 64–74
Udhayb al-Hujanāt 70
ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, Caliph (ʿUmar II) 137
ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb
Appointment of ʿAmmār as Governor of Kūfa 96
Appointment of Muʿāwiya as Governor of Syria 94
Appointment of shūrā 35, 126–127, 135, 142n8
As Caliph 4, 24, 28, 33, 84n3, 97, 133–134, 137, 146, 148, 156–157
Assassination and death 4, 33, 35, 35n13, 125–127, 133, 138, 139
At Hudaybiyya 104
Character 56, 111, 155
Election of 23, 140, 151, 154
ʿUmar ibn Saʿd 2n2, 16, 52, 53, 61, 130, 133
Umayyads
Dominance in pre-Islamic Mecca 4, 5, 12, 41, 125, 155
Dynasty 10, 29, 34, 37, 41, 42, 47, 86, 95, 97, 117, 129, 135, 136, 148, 155
Historiographical rehabilitation of 78–79, 92–93, 95, 107–108, 118–120, 161–162
Legitimacy 80, 85, 162
Negative historical reputation 2, 5, 26, 42, 57–59, 72–77, 84, 92–93, 95, 107, 112, 137, 140, 141, 151
Opposition to ʿAlī 90, 94–95, 105, 121, 125
Opposition to the Prophet Muḥammad 29, 105
Overthrow 29, 30, 42, 43, 76, 121
Rebellions against 30, 51, 64–75, 83, 121, 128
Virtues 34–35
ʿUsāma ibn Munqidh 56
Uṣūl al-fiqh 7, 37, 39, 158
ʿUthmān ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān 58
ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān 33
As Caliph 127–128, 151
Assassination and death 21, 26, 33, 35, 36, 85, 94, 109, 112, 128–129, 151
Character 23, 33, 56, 115, 130–135
Demand for vengeance for murder 26, 85, 90–91, 98, 105, 106, 116, 117
see also walāya
Election of 23, 26, 28, 35–36, 66, 84, 95, 128, 138–148
Historical reputation of 33
Historical rehabilitation of 109
Killers of 26, 85, 88, 90, 94, 109, 116, 122, 128
Legitimacy 23, 26, 35–36, 122, 128–129, 136–148
Opposition to 96, 138
Rebellion against 14, 36, 75, 111, 119
Shūrā of 20, 24, 35–36, 95, 110, 126–127, 136–148, 159
Standardization of the Qurʾān 100n13
Wahb ibn Munabbih 20, 38
al-Walīd ibn ʿUtba 79, 79n29, 119
walāya 24, 25, 106, 116
al-Wāqidī, Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar 10, 87, 87n10, 133
Yamāma 4, 96
Yamānī (tribal confederation) 30
al-Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad ibn Yaʿqūb 13, 52, 52n5, 112, 117
Yāqūt, Shihāb al-Dīn 7
Yazīd ibn Abī Sufyān 94, 156
Yazīd ibn Hāniʿ 101–102
Yazīd ibn Maʿqil 64
Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya
Appointment as successor by Muʿāwiya 24, 51, 76–77, 83, 108, 109, 128
As Caliph 37
Legitimacy 78–80, 108, 129, 137, 148
Rehabilitation of character of 77–78, 136
Response to death of al-Ḥusayn 58, 66, 84
Responsibility for Karbalāʾ 42, 51, 64
Yazīd ibn Ziyād al-Kindī 73, 74
Zangī, Atabeg 44
Zangīds 8
Zayd ibn ʿAlī 25, 30
Zaydīs 158
Zaynāb bint Fāṭima 66
al-Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām 20, 33, 35, 89, 92, 94, 107–111, 117, 125–126, 139, 141, 143
Zuhayr ibn al-Qayn 61, 64, 70
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