| 1 | Celebrants gathered outside the Church of Nosso Senhor do Bonfim for the Bonfim Feast, January 15, 1942 Melville Herskovits Collection, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archive, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, eepa_1986-290763 | 12 |
| 2 | Frazier and his informants in the Gantois neighbourhood. He wrote “The woman next to me has helped me to make contacts with the families which I interviewed in this area. The house is typical. The family is of Indian and Negro descent. Seven people, including husband, wife (they happen to be married) four children (out of 7 born) and husband’s brother live in this house.” E. Franklin Frazier Papers Collection, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center (MSRC), Howard University, Washington DC | 26 |
| 3 | Mãe Menininha and her religious daughters (ekedis) portrayed on a postcard Frazier sent to Melville Herskovits before he left Salvador. From left to right: Floripedes de Oxossi, Hilda de Oxum, Celina de Oxalufã, Mãe Menininha (de Oxum), América de Obaluayê, Titia Amor de Obaluayê, Cleusa de Nanã (oldest daughter of Mãe Menininha and her successor), Carmen de Oxalá (daughter of Mãe Menininha and present-day Ialorixá of the Gantois). Frazier wrote: “I would not write until I could find an ‘Africanism’. Quite seriously the mãe de santo, in the center, surrounded by her filhas de santo represent a continuation of African religious customs (fused with Portuguese elements of course). Moving on to Haiti next month.” E. Franklin Frazier Papers Collection, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center (MSRC), Howard University, Washington DC | 46 |
| 4 | Martiniano and his wife Anna Morenikéjì Santos. Turner noted: “Senhor and Senhora Santos of Bahia. Both speak Yoruba. Senhora Santos was born in Lagos, Nigeria, of Brazilian-born parents who had purchased their freedom and had returned to West Africa. After the death of her mother and after slavery was abolished in Brazil, the family returned to Brazil.” Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers, Anacostia Community Museum Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. Donated by Lois Turner Williams | 48 |
| 5 | A list of “Africano” words with Portuguese translation, given by Manoel da Silva and his wife Zezé Image Courtesy of the Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers, Northwestern University Libraries | 53 |
| 6 | The certificate granting Melville J. Herskovits the title of Honorary Professor of Anthropology of the Faculdade de Filosofia da Bahia, awarded to him by Isaias Alves and the Congregação on June 20, 1942. It was the first honorary professor title granted by the institution; the second honour was bestowed on the sociologist Gilberto Freyre. Arquivo do Museu de Antropologia e Etnologia (MAE), UFBA, Salvador, Bahia | 67 |
| José Valladares Melville Herskovits Collection, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archive, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, eepa_1986-290722 | 74 | |
| 8 | Melville Herskovits at the XXXI International Americanists’ Congress, São Paulo, 1954. From left to right (of those it was possible to recognize): Octávio da Costa Eduardo, René Ribeiro, Felte Bezerra, 4th scholar, 5th scholar, Ruy Coelho, Thales de Azevedo, 8th scholar, Melville Herskovits, Fernando Ortiz, Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán. Rodrigo Ramassote and Julio Simões helped to recognize some of those present. If the reader has any idea who figures 4, 5 and 8 might be, please contact sansone@ufba.br. MJH & FSH Papers, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, Harlem, NY | 78 |
| 9 | Jean, the Herskovitses’ daughter, holding a Xango axe given to her parents by a Candomblé priestess before their trip back to the USA. Photo by Livio Sansone taken in her apartment, Manhattan | 82 |
| 10 | Acarajé being sold in the traditional African fashion just with pepper, and other produce, mostly fruit. Acarajé is a fried bean fritter. From the 1950s, it would become “Afro food” and made more sophisticated with several extra ingredients.Melville Herskovits Collection, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archive, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, eepa_1986-290786 | 87 |
| 11 | The Palace Hotel on 20 Rua Chile, where Frazier and Turner stayed in Salvador, Bahia Public domain | 96 |
| 12 | The Edith Guesthouse at 277 Avenida Sete de Setembro, where Melville and Frances Herskovits stayed in Salvador, Bahia Melville Herskovits Collection, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archive, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, eepa 1986-290721 | 97 |
| 13 | Portraits of Franklin Frazier’s cases 30–34 and 36–38 E. Franklin Frazier Papers Collection, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center (MSRC), Howard University, Washington DC | 101 |
| 14 | A weaver. Son of Africans. Speaks Yoruba. Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers, Anacostia Community Museum Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. Donated by Lois Turner Williams | 105 |
| 15 | A goat about to be sacrificed in a Candomblé ceremony Melville Herskovits Collection, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archive, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, eepa 1986-290794 | 112 |
| 16 | Joãozinho da Gomeia Public domain | 118 |
| 17 | Offerings to the saints. Terreiro do Bogum, Salvador, Bahia Melville Herskovits Collection, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archive, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, eepa_1986-290736 | 119 |
| 18 | Porfírio Maxmiliano (Maxwell) Assumpção Alakija and family in Bahia. Turner wrote: “Sir Maxwell Assumpção Alakija of Bahia, Brazil, and family. He is the |
124 |
| 19 | Emile Assumpção Alakidja (left) and Placido Assumpção Alakidja (right) of the Lagosian branch of the Alakija family. Turner wrote: “Brothers of Sir Maxwell, They never came to Brazil. Studied law in London.” Placido became Adeyemo Alakija, an important Nigerian politician and businessman. Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers, Anacostia Community Museum Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. Donated by Lois Turner Williams | 125 |
| 20 | Letter from Zezé to Frances. Zezé was one of the couple’s most important informants and took care of the Herskovitses’ daughter, Jean, on the 1941–42 trip to Brazil. Schomburg Center | 128 |
| 21 | The beginning of the Bonfim Feast pageant, January 14, 1942 Melville Herskovits Collection, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archive, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, eepa_1986-290725 | 130 |
| 22 | Musicians at the Nosso Senhor do Bonfim feast, January 15, 1942 Melville Herskovits Collection, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archive, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, eepa_1986-290726 | 130 |
| 23 | January 1, 1942: Boats clustered in the harbour in front of Mercado Modelo (Cidade Baixa) for the Bom Jesus dos Navegantes procession and street feast Melville Herskovits Collection, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archive, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, eepa_1986-290777 | 131 |
| 24 | January 1, 1942: The crowd gathering in the harbour in front of Mercado Modelo (Cidade Baixa) for the Bom Jesus dos Navegantes procession and street feast Melville Herskovits Collection, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archive, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, eepa_1986-290796 | 131 |
| 25 | A gathering for the Yemanjá feast, February 2, 1942 Melville Herskovits Collection, Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archive, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, eepa_1986-290758 | 132 |
| 26 | Frazier with children from the Gantois neighbourhood E. Franklin Frazier Papers Collection, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center (MSRC), Howard University, Washington DC | 132 |
| 27 | Frazier wrote on the back of this postcard: “Pescadora, pecadora” (“fisherwoman, sinner”) E. Franklin Frazier Papers Collection, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center (MSRC), Howard University, Washington DC | 133 |
| 28 | A Candomblé drum band, with a famous drum (atabaque). Frazier’s driver is the white man with a bow tie. E. Franklin Frazier Papers Collection, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center (MSRC), Howard University, Washington DC | 133 |
| 29 | Afro-Brazilian woman carrying a baby in the African fashion Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers, Anacostia Community Museum Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. Donated by Lois Turner Williams | 134 |
| Musicians of Bahia Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers, Anacostia Community Museum Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. Donated by Lois Turner Williams. | 135 | |
| 31 | Young group in the carnival of 1941, Bahia Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers, Anacostia Community Museum Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. Donated by Lois Turner Williams. | 136 |
| 32 | Woman dressed as Iyansã. Turner wrote: “Wife of Sangô, the Yoruba god of thunder - Bahia, Brazil.” Lorenzo Dow Turner Papers, Anacostia Community Museum Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. Donated by Lois Turner Williams. | 137 |
| 33 | Herskovits’ lecture to the senate of the Faculdade de Filosofia da Bahia, 1942. Seated to his right, in the foreground, are Thales de Azevedo, his wife Frances Herskovits, and the Secretary of Education of Bahia and Dean of the Faculty, Isaias Alves. Arquivo do Museu de Antropologia e Etnologia (MAE), UFBA, Salvador, Bahia | 140 |
| 34 | “Rum, Rumpi and Le”: the Candomblé drum set. The drums were often dated and given special names. E. Franklin Frazier Papers Collection, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center (MSRC), Howard University, Washington DC | 148 |
| 35 | A street market, by the port. MJH & FSH Papers, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, Harlem, NY, 1996709 | 152 |
| 36 | A newspaper article covering Frances Herskovits’ visit to Salvador. From left to right: Vivaldo da Costa Lima, Thales de Azevedo, Frances Herskovits and Waldir Freitas de Oliveira at the Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais of the Universidade Federal da Bahia. A Tarde, Salvador, Bahia, 28 January 1967 | 206 |
| 37 | Livio Sansone with his students at the entrance of the Gantois cult-house, April 4, 2017. Photo by Livio Sansone | 235 |
In: Field Station Bahia
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Livio Sansone
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