Figures

4.1 One-three differentiation (三數分化) 99

4.2 One-two differentiation 101

10.1 The historical development of Korean sociology 222

15.1 Global average of evaluation of COVID-19 performance by each city’s citizens (June 2020) 317

15.2 The United States’ image as assessed by the global average of each city’s citizens (June 2020) 317

15.3 The United States’ image as assessed by the global average of each city’s citizens (September 2020) 317

15.4 The United States’ image as assessed by the global average of each city’s citizens (September 2021) 318

15.5 The state image of the United States and China by global citizens (June 2020) 319

15.6 The state image of the United States and China by global citizens (September 2020) 319

15.7 The state image of the United States and China by global citizens (September 2021) 319

15.8 Index of the civilizational axis moving to East Asia (September 2021) 323

18.1 Four components of publicness and pursuing values 380

18.2 Typology of a social system 390

18.3 Types of publicness and risk governance 393

19.1 The process of glocal culture development 400

24.1 Rapid growth of family housing wealth in urban China (1988–2019). Data source: The Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) and Chinese Social Survey (CSS) 488

24.2 Trends of income and housing wealth Gini coefficient in China (1981–2017). Source: The data of Income Gini coefficients are from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. The data of housing wealth Gini coefficients are from the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) and Chinese Social Survey (CSS) 489

24.3 Source of housing property in different years (%). Data source: The Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) and Chinese Social Survey (CSS) 491

24.4 A new social stratification created by wealthization 492

25.1 Population shares in poverty (lightest grey, incomes below 50% of the median), in affluence (darkest fray, incomes above 150% of the median), and in the middle class (medium grey, neither in poverty nor affluence) based on equivalized disposable income circa 1985 and 2020 497

25.2 The “Bourdieusian diamond” in twenty-first century Western societies 498

26.1 Distribution of earnings and housing ownership, 2017 519

26.2 Joint distribution of income and wealth in 2017 519

26.3 Debt by income decile 524

27.1 Temporal change in income inequality by county 531

27.2 Relationship between global forces, local institutions, and social stratification and mobility 532

27.3 Temporal change in non-regular employment rate by gender 534

27.4 Temporal change in non-regular employment rate by firm size 537

28.1 Gross enrollment rate and enrollment size of higher education in China, 1990–2019 546

28.2 Enrollment size of higher education in different types of degree in China, 1990–2019 547

28.3 Gender disparities in educational attainment in China by cohort 548

28.4 Urban–rural divide in educational attainment in China by cohort 550

28.5 Disparities in educational attainment in China by parents’ education and occupation 550

28.6 Predicted effects of fathers’ ISEI and parents’ education on children’s probabilities of entering college in 1996, 2006, and 2015 551

28.7 Proportions of “never married” among Chinese youth (aged 18–35) for years between 2003 and 2015, by gender 554

28.8 Average age of first marriage for Chinese youth (aged 18–35) for years between 2003 and 2015, by gender 555

28.9 Rates of labor force participation for Chinese youth (aged 18–35) for years between 2003 and 2015, by gender 556

37.1 Foreign population in Japan (thousands) 667

37.2 Foreign schoolchildren needing Japanese instruction 668

37.3 Foreign workers by residential status 670

45.1 Degree of individualization by city 766

45.2 Degree of community orientation (total, male, female), 2021 769

45.3 Comparison of individualization index and community orientation, 2021 770

45.4 Ideal and expected number of children and the difference by city 772

50.1 The figure of the relationship among three emotional regimes 832

54.1 Urban population at mid-year, 1950–2050, by world region and Asian subregion (thousands) 886

58.1 Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare’s poster calling for prevention of the spread of the new coronavirus infection (April 2020) 933

58.2 The main gate of Zojoji Temple in Minato Ward, Tokyo 934

58.3 Gosyuin at Kokuryo Shrine in Chofu City, Tokyo 934

59.1 Gender-starred age pyramid, sub-Saharan Africa, 2019 938

59.2 Mortality, fatality, PCR test: Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone (December to July 2020) 943

59.3 Incidence, number of reported deaths: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso (December to July 2020) 943

Tables

4.1 Differentiation of the Oneness and Constitution of the Oneness Logic 100

4.2 Ontological Level 106

4.3 Hybridization 108

4.4 Solipsist and spiritual individualism: One Mind 110

4.5 The middle way for love: a normative theory of action 113

15.1 The following statements describe how COVID-19 is changing the world. How strongly do you agree or disagree with each statement? 321

15.2 The following survey items are concerned with a comparative assessment of the United States and China with regard to COVID-19 health governance. On a scale from 1 to 10, please identify the point you feel most closely matches your opinion 321

15.3 Aspects of global change from the COVID-19 pandemic (September 2020) 322

18.1 Comparison of K type and W type 387

19.1 The number of YouTube views of the top K-Pop groups from October 2020 to October 2021 402

19.2 Idol groups outside of Korea inspired by K-Pop 402

26.1 Measurement of income inequality and wealth inequality, 2017 517

26.2 Descriptive summary of major variables (N = 18,497) 520

26.3 Household income inequality decomposed through multivariate variables (%) 523

26.4 Wealth inequality decomposed through multivariate variables (%) 525

29.1 Main features of people-changing and people-processing organizations according to Hasenfeld (1972) 560

29.2 Distinctive features of contest and sponsorship according to Turner (1960) 561

37.1 Foreign population in Japan by countries of origin (thousands) 667

37.2 Types of diversity and beyond 673

39.1 Contents of the Japanese environmental textbook 693

39.2 Contents of the US environmental textbook 693

41.1 The use of “mass incident” in 1994 722

45.1 Degree of individualization by three questions on marriage, children, and divorce: based on answers to the question “How strongly do you agree or disagree with the following statements?” 2021 764

45.2 Individualization score in terms of marriage, children, and divorce in Seoul, 2012 765

45.3 The following questions are related to the value of family, children, and work. To what extent do you agree or disagree about the following statements? (mean score by city) 2021 767

45.4 Mean score of community orientation, 2021 769

45.5 Comparison of individualization index and the degree of community orientation of some East Asian and Southeast Asian cities, 2021 770

45.6 Expected and ideal number of children of women by marital status 771

48.1 Greenhouse gas emissions and economic indicators in East Asia (2018) 802

48.2 Total energy supply in West and East countries 804

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