Index of Subjects
Allegory, allegorization
21, 53, 62, 64, 119, 157
Antichrist
56, 119
Antinomianism
14, 170
apologetics, Christian
11–13, 59, 64, 75, 135, 169
proof of miracles
122
proof of fulfillment of biblical prophecies
59–65
Isaiah 7 (A virgin shall conceive, and bear a son)
61–65
Hosea 11 (Out of Egypt have I called my son)
63–64
proof from antiquity 74–75; chronological priority of a doctrine an evident testimony of its truth
74
atheists
13, 155, 162
Christians attacked as atheists [ἄϑεοι ]
14, 18, 43, 46
Celsus suspected of atheism
49
Julian a cryptoatheist?
53
authority
42, 72, 81, 85–86
He himself said it [αὐτὸς ἔφα ]
43
Babel; Tower of Babel
8, 124
Bacchanalia
41
baptism
170–71, 181
Jesus’s baptism in the Jordan
132
unbaptized children
155
Bible
56–65.
Pentateuch
blasphemy
10, 18, 19, 67, 87
body
21, 117
Christians criticized as a body-loving race [φιλοσώµατον γένος ]
159
Porphyry conceived a hatred of his own body
156
the human body is mean and full of filth
156.
resurrection of the body
book censorship
book-burning
10, 20
Proclus wants to restrict the distribution of books
102
books; holy books
41–42, 83
Callinicon (pogrom of Callinicon)
104
Chaldaean Oracles
42, 81, 83, 102
Christians; Christianity
Christians introduce innovations [καινοτοµεῖν ]
41, 49
revolt against the common [στασιάζειν πρὸς τὸ κοινόν ]
66
are godless [ἄϑεοι ]
14, 18, 43, 46
are a body-loving race [φιλοσώµατον γένος ]
159
have turned away [ἀποστάντες ] from the gods
43
positive appraisals by pagan authors
31, 156, 159
Codex Theodosianus
4, 90
coercion, force
4, 88–89, 99–101, 107–108
compel them to come in [compelle intrare]
89
violence [violentia] eliminates obstacles to the acceptance of the truth
89, 104
Christians should not eradicate error by force and coercion, but by persuasion and mildness
88
common conceptions [κοιναὶ ἔννοιαι /notitiae communes]
95–96, 99, 110
conscience; liberté de conscience
91
credo, admits no questioning
79
credulity
35, 40, 43, 72, 109, 115, 136
cross; crucifixion of Jesus
61, 80, 124, 149, 169–70
cult
50, 67, 80, 89–90, 100, 110, 168
cult statues
46, 90
Cynics
51–52, 83
Daniel; Book of Daniel
19–21, 56–59
Decalogue
158, 166
deism, deists
53, 105, 108–110
Deluge
174
demiurge
47
demons; demonology
40, 43–45, 50–51, 120, 123, 125
divination
50, 97
divine men [ϑεῖοι ἄνϑρωποι, ϑεῖοι ἄνδρες ]
113, 123, 125, 128, 130
donkey’s head, adored by the Christians (ὀνολατρεία )
18
doubt
86, 97
condemnation of doubt
79
doubting Thomas
147
Porphyry’s attitude of incredulity [ξύµφυτον πάθος τῆς ἀπιστίας ]
127
Eclecticism
51
Egypt; Egyptian religion
35, 44, 50, 63ff., 100, 107, 119, 126, 166
Enlightenment
8–9, 87, 107, 178–82
enthusiasm; fanaticism
Plato, the father of all enthusiasm by way of philosophy
38
philosophia fanatica of the Neoplatonists
38, 40
error
stems from hard-heartedness [τὸ σκλη- ροκάρδιον ]
65, 81
voluntary [voluntarius] and culpable
81
pagans and heretics commit adultery against the truth
80
freedom of error [libertas erroris] the most miserable death for the soul
81
Eucharist and cannibalism
157
examination
43, 69, 71, 79
Do not examine!
71
Test all things (1 Thessalonians)
79
exclusivism
66, 97, 99, 104, 111–112
Christianity’s esprit exclusive
112
Faith
66–87
pisteuein [πιστεύειν ]: ‘believing that’ vs ‘having faith in’
69, 82
epistemological concept
76, 81
assent to doctrines [δόγµατα ]
69
faith / belief [πίστις ] in pre-Christian and pagan philosophy; semantic change of the term pistis
81
believe the sacred tradition
4
believing without reason [nulla ratione reddita credere]
42
believe what is said without argument [ἄνευ ἀποδείξεως ]
82–83
faith, truth, love, hope (Porphyry)
81
Christian conception of faith
69–78
voluntary
76–80
meritorious
87, 177, 182
assent prior to proof
76
simple faith [ψιλὴ πίστις / τὸ ἁπλῶς πεπιστευκέναι ]
72, 83
regula fidei
79
Christians provide argumentative justification of their faith [λογισµὸς τῆς πίστεως ]
73
faith, hope, love (1 Corinthians)
82
critique of the Christian conception of faith; irrational faith [ἄλογος πίστις ]
69, 72, 109
unexamined faith [ἀνεξέταστος πίστις ]
69, 71
prejudiced [προκαταλαβοῦσα ] belief
71, 74
uniformity of faith 88ff.,
99, 102
ut omnes unum sint
88
uniformity in opinion
108
Fall of man
8
fideism
78, 145
freedom of religion
105, 107–108
Christians’ commitment to libertas religionis
88
religio cogi non potest
88
freethinker; freethought
24–25, 46
libere cogitantes
53
Gnostics; Gnosticism
14, 31, 38, 167–68, 170
God, gods
the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob revered by Julian
8
gods of non-Christian religions; of the popular religion [populares dei]
47
are called gods because they are close to the deity 47; possess one nature but many names
66
innate knowledge [ἔµφυτος γνῶσις ] of the gods
95
in animo quasi inscriptum esse deos
95
without being taught [ἀδιδάκτως ]
95, 110
common conceptions [κοιναὶ ἔννοιαι / notitiae communes] of the gods
95ff., 109–10
God’s ineffability (Plato, Tim 28)
47, 83, 96, 103, 108.
monotheism and transcendence
images of the gods
cult statues
46, 90, 112.
idolatry
Golden Rule
167
grace
155, 164–67, 171–76, 181
Greeks
die älteren Hellenen
3
Hellas and the Bible
5
Hellenic studies [Ἑλληνικὰ µαϑήµατα ]
80
Hardening of the will
166, 176
hell; eternal punishment in hell
110, 139, 154
human bodies in hell will burn forever and never die
139
Christian doctrine of eternal punishments approved of by Celsus
157
Hellenization of Christianity
39
heresy; heretics
79–81, 91–92
high-mindedness [µεγαλοψυχία ]
163
humility
81, 162–63, 167
tapeinotes [ταπεινότης ], the Christian virtue opposed to pride
163
a deficiency according to Aristotle’s ethics (a base and servile attitude)
163
monkish virtue / Mönchstugend
164
Idolatry
46, 80, 90
imposture
12, 36, 58, 87, 130, 131
incarnation
21, 81
the deity became an embryo
159
incest
14, 18, 51
indifferentism
111
infanticide
18
innovation [καινοτοµία, καινοτοµεῖν]
41, 43, 49
inspiration; divine inspiration
52, 72, 83
interpretatio Graeca / Romana
66
intolerance
87–112
school edict issued by Julian
91, 93
esprit d’intolerance
112
l’intolérance est essentielle à la religion chrétienne
112
Jesus
genealogy of Jesus
62
the Roman soldier Panthera, his real father
67
far from having been taught Greek Letters
158
omniscient
58
Messianity of Jesus
60–63, 150
Second Coming
58.
resurrection
Jews
Judaism
8, 43, 60, 69, 79, 104, 119, 155, 158, 167, 181
hard-hearted [σκληροκάρδιοι ] Jews reject the Christian exegesis of the Hebrew Bible
65
pagan philosophers on Judaism
8
Jewish critique of Christianity
60, 67, 177
pogrom of Callinicon
104
jugglers [γόητες ]
50, 114
justification
154, 166ff., 176
Levitation
35–36, 118
love of one’s neighbor
158, 167
love of one’s enemy
158, 162
Magic
36, 39–40, 45, 120ff., 130–34
magical papyri
117
Jesus skilled in magicis artibus
120
Manichaeism
31
martyrdom
a clear and certain proof of the truth of the Christian doctrine
75, 149
Julian begrudged the Christians the honor of martyrdom
91
Messiah
60–63, 74, 150
political Messianism
61
false Messiasses
119, 131
miracles
22, 28–30, 35–36, 50ff. 60, 72, 74, 112–53, 179–80
miracle vs marvel (Hume)
119–20, 123, 146
miraculum vs mirum (Herbert of Cherbury)
137
the concept of miracle in ancient and early modern philosophy
112–13
miracles in pre-Christian / pagan philosophy
113–18
the miraculous is a strong argument for faith
115
women and common people must be guided by the aid of the marvellous [τερατεία ]
119
miraculous chickens
114
raisings of the dead impossible and against nature [παρὰ φύσιν ]
117
miracles accomplished by pagan philosophers
35ff.
Damascius compiled an account of over 572 miracles
118
weather control
calming of the winds
118
understanding of animal language
118
infallible predictions of earthquakes
118.
levitation
miracle accounts of the Hebrew Bible
Tower of Babel
8, 124
transit through the Red Sea
125
pregnancy of the elderly Sarah
8, 137
miracles of Jesus
provide rational evidence of the Truth of the Christian Religion
122
real deeds [ἔργα ἀληϑῆ ]
121
there is nothing mythical [µυϑικὸν οὐδέν ] in them
121
not accomplished by magic
120
credibly attested
132–33
a proof [ἀπόδειξις ] of his divinity
122
raisings of the dead
120–21, 141, 144
raising of Lazarus
22, 120, 130, 137, 146–47
raising of Jairus’s daughter
120
walking on the waters
119
calming of the storm
125
expulsion of unclean spirits
125
resurrection
147–53
eclipse of the sun after his death
124, 151
Jesus’s miracles compared with the wonders of Apollonius of Tyana
28–29, 127–31
heathen miracles, pitiful things
130
surpassed by Jesus’s miracles
124
accomplished by demons
120, 123
tricks of wizards and jugglers [γόητες]
50–51, 126, 128
miracles of pseudo-prophets and false Messiasses
119, 131
monks
32
monotheism, pagan
46ff.
the Great God [µέγας ϑεός ]
8, 47, 100, 139
summus deus
47
one supreme deity
47, 48, 97
the Most High [ὕψιστος ]
47
has many names
66
Maker and Father of this universe
96.
transcendence
morality
153–76
Plato’s moral teachings plagiarized but misunderstood by Jesus
158, 160
love of one’s neighbor
158, 167, 176
love of one’s enemy
158, 161
social care ethos of Christian communities praised by Julian
156
philanthropy [φιλανϑρωπία ]
168
sexual morality
159.
righteousness
mysteries
35, 41, 98
Eleusis
41
Bacchus-mysteries
41
mysticism
40, 98
mystical philosophy
40
myths
51–54, 82, 116, 119ff., 123ff., 148
incredible and monstrous stories
51
hidden meaning
52
must be interpreted allegorically [κατ’ ἀλληγορίαν]
53
These things never happened, but always are
53, 121
Nature, laws of nature
unbreakable laws [νόµοι ἄλυτοι ]
140
law of order [τῆς εὐταξίας νόµος ]
137
bounds of nature [ὅροι φύσεως ]
140
law of the world [lex mundi]
137
Neoplatonism
38ff.
philosophia recentior Platonica
38
Alexandrian philosophy
5, 38
Neoplatonists, vrais fanatiques, plongés dans la superstition la plus grossière
38
unnatural alliance of philosophy and superstition
39
its damaging influence on the doctrine of the Christian religion
39
philosophy and religion in Neoplatonism
39
unnatural alliance of philosophy and superstition
39
Oedipodean intercourse
14
omnipotence
of the pagan gods
115
denied
115, 139–40
of the Biblical God
144–45
no law of nature prescribes to him his limit
140
oracles
118, 126, 148.
Chaldaean Oracles
Original Sin
155–56
Paganism
extinction of paganism
4–5
paganisme éclairé
46, 48
Heidentum (Nietzsche)
3
paradoxographers
114
pastoral care
102
people should respect the Christians as the charioteers of their lives [ἡνίοχοι τοῦ βίου]
89
Pelagianism
164–65, 167, 172–73, 181
Pentateuch, written by Ezra
23, 59
Peripatetics
51, 109
persecution
68, 87–92, 108, 112
persecution of Christians
28, 91
Diocletian’s persecution
28, 128
Julian’s under-hand persecution of Christians
91
persecution of pagans
4, 87, 89, 90
death penalty [capitale supplicium] for pagans
89
Phibionites
170
philanthropy [φιλανϑρωπία]
168
philosophy
barbarian philosophy [βάρβαρος φιλοσοφία] , i. e. non-Greek philosophy
74
religious turn in late antique philosophy
40
Iamblichus’s synthesis of divine philosophy and religious worship
39.
theurgy
warned against by Paul (Colossians 2:8)
90
disagreement of pagan philosophers
91
pagan philosophy is many-headed [πολύκρανος ]
90
wisdom of this world is foolishness with God
90
Christian doctrines superior to human philosophy [φιλοσοφία ἀνθρωπεία]
71
denigrations of the Greek philosophers
169
philosophy [φιλοσοφία] of the Christians
71
Christianity the only only safe and profitable philosophy [φιλοσοφία ἀσφαλὴς καὶ σύµφορος ]
71
a simple philosophy [φιλοσοφία ἁπλή]
73, 157
plagiarism
129
Old Testament plagiarized by Plato
75
Plato plagiarized by Jesus
157–58, 161
Platonism
2–3, 34ff., 96
Platonismus für’s Volk
2
umgedrehter Platonismus
3
Platonic whims [Platonicae nugae]
50
breeding ground of various heresies
38
rhapsody in nonsense
54
Plato father of enthusiasm
38
his ridiculous Republic [καταγέλαστος πολιτεία]
154
reputation of Platonism in the Enlightenment
34ff.
Christian Platonism
5, 38–39, 182
agreement [συµφωνία] between Plato and the Bible
155
futile efforts to unite Plato with the Christian doctrine
39
polytheism
46–48, 54, 66
poverty
158–62
it is not virtue that brings man into heaven, but poverty
160
pluralism
66, 90, 101ff.
prayers
165
precipitancy
78
predestination
156, 175–76, 181
pride
81, 163, 165, 173
priestcraft
47
prophecies, biblical
59–65.
apologetics
prophets
56, 61, 119, 155
false prophets
119, 131
Celsus’s reverence for prophets and prophetesses [προφῆται καὶ προφήτιδες]
118
Pythagoreism, Pythagoreans
38–43, 107
biographies of Pythagoras inspired by antichristian propaganda
21, 32
Pythagoreans, monks and friars of the pagan religion
38
the only superstitious sect among all the Philosophers
38
Pythagorean credulity (He himself said it [αὐτὸς ἔφα] )
43
Religion
particulares religiones
110
traditional religions [religiones traditae]
41
agreement [συµφωνία] of religious beliefs impossible
100
plurality of religions
99–102
God delights in diversity [ποικιλία]
106
natural religion (religio naturalis)
48, 108
resurrection of Jesus
147–53
Jesus’s body privately slippt off and a Resurrection pretended
153
resurrection of the body
117, 137–47
a new and strange hope
141
a hope of worms
141
an opinio furiosa
141
resurrection of the whole human being [homo totus plenus]
141
of the identical body, composed of the same atoms [ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν στοιχείων]
141–43
shortage of space for the resurrected bodies
146
shipwrecked and cannibalized bodies
143–45
righteous [δίκαιος ], righteousness
153, 164–81
a gift conferred through God’s grace
173–81
righteousness is made perfect by thought and self-discipline [ἐκ λόγου καὶ ἀσκήσεως ]
168
rights of mankind
93
ritual murder
14
sacrifice
4, 37, 50, 87ff., 118, 157, 168–69
salvation
39, 50, 61, 82, 88–90, 97–99, 104, 108, 141, 154, 164, 167–74
universal salvation [universa via animae liberandae]
97
salvation is effected by deeds [δι’ ἔργων ]
168
salvation of the heathens
172–73
idea of a suffering savior
61
salvation of the generations ante Christum
99
sapientia prisca
85
school edict issued by Julian
91, 93
Serapeum of Alexandria
32
self-abasement
163–64
penitents sitting in sackcloth and ashes [sacco et cineri]
163
self-defense
161–62
self-esteem [estime de soi-même]
164
self-hatred
164
sexuality
156, 158–59, 170
it is good for a man [ἀνϑρώπῳ ] not to touch a woman
159
sexuality [ἀφροδίσια] should be practiced sparingly
159
bad in every respect
159
abstinence
156, 158
homosexuality [ἀρσενοκοιτία]
170
sexual excesses of antinomist gnostics
170
skepticism, skeptics
Academic
97
Pyrrhonian
51, 102
our reason is wholly clouded [in operto]
97
about the First Cause we know nothing
96
latet omne verum
96.
see God’s ineffability
Son of Man
56, 58, 157
soul
the soul’s fate after death
28, 69, 117
unity of soul and body
141
immortality
15, 28, 69–70, 115, 141–42
there is no mind, no soul without a body
143
critique of the view that the soul is immortal, but the body is perishable
141
Stoicism; Stoics
15, 21, 49, 51, 76–78, 102, 156
superstition
14, 24, 35–40, 44, 45, 107, 119
Temples
46, 112, 118, 126
destruction of temples
32, 92
excidia templorum
89
Serapeum of Alexandria
32
Temple in Jerusalem; Julian’s rebuilding project
8, 25
Testimonium Flavianum
133, 150
theology
theologia tripartita
108
theology, negative / apophatic
98, 108
theurgy
35, 39–40, 50, 120
skeptical attitude towards theurgy
50, 97
Thyestean meals
14
toleration
91, 93, 101–107, 110–11
dissimulatio
101, 104
tradition, traditionalism
14, 24, 41–43, 50ff., 67–68, 83ff., 118, 168
maiores ita tradidisse
42
traditional customs should not be abolished
48
transcendence
transcendent god [ἐπέκεινα ϑεός ]
47, 89–99
transcendent [ὑπερούσιος ] divine First Cause
47
transcendent creator
115, 124
cosmic [ἐγκόσµιοι ] and hypercosmic [ὑπερκόσµιοι ] gods
47
trinity
5, 15, 180
truth
Hellenic truth [Ἑλληνικὴ ἀλήϑεια ] inferior to the Christian teachings
75
only the Christians have held the truth
89
typology; typological exegesis
60ff.
Vegetarianism
35
Victoria altar in Rome
94, 103–104
Virgin birth
59, 61ff., 120, 127, 137, 159
predicted in Isaiah
61–65
parallels in heathen mythology
127
viri novi
33–34
virtue
31, 81, 119, 158ff.
virtue is acquired [κτήσεται ]
168
not a gift from the gods,
165
virtues of the heathens splendid vices
169, 173
vertus outrées of the Christians
158
voluntarism; doxastic voluntarism
75ff., 177, 180
assent is in our own power [ἐφ’ ἡµῖν ]
77
assent a voluntary act [in nobis posita et voluntaria]
77
Wealth
159–62
God forecondemns [praedamnat] the rich
161
needle’s eye logion
159
will; freedom of will
God works in us to will and to do
166
freedom of the will emancipates man from God
155
women, misogyny
119, 159