6.1 Map: toponyms mentioned in Chapter 6 94

7.1 Map: the roads that made up the route from Rome to Gades 112

7.2 The Vicarello Cups 126

7.3 The tropaeum Alpium at modern La Turbie 130

14.1 Map: the Gallic Empire at the peak of its power under Postumus (258–268 CE) 244

14.2a Obverse of antoninianus of Postumus, 260–268 CE, Lyon (RIC V Postumus 75 or 315) 249

14.2b Obverse of antoninianus of Gallienus, 258–259 CE, Lyon (RIC V Gallienus (joint reign) 56) 249

14.2c Obverse of denarius of Laelianus, 269 CE, Trier (RIC V Laelianus 6) 250

14.2d Obverse of denarius of Marius, 269 CE, Cologne (RIC V Marius 6) 250

14.2e Obverse of denarius of Claudius II Gothicus, 268 CE, Rome (RIC V Claudius Gothicus 13) 250

14.2f Obverse of antoninianus of Victorinus, 269–271 CE, Cologne (RIC V Victorinus 117) 251

14.3 Map: the area of influence of the Palmyrene Empire (270–273 CE) 253

14.4 Obverse and reverse of denarius of Aurelian, 270–271 CE, Antioch (RIC V Aurelian 381) 256

15.1 Map: Surroundings of Antioch with the Amanus mountain range in the north and Mount Kasios in the south 263

15.2 Map: Antioch (Antakya), the Orontes plain, and the northern limestone massif with marking of the location of the sanctuaries dealt with in the text 265

15.3 Jebel al-Aqra (Kel Dağı/Berg Kasios), seen from the site of ancient Seleucia Pieria 266

15.4 Obverse and reverse of bronze coin of Trajan, Seleucia Pieria, 114–116 CE (BMC 41) 268

15.5 Map: St. Barlaam, location of the monastery on Mount Kasios (Jebel al-Aqra (Kel Dağı)); the path to the main summit with the fire altar is marked on the lower left 269

15.6 Sheikh Barakat, ruins of the sanctuary, seen from the north 271

15.7 Sheikh Barakat, condition in the imperial period (1st–4th c. CE) (reconstruction) 271

15.8 Sheikh Barakat, condition in late antiquity (4th–7th c. CE) with built in small church (reconstruction) 272

15.9 Qalʾat Simʿān, aerial view, taken September 16, 1936 276

15.10 Symeon Stylites (?), altar rail panel (5th–6th c. CE) 277

15.11 Qalʾat Simʿān, ground plan of monastery complex 278

15.12 Qalʾat Simʿān, view of octagon with remains of Symeon Stylites’ column 279

15.13 Srir, Zeus Tourbarachos-sanctuary with temenos-wall, temple und altar (2th–4th c. CE) (reconstruction) 280

15.14 Srir, Christianised sanctuary with stylite, church and pilgrims’ hostel (4th–7th c. CE) (reconstruction) 280

15.15 Convent of Kafr Daryan with base of the stylite column from east with fragment of column shaft in background 282

15.16 Convent of Kafr Daryan with stylite column and stylite grave (left) (reconstruction) 283

15.17 Map: Location of the Wondrous Mountain above the Orontes between Antioch and Mediterranean coast (with Mount Kasios in the south) 286

15.18 Map: Location of the monastery of Symeon the Younger on the rocky spur of the Wondrous Mountain above the Orontes plain 287

15.19 Aerial View of the monastery of Symeon the Younger on the Wondrous Mountain near Antioch, above the Orontes 288

15.20 Monastery of Symeon the Younger, ground plan of the condition in the 6th–7th c. CE 289

15.21 Monastery of Symeon the Younger on the Wondrous Mountain near Antioch 290

15.22 Reconstruction of the column of Symeon the Younger 291

15.23 Map: Stylite-martyria in the northern Syrian limestone massif 292

15.24 Map: Stylite-martyria, pilgrim hostels, and overland routes in the northern Syrian limestone massif 292

15.25 Map: Stylite-martyria and their visibility in the limestone massif in northern Syria 293

15.26 Symeon Stylites, Maʾaret, Noman (Syria), (end of 6th c. CE) 295

15.27 Symeon Stylites in landscape, icon (Aleppo), (second half 17th c.) 296

16.1 Obverse and reverse of aureus of Augustus, 18–16 BCE (BM 1995,0401.1) 314